Matt Grigoriou_'Bottle It Up' by SwinArchitecture

‘BOTTLE IT UP’

A Micro-Brewery Bar Bound by Bottles

Matthew Grigoriou | Thesis Proposal Swinburne University of Technology Semester 2, 2022 Waste not, Want not | Designing for Circularity

ABOUT ME

CONTENTS

My name is Matthew Grigoriou and I am a last year Masters of Architecture student at Swinburne University. I have previously completed an Advanced Diploma in Building Design in 2018 which allowed me to enter the second year of the Bachelor of Architecture in 2019 that was then completed in 2020. After finishing the Advanced Diploma and Bachelor the skills I have acquired through various software’s such as Rhino involving plugins such as Enscape, Lumion, Grasshopper and Ladybug, Revit, 3DS Max, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Indesign and Adobe Illustrator have allowed me to display my work in an appealing and clear manner.

Circular Economy

Glass Research

Embodied Energy

Early Development

Proposed Elements

Site Analysis

108

Draft Ideation

126

Proposed Design

136

Architecture to me is creating your own individual style that comes naturally, whether it’s through your daily hobbies or through inspiration of your surroundings, it is all about the limitless expansion of ideas and how you can channel them into formulating designs that others have not. I find architecture as a hobby at where I can express my ambitious creative imagination into building forms to not only assist in the daily lives of others but also to appreciate the rewarding aspect of making others feel satisfied.

THESIS ABSTRACT PROLONGING THE RECYCLING PROCESS

Within many industries, recycling waste is a significant procedure that is heavily encouraged to ultimately reduce the finite raw materials we consume, the accumulated embodied energy in producing materials from primary resources and the CO2 emissions expelled within the manufacturing process. However, even though the circular life cycle of glass bottles is infinite, the recycling process isn’t as sustainable as other building materials. By remodeling the physical form of a glass bottle that continues to maintain consumer handling comfort, the single use product will be utilized as a building element to prolong the unsustainable recurring recycling process within the revamped Swinburne Circular Economy Micro-Brewery Bar.

CIRCULAR ECONOMY HOW DOES IT AFFECT ARCHITECTURE?

“There is no such thing as ‘away’. When we throw anything away it must go somewhere.” - Annie Leonard, American Proponent of Sustainability

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

LINEAR PROCESS

WHAT IS CIRCULAR ECONOMY?

WASTE PRODUCTION Waste production worldwide is a continuing detrimental factor to Earth’s finite raw material resources with hundreds of millions of tonnes of assorted materials being sent straight to landfill. In Australia alone, according to the latest released 2018-2019 waste data completed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics we accumulated 75.8 million tonnes of waste which had increased 10% from the previous year. Of the 75.8 million tonnes, 38.5 million tonnes was sent to recycling and 20.5 million tonnes of waste sent straight to landfills all around Australia.

CIRCULAR PROCESS

75.8 MILLION TONNES OF WASTE

LINEAR PROCESS The unsustainable linear process of material life cycles starts with extracting raw materials and ends the process with the manufactured products being sent straight to landfill formulating dead end cycle of extracting, creating and exhausting. CIRCULAR PROCESS The circular process is a systematic cycle with the objective to reuse, repurpose, recycle and remanufacture existing products so there is minimal waste to no waste produced. The reuse and repurpose approach takes into account the reclaiming of manufactured products and extends their life cycle within a new environment. The recycling and remanufacturing system aims to recover the materials and have them sent back into production for them to be made into similar or new materials, minimizing and eliminating the waste produced.

20.5 MILLION TONNES TO LANDFILL

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

CIRCULAR ECONOMY CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN ARCHITECTURE

(Building From Waste .2014)

Within architecture the use of a circular economy is supported and recommended as the construction industry makes up of 16.8% of waste produced in Australia. Recycling building materials during the demolition phase of a project lengthens the life cycle of the earths limited resources encouraging a more sustainable path for the future. By rethinking the way materials can be reconstructed we will benefit the climates problems of pollution by establishing efficient techniques that have a reduced amount of energy usage essentially saving money, resources, energy and future global consequences. The innovation of new materials is the future of resource circularity, within the book ‘Building From Waste’ written by Dirk E. Hebel, Maarta H. Wisniewska and Felix Heisel, they emphasize the opportunities, techniques and use of substitute materials that should be greater utilized to retain raw materials keeping them out of landfill. The various examples have been sectioned into chapters that focus on the unique methods of building with waste that involved different recycling, remanufacturing and repurposing circular processes. I have selected 3 examples from the book that consider different ways to reutilize materials that would most likely be caught up in the dead end scenario of the linear process.

