Jafar Abtan_From Land(fill) to Land

):

FROM L AND FILL TO L AND BUILD ING NEW WITH THE TO - B E- DE MOLI S HE D

JAFAR ABTAN THESIS BOOK TUTORS: CHEN CANHUI, PETAR PETROV UNIT CONVENOR - DR IAN WOODCOCK STUDENT ID - 102814067 DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D – ARC80003 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE – STUDIO 4 2022 SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY

ْ‫ب‬ َّ ‫الر ْح ٰمن‬ َّ ‫هللا‬ ‫الر ِح ْي ِم‬ ‫م‬ ‫س‬ ِ ِ ِ ِ Bismillah Ar-Rahman Ar-Rahim In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

‫اللهم صل عیل محمد و آل محمد‬ Allahumma salli `ala muhammadin wa ali muhammadin O Allah, bless Muhammad and the Household of Muhammad

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO COUNTRY

I WOULD LIKE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE WURUNDJERI PEOPLE WHO ARE THE TRADITION CUSTODIANS OF THIS LAND. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO PAY RESPECT TO THE ELDERS BOTH PAST AND PRESENT OF THE KULIN NATION .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Allah (swt)

My wife

My parents

Waleed Abu Khumra

Hughests of thanks to my creator, Allah (swt)!

Through my faith and trust in Him, I knew he would get me through every test and trial.

Thank you to my dear wife for being my number one supporter and for helping me, wherever she could.

Even though I knew she wanted to run as far as she could, to not hear another word about architecture.

Thank you to my parents for the support you've both provided me throughout my entire educational journey and supporting me, with whichever decision I decided to make.

Thank you for being so flexible with me and allowing me to take time off work to focus primarily on my assignments. It doesn't go unseen what you've done for me.

Because as He says in the Surah al-Baqarah, ayah 286: َّ ْ َ ُ َّ ُ ِّ َ ُ َ ‫اَل يكل‬." "‫ف اهَّلل نف ًسا ِإاَّل ُو ْس َع َها‬ "Allah does not burden a soul beyond that it can bear"

ً ‫شكرا لوالدي عىل الدعم الذي‬ ‫ت‬ �‫رحل‬ ‫قدمتموه ييل طوال‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬ ‫التعليمية‬ ‫ بأي قرار‬، �‫ودعمو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫قررت اتخاذه‬.

ABOUT ME

My name is Jafar Abtan, I'm a Master of Architecture student at Swinburne University of Technology. I have a range of software skills, with the ability to self-teach and learn new softwares.

I'm a dedicated & hard worker, with a deep passion & drive for architecture.

Jafar Abtan Born in Tehran, Iran E: jafar.abtan1996@outlook.com P: 0469 335 784 Languages English Persian Arabic Social Media Linkedin: www.linkedin.com/in/jafar-abtan/

EDUCATION Melbourne Polytechnic Advanced Diploma of Building Design July 2015 - July 2017 Bachelor of The Built Environment July 2017 - November 2019 Swinburne University of Technology Master of Architecture March 2020 - November 2022 EXPERIENCE Helixagon Pty Ltd Undergraduate of Architecture April 2021 - Present

AB S TR AC T

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Today’s built environment continues to be designed around the take, make, and dispose model. This model is commonly known as the linear model, where we extract materials from the environment for human use, and then it will be disposed of as waste. Since the 1700s we continue to increase our extraction and transportation of resources across the globe, but these resource extractions show to have a profound impact on the planet. This is the issue, take, make, dispose!

It is known that no other industry generates as much waste as the construction industry. According to the data retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, from 2018 to 2019 the second highest industry generating the most waste was the construction industry.

Its no different in architecture, we take, make, and dispose! Architects and designers are responsible for the way our built environment and buildings are designed and constructed. Therefore, keeping materials and products in use for as long as possible, designing out waste and pollution, and constructing buildings with zero environmental impacts should become the industry norm.

By following the principles of circular economy as a guide, this project aims to explore the possibilities of repurposing existing local structures and calculating its effect on future environmental extractions. The circular economy model can be defined as a way that industries produce no waste.

What if instead of throwing away a building at the end of its life, we can use it to design a new building? This is what my thesis looks at: the local opportunities with buildings and infrastructure that are destined be demolished and through taking the existing structure and giving it a new life. What dose this mean? What are the ways here?

And what would it look like?

Instead of the linear model, we can take the virgin material, construct a new building, and at the end of its life cycle, repurpose it to construct a new building once again. Through my research I identified the Melbourne Star as an opportunity to repurpose.

"What if we could bring our buildings with us when migrating from the countryside to the city?

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What if we simply cut down buildings as building blocks and reuse them in the ever-expanding cities?"

(Lendager 2022)

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CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION LINEAR ECONOMY Today’s built environment continues to be designed around the take, make, and dispose model. This model is commonly known as the linear model, were materials are sourced, used, and then disposed of as waste.

