Jordan Veniamakis_Lay About

LAY ABOUT A Trade School for the Circular Economy Jordan Veniamakis - Studio D - Waste Not, Want Not

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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About Me

Jordan Veniamakis

I am Jordan Veniamakis and I am a thesis masters student studying the Masters of Architecture and Urban Design. Prior to this, I also studied and completed the Advanced Diploma of Building Design and the Bachelor of Design (Architecture), both at Swinburne.

I grew up around a lot of building and construction with my family being involved in the industry. Being around this my entire life sparked my interest in architecture and built forms. Rather than just the physicality of putting things together, I wanted to learn about the way that spaces come together, the philosophy of built forms and how they can influence an individuals health, wellbeing and overall lifestyle.

I grew up in a rural town in Victoria, and have lived in Melbourne for several years. Partially because the architectural opportunities here are vastly greater. I’m currently working in a small scale architecture firm under the tutelage of two architects and a small team. Having this added experience has greatly assisted with my studies.

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Contents Lay About

01 Introduction

16

Building a Circular Future

The role in waste

22

Tiling Industry

36

Ceramics

10 Massing Concept

112

11 Programming and Planning

140

12 Built Form

164

SR Trade Centre

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Circular Economy - Masonry Materials

What is it?

92

SR Trade Centre

05 Material Investigation

07 Embodied Energy

09 SR Trade Centre

SR Trade Centre

04 Personal Experience

This studio has shifted my way of thinking in regards to architecture, and every day life. I look forward to being able to implement it into real life projects, making the difference.

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How would this look architecturally?

03 Architecture and Construction 14

06 Precedent Studies

08 SR Building Site Location

02 Circular Economy

Studying this thesis studio Waste Not, Want Not, really shed a new light on the construction industry and the raw truths of it’s detrimental impact to our environment.

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

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Waste Not, Want Not

13 Materiality

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SR Trade Centre

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14 Conclusion

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Lay About

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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01

Introduction

Waste Not, Want Not

Lay About proposes the SR Trade Centre building within the Swinburne University Hawthorn Campus.

The trade centre will educate and prepare new skilled designers and tradespeople for the construction industry, while focusing on the importance of re-purposing construction waste, breaking the current pattern.

This project of Lay About investigates the effects of extensive masonry waste to Australia’s construction industry, how it can be prevented and how architectural design can influence this.

Lay About stands as a precedent for future construction and education, setting a new standard for these industries.

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Circular Economy Building a Circular Future

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Circular Economy Building a Circular Future A circular economy is an economic system that operates on the methods of revitalizing, re-purposing, renewing and recycling previously used materials and items in order to introduce it back into a market for a second life cycle or extended lifetime.

Circular economy stems from differentiating itself from a linear economy which is an existing economic system.

The building industry is responsible for the use of up to 40% of the materials that are produced and traded globally. It’s also responsible for about 35% of the world’s waste.

Most building materials require a high amount of resources and energy to manufacture, they’re also rarely recycled properly within their respective biological and technical circles.

(1) Richmond Waste., 2022, Construction Waste Image: Showing the recycling and sorting process of building and construction materials at Richmond’s Waste Centre

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(1) JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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Linear Economy

Circular Economy

Construction Materials

Construction Materials

(1)

(2)

In the linear economic system, a building material’s life cycle typically moves from “cradle” to “grave”. Similar to birth to death.

In the circular economic system, a building material’s life cycle typically moves from “cradle” to “cradle”.

Once the lifetime of a building material component has reached it’s end, it is typically either downcycled to a lesser value, or it’s disposed of as waste.

This method doesn’t change the traditional method of manufacturing and producing building materials. What it does change however, is the life cycle and it’s extended value within the economy.

In this linear system, a building material will be sourced from a natural resource, produced with the assistance of manufacturing and energy consumption, serve it’s lifetime and then disposed of.

Through the system of a circular economy, building materials are given another chance to be upcycled, or re-purposed in new construction/renovation in order to minimise building waste, new resource use, manufacturing costs and even CO2 emissions.

(1) Guldager Jensen, K. and Sommer, J., 2019, Building a Circular Future, Denmark, KLS PurePrint.z Diagram: Illustrating the flow of biological and technical nutrients in the linear vs. the circular economy.

(2) Guldager Jensen, K. and Sommer, J., 2019, Building a Circular Future, Denmark, KLS PurePrint.z Diagram: Illustrating the flow of biological and technical nutrients in the linear vs. the circular economy.

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JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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Biological and Technical Cycles

Circular Economy Cascades

What’s the Difference?

Building Materials

(1)

These cycles are core representatives of what a circular economy is.

The biological cycles consist of materials that after their life cycle, can be biodegradable without polluting the environment. Timber is an example of this.

The technical cycle consists of materials that after their life cycle can be sorted and reused in future industrial products without loss of quality. Steel and concrete are examples of this.

(2)

To the right is an example of ways that materials can have their life cycle extended by being reused in multiple ways.

This example shows the life cycle of wood being diversified from logs, to building materials like structural timber, chipboard, insulation. Then transitioning into nutrients for regrowing the natural resource.

This is referred to as ‘cascading’, meaning that it’s continuous use almost declines in structural integrity, but is still as useful as it’s predecessor.

(1) Guldager Jensen, K. and Sommer, J., 2019, Building a Circular Future, Denmark, KLS PurePrint.z Diagram: Cradle to Cradle cycles; materials are designed to be resources over multiple use cycles.

(2) Guldager Jensen, K. and Sommer, J., 2019, Building a Circular Future, Denmark, KLS PurePrint.z Diagram: Illustrating cascades; in Cradle to Cradle biological materials are remade to new products to keep the value as long as possible before eventually returning as nutrients to the forest.

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Architecture and Construction The role in waste

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Architecture and Construction

AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS PHYSICAL SUPPLY OF WASTE MATERIALS, BY INDUSTRY, 2018-19

The role in waste

19,457,890

TOTAL (TONNES)

10,939,088

Retrofit/renovation projects typically result in a lot of waste. To sort through a large load of waste from a renovation project takes more time and money than it does to take the waste straight to landfill.

12,794,746

The construction industry is responsible for 12.7 million tonnes of waste in Australia each year. That’s 16.8% of Australia’s waste.

Manufacturing

The construction industry comes in second to the manufacturing industry and ‘other’ category which consists of all other industries other than the ones listed in the graph to the right.

12,750,165

In new projects, designers may also specify room sizes/heights to measurements that require off cut materials and not using full pieces, resorting to more waste. With regards to ceramic tiles, a 600x600mm tile might be specified for a bathroom floor covering, but the room is dimensioned not in multiples of 6 to achieve full pieces.

Of the 76 million tonnes of waste that Australia generated in that time period, the construction industry totaled to 12,750,165 tonnes of waste being disposed of. That’s an 18% increase since 20162017.

Construction

In a retrofit/renovation project, there is ample opportunity for reusing and re-purposing building materials or already standing construction. In most cases, designers will specify new materials for a project while overlooking potential usage of old materials.

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the Physical Supply of Waste Materials, by Industry between the years of 20182019 (years pre-covid), the construction industry was the third highest contributor to Australia’s total waste count.

12,382,418

Architecture can influence the impact of building material waste drastically in the design stages of a project.

Most older materials from a construction project can be repurposed for future construction use, not always for it’s original purpose, but sometimes for a new purpose.

The key to both the construction and design industries achieving the goal of moving towards a lower wastage rate in design and on a construction site, is communication and working together.

In most cases, there is a gap somewhere along the line between construction workers and designers.

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JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Other

Households

2,456,532 Imports

1,397,437

917,277

2,079,320 Mining

Utilities/Services

(1)

Waste Collection

(1) Data from Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. Waste Account, Australia, Experimental Estimates, 2018-19 financial year. [online] Bar chart indicating the tonnes of waste in 2018-19 categorized by industry. This shows the heavy influence of waste from the construction industry.

Agriculture

Public Admin

620,033

It’s been reported that on most construction sites, there is an ignorance towards the ideology of spending the time to sort through demolition waste and salvaging good materials that can be moved back into a circular economy and given an extended life.

This behaviour typically stems from a lack of interest and high demands from clients (Park and Tucker, 2016).

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Construction Waste

AUSTRALIAN BUREAU OF STATISTICS PHYSICAL SUPPLY OF WASTE MATERIALS, BY INDUSTRY, 2018-19

What’s Included?

In the construction waste category, it covers a few different sets of materials. From smallest to largest, it ascends from other waste (textiles, rubber, plastics and glass), paper/cardboard, metals, organics, hazardous waste and finally masonry.

Other waste refers to unclassified materials, hazardous refers to tyres and other hazardous, organic waste is food organics, garden organics, timber and other organics.

Considering the chart on the right of the page, masonry occupies a major cut. 62.9% of the total 12.75 million tonnes, equates to approximately 8 million tonnes, just on masonry.

Masonry materials include materials such as bricks, tiles, clay materials, concrete, stone and other hard materials that can take the form of rubble and dust after the demolition phase.

HAZARDOUS WASTE 13.3% OTHER TEXTILES, RUBBER GLASS PLASTICS 2.6%

ORGANICS 9.7%

MASONRY 62.9%

TOTAL (TONNES)

PAPER/CARDBOARD 4%

METALS 7.5%

(1) Data from Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. Waste Account, Australia, Experimental Estimates, 2018-19 financial year. [online] Pie chart indicating the breakdown of different types of waste that are disposed of within the construction industry. The biggest being masonry.

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Approved Demolitions Contribution to Waste Zooming in a lot more locally to Melbourne as a contributor to the waste issue of Australia, it could be said that the continuous demolition of dwellings around the Melbourne City area are a direct and more common contribution to construction waste.

Moonee Valley 1893

This data is from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and was recorded as Small Area Dwelling Stock Removals between the years of September 2016 to June 2021.

Merri-Bek 1664

Darebin 1446

There was a lot of data to sieve through, as it covered the entirety of Australia, but for Melbourne City’s council area and surrounding council areas of Maribyrnong, Moonee Valley, Merri-Bek, Darebin, Yarra, Boroondara, Port Phillip and Stonnington, 9,801 dwellings were approved for demolition. This equates to approximately 171.9 houses per month over the duration of that period.

A lot of these houses are demolished to make way for new development whether it be more residential, or for mixed use development in attempt to address Melbourne’s housing affordability and availability crisis.

Maribyrnong 775

Interestingly, Boroondara came in at the top of the list of local councils, with 2,342 dwellings approved for demolition. The home of Swinburne University of Technology.

Considering this information, what might happen to all of this waste and where does it go?

Total number of houses approved for demolition

Melbourne City 202

Port Phillip 388

9801

Yarra 241 Boroondara 2342

Stonnington 850

September 2016 - June 2021

171.9 houses per month

(1) Data from Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2022. Small Area Dwelling Stock Removals. [online] This map indicates the amount of dwellings that have been demolished between September 2016 to June 2021.