(Building From Waste .2014)

DENSIFIED WASTE MATERIALS NEWSPAPER WOOD

TRANSFORMED WASTE MATERIALS STONECYCLING

The chapter Densified Waste Materials follows the method of densifying waste into products and construction components replacing ones that have been made out of raw materials. The example I have chosen from this chapter is wood that is made up of glued together newspaper sheets that are then rolled into a densified log. The log that comprises of newspaper waste can then be cut and trimmed into the desired shapes and sizes with its main uses being decorative components and any form that can be made out of wooden boards. It also has the ability to be recycled and placed back into the circular process just like newspaper would. The strength and integrity of this timber isn’t strong enough to replace structural timber used for building framing however, this is being worked on.

(Building From Waste .2014)

RECONFIGURED WASTE MATERIALS WINE CORK TILES A brief description of this chapter entails the action of comprising raw waste materials and having the products shape and figure be altered into a completely new product and use. The remanufacturing process of the wine cork tiles consists of the gathering recycled wine corks, placing them into form work with a polyurethane binder and smaller granulated cork pieces to then be heated and pressed to create blocks. The slabs of cork are then sliced into the desired shapes and thicknesses of the tiles ultimately resulting in a replacement for floor and wall tiles.

Transforming waste materials converts construction garbage in a completely new entity with an entirely different material make up. This method also has the ability to alter the properties of hazardous waste and formulate a product that can then be safely used. The method of stone cycling acts as a revitalizing system that blends materials with a special blender into a light power-like substance that eliminates all properties of its previous function. This powder is then used to create a wide range of new materials, some consisting of various types of interior and exterior tiles, window sills and kitchen counters essentially making construction waste into construction materials.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

CIRCULAR WASTE EXAMPLE THE CIRCULAR PAVILION

The Circular Pavilion designed by Encore Heureux in Paris, France, is a 750-square-foot structure comprised of 80% of reclaimed materials that have been reused and re purposed giving them another stage in their life cycle rather than being sent to landfill. The facade is made up of almost 180 doors that were recovered from a public housing project that have been patterned in a way to compliment the roofs angular design. Encore Heureux have designed the facade with a consistent 0.75 inch gap between the doors to compensate for the slight difference of door frame sizes. Encore Heureux saw an opportunity when they had received a call from the city saying that there was about 400 timber doors being removed from an old public housing project from 1936. The local firm had many mock up designs and had finally landed on one that consists of the doors to be rotated 45 degrees in a herringbone pattern. The structural framing of the building comprised of a spruss timber, painted wood panels reclaimed from multiple buildings within the city and finally the assistance of 100mm x 240mm douglas fir timber posts for sufficient support. The insulation was gathered from a supermarket renovation, lighting components were accumulated from a local warehouse and the furniture was recovered from a local hard rubbish company meaning that before the project had started construction, Encore Heureux didn’t even know what materials they had.