According to TheWorldCounts (2022), "Every year, we produce over 11 billion tonnes of solid waste worldwide" The waste is generated from different sources, but the main source of this waste is from construction and demolition.

For example, in Brazil the construction solid waste is 70% of the total waste generated (Brazil 2020). and according to another source, the construction and demolition industry in Australia is responsible for 44% of all waste (theconversation 2021)

Of course the construction sector is not the only responsible source for this waste, but it plays a major role by having the highest rank in producing solid waste every year worldwide.

If we improve our model and move away from the take, make, and dispose model, other fileds will have no choice but to adapt to these changes. It will effect the way we design, manufacture and use the products. This will reduce the waste generated, not only from construction and demolition but also from the other high ranking sectors.

The chart below indicates where most of the global waste is coming from.

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LINEAR ECONOMY

Biological Circuits

LINEAR MODEL

14

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

Technical Circuits

Recover

Produce

Waste

GLOBAL BACKGROUND

Today’s built environment continues to be designed around the take, make, and dispose model. This model is commonly known as the linear model, were materials are sourced, used, and then disposed of as waste.

effect the way we design, manufacture and use the products. This will reduce the waste generated, not only from construction and demolition but also from the other high ranking sectors.

The chart below indicates where most of the global waste is coming from.

According to TheWorldCounts (2022), "Every year, we produce over 11 billion tonnes of solid waste worldwide" The waste is generated from different sources, but the main source of this waste is from construction and demolition.

For example, in Brazil the construction solid waste is 70% of the total waste generated (Brazil 2020).

15

and according to another source, the construction and demolition industry in Australia is responsible for 44% of all waste (theconversation 2021) Of course the construction sector is not the only responsible source for this waste, but it plays a major role by having the highest rank in producing solid waste every year worldwide.

If we improve our model and move away from the take, make, and dispose model, other fileds will have no choice but to adapt to these changes. It will (TheWorldCounts 2022)

Therefore If there is one thing we have learnt in the past years, is that the Construction industry has a significant impact on the planet.

Currently CIRCULAR ECONOMY seems to be the model that offers the best solution to tackle the current linear model.

It aims to create a regenerative cycle that can be re-purposed for future use. The origins of circular economy is the Butterfly Diagram by Arup which looks at the Biological and technical cycles of materials.

Such model cant be achieved without the contribution of all parties involved, these include the, Investors, Policy makers and the Construction Clients.

The role of Architects and designers, may not be seen very important. But we are responsible for the built environment and for the way our buildings are designed and constructed.

Every building element that is designed or selected for any project, needs to be done with caution, knowledge, and understanding the long term effects that it has on the planet, the built environment, the users, and the next generation.

R enewables R egenerate

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Finite materials

Substitute materials

Virtualise

R estore

R enewables flow management

S tock management

BIO LOGICAL C YCLES

TECHNICAL C YCLE S

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

Farming / collection1 Biochemical feedstock R egeneration

Parts manufacturer

Product manu facturer

R ecycle

Biosphere Service provider

R efurbish/ remanufacture

Share

R euse /redistribute Biogas

Maintain/prolong

Cascades

Anaerobic digestion

C onsumer

User

C ollection

C ollection

Extraction of biochemical feedstock 2 Minimise systematic leakage and negative externalities

(Zimmann et al. 2016)

Circular economy is often thought of as a way to just recycle and manage our waste, but it is so much more than just keeping materials and products in use for as much as possible, and designing out waste and pollution. It's a framework for an economy which is regenerative and restorative by design, benefiting both the planet and people (Craigen 2021).

The resolve framework is a key output of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s research. It outlines six actions to guide the transition towards a circular economy which are: regenerate, share, optimize, loop, virtualise and exchange. These six elements can be applied to product, buildings, neighborhood, cities, regions and even economies (Zimmann et al.

2016).

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(Zimmann et al. 2016)

GLOBAL BUILDING INDUSTRY CHALLENGES Globally 25 to 40 percent of the worlds carbon emission comes from the construction industry and it is one the of the top consumers of raw material (Leeds 2017).

It is effecting our environment and now more than ever it requires to take a new approach to reduce carbon dioxide emissions for the sake of the environment, through sustainable design and smart planning which currently the industry as a whole is not yet ready to take (Leeds 2017).

According to the director (Richard Nicholson) of Nicholson Construction, businesses are busy and rejecting new projects, as daily work has been affected due to the shortage of supplies, labourers and increased prices (Kirkham 2022).

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(Khadem 2022)

"Finding resources … is very challenging."

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

Richard Nicholson (Kirkham 2022)

Abode Restoration, a Melbourne based business that conducts regional projects and engages skilled local tradesmen, has faced the shortages of tradesmen due to availability (Kirkham 2022).

The construction industry has changed, and the public needs to be educated on the "new normal" said Stuart Allen chairperson from the Master Builders Victoria country sector (Kirkham 2022).

"Projects are now taking longer — a nine-month project is now taking 12 months.