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(1)

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04

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Personal Experience Tiling Industry

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JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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Personal Experience Tiling Industry The interest in tile and masonry waste within the construction industry was sparked from a large part of my life which includes tiling.

My family runs a tiling and construction company in a rural town which spans it’s functions from stock imports, retail, installation, demolition, renovation, waterproofing services and various others.

As a young child, I would go to construction sites with my dad to help out, mostly watch. Sometimes I would be in the store or warehouse with my mum helping in that aspect as well. It wasn’t until I got older that I began to notice the general functions of a construction company.

A lot of the time, clients don’t get to see the nitty gritty functioning of a tiling company and what goes on behind the shiny facade of the showroom. Most clients are greeted through the front door of the store, welcomed in by 100s of samples and the visualisations of their future project, new build or renovation. The whole experience is exciting, but there is a neglect to the reality of how much waste and energy these processes can create and consume.

It also wasn’t until the commencing of this studio that my eye shifted to wastage and how much waste that is actually accumulated on day to day basis over the course of countless renovations, deliveries, demolitions and fresh installations.

There is a substantial amount of ceramics that are wasted in these processes. Not to mention the other forms of masonry like cement sheet, concrete, bricks etc.

Let’s say on average, we will hold 5 tiles per style. If we have 500 different tiles in the store, that’s 2500 tiles that are stored on the showroom and in the warehouse. These are then thrown into landfill when the styles is determined slow selling, or are deleted by the supplier. We can throw out approximately 50 tiles a week.

In the importing aspect, clients are generally advised to order extra tiles for error, offcuts, breakage in transit, and to own spares for future repair. Depending on the job size, this can be up to a few metres extra that are ordered for construction.

In the construction aspect, there are many facets. During the new construction process, there isn’t as much waste of ceramic tiles.

It is generally from offcuts, errors in measurements and cuts that need to be disposed of, and breakages. This is usually a much cleaner process.

During the renovation process, there is a lot more waste and mess that comes along with it. In the demolition process of the renovation, because the tile glue is so strong and manufactured to last a lifetime, it doesn’t remove from the wall without damaging the cement sheet or plaster. Because of this, it’s required to remove the sheeting and replace to apply new tiles to it. This almost always results in the disposal of all the removed tiles, glue, wall sheeting and sometimes stud timber.

On the following pages are examples of the showroom experience VS the reality of what happens on a job site. Images on the right page are from a small scale renovation job, with a skip bin that was filled to the brim within hours of demolition materials.

In the retail aspect of tiles, companies send out multiple of the same sample of a tile. This is to have a few in the showroom, and a few ready to give to customers to take home and try within the space.

(1)

(1) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing company tile showroom.

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(1)

(2)

(1)

(3)

(3)

(1) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing company tile showroom.

(1) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing skip bin filled with tile waste and various other forms of waste from a construction site.

(2) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing company tile showroom.

(2) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing skip bin filled with tile waste and various other forms of waste from a construction site.

(3) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing company tile showroom.

(3) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing skip bin filled with tile waste and various other forms of waste from a construction site.

(4) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing company tile showroom.

(4) Image taken by Jordan Veniamakis Image showing the remainder of tile offcuts that would be disposed of in landfill.

(4) 26

(2)

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Tile Lifecycle Linear Now keeping on theme with the tile company, I began to look at the typical lifecycle of a ceramic tile and where it ends up after it’s generic life.

(1) It begins at the mining stage, mining the raw materials that takes to make the tile, clay, minerals and various other components.

(2) Then moving into the manufacturing process where the tiles get fired to harden, and go through a glazing process.

(3) This then results into a finished tile.

(4) Installation generally happens typically through laying on walls or floors through the process of waterproofing, use of tile adhesive, laying and then grouting. Generally from this point onward, tiles are meant to last a lifetime, but in some cases, people want to remove and update.

(5) A demolition phase can then begin where tiles are removed from floors and walls to make way for new coverings. This is generally very messy and results in a lot of rubble and fragmented pieces of tiles. The super adhesive glue that’s used to fix tiles to surfaces is what results in this mess.

(1) Mine raw materials

(2) Manufacture tiles

(3) Finished tiles

(4) Typical installation

(5) Demolition

(6) Some of the debris that this can take form of is dust, mosaic pieces, small pieces and sometimes full piece tiles.

(7) In a linear lifecycle, this would all then get moved into landfill, because tile debris are not recyclable.

So what’s an alternative method of this and how can this linear lifecycle be changed? There are methods of doing this, it just takes the extra bit of time and effort.

(6) Forms of debris

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(7) Disposal END OF LIFE

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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Tile Lifecycle Circular I then began to investigate the different methods that can be completed in order to re-purpose these leftover parts of tiles and put them back into the economy in a circular method to salvage them and relieve landfill pressure.

(1) Ground down tile powder can be used as an additive to cement as a Clay Ceramic Waste (CCW) it has a high considered pozzolanicity. Pozzolanicity refers to the cementitious value of materials like siliceous and aluminous materials, when mixed with water (Baretto et al. 2021). This can also add colour to the cement mix through the clay’s original colour.

(2) Full pieces of salvaged tiles can be relaid in their typical method if they are in a good condition. This allows for the full repurposing of the tile as it was intended. The tile can also be laid unconventionally in a Wapan method which originates from China.

This method is a stacking method by putting the tiles on top of one another with the use of mortar in between each piece.

Forms of debris

(1) Ground tile powder

(2) Full piece salvaged tiles

(3) Substantial broken tile pieces

(4) Aggregate of tile pieces

(3) Substantial broken tile pieces can also be used in the stacked method, infilling the broken areas with mortar to hold it together.

These pieces can also be used in a mosaicing format to fill areas that are smaller.

(4) Aggregate pieces of tile can be used in cement mix as an aggregate for structural integrity of the cement and also as an exposed aggregate feature with the original clay of the tiles and glazing parts of the fragments to bring in different colours.

All of these methods can then be reintroduced into new construction through fully recycled materials.

Cement additive Colour additive

Original re-purposing of Tiles, laid again typically

Tile stacking (Wapan tiling method)

Tile mosaicing

Exposed aggregate cement, terrazzo tiles

New construction 30

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Problems The Industries Considering all of this information that has been researched, what could I narrow it down to two different issues that could help inform a design process?

Investigating overall construction waste in Australia, demolition waste, experience in the construction industry, what are the problems at hand?

One problem is that re-usable materials are being disposed of every day on site by construction workers. There is a behavioural trend on most construction sites that can be seen as a generational effect, that it’s too difficult, too time consuming and too expensive to allocated efforts to sorting through materials in order to repurpose materials and get them back into the circular economy (Udawatta et al, 2015).

In some cases, change happens from new additions to a scenario.

Within a workforce, tradition and patterns are followed, and systems can become outdated and inefficient. All it might take is some fresh eyes to a working environment to make way for change.

Introducing newly educated construction workers and designers around these waste concerns to the industries would benefit these industries and the environment in the long run.

Having these industries working cohesively with one another with the assistance of education and training will drive the new narrative of sustainable construction.

Findings have shown that most decisions on construction sites are based on the financial gain unless there is some form of energy compliance that needs to be met. This is a result of the behavioural practices that have been embedded in workers for generations at time (Udawatta et al, 2015).

The issue also can stem from the design aspect of construction, before it even reaches the construction phase. There is room for designers and architects to allow for specification of materials so that there are rules and regulations to follow when construction said projects. This could be in the form of specifying a facade to be cladded with a material of an existing built form that is to be removed. Small steps like this contribute.

A second issues is that there is more skilled professionals that are entering the construction and design industries that are not having a consideration towards waste management and repurposing of materials.

The focus in education and training of these skilled trades and professions is how to do a job correctly. There a physical and intellectual skills that are taught to people in order to problem solve and achieve goals, however due to these typical practices that are apparent in the current industry, the same pattern continues to happen with new additions to the industries.

01

02

Good and re-usable materials are being wasted on construction sites.

More people entering the industry, without consideration of repurposing construction waste

Applying proper education and training components around the importance of circular economy, re-purposing of waste materials and waste management plans in offices and on site would assist with the potential combat against these issues.

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Benefits of Education Re-purposing Construction Waste There are many benefits of education and implementation around the re-purposing of construction waste and circular economy.

Through this process some benefits are: Prevention of good and reusable materials going to landfill and being wasted. Landfill has increased pressures every year by the influx of waste and recyclable materials that are put into the wastage process every day. By being aware of this in the construction facet of waste, action can be taken in order to make effort in the removal of these materials from entering their linear lifecycle and moving straight to landfill.

Reducing energy consumption is a major benefit of this. Energy is consumed greatly in all processes of construction. Manufacturing materials, installation and construction of materials, the labor of people doing these also.

The environment also benefits from this. By reintroducing more used materials into the circular economy for reuse, it eases stress on the demand of new raw materials to be able to manufacture more construction materials for new construction.

Of course the cost effectiveness of all these processes, being able to save funds on the purchasing of new materials and importing of these materials.

Preventing materials going to landfill

Reduces energy consumption

Environmental benefits

Cost effectiveness

There are many other benefits that could be named as a result of the efforts of education around circular economy and reintroducing materials back into the construction process, but there four were the four that stood out to me against the rest.

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Material Investigation Ceramic Waste Powder Ceramics

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Ceramic Waste Powder

MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES IN 2020

Because CWP is a derivative of ceramic production, it’s composition is considered toxic to the environment. CWP can cause soil, air and water pollution which then leads to significant environmental issues (El-Dieb, Taha, Kanaan and Aly, 2018). There is no way to dispose of CWP without re-purposing it in another manufactured product or material.

The global production of ceramic tiles is more than 12 billion m² (S. El-Dieb, R. Taha and I. Abu-Eishah, 2019). Of the global manufacturers, China lead the pack for ceramic tiles in 2020, producing approximately 8.47 billion square meters of ceramic tiles in the single year (Garside, 2021). It has also been estimated that approximately 30% of this is wasted in the construction phase through initial construction, renovation, demolition etc.

Studies have reported that CWP generates at the rate of approximately 19kg/m² of ceramic tiles produces. At this rate, considering the global manufacturing of over 12 billion m², there would be approximately 228 billion kgs of CWP being generated globally every year. That’s 228 billion kgs of CWP being disposed of into landfill every year, negatively impacting the environment.

Ceramic waste aggregate (CWA) is a resolution to the non-recycled types of ceramics that are disposed of in landfill every year.

Without more intense labor of processing ceramics into CWP, ceramics that are broken up into smaller pieces, similar to shards or rocks, can be used as a form of a substitution for aggregate in concrete.