MATT GRIGORIOU

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

THE CIRCULAR PAVILION DESIGNED BY ENCORE HEUREUX

STEP 1 | RAW MATERIAL

STEP 2 | TRANSPORTED

STEP 3 | CUT AND MANUFACTURED

STEP 6 | DEMOLITION OF BUILDING

STEP 5 | PUT TO USE

STEP 4 | FIRST LIFE

STEP 7 | RECOVERED MATERIALS

STEP 8 | SECOND LIFE

When focusing on the material workflow of timber, its life cycle starts with forests being harvested and cut into logs acting as the raw material. The abundance of tree logs are then transported to a saw mill at where the large wood lengths are trimmed down into smaller roughly squared timber portions, or into smaller planks or lengths depending on what sort of timber suppliers require for their products. The cut and trimmed timber is then cut and shaped into the desired product, in this case it was in the shape of a door for a public housing project in 1936. The timber doors for this building were used for almost 80 years and were still in good enough condition to be reused and in 2015 when the public housing project was being demolished, Encore Heureux were lucky enough to reclaim a large number of these doors and utilize them in the design of The Circular Pavilion. If these doors weren’t recovered they would have of been stacked somewhere waiting to be used in other projects or thrown straight to landfill due to them taking up too much storage space considering there was approximately 400 doors being removed. Potentially in the later life of these timber doors when they are overly damaged and unfit for use they could be ground up into mulch or wood chips and be re purposed into other building materials such as chip board or particle board rather than wasting the material and sending it to landfill.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

CIRCULAR WASTE EXAMPLE KAMIKATZ PUBLIC HOUSE

A similar sized product such as glass and window frames are systems that are often caught up in the demolition phase of a buildings last breath and are sent to landfill in an abundance of obliterated mixed materials. However, alike the recovered doors utilized in The Circular Pavilion the reuse of windows and their frames is a successful method when considering glass is an expensive and contains a long manufacturing process consisting of various amounts of raw materials.

When substituting the abandoned window frame construction used in the Kamikatz Public House onto two of the upper faces of the Circular Pavilion, the consistent timber color of the doors and the inconsistent coloring of the window frames formulate a more characteristic structure in my opinion. It not only adds another retrieved material to the pavilions design but it also creates scatter of patterns across the pavilion.

However, there would be many restraints when using the windows, such as the smaller cut portions of doors on the surrounding boundaries and edges where they have been sliced to continue the pattern. It works with the linear and rectangular design of the Kamikatz Public House but due to the windows being fixed within their frames it will create awkward overhangs that would be difficult to construct and work around. Another negative would be the amount of natural light that would enter the pavilion causing it to come accustom to thermal discomfort for the users. Continuing on, the internal structure will be visible essentially ruining the aesthetics of the window frames.

Within Australia the reuse of windows and their frames is highly recommended as the recycling process of windows requires labor, time and effort which sometimes puts off builders and demolition workers from retrieving the undamaged materials from their positions in the wall. The benefits of extracting these frames and glass means that they can have an extended life cycle and reducing the use of finite raw materials. Over the last 5 years I have worked in laboring and worked on site with many companies that have involved a demolition phase within their projects. Some of the builders would remove the windows and large glass sliding doors to further sell , use on other projects or to keep for their own housing developments. Furthermore, others would continue the demolition and have them add to the large pile of waste. A precedent that utilizes a similar circular economy response is the Kamikatz Public house designed by Hiroshi Nakamura and NAP architects. The structures west facing facade is constructed of two layers of recovered windows from local abandoned houses with a collective number of 71 various sized window frames that naturally lighting up the interior.

(Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP .2017)

WITH FRAMING VISIBLE

WITHOUT FRAMING VISIBLE

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

MATERIAL INFLATION | LAST 12 MONTHS

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

ELECTRICAL CABLE

COPPER PIPES

27%

25%

PLASTIC PIPES

TERRACOTTA TILES

26%

21%

REINFORCED STEEL

STRUCTURAL TIMBER

43%

39%

STEEL BEAMS

PLYWOOD

41%

29%

METAL ROOFING

INSULATION

20%

14%

Over the recent years the construction industry in Australia has been pressured to continuously progress through the tough challenge that Covid 19 gave the nation. The detrimental effects that this had on material availability within Australia has caused a tremendous spike in costs for the limited resources that are required for construction. Due to Covid 19 the importation of resources has been disrupted through the increase in shipping costs and crowding of ports ultimately creating a pause on supply chains across the nation. Additionally, many home owners spent a sufficient amount of time at home through the many lock down periods and weren’t spending money on holidays and socializing causing many to look for house upgrades whether it is renovations or new builds initiating a higher demand for construction projects but having a low supply of materials. Australia hasn’t seen a material cost inflation like this since the 1980’s and the need for circular processes within this industry is vital for future prosperity. The further application of circular procedures within Australia will greatly benefit the economy given the recent challenges causes from the global pandemic. It will not only reduce the use of non-renewable and difficult to attain resources but it also can minimize the amount of waste being sent to landfill through the innovation of building with waste to formulate new materials that can be substituted in.