Stuart Allen (Kirkham 2022)

(Khadem 2022)

WASTE IN THE LOCAL CONTEXT WHERE DOSE AUSTRALIA’S WASTE COME FROM?

Waste generation by waste material

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics(2020), from 2018 to 2019 76 million tonnes of waste was generated in Australia, this is a 10% increase since 2016 to 2017.

Industries that generates the most waste were:

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Million tonnes

20

1.

Manufacturing: 12.8 million tonnes (16.9%) 2.

Construction: 12.7 million tonnes (16.8%) 3.

Households: 12.4 million tonnes (16.3%) 4.

Electricity, gas and water services: 10.9 million tonnes (14.4%)

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10

5

0 Masonry ​materials

Metals

Organics

Paper & ​Cardboard

2016-17

Plastics

2017-18

Glass

Textiles, ​leather & ​rubber (f)

Hazardous ​waste

Ash from coal​fired power ​stations

2018-19

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a. Tyres are included in hazardous waste.

WHY ARE WE FACING MORE DIFFICULTIES NOW?

​

​Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Waste Account, Australia, Experimental Estimates 2018-19 financial year

Data retrieved from The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020)

In January of 2018 China made the decision to ban all imports of foreign waste (Otter 2018). This ban took a toll on Australia, who previously exported within the year of 201617 over 4.23 tonnes of recycled materials (metals, paper and cardboard, and plastics) offshore (to over 100 countries) and a considerable amount went to China (Otter 2018). With the ban on foreign waste, this has directly impacted the recycling and waste management practices in Australia (Otter 2018).

Waste generation by industry

25

Million tonnes

20

15

10

5

0 Mining

Manufacturing

2016-17

Electricity, gas, water & ​waste services (c) 2017-18

Construction

2018-19

a. Electricity, gas, water and waste services refers to ANZSIC division D, including subdivision 29 (waste collection, treatment and disposal services). ​b. All other industries incorporates all ANZSIC industries, excluding divisions C, D and E. ​

​Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Waste Account, Australia, Experimental Estimates 2018-19 financial year

Data retrieved from The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2020)

All other industries

EMBODIED ENERGY Embodied enery is defined as the amount of energy needed to transport, assemble and dispose of a product or building component.

As architects and designers, embodied energy is a source of inspiration.

First we can look at it in a large scale, of how each product is produced, how is it transported and

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

20

how is it used. Than we can look at it with a smaller lens, meaning analysing the materials one by one and how we may reduce that embodied energy.

Another way that we can look at building material, is comparing it to food or a meal. How long does it take for that material element to become?, how will it age?, and how will it decompose? (Columbia GSAPP 2016).

EMBODIED ENERGY The United Nations Environment Program states that the sector which is responsible for up to 30% of greenhouse gas emissions is the construction industry (Souza 2021). Due to the activities taking place, such as: processing, mining, industrial operations, transportation, and the usage of chemical products which result in the release of gases such as CH4, CO2, O3, N20, water vapours and halocarbons (Souza 2021). Through these gases being released into the atmosphere, a portion of these gases absorbs sun rays and redistributes them in forms of radiation into the atmosphere, leading to the warming of earth (Souza 2021).

Due to the excessive amount of gas being released daily, it has created a thick layer which has allowed solar radiation to not only enter, but stay within earth (Souza 2021). Because of this layer, mankind has come to experience a severe consequence, such as ice melting, desertification, the intensity of storms, floods, and hurricanes, and water scarcity, which has changed today’s ecosystem and decreased biodiversity (Souza 2021).

It is known that reinforced concrete has extremely high embodied energy (Souza 2021). During manufacturing of reinforced

concrete, large quantities of CO2 is released during the calcination stage, when limestone is altered into calcium oxide (quicklime), the same is done when burning fossil fuels in furnaces (Souza 2021). We can further understand the impact that decisions made throughout construction has on the environment, by looking at the exploitation of the use of iron for the rebar, sand and stone, and the transportation of materials to site for mixing (Souza 2021). Similarly, materials such as brick, plastic, and ceramic, require a large quantity of energy to be manufactured due to the minerals within must be extracted and treated in energyintensive processes (Souza 2021).

Embodied Carbon and Operational Carbon refers to the carbon dioxide released throughout the life of a building as a whole, rather than the encompassing electricity consumption, materials, cooling, heating, and more (Souza 2021). To understand the amount of energy or carbon which is within building materials, it is important that we develop more eco-conscious projects (Souza 2021).

As sustainable materials locally sourced, may have a high energy load, compared to another, due to it’s availability and the type of transport involved (Souza 2021).

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EMBODIED ENERGY

Summary of total initial embodied energy

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

22

EMBODIED ENERGY This is an environmental issue, because it deals with not only energy, but embodied enery which is a big factor throughout this. As architects, were responsible for a lot of the worlds carbon emissions, because of the design issues we face and the materials we select, that have a lesser amount of embodied energy (Columbia GSAPP 2016).