This then opens up the potentials for being able to fully re-purpose and recycle the wastes of ceramics from their manufacturing phase, construction phase and also their demolition phase.

Rather than the complete disposal of ceramic waste like ceramic tiles, masonry and even ceramic dishes after demolition or breakage, these can be re-utilised for new construction in a circular way.

PRODUCTION IN MILLION SQUARE METERS

Ceramic waste powder (CWP) is a powdery substance which derives from ceramic tile production. It manifests during the polishing process of ceramic tiles, is collected and then dumped into landfills (El-Dieb, Taha, Kanaan and Aly, 2018).

8474

Material Investigation

However, after consideration for this material, the costs of importing from Chinese factories would offset the benefits of repurposing in Australia greatly, deeming it inefficient

Two main components of CWP’s chemical composition are silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) which make up over 85% of the entire composition. The relevance of this is that they are present in the production of concrete, used as a partial replacement for the cement component of the concrete. This has a positive effect on the reduction of CO2 emissions.

1320

(2)

(3) Data from Garside, M., 2021. Ceramic tile leading manufacturing countries worldwide 2020 | Statista. [online] Statista.

Bar chart showing the leading ceramic tile manufacturing countries worldwide in 2020 (in million square meters)

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449

488

534

Turkey

Iran

Spain

Vietnam

China

344 Italy

India

304

(1)

(2) Image from Unsplash.com. 2022. White Powder Pictures | Download Free Images on Unsplash. [online] Image depicting a macro image of Ceramic Waste Powder.

Indonesia

285

Silica 66.9 Alumina 18.14 Ferric Oxide 3.79 Calcium Oxide 3.64 Magnesia 3.60 Potassium Oxide 3.39

Egypt

(1) Data from Oleng, M., 2018. Physical and Mechanical Experimental Investigation of Concrete incorporated with Ceramic and Porcelain Clay Tile Powders as Partial Cement Substitutes.

International Journal of Engineering Research and, V7(09).

Table showing the chemical composition of ceramic waste powder.

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O

840

Major Components Chemical Composition (% by mass)

Brazil

Because CWP’s chemical composition shares to the likes of concrete, there is potential for recycling of CWP as a substitute in conventional concrete, reducing the negative impacts on the environment.

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Clay Tile

MINERAL COMPOSITION OF TILE AND CEMENT

Material Investigation Tiles endure an extensive process through their manufacturing period. It is also considered to be an energy intensive process as their energy consumption accounts for approximately 30% of their production cost (Ye et al,. 2018).

9.64% Other

The tile manufacturing process moves in a few step. Mining of raw clay materials, atomising the clay, production of frits and glazes, then the production of ceramic tiles (Ibáñez-Forés, Bovea and Simó, 2011). The raw clay materials are dependent on where the clay is mined, but this typically consists of minerals like kaolin ore, bentonite, magnesite and sands. Kaolin ore is one of the more common minerals found in tiles, because it is mined and found in Chinese clays (Tikkanen, 2020).

4.32% Fe2O3

6.34% Other

4.46% CaO

Because tiles are mined and manufactured from the earths clays, it means that it shares some similar properties to other masonry materials, like cement.

18.29% Al2O3

Studies have shown that the mineral composition of a tile versus cement have some very defining similarities, meaning that they come from the same family, and to some extent be interchangeable

0-100%

The main minerals that are found in tiles and cement are Silica (SiO2), Alumina (Al2O3), Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) and Calcium Oxide (CaO) amongst various other minerals which make up the smaller parts of the mineral composition (Ay & Unal, 2000). These minerals have strong and cementitious properties which relates to the strength of tiles and cement when hydrated and then dried out.

From these studies, it then opened up the idea of being able to substitute in the actual tile’s existing clays into a cementitious product, in order to achieve the same result. The question was whether or not the tile clay stands the same as cement when it came to structural or precast concrete pieces for the structural components of construction. There was no doubt however, that tile clays could be used for something less structurally reliant, like ground and wall coverings. Being able to utilise the already present waste tiles in Australia as opposed to needing to import CWP to achieve the same thing, was a massive improvement and offset to the potential import costs of getting CWP into Australia.

65.04% CaO 3.64% Fe2O3 5.46% Al2O3

(1) Data from Ay, N & Ünal, M 2000, ‘The use of waste ceramic tile in cement production’, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 497–499.

Graph showing the relationship between tile and cement in regards to their mineral composition.

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63.29% SiO2

20.52% SiO2 Cement

Installation of tiles can lead to a lot of wastage, from error on site or from errors in transit, leading to tile breakage thus disposal and more waste. This is one of the bigger contributing factors to waste in tiles.

Tile

Tiles are manufactured to be a long lasting material and potentially last a lifetime. This is evident in their hard form from the fired and dried clay. From being this hard, becomes extreme fragility, which leads to breakages at the smallest of inconveniences to the materials.

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Precedent Studies

Circular Economy - Masonry Materials

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Ningbo History Museum Precedent Study Project: Ningbo History Museum Architect: Wang Shu from Amateur Architecture Studio Completed: 2008 Location: Ningbo China

“I wanted to build this museum for the people who were originally living here so they can keep some memories.”

- Wang Shu Ningbo is a major city in the north-east Zhejiang Province. It is a city that has a very rich culture and a long history dating back to 4800BC. Given it’s extensive history and cultural heritage, it was important that a museum that would stand to represent Ningbo, did it in a way that was culturally sensitive to the context and existing historical representation.

The Ningbo Historic Museum in Ningbo, China, is a 30,000m² building that stands three storeys tall. It was designed by architect Wang Shu from Amateur Architecture Studio. It has a unique facade which comprises largely of locally sourced debris from surrounding areas where older traditional Chinese towns once were. The retention of these town’s are exhibited through the remaining bricks, tiles and stone that fill the facade of the history museum.

These towns were demolished to make way for new development, and a lot of the remaining bricks, tiles and roof tiles saved, sorted and reused for the facade treatment of the museum. A lot of concrete material was used for the construction of this building to contrast against the recycled tiles. Wang Shu says “these are not debris... is history, time and experience. Many people have touched these bricks” This was a way to contrast against the old and new of the museum, highlighting the recycled, historic materials.

Wang Shu specifies the traditional Chinese technique of tiling, Wapan, for the construction and design of the facade. Wapan is a construction technique that derives from the method of building walls rapidly using available materials within the local context, as a result of historic typhoons (Brownell, 2022). This results in the rough ‘filled in’ style of the bricks and tiles being on top of one another.

(2)

(3)

The cement was layered with bamboo to create an imprint against the harsh solid exterior that the concrete would leave. This facade treatment generally sits higher on the building to leave the recycled materials closer to human level for people to see and feel the history of the building’s recycled materials.

Some of the recycled bricks and tiles date back over a thousand years old, bringing paying homage to the traditional Chinese history of the local context. The recycled materials that come from these demolished buildings can reference the major deconstruction of China to make way for the major construction that would pave the way to urbanization.

(4) (1) Clark, G 2022, Architecture | Wang Shu’s Ningbo Museum, Ceramic Art + Design Image: Example of Wapan being used in a traditional Chinese village.

(2) Hobson, B 2016, Wang Shu’s Ningbo History Museum built from the remains of demolished villages, Dezeen Image: Ningbo History Museum by Wang Shu (3) Hobson, B 2016, Wang Shu’s Ningbo History Museum built from the remains of demolished villages, Dezeen Image: Courtyard and close up of wall at Ningbo History Museum by Wang Shu (4) Hobson, B 2016, Wang Shu’s Ningbo History Museum built from the remains of demolished villages, Dezeen Image: Wall of Ningbo History Museum by Wang Shu (5) Hobson, B 2016, Wang Shu’s Ningbo History Museum built from the remains of demolished villages, Dezeen Image: Ningbo History Museum by Wang Shu (6) Hobson, B 2016, Wang Shu’s Ningbo History Museum built from the remains of demolished villages, Dezeen Image: Wall of Ningbo History Museum by Wang Shu

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Ningbo History Museum Tiled Materials These four types of tiles are based off of images of the Ningbo Historic Museum and are at an indicative measurement for the purpose of gauging size and density of the facade treatments that the museum has.

10mm

There are a series of different forms of tiles or stone blocks that are scattered throughout the facade treatment. It appears as though there is similar ones broken into different shapes and sizes to fill the more awkward spaces within the facade.

(2) is the standard grey stone tile that is one of the tiles that appear to be scattered throughout the facade and broken into the different shapes and sizes. To fill a 10m x 10m wall with this size tile, it would take approximately 16,666 tiles.

The blue grey single stone block (3) is a smaller iteration of the larger grey one and used more as a filler for the unusual empty spots. To fill a 10m x 10m wall with this size tile, it would take approximately 62,500 tiles.

20mm

The single roof tile (1) is a grey colour and has been based at 70mm wide, compared in comparison with the other roof tile that is in the facade. To fill a 10m x 10m wall with this size tile, it would take approximately 142,850 tiles.

mm

200

70m

300

mm

m

(1)

mm

200

(2)

Finally, the terracotta roof tile is the curved misshapen tile that brings the vibrant reddish colour to the facade treatment against all the grey and blue stone colours. To fill a 10m x 10m wall with this size tile, it would take 40,000 tiles.

10mm

20mm

Through the wapan technique of construction, these tiles would be able to be manipulated to create a built form to represent a facade, even a wall, roof or flooring system.

mm

200

80m

250

mm

m

(3)

mm

200

(4)

(1) Single grey roof tile at 70x200mm (2) Rectangular grey stone tile at 300x200mm (3) Rectangular blue/grey tile at 80x200mm (4) Terracotta curved roof tile at 250x200mm

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(4)

(5)

(1)

(2)

(1) Clark, G 2022, Architecture | Wang Shu’s Ningbo Museum, Ceramic Art + Design Image: Example of Wapan construction technique.

(2) Clark, G 2022, Architecture | Wang Shu’s Ningbo Museum, Ceramic Art + Design Image: Example of Wapan construction technique.

(3) Clark, G 2022, Architecture | Wang Shu’s Ningbo Museum, Ceramic Art + Design Image: Example of Wapan construction technique.

(4) Clark, G 2022, Architecture | Wang Shu’s Ningbo Museum, Ceramic Art + Design Image: Example of Wapan construction technique.

(5) Clark, G 2022, Architecture | Wang Shu’s Ningbo Museum, Ceramic Art + Design Image: Example of Wapan construction technique.

(6) Clark, G 2022, Architecture | Wang Shu’s Ningbo Museum, Ceramic Art + Design Image: Example of Wapan construction technique.

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Requirements for Facade Structure Tiled Materials The diagram to the left is of a 1x1m square to gauge an idea of how many tiles would be required to fill that size gap.

In this particular wall size, there is 462 tiles and pieces of stone.