(Statistics from Master Building Australia)

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

WASTE TO ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION & GENERAL WASTE

(Penda .2013)

(Encore Heureux .2015)

(Penda .2013)

Construction Waste to Architecture Across the globe there are countless structures that innovate construction waste into architecture, whether it’s using the materials as they are or manipulating the product to become a substitute for other building elements, they all focus on reducing the environmental impacts by granting them a second chance at life.

General Waste to Architecture When referring to the Australian National Waste Report 2020, the construction and demolition category produced 27 million tonnes of waste which opens up endless opportunities to formulate designs using construction waste.

General waste within architecture can be used as a decorative feature as well as having the product be physically modified to essentially replace other materials places and be used within the construction industry. Designing with general waste has the potential to hit two birds with one stone and reduce the general waste produced along with reducing the amount of primary resources consumed in architecture.

The intentions of implementing methods that involve general waste within architecture interests me more. By adopting the motive of using daily waste objects as an alternative for building materials I am able to cut down on the waste being sent to landfill and other negative environmental effects .

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

In 2019-2020 Victoria Generated

15.86

Million tonnes of Waste Organics | 2.9 Million tonnes

Rubber | 0.08 Million tonnes Textiles | 0.23 Million tonnes Plastics | 0.63 Million tonnes

Metals | 1.63 Million tonnes

Paper and Cardboard | 1.67 Million tonnes

17%

0.65 Million tonnes | Other Materials

0.39 Million tonnes | Glass

1% 2% 4%

48%

7.69 Million tonnes | Aggregates, Masonry, Soil

10%

Victoria’s waste production rate is on the rise causing more millions of tonnes of rubbish being sent to landfill. In 2019-2020, 4.81 million tonnes of waste was sent straight to landfill with a 5.2% increase from the previous year. These alarming numbers can be seen as an opportunity to build with waste rather than dumping it, and when considering the recent pause on imported construction materials due to Covid 19, the remanufacturing, reuse and recycling of materials will highly benefit the local industries. Furthermore, taking into account the serious increase in price of materials also opens up more opportunities for waste materials to become a more financially viable option.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

74cm

OBSERVING MY SURROUNDINGS

106cm

To determine what general waste I was going to pursue and focus my research on, I first observed my surroundings and one thing stood out from the rest. I currently live in a share house with 4 of my closest mates and finding any reason to have a beer on our back deck in the sun isn’t difficult at all. However, the constant overflowing of our recycling bin caused by glass bottles was a clear problem. In the state of our recycling bin at the end of every fortnight before it gets picked up to be recycled was an eye opener to me. It made me think, if our household can produce this much glass bottle waste, how much does the rest of Australia produce?

Bin Size

What are the environmental effects within the initial production of glass bottles? What is involved within the recycling process? Is there a viable solution to the manufacturing of this product that can be reevaluated?

Filled Bin

Accumulated Caps Over a Year

GLASS RESEARCH WASTE & BOTTLE APPLICATIONS

“Listen up, you couch potatoes: each recycled beer can save enough electricity to run a television for three hours” - Denis Hayes, An environmental advocate for Solar Power

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

MATERIAL RESEARCH

0.39 MILLION TONNES OF WASTE COLLECTED

INTRODUCTION INTO GLASS

GLASS WASTE VIC 2019-2020 Statistics from Sustainability Victoria - Annual Waste Data Report

296,800 tonnes was reprocessed 0.09 Million tonnes were sent to landfill 77.5% was diverted from landfill

Glass is a necessary material in our everyday lives and with the almost unlimited physical configurations and a transparent nature gives it unique qualities that greatly differ from other building materials. It plays a significant role in a structures sustainability rating in the various combinations that a window can be made. They assist in thermal comfort for the inhabitants and provide natural light that essentially reduces the energy expelled on artificial lighting. However the heavy and fragile formation of glass products gives it limitations for structural systems ultimately restricting its capabilities within the construction industry. Furthermore, glass is a material that can be infinitely recycled and placed back into the manufacturing phase of its life cycle to then be recreated into a new product. This uncommon aspect of glass is being taken advantage within Victoria with 75% of glass waste being diverted from landfill and being reprocessed or re purposed. On the other hand the recycling process involves more steps within the circular life cycle which additionally expels a sufficient amount of energy however this has a greater long term affect on the environment than having the glass lay in landfill taking thousands of years to decompose.