Summary of recurring embodied energy (wood structure)

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CIRCULAR ECONOMY Circular model has been used arround the world, with the objective of providing the building and constrcution industry, the knowledge of circular construction. To understand the the circular model, one should obsorve the pros and cons of the prior examples from all around the world. This is a path which will provide us the knowledge on how to care and build a better future.

(McAllister & Little 2019).

Circular economy can be defined as a way that one (industries) produces no waste (McAllister & Little 2019).

The Zero Waste International Alliance, primarily focuses on encouraging people to Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. They believe that through encourage people to focus on the 3R’s, it will lead society towards a system that will bring us closer to zero waste. How they aim to achieve a world without zero waste, is through educating society and applying practical principles into place (Alliance 2022).

It’s known that no other industry creates as much waste as the construction industry. So, to reduce this, that’s where circular economy comes into practice, through the making of materials and products that are not only more efficient, but ones that can be reused for a prolonged period of time

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

24

Biological Circuits

Zero Waste encourages not only industries, but people, to change their way of life and practices, by encouraging a sustainable, ethical, efficient, and economical usage of materials that are designed to enable postconsumer use and recovery (Alliance 2022).

Technical Circuits

CIRCULAR MODEL Recover

Produce

Recover

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY ELECTRIFY TRANSPORT

WATER REDUCTION

EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE

END LANDFILL

Sustainability aims for a future with no pollution, one of circular economy's principles is to reduce pollution (Finding Infinity 2021). For example by halving the existing vehicles and converting the remaining vehicles to electric (Finding Infinity 2021). The result will be annual savings in healthcare, fuel consumption and an increase in employment. by replacing fossil fuel with electricity in vehicles, it will increase the electricity consumption (Finding Infinity 2021). However electric vehicles convert 77% of the electricity into power, compared to the 1230% from the combustion engine (Finding Infinity 2021).

According to Finding Infinity (2021) in the 'Transforming Greater Melbourne from a consumer to a producer by 2030' implementation plan, states that Melbourne's water supply is estimated to run out by as early as 2028. Based on the above statement it is crucial to find a sustainable solution in water saving and one of circular economies principles is to reduce wastage and reuse sources for as long as possible (Finding Infinity 2021).

Retrofitting buildings reduces energy consumption and it should be mandatory, no more cost cuts in energy use and greenhouse gas emission (Finding Infinity 2021). Retrofitting buildings and structures, will save tonnes of waste from been sent to the landfills and reduces carbon emissions (Finding Infinity 2021).

Sustainability and circular economy aim for a future with no waste (Finding Infinity 2021). For example, by banning or reducing products aimed for one time use and instead reusing and re-purposing produces for as long as possible (Finding Infinity 2021). Currently in Melbourne 8,500 tonnes of waste is sent to the landfill daily (Finding Infinity 2021). For example how we could reduce glass waste, is through the usage of the traditional milk deliveries which is currently regaining popularity in London (Finding Infinity).

Water saving can be done by increasing the streets permeability, treating and reusing sewer water and distributing water treatment plants throughout the cities (Finding Infinity).

Based on Beyond Zero Emissions calculations regarding the city of Melbourne, a 28% reduction in energy consumption through the retrofitting (Finding Infinity).

25

26

CHAPTER 2 – CONTEXT STUDY LOCAL BACKGROUND

In Australia, the construction industry's is facing difficulties due to shortage of material and high costs.

An experienced Gold Coast developer Soheil Abedian, told ABC news the current problems in the construction industry is due to greed. The main construction materials such as timber and steel, has increased by 40% in just one year (Khadem 2022).

According to Mr Abedian "For the next 12 to 18 months, we will see a decline in production, we will see a decline in sales, and then we will go through a period — maybe we call it a stabilised period." (Khadem 2022).

The construction industry often calculates for high profits, prices normally go up and there is a profit by the end of it. Unfortunately this time there is very little or no profits being made, due to Covid-19 the prices are going down and that is why many companies are going into liquidation.

Due to the skyrocketing material prices ranging from 20 to 40 percent increase, builders who are/were locked into contracts faced a major challenge, cash-flow. They are not able to collect

their money, when the timeline is not meet, leaving them unable to pay their sub-trades or suppliers.

Builders have not been able to complete their projects, but continue to sign new contracts knowing that there is a challenge in the industry (Khadem 2022). Many homes have been left unbuilt due to these negligence and it has caused companies to go into liquidation leaving many dream homes unbuilt (Khadem 2022).