They are randomly, but also uniformly stacked.

In the real context, the building has parts filled in with some form of glue or mortar and smaller pieces of stone.

If this type of arrangement of tiles was repeated across a wall at a 10m x 10m dimension, it would require 46,200 tiles in order to cover the entire wall in recycled tiles.

An estimate of how the wall is constructed at Ninbgo History Museum, is that it is layered potentially with the tiled facade being glued to some kind of cement sheet. This cement sheet is screwed to battens which are screwed to a framing system. Then on the interior side of the wall, there is more fixed cement sheet which supports the cement and bamboo wall.

(7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) Wapan construction technique tiled wall (2) Tile glue/mortar/adhesive

(1)

(3) Cement sheet (4) Battens (5) Framing (6) Cement sheet (7) Cement and bamboo mix

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Circular Life cycle Ningbo History Museum Materials This material flow diagram shows the circular relationship that the recycled tiles have with the Ningbo History Museum building and also another potential for a circular life of the tiles that are not in tact enough for facade treatment.

(1)

(2)

(3)

The process starts from mining the tile’s primitive clay materials to then push into the manufacturing process. Tile are then produced in order to commence with the construction of the traditional villages in Ningbo, an important part of history.

These villages were then deconstructed in order to make way for new development and assist with the rapid progression of urbanization. These tiles were kept for re-purposing. Assumable, some of these tiles were not salvaged, so based on previous research, these tiles could have been ground down further into an aggregate for cement or into CCW to act as a substitute for cement’s make up.

(4)

In this circle, the broken tiles process into CWP, go into manufacturing and then into cement, which could then be processed into the cement that is on the facade that is mixed in with the bamboo.

The retained roof tiles are refurbished and then put into the design process that was of Wang Shu from Amateur Architecture Studio.

After this design process that focused heavily on the retention and homage of history, the Ningbo History Museum was designed, then constructed.

(5)

(8) (6)

(9)

(1) Source natural material

(10)

(2) Manufacturing (3) Produced tile material

(7)

(4) Construction of traditional Ningbo villages (5) Tile break, wear down (potential for reuse in the form of aggregate or ceramic waste powder) (6) Process into ceramic waste powder (7) Manufacture cement (8) Use produced cement (9) Recycled tile (10) Architectural design (11) Ningbo History Museum construction

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The Beehive Precedent Study Project: The Beehive Architect: Luigi Rosselli Architects + Raffaello Rosselli Studio Completed: 2018 Location: Surry Hills, NSW, Australia

The tilling industry in Australia is a big contributor to the construction industry. Almost all homes, commercial and industrial building’s in Australia will contain tiles in their wet areas or communal/living spaces.

While out of manufacture tiles are collected, newer tiles have no market value and find their way to landfill. (Luigi, 2018).

Material reuse has near zero embodied energy and hence is a very important step at reducing construction impact.

Ceramic tiles and roof tiles are a great construction material because of their durability against heat, cold and moisture. The fact that they are not biodegradable also makes them a great construction material, knowing that they will not degrade at a rapid rate, sometimes lasting a lifetime.

Terracotta tiles differentiate themselves from standard modern ceramic tiles today. Terracotta is a raw material that is still cast in clay and represented as it’s mineral form of clay after high intensity firing.

While being non-biodegradable is a positive with regards to construction, it’s a severe negative on the environment when it comes to the disposal of ceramic or roof tiles.

Tiles are comprised typically of clay, minerals, alumina and silica, which are toxic to the environment. They are then fired and glazed to become hardened and are then used in construction.

Tiles are manufactured to last a lifetime, and in some cases this is made more possible through the method of up-cycling and refurbishment in future design.

(2)

(3)

These tiles were prototyped using digital technology and then physical iteration to be able to create a modular system that could stack to become a structurally sound facade treatment. The facade allows natural ventilation and light, being on the harsher western face of the site.

The Beehive is a building that was designed with the premise of utilising recycled materials like terracotta tiles from the beginning of the design process. It was important to the architects to keep this building as a unique representation of reusing older materials to create something new.

Designing the Beehive began with researching material waste and searching for an object that would be suitable for the site context and the building’s purpose. The design teams came to the conclusion of the terracotta roof tiles. (Luigi, 2018).

(4)

This project attempts to add value to reused materials and change the public often negative perception of material reuse (Luigi, 2018).

(1) Gonzalez, M 2022, The Beehive / Luigi Roselli + Raffaello Rosselli, ArchDaily Image: The Beehive building’s facade showing terracotta recycled tiles (2) Gonzalez, M 2022, The Beehive / Luigi Roselli + Raffaello Rosselli, ArchDaily Image: The Beehive recycled terracotta used internally as bookshelves (3) Gonzalez, M 2022, The Beehive / Luigi Roselli + Raffaello Rosselli, ArchDaily Image: The Beehive building’s facade showing terracotta recycled tiles (4) Gonzalez, M 2022, The Beehive / Luigi Roselli + Raffaello Rosselli, ArchDaily Image: The Beehive building’s facade treatment detail close up (5) Gonzalez, M 2022, The Beehive / Luigi Roselli + Raffaello Rosselli, ArchDaily Image: Prototyping of the recycled terracotta roof tiles (6) Gonzalez, M 2022, The Beehive / Luigi Roselli + Raffaello Rosselli, ArchDaily Image: The Beehive building’s bookshelves

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Embodied Energy What is it?

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Embodied Energy What is it?

So what is embodied energy, and why is it important to keep in consideration when manufacturing, producing or constructing?

Embodied energy is the calculation of all the energy that is used to produce a material or a product. (Crawford and Hall, 2022). This includes the process of mining, manufacturing and transporting the materials that are being considered.. Careful consideration of materials and construction systems for new construction at any scale can assist with producing something that is of a lower energy consumption, or has a smaller environmental footprint.

Embodied energy is one component of a network of different influences that partake in the negative impacts that construction imposes on the environment. For example, a house that is built with careful consideration towards embodied energy may be constructed with materials that have a low embodied energy factor, however this may result in the house then requiring extra operational energy to maintain and run the home (e.g. heating and cooling), thus resulting in an overall larger energy consumption (Crawford and Hall, 2022).

When considering the construction of a building, the embodied energy is calculated from the following factors (Crawford and Hall, 2022): • • • •

Initial embodied energy is the energy that is calculated based on the mining, manufacturing, transporting, construction, labor and time that is poured into the construction of a building or project.

The combination of all of these factors are important to consider when in the early stages of construction. This is generally a good indicator of following types of embodied energy.

Recurrent embodied energy is an addition to initial in the form of maintenance, renovations, retrofitting and repairs that could be considered in the future, post construction phase.

Operational embodied energy are the ongoing forms of energy used for upkeep of the building. Commonly these represent in the forms of heating, cooling, electricity, water, etc. Operational embodied energy is dependent on the materials that are selected in the early construction process. For example, if using more high embodied energy materials such as concrete and including extra materials like double insulation or double glazed windows, heating and cooling costs are lowered, thus electricity usage is also, meaning the operational embodied energy achieves savings.

(Crawford and Hall, 2022).

Production of all the materials used in the initial construction (initial embodied energy).

Production of all the materials used in repairs or renovations over the life of the building (recurrent embodied energy).

Transport of materials to site.

Energy used on-site during construction, repairs or renovations.

Recovery of embodied energy (recycling of materials).

Recurrent embodied energy for renovations, maintenance, wear and tear.

Initial embodied energy for construction.

20%

Because there is such a significant difference between materials in regards to their requirement of embodied energy, the choice of materials in a construction process can make a significant difference in the overall building’s embodied energy result.

47%

There are three main types of embodied energies, being initial embodied energy, recurrent embodied energy and operational embodied energy.

33% (1)

Recurrent Embodied Energy (1) Data from Crawford, R. and Hall, M., 2022. Embodied energy. [online] YourHome.

Pie chart illustrating the proportions of operational and embodied energy over the 50-year life cycle of a typical brick veneer house.

Initial Embodied Energy

(2) Data from Crawford, R. and Hall, M., 2022. Embodied energy. [online] YourHome.

Diagram showing the relationship between manufacturing and use of materials with regards to the embodied energy consumption.

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Operational energy use.

Operational Energy

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SR Building Site Location

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SR Building Swinburne University of Technology The SR Building on Swinburne University of Technology’s campus in comparison to it’s neighbours, quite small. Classes that are held in the SR building are usually from the Nursing and Occupational Therapy courses at Swinburne, whilst also being a dance studio in the building.

The SR building is two storey high, appears to be of brick veneer structure with a series of glazed windows on some faces of the building. It’s one of those university buildings that a lot of people might disregard, and may not even realise is even there. It sits nestled against the GS building, overshadowed literally and also metaphorically leaving it almost unseen.

The total gross area of the SR building is approximately 925m² across the two floors of the building, while it’s footprint is approximately 515m².

It faces the railway corridor that runs through Swinburne laterally, creating a divide between the ‘north’ and ‘south’ sides of the campus. It’s side that faces the railway corridor, doesn’t appear to have a significant connection to the walkway itself, they just coexist with one another.

The next two pages include images from a site visit which was to learn context of the site and materiality of what currently exists there.

The desired function of this site would be a building that would focus on the teachings of circular economy, material importance and construction industry. This building would be the SR Trade Centre, servicing students and the community.

(1) Data from Google Earth.

Image illustrating the location of the Swinburne SR Building with reference to surrounding university buildings, in Hawthorn, Victoria.

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(4)

(5)

(1)

(2)

(1) Image of SR Building, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus.

(2) Image of SR Building, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus.

(3) Image of GS Building, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus.

(4) Image of railway corridor, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus.

(5) Image of SR Building, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus.

(3)

(6)

(6) Image of SR Building, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn Campus.

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Site Locations Road Network The SR building sits at the centre of the Swinburne University campus, also on the corner of the main thoroughfare of the campus where John Street and Wakefield Street meet.

It is within close proximity to busy roads such as Burwood Road and Glenferrie Road.

Glenferrie Road Burwood Road

With this good road network encasing the site, it’s easily accessible by vehicle and there is an ease of access around the campus itself because of this.

AS ATC DC

AM

SA W EN E

John Street

UN

MWilliam 60W AStreet B

Wakefield Street

AR

AD

W

GS

SR

M 44W E S AG

1A

S

SP

Park Street

TA TB

SP

21W

19W

32P

TD TC

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Site Locations Public Transport Network In regards to public transport, the SR site also is in a convenient location, being within a short walking distance to Glenferrie Station. The station also has a railway corridor that backs on to the building, so trains that are passing by are visible and audible from the building itself.

Stop 73

The railway corridor acts as a direct access method of getting from the station to the site itself.

Stop 74

The 16 tram-line also runs down the length of Glenferrie Road with a several stops within walking distance from the site also.