Producing 1kg of glass uses on average around 18-35 megajoules of energy

For every 1 tonne of recycled glass, 1.2 tonnes of raw materials are preserved

For every meter squared per millimeter, glass weighs 2.5kg

To shatter a 1cm cube of glass it requires a load of approximately 10 tonnes 4000 years is how long it takes for a modern glass bottle to decompose Recycling one glass bottle saves enough energy to run a 100 watt light bulb for 4 hours

GENERAL GLASS FACTS

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

MATERIAL RESEARCH GLASS BOTTLE LIFE CYCLE STEP 1 | MINING RAW MATERIALS

STEP 2 | TRANSPORT The production process of glass bottles consists of mining the raw materials predominately organized of silica sand, soda ash and limestone. Silica sand is generally mined within an open pit or dredged with the suitable machinery, soda ash is sodium carbonate which can be found within the mineral trona and is mainly extracted using the dredging method of mining, and limestone is mined from quarry’s. The lengthy process of mining these materials not only expels a significant amount of energy, are utilized for many other manufactured materials and also are a finite resource raises the question of why are we not reusing these materials more efficiently. The extracted materials are than transported to glass manufacturing factories at where the ingredients are weighed and placed into a mixer that leads into the furnace. The components are heated to approximately 1400 degrees celsius until the mixture is melted, a small gob(an amount of melted down raw materials) is situated into the desired glass bottle mold shape. Compressed air forces the gob to expand to the walls of the mold ultimately forming a glass bottle. The created bottles are then distributed out to manufacturers and then filled to be further dispersed to supermarkets and stores. Once the bottles are bought and used they are then recycled and sorted into colors through optical technology, broken glass is treated the same and the cullets(recycled broken glass) are then mixed with amounts of raw materials and placed back into the furnace for melting.

STEP 10 | GLASS IS SORTED

STEP 3 | MIXING OF MATERIALS

STEP 4 | PLACED IN FURNACE

STEP 9 | CRUSHED TO CULLETS

STEP 5 | COMPRESSED IN MOLDS

STEP 6 | BOTTLES DISTRIBUTED

STEP 8 | BOTTLES ARE RECYCLED

STEP 7 | BOTTLES ARE USED

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

BOTTLES IN ARCHITECTURE WHAT HAS BEEN DONE?

(John Habraken .1963)

(Johnsen Schmaling Architects .2007)

(John Habraken .1963)

Use the Bottles as it is Within architecture using glass bottles in their current form has currently been done for decorative purposes with the assistance from additional framing to position the bottles in an appealing arrangement.

Designing For Building Purposes Some current designs utilize the bottles colour to shift the atmosphere of spaces with the intentions to highlight the ambience that is given within the rooms use.

Another approach that has been trialled before is the idea of designing a bottle for building purposes in the hope to replace other structural elements. This method rethinks the way the recycling process of these single-use glass bottles so that they can have an extended lifespan in a completely different industry.

The objective of designing a new bottle that has architectural qualities so that it can be placed into a structure as it is fascinated me. It is an approach that gives the glass bottle a secondary demand so that they aren’t just any other bottle that gets placed in the bin.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

DESIGNING WITH GLASS BOTTLES APPLICATIONS OF GLASS BOTTLES

Villcheiderhof | Brixton, IT The design possibilities with used glass bottles can be endless and can produce an outcome that achieves an elegant and neat result. The Villsheiderhof located in Brixton Italy is decorated with 1980 green wine bottles that form a ceiling ornament above the new tasting room located on a 2 and a half hectare farm.

The farm produces 8000 - 10,000 bottles of wine from the vines scattered across the farm and Raum3 Architekten has used the wine bottles as an appropriate resemblance to the production of wine made just outside the windows of the structure.