Within one year (2021-22) an increase has occurred within the building and construction industry, that has left the industry at a shortage for supplies. The ABS collated a range of data identify those materials which have increased as follows: • Structural timber – 40.7% • Plywood and board – 35.6% • Timber doors – 27.9% • Timber windows – 31.4% • Reinforcing steel – 42.2% • Steel beams and sections – 37.6% • Terracotta tiles – 26.5% (Khadem 2022)

27

PRECEDENTS THE RESOURCE ROWS LOCATION: Orestad, Copenhagen, Denmark 29 row houses and 63 apartments

(Lendager 2022)

SIZE: 9,148 square metres BUILDER AND OWNER: NREP & AG group ARCHITECT: Lendager CONTRACTOR: AG Gruppen CONSULTING ENGINEER: Moe

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

28

The Resource Rows was able to upcycle 10% of the building materials used, which allowed them to be able to save as much as 29% of CO2. How they were able to do this, is through the innovative concept and design, which reused upcycled brick panels from abandoned structures for the facades. Recycled concrete beams transformed into a bridge, to connect the roof tops and a range of recycled windows and wood waste, have been used as a part of the communal rooftop garden huts (Lendager 2022).

Recycling of bricks and other construction materials is not new, recycling bricks became difficult In the 1960s, with the development of the new and harder, cement-based mortar (Lendager 2022).

(Lendager 2022)

In the past, the mortar used between the bricks in constructions was often stronger than the actual brick.

In many cases it is not possible to separate the individual bricks from the mortar, which makes it hard to recycle bricks (Fischer 2022).

29

The brick panels sourced for the Resource Rows were cut out into modules of 1x1 metre, which were then processed and stacked to be created into new walls for the building. Through this approach, it has made it possible to not only upcycled the bricks from Carlsberg’s historical breweries in Copenhagen and a range of abandoned/old schools and industrial buildings across Denmark, but it also has prolonged the life of the bricks and reduce the production of CO2 (Fischer 2022).

THE RESOURCE ROWS FROM LINEAR TO CIRCULAR

CIRCULAR

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

30

LINEAR

BIODIVERSITY IMPACT

· 29 greenhouses · 1-2 tonnes of green urban production · Harvestable plants, spices and fruits in the courtyard · Raised beds at common roof terraces · Green roofs · Green zones between rowhouses and public street

31

RESOURCE IMPACTs Saving 463 tonnes of waste into materials.

29% CO2 saving per/m2 LCA. Energy solar panels and water-to-air heat pumps Wood 60% CO2 saving.

Windows 86% CO2 saving This project demonstrates that it is possible to reuse bricks from new buildings and waste wood without compromising on costs and aesthetics.

The result is a project that saves CO2, materials and creates strong communities among the people living in it – and it doesn’t cost more.

APOLLO DEMOLITIONS & EXCAVATIONS

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

32

I had gone to discuss the bricks they accept and the precedent Resource Rows with a worker at the Apollo Demolition & Excavations. During the discussion, the worker had stated that they take any type of brick they come into contact with, that they’re able to recycle.

They’re aware though, that majority of the mortar they receive is weak and easily breakable. When asking questions about Resource Rows, they had stated that they would be able to remove the bricks out in panels, it depends on the mortar and the cost of removing bricks within panels. To end they stated that it will cost more, than the effort that it will take to do so.

Suburban Demolition & Excavations

33

To reduce the amount of bricks going into the landfill, they accept all types. Each brick is carefully cleaned on site and any bricks that can’t be reused, will be made into crush rock.

While discussing the cutting of brick panels, they made reference depending on who the bricklayer is and how they would lay it. But at the end, it came down to the mortar. Because with the cement currently used in Australia, it is easily breakable and weak, which will lead to easy breakage in the panels.

PRECEDENTS

GREEN DEMOLITION

Previously the company would salvage and sell solid the bricks, There wasn’t an interest within the market to purchase those with holes and it took effort to clean them, so this type of brick was sent to brick recycling sites.

In discuss of brick panels, it was possible with extra protection. But once again, it did come down to the mortar.

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

34

BRICK FAÇADE AND IT’S CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

From my research with the local brick recyclers, I formulated a system that would work in favour of cutting out local brick panels, that will also reduce the risk of breakage.

35

BRICK FAÇADE AND IT’S CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

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37

Circle House Demonstrator Located in Lisbjerg outside of Aarhus, this is Denmark’s first circular social housing project.

It Is to be constructed according to the principles of circularity and to be completed in 2020. It consists of 60 general housing units (GXN 2018).

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

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(GXN 2018)

FAC A D E

SHINGLES M A D E F R O M U P C YC L E D P L A S T I C WA S T E

T I L E & WO O D S H I N G L E S

E X PA N D E D C O R K B OA R D S

THE ARCHITECTURE Many may think a circular model will limit the design innovation and aesthetics, and they envision it to be built out of ugly products.

Thats why looking at previous approaches is important, as it can provide a new lenses for the unaware and uneducated group, to look at circular construction. The Circular House is a great example, proving that a wide range of materials may be used in a project, but the principles of design for disassembly and circularity is the main key.

(GXN 2018).

39

THE CONSTRUCTION Partnership amongst companies is what’s going to achieve the objective of 90% re-usage of building materials, that can be reused without losing significant value (GXN 2018). Through partnerships, companies can collaborate, to engineer a range of structural components and buildings systems, which will allow for the assembly, disassembled, and reassemble of building materials in other projects (GXN 2018).

PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULARITY FOR THE CIRCLE HOUSE

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

40

(GXN 2018).

“Circularity as it applies to architecture and construction is about rethinking the built environment; its building materials, construction methods and liveability.

In reality, you have to see it as if we are zooming in on it all from a metropolitan scale to a materials scale – right down to a molecular scale.”

“We don’t have enough resources on the planet, but if we start rethinking the way we use resources – our materials – in everyday life, in the way we build, then we will see it as a man-made ecosystem, which I believe is the answer to a sustainable future. “

Kasper Guldager Jensen, Architect, 3XN Senior Partner, GXN Director (GXN 2018) 41

PRECEDENTS Kamikatz Public House Kamikatz Public House 2015 Kamikatz Public House Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP, Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP

(Allen 2018).

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

42

The Kamikatz Public House showcases a wood-panelled facade, which allows for it to naturally blend into the domestic context. The design overall is not only energy efficient, through the usage of double window layers for insulation and the ceilings fan(s) to disperse heat from the carbon-neutral radiation heater (Allen 2018). But also sustainable friendly, through it’s usage of locally sourced recyclable materials, such as locally produced cedar board wood waste, which was naturally coloured, through deriving persimmon tannin paint. To the usage of farming equipment found at local recycle centers, which were used as display fixtures. Overall, a range of recyclable materials were locally sourced to be reused and recycled (Allen 2018).

PRECEDENTS The Circular House The Circular House 2016 London’s Design Festival Developed by Arup, Frener & Reifer, BAM Construction and The Built Environment Trust

43

The Circular House has a sustainably friendly design, which allows for the materials life to be further prolonged, through the choices made throughout the design process and the usage of the QR (tracks product availability and life span) (Santos 2017).

To prolong each materials usage, the recycled steel framing were clamped together, to allow the material to be reused at a later time. Just like the carpets supplied, which fall under a take-back scheme. Lastly, the recycled plastic bottles used for the walls aquatic system, can be reformed and could potentially be used in a range of rooms (Santos 2017).

WHAT’S ALREADY THERE? THE MELBOURNE STAR Property Owner: ING Real Estate Development Head Contractor: Hansen Yuncken Observation Wheel Specialist: Sanoyas Hishino Meisho Corporation Building Architect: HASSELL Building Structural Engineer: Winward Structures Leading Contractor: Alfasi Steel Constructions The Melbourne star, previously known as the Southern Star Observation Wheel is 120m (equivalent to a 40 storey building) high with a 360 degree view, located in Melbourne, Docklands (Wyld 2021; Akzonobel 2014). The spokes represents a star, that symbolises a different State and Territory in Australia, along with it's multi-million dollar LED lighting system, that makes it a unique observation Wheel (Australian Steel Institute (ASI) 2007).

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

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This was once a tourist attraction site in Melbourne, that is now permanently closed. A media release by the MB Star Properties Pty Ltd stated the following: Unfortunately, the global COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent travel restrictions and sustained shutdowns, adding to pre existing challenges of operating amid increased high-rise development and changes in the Docklands area, has made it impossible to sustain the business.

(Melbourne Star Observation Wheel 2021)

Due to the closure of the star, it has allowed for the components of structure to be up-cycled in future developments.

There are discussions regarding the reallocation of the closed wheel to the edge of the Yarra River which has been described by Bates Smart as a "golden opportunity" (Rees 2022).

With the news of the closure of the Melbourne Star, it has received a ray of feedback specifically from Docklands Chamber of Commerce executive officer, Shane Wylie, who came to state: "We’d far rather see an option like that for Melbourne utilising an incredible piece of infrastructure than for it to simply disappear" (Rees 2022).

The Wheel contains 21 mechanically rotating cabins which are constructed from fibre reinforced plastic (FRP), glass and stainless steel frames (ASI 2007).

The cabins are fully enclosed with temperature-controlled glass, air conditioned, and it can fit up-to 20 people at one time, with the dimensions of 5.7m in length and 3.7m in diameter (Melbourne Star Observation Wheel n.d.; ASI 2007).

Each cabin has two external slew rings, which are designed to support and keep the cabin upright as it rotates around (ASI 2007).

The central hub of the wheel is located 60m above the ground weighting 75 tonnes, and each of the seven spokes of the wheel weighs 22 tonnes (ASI 2007).

Various circular hollow sections were specifically manufactured for the wheel by Orrcon and were fabricated

by Alfasi at their Dandenong facility (ASI 2007). The wheel has six main support columns that are tapered from 1.6 to 2.5m in diameter, that had been fabricated in half sections and were later welded on site to form the full columns (ASI 2007).

During the construction phase, the leading contractor Alfasi Steel Constructions had faced challenges fabricating the parts of the wheel due to its mega sized components, some of the components weighted up to 26 tones and in total upon completion, the structure weighed approximately 1500 tones (ASI 2007).