Glenferrie Station

With the abundance of public transport options relative to the area, it’s again, very accessible from near or far locations.

AS

Stop 75

SA W EN E

ATC DC

AM

UN

M 60W A B

1A

AR

AD

GS

SR

M 44W E S AG

16 Tram Line

PW

S

SP

21W

19W

32P

TA TB

S

TD TC

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Site Locations Nearby Locations

Public Car Park

Surrounding locations consist in a vast variety of different functions and programming.

Hawthorn Arts Centre

Public Space

Public Space

Within very close proximity, there is a shopping precinct along Glenferrie Road and close by the Glenferrie Centre, which consists of a lot of retail and hospitality.

Hawthorn Oval

There are an abundance of public spaces nearby, including Hawthorn Oval and Central Gardens. This accompanied by council monitored car parking lots.

Public Car Park

Glenferrie Station

Glenferrie Road Shops

Public Car Park

Glenferrie Centre

AS SA W EN E

ATC DC

AM

UN

M 60W A B

Central Gardens

1A

AR

AD

W

GS

SR

M 44W E S AG

S

SP

21W

19W

32P

TA TB

SP

TD TC

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SR Building

EMBODIED STATISTICS FOR SR BUILDING SWINBURNE

Embodied Energy

698074 L

229 kgCO2e

1290 L

11 kgCO2e

Brick 119 MJ

1537 MJ

Glazing

61 L

52772 MJ

116524 kgCO2e Aluminum

Concrete WASTED ENERGY

Total Area: 299m³

10792 kgCO2e

Concrete

118717 kgCO2e

Total Area: 682.5m²

2508 MJ

Clay Brick

3736 kgCO2e

Total embodied green house gases: 239,208.08 kgCO2e Of which wasted: 10,912.22 kgCO2e Per m³: 70 kgCO2e

109 kgCO2e

Walls

Slabs

(1)

1288753 MJ

848777 MJ

Total Area: 69.2m²

Total embodied water: 2,138,935.36 L Of which wasted: 127,243.64 L Per m³: 625.41 L

125443 L

For example, in the SR Building, there is approximately 682.5m² of wall area for the bricks that are on the building. All of the other materials that are recorded on the building like concrete, aluminum and glass all have a much smaller presences on the building, however have a much higher consumption rate in all facets.

Flat Glass Sheet 10mm

59690 L

From this analysis, it showed how even when some materials have a greater mass presence in the building, other materials that are less can have a higher energy consumption.

Total embodied energy: 2,192,872.31 MJ Of which wasted: 78,818.12 MJ Per m³: 641.19 MJ

1738 L

Windows

Overall volume: 3,420m³

1379880 L

Total Area: 537m²

77161 MJ

Calculating the embodied energy, water and CO2 for each material that is currently applied on the SR Building put into perspective the sheer amount of energy goes into constructing even the most basic of buildings.

Overall Analysis

Aluminum Cladding 3mm

Roof

INITIAL ENERGY

Learning about embodied energy was a good concept in order to gauge the amount of energy, water and CO2 consumption really takes place through construction.

Embodied Energy

(1)

Embodied Water (1) SR Building model completed by Jafar Abtan.

All embodied energy data from Crawford, R., Stephan, A. and Prideaux, F., 2022 EPiC Database

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(1) Bar graph depicting an approximate result of embodied energy, water and green house gases for the manufacturing of materials and construction of Swinburne’s SR Building.

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Pedestrian Access

Direct Sunlight

Issue

Issue

An issue that I identified with the building was it’s pedestrian access to, from and around the building itself. There are only three access points, one of them being the main larger door to the north of the building. The main issue of access is from the railway corridor, having no integration with the building, or being able to cut through a walkway between the SR building and the GS building, being that the buildings are hard up against one another.

Direct sunlight wasn’t as much of an issue with the building itself, it is more to do with the sunlight access to the railway corridor at the south of the building. At the winter solstice, the amount of direct sunlight to the railway corridor is very minimal, mostly being blocked by the building’s massing itself.

AD

AD

GS

GS

M 44W

M

44W

E

E

S AG

S AG TA

(1)

TA

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

Entrances to building

Direct sunlight from northern sun

No entrances to building

Shadow from SR building

Pedestrian movement

Northern sunlight

(1) SR building massing showing the entrances and pedestrian access and egress to and form the building.

(2) SR building massing showing the direct sunlight from the north that is interrupted by the building. This hinders the direct sunlight experiences to the south of the building.

74

(2)

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

N

N JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

75

Minimal Public Integration

Minimal Student Interaction

Issue

Issue

The SR building has little to no public function at all, meaning that there is almost no reason to visit the building unless you are a student of nursing or occupational therapy at Swinburne University. Being that this is a building in such a prime location, the opportunities for this building to be integrated with more of the public realm are endless.

While the public interaction is low, the student interaction is also minimal. As said previously, unless you are a nursing or occupational therapy student, there is no reason to visit the building. The building is close to TAFE buildings, greenspace, the train, the campus library and various other buildings. It would be more beneficial to add something to the site which acts as more of a hub for students to be able to interact with.

AD

AD

GS

GS

M

M

44W

44W

E

E

S AG

S AG TA

(1)

TA

(2)

Privatised spaces

Dedicated classrooms spaces

Surrounding public space

Buildings with dedicated classrooms spaces, exhibition spaces, group learning areas.

Other uses, admin, residential etc.

(1) SR building massing showing the relationship between the public and private function of the building against it’s surroundings.

(2) SR building massing showing the dedicated classroom spaces against the surrounding buildings with added function that invite more student purposes in.

76

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

N

N JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

77

SR Building Form

SR Building Form

Rectangular Mass

Site Envelope Mass

Exploration began with massing for the site to gauge an idea of total volume of a building and also experiment with methods to combat against the identified issues. The first building mass was as simple rectangular mass and the second was to match the dictated site envelope mass.

AD

AD 20

35M

M

35M

M

M

20,

GS 20M

14,

³

m 0 6 1

45

³

m 0 0 0

GS

M

44W

20M

44W

9M

E

(2) Building massing as a rectangular and angled mass against the existing paths at Swinburne to capture the indicative location of the Circular Economy Research Hub. This would then be used for future massing basis.

9M

S AG TA

(1) Building massing as a rectangular mass to capture the indicative location of the Circular Economy Research Hub. This would then be used for future massing basis.

10M

E

S AG (1)

22M

(2)

Total embodied energy: 8,976,660 MJ Total embodied water: 8,755,740 L Total embodied green house gases: 980,000 kgCO2e

N

TA

Total embodied energy: 12,926,390 MJ Total embodied water: 12,608,265 L Total embodied green house gases: 1,411,200 kgCO2e

N

All embodied energy data from Crawford, R., Stephan, A. and Prideaux, F., 2022 EPiC Database

78

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79

Form Iterations Pedestrian Access These iterations of form were created based on the premise of creating more pedestrian pathways as a greater part of a network. The building needed to sit in the existing network that is at Swinburne and adapt to it. From these iterations, I learned that it was important to keep a combination of them all by creating paths through and also around the mass.

32P 19W

21W

TD

TC

TA

SPW

SPS

AGSE

GS (1)

TB

SR

(3)

44WM

AR

EW

BA ATR

AD

SA EN

UN AS

(2)

(4)

CH

ATC

LB

AMDC

(5) (1) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

(2) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

(3) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

Original building footprint Void for external pedestrian movement

(4) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

(5) Shadow analysis from winter solstice from the hours of 9am - 3pm.

80

Pedestrian movement

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

Vehicular Access

N

Pedestrian Access

N

Bicycle Access JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

81

Form Iterations Shadow Analysis These iterations of form were created based on the premise of bringing more direct sunlight into and on to the site’s massing. These methods involved voiding to get sunlight to ground plane parts of the site and also to the building mass itself. These edges could be windowed spaces that take advantage of the sunlight, or even internal courtyard spaces that allow in as much light as possible.

32P 19W

21W

TD

TC

TA

SPW

SPS

AGSE

GS (1)

TB

SR

(3)

44WM

AR

EW

BA ATR

AD

SA EN

UN AS

(2)

CH

ATC

(4)

LB

AMDC

(5) (1) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

(2) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

(3) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

Original building footprint

2 hours

5 hours

Void for sunlight access

1 hours

4 hours

0 hours

3 hours

(4) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

(5) Shadow analysis from winter solstice from the hours of 9am - 3pm.

82

Indicative direct sunlight

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

N

6+ hours JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

N 83

Form Iterations Embodied Energy EE: 6,714,475 MJ EW: 6,546,875 L EGHG: 733,250 kgCO2e

EE: 11,486,720 MJ EW: 11,200,000 L EGHG: 1,254,400 kgCO2e

³

m 5 7 4

10,

EE: 6,,730,500 MJ EW: 6,562,500 L EGHG: 735,000 kgCO2e

EE: 9,730,380 MJ EW: 9,487,500 L EGHG: 1,062,600 kgCO2e

³

m 0 2 9

17,

³ m 0 0

1

15,

5 10,

(1)

(3)

(1)

(3)

EE: 7,467,650 MJ EW: 7,281,250 L EGHG: 815,500 kgCO2e

EE: 11,735,505MJ EW: 11,440,625 L EGHG: 1,281,350 kgCO2e

EE: 5,881,175 MJ EW: 5,734,375 L EGHG: 642,250 kgCO2e

EE: 10,929,050 MJ EW: 10,656,250 L EGHG: 1,193,500 kgCO2e

³

m 0 5 6

11,

(2)

³

m 5 0 3

18,

(4)

(2)

³

m 0 5 0

m³

5

7 1 , 9

³ m 80

17,

(4)

(1) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

(2) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

84

(1) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

(3) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

EE: Embodied Energy

(2) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

(4) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining extra pedestrian movement.

EW: Embodied Water

(3) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

All embodied energy data from Crawford, R., Stephan, A. and Prideaux, F., 2022 EPiC Database

EGHG: Embodied Green House Gas

(4) Massing iteration based on voiding for gaining direct sunlight.

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

N 85

Programming Requirements SR Replacement Some basic programming requirements were set from precedents from studio leaders, This was implemented as a guide to help inform some design decisions when designing the building massing and layout.

There are some main functions that were considered in order to combat against the issues of minimal student interaction and minimal public integration.

The co-working and presentation spaces are spaces that would help entice students to venture into the building and get more student activity happening within the spaces inside the building.

Currently with privatised classroom spaces and offices, there is no requirement to be in the building, but with the implementation of agora, lecture theatre, co-working spaces and gallery space, there would be more reward from entering the spaces.

The community engagement and learning spaces would help with the issue of minimal public integration, bringing people from the surrounding communities into the spaces to learn and interact with university curriculum. Community engagement and function space, pre-function space and flexible discovery spaces would assist in this.