(RAUM3 DREI ARCHITEKTEN .2017)

(RAUM DREI ARCHITEKTEN .2017)

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

(Johnsen Schmaling Architects .2007)

The Blatz | Milwaukee, US

(Johnsen Schmaling Architects .2007)

The Blatz is a brewery project located in Milwaukee United States incorporating large doors hinged doors that use amber glass beer bottles as a decorative element that can be seen when looking down from the central lobby into the lower level lounge. The warm ambience that these amber bottles bring to the lounge emits an inviting atmosphere for workers and customers to relish and feel comfortable within the brewery. The additional use of halogen lighting and reflective polished concrete floors compliments the complexity of the large bottle doors.

Each door is made up of 1,590 amber glass beer bottles surrounded by an aluminium welded frame. To ensure the bottles are positioned horizontally and are secure, Johnsen Schmaling Architects have formulated an system that consists of an array of cnc machine cut neoprene rings designed to fasten the bottles. The technical construction of these ornamental doors resembles the historic past of one of the city’s oldest brewery’s with some of the original Blatz bottles located in the basement being included into the design.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

Heineken WOBO | Curacao, NL An example of building with glass bottles dates back to the 1960’s when Alfred Heineken experienced himself the poor rubbish management of his bottles as they were scattered over the beaches on Curacao. He also had noticed the limited materials that were cheap enough to build basic structures out of, which gave him the idea of designing 2 brick sized bottles that would essentially maintain his brewery business and replace building materials. The 350ml and 500ml designed bottles would replace the need for bricks acting as a full and half brick with additional design components such as a larger butt end for the neck of the beer to insert neatly into and small grooves on 2 faced of the rectangular bottle for greater grip for handling and for mortar.

(Potret Rumah Botol Ridwan Kamil .2015)

(Kirsten Bradley .2011) (NA .NA)

Heineken WOBO

(Glow828 .NA)

(Alfred Heineken .1963)

(Ma Lang Phoo .2015)

All around the world there have been countless innovation techniques to utilize glass bottles in decorative and in structural ways that aim to reuse the bottles eliminating the chance that they go to landfill or are recycled, which on its own still takes a sufficient amount of embodied energy to do so. Due to the high embodied energy that these glass bottles create when produced from raw materials and the high turnover recycling rate of the bottles, why are we not utilizing these products to replace other building materials that are at risk of running out and ultimately prolonging the life of bottles and reducing the need for recycling glass so frequently? Glass is 100% recyclable, can be recycled infinitely and doesn’t produce hazardous toxins when recycled giving it an edge on other structural materials that when recycled are generally broken down and used for a new material with a different purpose.

EMBODIED ENERGY ANALYZING MATERIAL IMPACTS

“There are no straight lines or sharp corners in nature.” - Antoni Gaudi, Known as the greatest exponent of Catalan modernism

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

EMBODIED ENERGY

MANUFACTURING The energy accumulated through the manufacturing process of a product

WHAT IS IT? HOW DOES IT WORK?

Embodied energy is a numeric statistic measured in megajoules that collectively accumulates the total amount of energy expelled an entire life cycle of a material. This includes energy used in the extraction of the raw materials, the transportation of the materials and products, the various manufacturing processes, the usage life of the product, the disposal of materials to landfill and finally the many recycling techniques. Across different materials the embodied energy will vary due to the diverse extraction methods and manufacturing processes that involve a series of specialized machines to dig, mix, melt, mold, shape and cut the raw materials to then formulate a product that is fit for use. These procedures contribute heavily towards the total embodied energy figure of a product and can further result in a significant amount of greenhouse gas’ emitted causing air pollution and on a larger scale global warming. An additional downfall to some material life cycles is that they are sent to landfills to slowly break down over years and years potentially emitting toxic fumes. If the products are either dissembled or recovered the length of their life is extended and can be recycled or reused reducing landfill waste as well as preserving products made from raw materials. The recycling process for some products requires more actions which can include more machines to be exercised for the products to be sent back into the manufacturing stage expending additional volumes of embodied energy.