According to another source, Wyld (2021) states that the Star consist of 7.5km steel tubing which weighs over 1736 tonnes.

45

INVENTORY OF THE STAR

WHAT CAN BE USED FROM THE STAR? RIM

21 CABINS

CABINS EXTERNAL SLEW RINGS FIXING

46

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

SPOKE

H U B /C E N T R E SHAFT FRAME LEG

47

A LU M I N I U M C A S S E T T E PA N E L S 800 X 1600MM

X7 "I" SECTION C O LU M N S 400 X 400

GL AZING

P E R F O R AT E D CL ADDING 1200 X 2400M

INVENTORY OF THE STAR X21 CABINS

1 4 C I R C U L A R H O L L OW SECTIONS

7 C I R C U L A R H O L L OW SECTIONS

7 C I R C U L A R H O L L OW SECTIONS

48 1 4 C I R C U L A R H O L L OW SECTIONS

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

1 4 C I R C U L A R H O L L OW SECTIONS

1 4 C I R C U L A R H O L L OW SECTIONS

X2 CENTRAL SPOKE

X7 JOINTS X 2 L EN G T H 6 3 . 5 1 6 0 0 & 2 5 0 0 D I A M E T ER

X 2 L EN G T H 7 3 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 & 2 5 0 0 D I A M E T ER

X 2 L EN G T H 6 4 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 D I A M E T ER

X6 S U P P O R T C O LU M N S TA P E R E D

5 0 0 D I A M E T ER L EN G T H 2 6 0 0 0

5 0 0 D I A M E T ER L EN G T H 2 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 D I A M E T ER L EN G T H 2 0 0 0 0

500 D 2000 L

5 0 0 D I A M E T ER L EN G T H 3 0 0 0 0

4 5 0 D I A M E T ER L EN G T H 3 0 0 0 0

5 0 0 D I A M E T ER L EN G T H 1 2 0 0 0 & 1 3 0 0 0 0

150 D 5000 L

450 D 6000 L

49

30

00

30 0

30

00

0

0

13

0

00

0

1300

0

0

12

00

0

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

INVENTORY OF THE STAR

50

51

INVENTORY OF THE STAR JOINTS LOCATIONS

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

52

53

INVENTORY OF THE STAR FACADE INFORMATION

C H A P T E R 2 – CO N T E X T S T U DY

54

Image provided by: Architectural Cladding Australia Pty Ltd (Archclad)

Image provided by: Architectural Cladding Australia Pty Ltd (Archclad)

55

Information provided by: Architectural Cladding Australia Pty Ltd (Archclad)

56

CHAPTER 3 – SITE LOCATION SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SR BUILDING (HAWTHORN CAMPUS)

57

N

02

11

m

C H A P T E R 3 – S I T E LO C AT I O N

58

Ref

AMDC

Accessibility and International Student Advisors

D4

SPW

Admissions and Health Sciences

B2

AMDC

Advanced Manufacturing and Design Centre

D4

ATC

Advanced Technologies Centre

D3

AS

Applied Sciences Building

D2

AR

Arts Building

C3

AGSE

Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship

B4

UN

Bookshop

C3

BA

Business and Arts Building

C4

32P

Child Care Centre (32 Park Street)

A2

CH

Chemistry Building

D3

EN

Engineering Building

C3

EW

Engineering (West) Building

C2

GS

George Swinburne Building

B3

UN

Hammer & Swine

C3

GS

Health Services (Level 4)

B3

FS

Innovation Hub and Design Factory Melbourne

C4

LB

Library and Latelab

C4

AD

Moondani Toombadool Centre

C3

GS

Multi-Faith Centre (Level 3)

B2

AD

Old Administration Building

C3

SA

Science Annexe

C2

1A

Security (1 Alfred Street)

B1

SR

SR Building

B3

LB

studentHQ

C4

SPS

Swinburne Place South

B2

TA

TA Building

B3

TB

TB Building

B4

TC

TC Building

A4

TD

TD Building

A3

TD

The Junction

C1

UN

UN Building

C3

SPS

_now store

B2

All gender toilet Bicycle repair station Food and drink Male and female toilets Parents room Bicycle parking Accessible parking Parking Student study space

N

SURROUNDINGS

Building

12P

15P

Student Residences

24P

TD

P P

TC

TC

9W

Student Residences

15W

1A

TA

SPW

TB

GS

AGSE

SPS SR

44Wm

Student Residences

59

AR

Atrium

EN

LB

SA

AS

ATC

CH

11

FS

AMDC

UN 02

AD

EW

P

BA

TD

AD

C H A P T E R 3 – S I T E LO C AT I O N

VISUAL REFERENCE

60

CHALLENGES

CU R TA I N WA L L T R A I N T R ACK 61

STUDENTS ACCO M M O DAT I O N S

FAC A D E

OFFICE S PAC E

TREES

EXISTING CONDITIONS

32m

What are the building materials?

What is the existing building heights?