The remainder of the programming requirement guide focused on amenities, circulation, miscellaneous functions and meeting rooms and office space.

The meeting rooms and office spaces would reflect the research component of the SR building, allowing space for faculty and staff to be able to set up and use for future research into a circular economy.

Space Type

Floor Area (m²)

Amenities Accessible WC 12 WC’s 50 Kitchenette 8 Circulation Fire Stairs 37.5 Lifts 32 Circulation Stairs 20 Entry/Airlock 30

9%

Co-working Spaces and Presentation Spaces Agora 70 Lecture Theatre (small) 140 Co-working Spaces (flexible Spaces) 36 Gallery Space 140

5%

9%

19%

Meeting Rooms and Office Space Meeting Room Large 50 Meeting Room Small 20 Break Out Space/Lounge 50 Open Office Space 140 Project Specific Office Space 70 Meeting Rooms/Small Presentation Space 24 Office Medium 24

29% 29%

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Community Engagement Function Space Pre Function Space Flexible Discovery Spaces

120 30 100

Misc Server Rooms 32 Communications 20 Bicycle Parking 36 Refuse 30

Amenities Circulation Co-working Spaces and Presentation Spaces Meeting Rooms and Office Spaces Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Miscellaneous (1)

(1) Requirements of new program implementation within the Swinburne SR Innovation Centre

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87

Program Arrangement Education Priority

The third floor contains the large Project office space.

(5)

On the second floor, more meeting rooms are located as well as the community engagement and learning spaces.

(4)

Co-working spaces like the Agora and Lecture Theatre expand up to the first floor where the introduction of meeting rooms begins.

(3)

AD

GS

M

44W

E

S AG

TA

(1)

Focus on keeping co-working spaces and presentation spaces on ground level for easier student access.

Amenities

This encourages students to interact with the building at a public realm level.

Circulation (1) Programming within context of the site location.

Co-working Spaces and Presentation Spaces

(2) Ground Floor

Meeting Rooms and Office Spaces

(3) First Floor (4) Second Floor (5) Third Floor

88

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Miscellaneous ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

N

(2)

The core of the building sits in the centre of the building to ensure easier access to parts of the floors from a central location.

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

89

Program Arrangement Public Priority

The third floor contains the large Project office space.

(5)

Meeting spaces are located on the second and third floors.

(4)

All co-working spaces are located on the first floor, with the Agora and Lecture Theatre expanding up to the second floor also.

(3)

AD

GS

M

44W

E

S AG

TA

(1)

Focus on keeping community engagement spaces at the ground floor to entice users of the public areas of Swinburne to engage.

Amenities Circulation (1) Programming within context of the site location.

Co-working Spaces and Presentation Spaces

(2) Ground Floor

Meeting Rooms and Office Spaces

(3) First Floor (4) Second Floor (5) Third Floor

90

Community Engagement and Learning Spaces Miscellaneous ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

N

The core of the building sits in the centre of the building to ensure easier access to parts of the floors from a central location.

(2)

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

91

09

SR Trade Centre

How would this look architecturally?

The benefits of a circular economic system over a linear is clear.

Though more effort is needed in order to be able to implement a circular economy, the effort is outweighed by the advantages.

Re-implementing building materials into the building economy means that the costs of building can be minimised. Stress on landfill and disposal can be alleviated by purposely keeping the materials out of the disposal cycle.

The SR Trade Centre will embody the benefits of a circular economy, exemplifying the methods of re-purposing and revitalising construction materials.

Purposing the building in order to not only service the university, but the local area and schools around Melbourne will assist with the integration of the building with it’s surroundings. The SR Trade Centre will serve as an extension of the TAFE Buildings that already exist within Swinburne and serve as a VCAL facility for year 11-12 schools around Melbourne. This will achieve the goal of de-privatising the site and encouraging more of the public and different groups of people to enter the site and utilise it.

Because of it’s geographic location relative to the university campus, it’s also the connection between the design faculties and the trade faculties, acting as midway meeting point for collaboration and learning.

The current SR building is heavily constructed with masonry, in the forms of bricks. Being able to salvage and make use of the recycled brick will be an advantage of showing the possibilities with recycled, pre-loved materials. It also references Hawthorn’s history of beginning it’s lifetime as a brick manufacturing suburb, hence the immense amount of red bricks that are used locally on historic, heritage homes.

Utilising tiles and bricks in as many different forms of construction around the building will extend the building’s lifetime with hard materials, and be exhibited as examples of a circular economy for building materials.

Spaces within the building will act as exhibition spaces of construction innovation of students, classrooms, study spaces and lecture theatres, all that push the narrative of circular economy in the construction industry.

92

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

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93

Digital Prototyping How would this look architecturally?

I then began to investigate how prototypes of previous research methods of re-purposing masonry materials, specifically tiles, would present architecturally. Eventually to be implemented as a design element on a building form.

The exposed aggregate method was derived from the idea of being able to use the ceramic clay waste (CCW) as an additive into the cement mix. That would give the different coloured effects on in the cement mix, depending on the clay colour of the original tile that was ground down to be added to the mixture. The aggregate would also have different coloured speckles throughout the surface depending on the tiles that were broken or crushed up.

Broken tiles were investigated through mosaicing method and also a middle ground between an aggregate look and a mosaic look, with larger mortar gaps between the tiles themselves. This method appeared attractive in some forms, but still almost quite conventional as mosaicing is still a common form of tile laying.

White Exposed Aggregate

Blue Exposed Aggregate

Grey Exposed Aggregate

Brown Exposed Aggregate

Small Broken Tiles

Mosaicing

Conventional Laying

Large Broken Pieces

Stacked Wapan Method

Conventional tile laying was also explored, but pretty stock standard seen across the industry as a popular method of tile laying. Also sourcing full piece tiles without purchasing new ones would not be as easy as it would be to source broken tiles from demolition phases in construction settings.

Lastly the stacked Wapan method was explored digitally and this proved to be an attractive solution to tile prototyping and generally not seen, especially in Australia.

On following pages, some of these methods were explored digitally with other conventional materials and structural wall details, to see structurally how it might work in a real scenario, They were also explored physical with some physical prototyping methods so get more of a physical understanding of the materials and the reality of them.

94

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95

Physical Prototyping How would this look architecturally?

Tile Aggregate 96

Exposed Aggregate

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

Large Broken Pieces

Stacked Wapan Method

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

97

Chosen Materials Facade Detail

Stud Timber

Thin Brick

Ceramic Tile

98

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

Concrete Block

Tile Aggregate

Brick

Recycled/Old Ceramic Tiles

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

99

Cinder Block Brick Veneer Exterior Wall Digital Prototyping

Brick

Concrete Block

Brick Ties

Mortar

(2)

Steel Reinforcement 100

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

101

Brick Veneer Exterior Wall Digital Prototyping

102

Brick

Stud Timber

Brick Ties

Mortar

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

(2)

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

103

Conventional Tile Installation Digital Prototyping

104

Ceramic Tile

Cement Sheet

Tile Glue

Tile Grout

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

(1)

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

105

Stacking (Wapan Tiling Method) Digital Prototyping

Recycled/Old Ceramic Tiles

Mortar

106

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

(2)

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

107

Exposed Aggregate Coloured Render Digital Prototyping

108

Tile Aggregate

Red Clay Tile Powder

Brown Clay Tile Powder

Blue Clay Tile Powder

Grey Clay Tile Powder

White Clay Tile Powder

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

109

Brick Veneer Exterior Wall Digital Prototyping

110

Thin Brick

Stud Timber

Cement Sheet

Thinset Mortar

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

(2)

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

111

10

Massing Concept SR Trade Centre

Notable issues with the current SR building that I have taken into consideration when designing the Swinburne SR Trade Centre are: - Lack of permeability and pedestrian access - Lack of direct sunlight to the south of the building and to the site - Minimal public integration.

- Minimal student interaction.

The permeability issue references the neglect to the south of the building, having a solid brick wall that faces the railway corridor.

Also the lack of integration with the GS Building, being hard up against each other with no thoroughfare through. Also there only being two main entrances to the SR Building itself. Being on such a busy corner of Swinburne, on John and Wakefield Streets, it’s an opportunity to have a popular and vibrant hub that invites people from all kinds of backgrounds to come and interact with the building and spaces within.

Student integration for the current SR Building is very minimal. It currently serves as private classrooms and not many of them. The rooms that exist inside the SR Building are not as up to date or usable as some of the more updated buildings around Swinburne.

A neglect to have no group or private study spaces within the building also deters students from ever needing to go inside.

Bringing a bright and new space to the site that invites students to enter new workshops, lecture theatres, classrooms, or book study spaces that are attractive and enticing the be in, naturally brings students into the spaces.

Keeping all of these issues in consideration when creating a massing form was important to create something that would serve a desired program effectively, whilst also being sensitive to the surrounding context and purposes of the building.

Lack of direct sunlight is evident on the south of the building, making that space behind the SR building against the railway feel cold and dark. There are no obstructions to the north of the building, other than large trees, bringing biodiversity and shading to the site. This creates opportunity to have a space where it;s comfortable and enjoyable to be within, making the most of natural sunlight and escaping from artificial lighting environments from within the university buildings.

Currently, the SR Building serves no purpose to the public, It’s very privatised to Swinburne for staff and students. However, introducing workshops and exhibition spaces that are open to public use would bring more people into Swinburne. Being in Hawthorn, close to a train station, on a busy thoroughfare and surrounded by schools and businesses, this brings the opportunity for function that brings more people in. For example, having workshops that are accessible to VCE or VCAL students around Melbourne kickstarts the interest in trade experience and learning about circular economy, material waste, thus hopefully preparing students for a more sustainable workforce.

112

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113

Iteration 01

Iteration 02

Massing Formation

Massing Formation

Positives: • Central courtyard space • Open void to allow northern sunlight to railway corridor • Large volume of mass for program • Mirrored theme

Negatives • Sharp angles on towers, issue for floorplans • No public integration for courtyard space • Movement has to happen around the building, not through

AD

Positives: • Open courtyard space to north direction • Large volume of mass for program • Balanced towers

Negatives • Blockage to southern side of the building • Minimal sunlight access to southern side of the building • Movement has to happen around the building, not through

AD

GS

GS

M

M

44W

44W

E

S AG (1)

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

470

4,

E

m³

S AG

TA

(1)

Pedestrian movement

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

³

4,

m 0 0 0

TA

Pedestrian movement

N (1) Iteration 01

114

N (1) Iteration 02

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

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115

Iteration 03

Iteration 04

Massing Formation

Massing Formation

Positives: • Better movement integration around the site • Angled facade development, point of difference to existing • More sunlight access to surface of building

Positives: • Better movement around site • Angled facade development, point of difference to existing • Uniform side allowing for consistent core

Negatives • Heavy shadowing around site • Wedding cake typology compromising floor plate • Courtyard space not integrating with northern side

Negatives • Heavy shadowing around site • Wedding cake typology compromising floor plate • Courtyard not integrating with southern side

AD

AD

GS

GS

M

M

44W

44W

E

S AG (1)

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

850

3,

E

m³

S AG

TA

(1)

Pedestrian movement

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

³

4,

m 0 3 5

TA

Pedestrian movement

N (1) Iteration 03

116

N (1) Iteration 04

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

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117

Iteration 05 Chosen Massing The primary reason that this massing iteration was selected for moving forward with the SR Trade Centre was because it created a small network of buildings that could be later defined for different functions.