EXTRACTING MATERIALS

TRANSPORTING

Machinery energy expelled to retrieve virgin materials

Energy used by vehicles when transporting the materials and products

MANUFACTURING

EMBODIED ENERGY TRANSPORTING

USE

DISPOSAL

RECYCLE

USE

The energy utilized in the transport and re-sorting of materials so they can be remanufactured

Amount of energy consumed over the life of the product

DISPOSAL The total energy used to disperse materials to landfill

RECYCLE

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

BUILDING MATERIAL EMBODIED ENERGY HOW DO THEY COMPARE?

MATT GRIGORIOU EMBODIED ENERGY (Mj)

EMBODIED WATER (L)

The materials selected below are measured per meter squared and vary slightly in thicknesses essentially causing come materials to produce higher results on the graph. When comparing the various composites of glass panes to the aluminium sheets, wool carpet and polypropylene sheets they consume a small variation between amount of embodied energy to embodied water consumed even though they differ in sheet height and composition.

The clear stand out was the 6mm aluminium sheet with an extremely high results just to produce a meter squared portion and this is due to the long production process of aluminium that includes additional machinery to roll out the large and heavy slabs. Another noticeable element was the amount of embodied water used to create wool carpet, this is due to the repetitive bleaching, steaming and coating stages in its production life cycle.

EMBODIED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS (kgC02e) TYPES OF CONCRETE (M3)

All building materials contain certain amount of embodied energy when being produced from raw materials but how do they compare to each other?

VARIOUS MATERIAL SHEETS (M2)

By placing the statistics from Melbourne School of Design EPIC database side by side in a bar graph presents the materials total embodied energy (Mj), the embodied water (L) used to produce the material and the emitted greenhouse gas emissions (kgCO2e), giving a good representation on how each building material affects the environment. The data for concrete shown in the graph to the left displays the significant amount of energy and water required to produce 25MPa, 40MPa and 50MPa forms of concrete in a M3 block. The variation between the concretes depends on the size of the aggregates used and the mixture ratios to eventuate to a stronger final outcome.

(Statistics collected from Melbourne School of Design EPiC Data Base)

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

Example Product | Glass Bottles Embodied energy within the glass that is made specifically for glass bottles has an average of around 14 megajoules per kilogram when being made from purely raw materials according to Sustainable Build UK. However the glass content varies between bottles with some containing more liquid and others requiring thicker walls depending on the beverage inside. An average sized beer bottle that contains 375ml of beer weighs approximately 250 grams meaning that the embodied energy used to create one beer bottle is about 3.5 megajoules.

MATT GRIGORIOU

Recycling Of Glass Bottles For a larger wine bottle that contains 750ml of wine weighing on average 500 grams would utilize an estimated 7 megajoules. A champagne bottle will hold the same content of liquid as the average wine bottle but uses 900 grams of glass due to its thicker walls and unique shape further utilizing approximately 12.6 megajoules of energy when compared to the 14 megajoules per kilogram of glass created from raw materials.

Within Australia approximately 3.8 billion glass bottles are diverted from landfill every year and recycled to be made into new glass bottles. The infinite recycling process is a much more beneficial option to the environment when comparing it to the production of bottles from raw materials. When the glass bottles are crushed into cullets and placed into the furnace for reproduction on average every 10% of cullets used within the mixture reduces the energy used by 3% and also the CO2 emissions by 5%.

These mixtures can also be melted at a lower temperature due to the easier binding of the molecules additionally prolonging the life of the furnace. When a mixture of 100% recycled glass cullets is utilized the total reduction of embodied energy comes to a maximum of 30% reduction and CO2 emissions can be up to 50% lower than if no recycled glass was used.

Recycled Glass on Embodied Energy 14

Approx 7MJ per bottle

Wine Bottle 500 grams Average

Approx 12.6MJ per bottle

Champagne Bottle 900 grams Average

Embodied Energy (Megajoules/kg of recycled Glass)

10 8 6 4

Approx 3.5MJ per bottle

Beer Bottle 250 grams Average

10%

20%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

% of Recycled Glass Recycled Glass on CO2 Emissions

1.4 1.2 1

CO2 Emissions (kg CO2/kg of Glass)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

10%

20%

40%

50%

60%

% of Recycled Glass

70%

80%

90%

100%

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

PROLONGING GLASS BOTTLES HOW MUCH EMBODIED ENERGY, CO2 EMISSIONS AND RAW MATERIALS ARE SAVED?