Is it connected to any other building?

1

62

2

2

C H A P T E R 3 – S I T E LO C AT I O N

3

1

1

3

63

2

3

64

CHAPTER 4 – DESIGN DEVELOPMENT TD

TA

TB

SPS GS

AGSE

65

Student Residences

EN

AR

SITE PLAN SCALE BAR

AD

0

5m

10m

15m

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

C A N O P Y F O R S H E LT E R

66 C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

E N G AG I N G W I T H T H E SURROUNDINGS O U T D O O R S PAC E C R E AT I O N

CAPTURING VIEW TO WA K E F I E L D G A R D E N CLEARANCE FROM A D J AC E N T B U I L D I N G EXISTING MASSING

GROUND FLOOR

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

67

GROUND FLOOR

SCALE BAR

0

8

2m

4m

6m

8m

10m

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

FIRST FLOOR

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

68

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

FIRST FLOOR

13

SCALE BAR

0

12 11

2m

4m

6m

8m

10m

10 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

SECOND FLOOR

69

9

87 6 54 3 2 1

10

9

8

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

SECOND FLOOR SCALE BAR

0

2m

4m

6m

8m

10m

SECTION

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

70

71

SECTION SCALE BAR

0

2m

4m

6m

8m

10m

RE-PURPOSED FROM THE STAR

R O O F PA N E L S

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

72

S PACE TRU S S

RING BEAM

RING BEAM VS STAR INNER RING I divided the ring beam into segments, and keeping in mind the radius of the star ring .

The color red, indicates the amount of steel used for the ring beam of the new development.

73

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

ROOF STRUCTURE VS INVENTORY

74

RING BEAM VS STAR RING

75

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

SPACE TRUSS VS STAR RING

76

FINISHED FRAME VS STAR

77

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

RE-PURPOSED FACADE FROM THE STAR

78

EXHIBITION HALL

79

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

FRONT VIEW

80

FRONT VIEW

81

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

FRONT VIEW

82

ROOFTOP

83

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

ROOFTOP

84

FACING THE EXHIBITION HALL

85

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

LAB 2

86

GALLERY 3

87

C H A P T E R 4 – D E S I G N D E V E LO P M E N T

STUDY SPACE

88

TOWARDS THE ROOFTOP

89

90

CHAPTER 5 - EARLY DESIGN AND RESEARCH PROCESS

91

CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM EXPERIMENT BRICK PANELS WITH CLT

92

93

EARLY MASSING

94

EARLY MASSING

95

EARLY MASSING

96

EARLY PROGRAMMING PROCESS

AMENITIES

CIRCULATION

CO-WORKING SPACES AND PRESENTATION SPACES MEETING ROOMS AND OFFICE SPACE COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND LEARNING SPACES

MISC

97

EARLY DESIGN SKETCHING PROCESS

G R E E N S PAC E

R E TA I L / S H O P S SECURIT Y BUILDING T R A I N S TAT I O N

OFFICE

C A R PA R K

98 BRICK STRUCTURE (ARCH)

G R E E N S PAC E

L ANDSCAPE FOOT TR AFFIC

FOOT TR AFFIC L ANDSCAPE

99

100

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

101

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ArchitectureAU 2022, Design competition launched for national Indigenous cultural precinct, ArchitectureAU, viewed 24 April, <https:// architectureau.com/articles/ngurra-competition/>.

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Mark Easton, Maggy Saldais, Christian Machar, Vladimir Dumovic & Geraldine Carrodus (eds), 2016, oxford big ideas humanities 7 victorian curriculum, Oxford University Press AU. McAllister, J & Little, K 2019, Zero-waste buildings and the circular economy in practice, viewed 25 Aug, <https://assemblepapers.com. au/2019/04/04/circular-thinking-zero-waste-buildings/>.

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Mick, J 1994, 'Kungkarangkalpa: Seven Sisters Songline,' Kungkarangkalpa: Seven Sisters Songline website and the Alive with the Dreaming!

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Mossman, M 2021, Indigenizing practice: Country and architectural pedagogy, architectureau, viewed 24 April, <https://architectureau. com/articles/indigenizing-practice-country-and-architectural-pedagogy/#>.

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REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Rees, B 2022, 'Grand plans revealed for new home for Star as parties move closer to clinching sale', Russell, S 2020, Improving pathways into architecture for First Nations people, Australian Design Review, viewed 24 April, <https://www. australiandesignreview.com/architecture/improve-pathways-first-nations-people/>.

Santos, S 2017, Arup Designs Prototype Building Based on Circular Economy Principles, ArchDaily, viewed 21 Aug, <https://www.archdaily. com/868121/arup-designs-prototype-building-based-on-circular-economy-principles>.

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Tyreese 2021, 'Gunai/Kurnai The First People' Koorie Heritage Trust, viewed <https://koorieheritagetrust.com.au/whats-on/pastexhibitions/archive-2021/the-4th-kids-and-youth-koorie-art-show/>.

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