Because of the abundance of wall area, the external walls could be used to show the methods of material use in a circular economy method, and it gave more wall area to be able to do this.

This massing also gives the optimal movement around the site and throughout the buildings themselves, being opened up to the railway corridor and also creating an intimate open space within the centre of the three connected buildings.

The only small issue that I could identify with this massing was the small amount of shadowing that is still cast to the south of the site.

This was one of those things that were almost unavoidable based on the sun’s natural path.

Positives: • Optimal movement around the site • Module system for programming, connected through podium • Best sunlight access to south side, also some shading to central space

Negatives • Still presence of shadowing on southern side of the site

AD

A solution to this was to keep the buildings elongated from north to south to add a pencil tower effect where the shadowing would pass quicker as the sun passes through the sky, giving different parts of the space direct sunlight at different times.

GS

M

44W

E

S AG (1)

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

³

6,

m 0 4 1

TA

Pedestrian movement

N (1) Iteration 05

118

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119

Ground Plane

Alignment to Paths and GS Building

Iteration 05

Iteration 05

For this massing iteration, the first step was with a slab block to define the mass of the ground plane.

Angles were taken off of the northern corners of the mass to allow access for pedestrian movement and view around the site. There was also a slice taken out next to the GS building to allow for a pedestrian link from the north to the south of the site without having to walk all the way around.

AD

AD

GS

GS

M

M

44W

44W

E

E

S AG

S AG TA

(1)

Add

Add

Subtract

Subtract

Pedestrian movement

Pedestrian movement

Sunlight

Sunlight

N (1) Basic slab block representing a ground plane space allocation.

120

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

TA

(1)

(1) Void edges and corners to allow for existing pathways and access to the George Singer Building, also matching angular edge of the George Singer Building.

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

N 121

Void Central Space

Align Wings to GS Building

Iteration 05

Iteration 05

A void was cut out of the centre of the mass to gain some direct sunlight access to the centre of the building.

The wing of the mass to the east was shifted slightly to align with the western wing and create a squared off central space and some sense of uniformity.

AD

AD

GS

GS

M

M

44W

44W

E

E

S AG

S AG TA

(1)

TA

(1)

Add

Add

Subtract

Subtract

Pedestrian movement

Pedestrian movement

Sunlight

Sunlight

N (1) Void a central area for sunlight access and open space program.

122

ARC80003 - DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIO D - MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN THESIS

N (1) Shift the left wing to be aligned with right wing and GS building.

JORDAN VENIAMAKIS - 101144488 - SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

123

Void Pathways

Define Podium Connection

Iteration 05

Iteration 05

Links were cut out of the corners of the mass to allow for pedestrian movement through the site.

A podium connection was defined to connect the now separated modules to one another through a link at a higher level.

AD

AD

GS

GS

M

M

44W

44W

E

E

S AG

S AG TA

(1)

Add

Add

Subtract

Subtract

Pedestrian movement

Pedestrian movement

Sunlight

Sunlight

(1) Subtract from ground plane to give access paths throughout the site and to other sides of the site. Also defining the three modules that would make the SR Innovation Centre.

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N (1) Define upper podium connection between the ground plane modules

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Chamfer Corners Opening Entrances

Introduce Upper Levels

Iteration 05

Iteration 05

Chamfering the edges of these entrances allows for more vision around the corners as a safety solution and also ease of movement.

A higher level was allocated for extra programming.

AD

AD

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(1)

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(1)

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Subtract

Pedestrian movement

Pedestrian movement

Sunlight

Sunlight

N (1) Chamfer edges to entrances to align with podium connection and open up entrances.

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N (1) Extrude and define extra programming on the upper levels.

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Void Podium Connections

Void Light Wells to Ground Plane

Iteration 05

Iteration 05

Extra voiding was completed to continue the modules upwards.

Voids were made in the podium to get more direct sunlight into the ground plane.

AD

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(1)

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Pedestrian movement

Sunlight

Sunlight

N (1) Void walkable areas and create connections between the upper modules.

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N (1) Void light wells to the lower ground to gain sunlight to the ground plane.

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Allow Space for Program

Define Open Transitional Space

Iteration 05

Iteration 05

Levels were added upward, bringing a total count to five storeys on the east and west modules and three storeys to the north module.

The combination of these created Iteration 05.

AD

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Pedestrian movement

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Sunlight

(1) Extrude for programming upward, leaving the centre module lower for more sun to the central space and railway corridor on the ground plane.

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(1)

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N (1) SR Innovation Centre defining the modules of 01, 02 and 03

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Pedestrian Access Issue

Response

Previously the SR building had minimal entrances to and from the building, also minimal access around the site itself.

The new massing allows for extra movement around the site and also access to and from the building itself from multiple entrances.

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(1)

Entrances to building

Entrances to building

No entrances to building

No entrances to building

Pedestrian movement

Pedestrian movement

(1) SR building massing showing the entrances and pedestrian access and egress to and from the building.

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(2)

N

(2) SR Innovation Centre massing showing the entrances and pedestrian access and egress to and from the building. There is a substantial uplift of entrances to and from the site and also to and from the building itself.

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Direct Sunlight Issue

Response

Previously the SR building had minimal direct sunlight access to the south of the building.

The new massing allows for additional direct sunlight to the centre of the building and also to the south, allowing shadows to pass quickly during the day.

AD

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M

44W

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S AG (1)

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

S AG TA

TA

JUNE 21 - 12:00PM

Direct sunlight from northern sun

Direct sunlight from northern sun

Shadow from SR building

Shadow from SR Innovation Centre

Northern sunlight

Northern sunlight

(1) SR building massing showing the direct sunlight from the north that is interrupted by the building. This hinders the direct sunlight experiences to the south of the building.

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(2)

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(2) SR Innovation Centre massing showing the direct sunlight from the north. The building’s new massing casts shadows still to the south, but features a bigger gap in the middle that allows more light to filter through to the railway corridor.

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N 135

Minimal Public Integration Issue

Response

Previously the SR building had minimal public integration, having very privatised spaces within the building.

The new massing allows for a lot more publicly accessible spaces, while still maintaining that privacy of being within a building. The privatised spaces are moved up and away from the ground plane area, keeping what’s visible in the public realm, accessible.

AD

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(1)

Privatised spaces

Privatised spaces

Publicly accessible privatised spaces

Publicly accessible privatised spaces

Surrounding public space

Surrounding public space

(1) SR building massing showing the relationship between the public and private function of the building against it’s surroundings.

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TA

(2)

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N

(2) SR Innovation Centre massing showing the relationship between the public and private function of the building against it’s surroundings. The public space has been brought into the internal space between the building modules, and there is now publicly accessible privatised spaces within the building such as exhibition spaces, workshops etc.

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N 137

Minimal Student Interaction Issue

Response

Previously the SR building had minimal student integration, having very privatised university spaces within the building.

The new massing allows for a lot more students to utilise the building and spaces for more reasons. There are now areas for the dedicated classroom spaces, as well as the group study area and open spaces that are there for more student access, rather than just privatised to one course.

AD

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44W

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(1)

Dedicated classrooms spaces

Dedicated classrooms spaces

Dedicated classrooms spaces, exhibition spaces, group learning areas.

Dedicated classrooms spaces, exhibition spaces, group learning areas.

Other uses, admin, residential etc.

Other uses, admin, residential etc.

(1) SR building massing showing the dedicated classroom spaces against the surrounding buildings with added function that invite more student purposes in.

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TA

(2)

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N

(2) SR Innovation Centre massing showing the newly incorporated program against the surrounding buildings with added function that invite more student purposes in. There is now inclusion of different functions which would bring more students with different purposes into the building, for classes, public functionality, lectures or private working.

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11

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Programming and Planning SR Trade Centre

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Programming SR Trade Centre The programming of the SR Trade Centre became a method of creating networks within the three modules and being able to have cohesion of function and access between all of the space.

The ground floor had primary function of workshop spaces for physical learning and trade school functions. This has a mix of co-working/presentation spaces, offices and meeting rooms that would be able to service these workshops.

The first floor was a continuation of these workshop spaces, one being a double heighted workshop to allow for viewing above, but with more co-working/presentation spaces for exhibitions and multipurpose uses.

The second floor ceases all workshop function and begins to move more into the learning spaces and community engagement with a lecture theatre space and classrooms for the theoretical learning behind trades, material waste and circular economy.

The third floor then only moves up in the east and west wings of the building, having the similar functions as the second floor.

Finally on the fourth floor, in the west wing, there is research and private office spaces that are allocated for faculty and staff use, all to service and be relative to the SR Trade Centre’s functioning.

Ground Floor

First Floor

Second Floor

On the next six pages, there are floorplans that show the functioning of the floorplans more specifically and a section to show the functioning of the double heighted workshop space in the northern building.

Circulation Co-working Spaces and Presentation Spaces Meeting Rooms and Office Spaces Community Engagement and Learning Spaces

Third Floor

Workshop

Fourth Floor

Amenities Core (1) Modules 01 and 02 start off on the ground plane by acting as the community engagement spaces and learning spaces. This has been placed here because these modules face the busier thoroughfares of Swinburne, meaning these modules will be more exposed to pedestrians.

The co-working and presentation spaces are set further into the site in module 03.

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Ground Floor Workshops and Co-working

Exhibition Facade

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First Floor Workshops and Co-working

Exhibition Facade 13 01

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Second Floor Learning and Co-working

Exhibition Facade

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Third Floor Learning and Office Space

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Fourth Floor Learning and Office Space

05 12 GS Building

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Workshop Section SR Trade Centre

11.0M Roof

Breakout Space 8.0M Second Floor

Panel Lift Door

Overlooking Above Workshop

Panel Lift Door

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cti

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4.0M First Floor

Workshop

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Student Exhibition Facade SR Trade Centre One of the facades of the trade centre acts as an interactive facade which allows students of the trade centre to be able to showcase their works to the public realm and be able to interchange them as necessary.

The idea behind this is so that students of the trade centre take the time and effort to be able to source previously used materials and then showcase the methods that they have taken in order to re-implement their materials back into a circular economy.

It’s an exciting way to get student and viewers to interact and be engaged with the trade centre and what it stands for. A circular economy and a better future for design and construction.

This facade has a total of 36 modular removable panels which can be infilled with student work simply and then brought up to interchange with a building management system (BMS) that wraps the perimeter of the north building.

Building Management System

The BMS acts as a simplistic way to be able to access and manage this facade treatment, meaning that works can be accessed, maintained or changed all year round with qualified people managing and utilising the system to do so.

The system moves around on a track and hangs over the edge of the building and it’s motorised. It can move left to right around the building, and then up and down to reach the higher frames.

Having a facade treatment that allows students to interact with and have pride in their work that is on show, creates a great morale and message for those involved, and even those that are just passing by.

On the three following pages, there is a section cutting through the workshop building showing the interactive facade on all levels.

There are also diagrams which show the functionality of the frame and how it fixes to a wall system, and also how the BMS moves around the building and is used to interchange the frames.

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Student Exhibition Facade 36 modular removable panels for chosen student work

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Workshop Section SR Trade Centre

11.0M Roof

8.0M Second Floor

Entrance from Neighbouring Building

Exhibition/ Co-working Space

Co-working Space Overlooking Workshop

Building Management System

Se

Entrance to Workshop

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Exhibition Facade

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Student Exhibition Facade Diagram

Frame Hook fits to Hanging System

g

in

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Bracket Fixed to Wall System

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Building Management System Diagram

BMS Brings Carriage Up

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Fit Modular Frame to Facade

BMS Can Move Linearly

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12

Built Form

SR Trade Centre

Through it’s interchangeable facade, the SR Trade Centre has the ability to show people walking by different methods of repurposing preloved materials.

The double heighted warehouse being on a main thoroughfare of John Street also sparks interest to what types of works might be happening within the Trade Centre.

The centre acts as a hub for construction and design students to collaborate and work together, learning about re-purposed materials, changing the attitude towards construction waste, bridging the gap and breaking the pattern.

The next generation of students from the SR Trade Centre are more prepared for the industries, with exposure to circular economy thinking.

The SR Trade Centre’s materiality compliments the existing brick paths of John Street, and has a high exposure to people using this main thoroughfare of the university. The green spaces on the site also present as lush areas for people to engage with, simultaneously exposing themselves to activity within the Trade Centre.

The double heighted workshop has a lot of viewing potential from people walking throughout the building, above, and all of the greenspaces that surround the building There are direct and defined pathways that pass through the site, allowing pedestrian access from all corners and sides of the site to pass through to other destinations.

On the following pages, there are renders of the SR Trade Centre and how it interacts with users.

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Overall Site View SR Trade Centre 166

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Front Entrance To Main Workshop SR Trade Centre 168

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Student Exhibition Facade SR Trade Centre 170

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Workshop Space SR Trade Centre 172

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View Through Main Walkway SR Trade Centre 174

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Materiality

SR Trade Centre

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SR Brick Application SR Trade Centre To ensure that the SR Trade Centre really exemplifies and embodies the method of re-purposing preused construction materials, it was important to be able to include one of the most iconic building materials that is used on the current SR Building, it’s brown bricks.

The bricks are essentially the first piece of material that is noticed when faced with the SR Building. So on the SR Trade Centre, they have been specified to be relaid in singular locations all together to be seen specifically as the SR brick as how they were once laid on this site.

SR Brick Application 640m² = 31,000 bricks

It pays homage to the building that once stood on this site at Swinburne University and as a reminder of circular economy and construction material renewal and re-purposing.

The approximate total amount of bricks calculated on the SR Building is 31,000 bricks, which equates to 640m² of wall area. This method ensures that no bricks from the SR Building are wasted.

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Recycled Brick Application SR Trade Centre The remainder of the upper levels of the building had to connect with the existing SR brick application, so more bricks were specified in order to maintain the masonry theme.

These bricks are specified to be sourced from future approved demolition of dwellings from surrounding suburbs. Some of the bricks that are still standing in period homes are from historical bricks that were made local to Melbourne.

Recycled Brick Application 1120m2 = 57,000 bricks

From previous research, approximately 171.9 homes were being approved for demolition ever month in previous years, so it can be assumed that this will have a continuation on and there will be a lot more masonry waste being available to be moved to landfill, or re-purposed into new construction.

The total amount of bricks that is needed for the remainder of recycled bricks on the SR Trade Centre building is approximately 57,000 bricks, which equates to 1,120m² of wall area.

These brick colours are inspired by the bricks that are local to the Melbourne area, some including: • • • • •

Auburn Brick Clifton Brick Fritsch Holzer Brick Oakleigh Brick South Yarra Brick

On the next two pages is a diagram depicting the brick selections and the style of bricks that would be salvaged for construction, also a series of images of homes that are examples of the types of dwellings that are being approved for demolition.

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Brick Selection Diagram

Existing SR Building Bricks

Clifton Brick Preston, Victoria

Fritsch Holzer Brick Hawthorn, Victoria

Fritsch Holzer Brick Hawthorn, Victoria

Oakleigh Brick Oakleigh, Victoria

South Yarra Brick South Yarra, Victoria

k Br ic g in ild Bu

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c Re k

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Auburn Brick Hawthorn, Victoria

640m² = 31,000 bricks

1120m2 = 57,000 bricks

(1) Information of local bricks from Bricks in Victoria, ( https://bricksinvictoria.blogspot. com/2013/11/)

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Examples of Melbourne Brick Homes

13 Claude Street Northcote, Victoria

17 Bird Avenue Northcote, Victoria

21 Regent Street Preston, Victoria

357 Station Street Thornbury, Victoria

28 Havelock Road Hawthorn East, Victoria

58 Duke Street Windsor, Victoria

(1) Images sourced from Realestate.com.au

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Exposed Aggregate Application SR Trade Centre Around the ground plane is where most of the immersion with re-purposing of tiles take place. Spread across the walls of the ground level is an exposed aggregate treatment segmented into different shapes and colours.

There is a symbolic and functional reason that these shapes take form in a randomised geometry. Symbolically, the fragmented method takes it’s inspiration from the broken masonry items that are frequently seen on construction sites across the country.

Broken masonry materials are the inspiration for this visual.

The functional reason behind this fragmented method, stems from where the material is sourced from. The materials sourced to create this exposed aggregate skin are from disposed of tiles that are thrown away daily. These tiles have different glazings and clays and if we are searching for stock from piles of debris and general waste from construction sites, it will be difficult to find enough tiles of the same clay and glazing in order to replicate one colour for one segment to the next.

The cement mix for the exposed aggregate skin is mixed typically, with cement, sand, lime and water. But where the wasted tiles are added is in two ways. Ground down clay is added as a cementitious and colour additive, changing the colour to a more clay defined colour from the tiles. It is also added as crumbled up pieces of debris, treated as an aggregate within the mixture. This then can be exposed to show different glazes and clay from the original tiles.

Exposed Aggregate Application 427m² of wall covering = 83,921 tiles into aggregate

Colours that are shown in renders are inspired by the typical clay colours that Australia imports from China, being the biggest exporter of tiles in the world. These colours are typically earthy, browns, whites and greys.

For the application of the skin, one section can be started and create the desired shape or use as much of the colour created as possible. It can then be finished off with trimming to start a new colour, without the stress of sourcing the right amount of materials in order to replicate the previous colour. This allows for a more stress free application and rougher result of the skin, speaking to that function dedicated to the SR Trade Centre.

Considering an aggregate ratio adding to the mixture being at 60%, and a typical tile being a 300x300mm tile it was calculated that based on the 427m² of wall space, 83,921 tiles would be used in order to fill the aggregate component of the walls.

The next page is a diagram of how the wall would be constructed, being applied to a typical brick veneer wall.

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Exposed Aggregate Selection Diagram

Brown

Tile Aggregate

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n Re

Examples of common imported tile clays Typically Chinese ceramic or porcelain

Render Beads/ Expansion Joint

n Re

White

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Stacked Tile Application SR Trade Centre Another tile application around the ground plane of the SR Trade Centre is the stacked tile method (Wapan method). This was used in the walls that are spread around the green areas that are used to define the grassed areas from the harder materials on the ground.

This method proved to be one of the most beneficial methods in the contexts of re-purposing the most amount of tile possible.

Stacking the tiles allowed to fill a bigger wall cavity space and fill it with more tiles by stacking them on top of one another and using a mortar like adhesive to keep them all together.

Stacking the tiles brings a different aesthetic to tilling methods in general. It gives a small insight to the history of the tile. Stacking shows the edge of the tile which features the backing, clay, glazing, it’s different colours and scuffs all around the tile.

A great advantage of this method is that broken tiles can also be used to construct this wall type. It’s not just restricted to full tile pieces. When using the broken pieces, they can be insterted into the wall and appear as a full piece from the front facade, but behind have broken edges and infilled with the mortar like adhesive solution.

On the next page, there is a diagram which demonstrates the advantages of re-purposing materials on a standard tiling method vs a stacked tilling method.

On a 2m long x 1m high wall, and considering the example of tile to again be a 300x300mm tile, through a standard tiling method, approximately 28 tiles can be used. On a stacking tile method, 323 tiles can be used. So in the same size of wall space, using the stacking method, it re-purposes approximately 11.5 times more than in a conventional tilling method.

Stacked Tile Application 63m² of stacked tile walls = 10,173 tiles

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Stacked Tile Method Diagram

Standard Tiling Method

Stacked Tiling Method

Tile Adhesive

m 0m

1000mm

m

Recycled Tiles

m

30

m

0m

20 00 m

00

30

Recycled Tiles

20

m

1000mm

Mortar

m

0m

30 0m

30

m

10mm

Standard Tile 28 tiles

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Standard Tile 323 tiles

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Conclusion Lay About

To conclude the, I wanted to quantify the amount of approximate masonry waste that would be prevented from entering landfill from the construction of the SR Trade Centre. I calculated approximately 285 tonnes in total of salvaged materials across the tiles and bricks. For some context of what this could equate to, a blue whale is approximately 150 tonnes.

The SR Trade Centre’s function is the first step to flipping the narrative around waste and highlighting the importance of doing so. It’s materiality stands physically as a representation of this being achievable if all stakeholders are educated and on board.

Having a building with functionality like this type of education is very beneficial to the design and construction industries. All it might take is to inject a new generation of professionals into the industries with a new mindset and serious consideration to the waste issue that we are facing in Australia, and the world.

This may not be the entire solution to the construction waste issue we’re facing, but it’s a very big step in the right direction.

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How much masonry waste have we prevented going to landfill?

196

Tiles

Bricks

85,200

88,000

=

=

12,230kg

272,800kg

= approximately

285 tonnes

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LAY ABOUT A Trade School for the Circular Economy Jordan Veniamakis - Studio D - Waste Not, Want Not

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