The following pages utilize the statistics to the right to calculate how much embodied energy, CO2 emissions and raw materials would be saved if the glass bottles life cycle was prolonged from recycling in increments of a month, 6 months, 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, 25 years and 50 years.

MATT GRIGORIOU To make 1kg of bottle glass it consumes approximately 14 megajoules.

Within Australia 3.8 billion glass bottles are diverted from landfill every year.

From when a bottle is placed in a recycling bin, it can take as little as 30 days for it to become a completely new bottle.

In reality the chances of not recycling 100% of glass bottles is impractical when there is a high demand for glass bottles across many industries however, the alarming numbers created from prolonging 100% of bottles is significant enough to take action on the recycling process. Even when considering that using 100% of cullet glass within a mixture will reduce the embodied energy by approximately 30% and the CO2 emissions by up to 50% it still formulates absurd numbers when single-use glass bottles can go through a recycle life cycle within 30 days. Additionally, when Australia diverts 3.8 billion bottles per year then means that approximately 316,666,666 bottles are recycled and put back into consumers hands every month.

Across all glass bottles the average weight of a bottle is 520grams per liter.

To put things into more realistic terms, the upcoming pages that include timelines present the statistics of 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of glass bottles that would be prolonged from the recycling process and the calculations of embodied energy, CO2 emissions and raw materials saved.

Per kg of bottle glass there is approximately 0.5kg of CO2 emissions produced.

From the statistic above this means that the average sized bottle at 520 grams would expel approximately 7.28 megajoules if it was recycled.

To make bottle glass from raw materials a mixture ratio of 74 - 16 - 10 is used. (Sand/Silica - Soda Ash - Limestone)

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROLONGING GLASS BOTTLES TIMELINE IF 10% OF BOTTLES WERE PROLONGED FROM RECYCLING WITHIN AUSTRALIA

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 230,533,332.848 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 1,383,199,997.088 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 82,333,33.3Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 49,399,999.8Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 19,759,999.9kg Silica Sand: 14,622,399.9kg Soda Ash 3,161,600kg Limestone 1,976,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 118,559,999.4kg Silica Sand: 87,734,399.4kg Soda Ash 18,969,600kg Limestone 11,856,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 138,319,999,708.8 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 493,999,998Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 4,939,999,980Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 1,185,599,994kg Silica Sand: 877,343,994kg Soda Ash 189,696,000kg Limestone 118,560,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 11,855,999,940kg Silica Sand: 8,773,439,940kg Soda Ash 1,896,960,000kg Limestone 1,185,600,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 2,766,399,994.176 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 69,159,999,854.4 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 98,799,999.6Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 2,469,999,990Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 237,119,998.8kg Silica Sand: 175,468,798.8kg Soda Ash 37,939,200kg Limestone 23,712,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 5,927,999,970kg Silica Sand: 4,386,719,970kg Soda Ash 948,480,000kg Limestone 592,800,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 27,663,999,941.76 Megajoules CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 4,939,999,980Kg of CO2 RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 2,371,199,988kg Silica Sand: 1,754,687,988kg Soda Ash 379,392,000kg Limestone 237,120,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 13,831,999,970.88 Megajoules

25 S

50 S

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROLONGING GLASS BOTTLES TIMELINE IF 25% OF BOTTLES WERE PROLONGED FROM RECYCLING WITHIN AUSTRALIA

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 576,333,332.12 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 3,457,999,992.72 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 20,583,333.25Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 123,499,999.5Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 49,399,999.75kg Silica Sand: 36,555,999.75kg Soda Ash 7,904,000kg Limestone 4,940,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 296,399,998.5kg Silica Sand: 219,335,998.5kg Soda Ash 47,424,000kg Limestone 29,640,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 345,799,999,272 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 1,234,999,995Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 12,349,999,950Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 2,963,999,985kg Silica Sand: 2,193,359,985kg Soda Ash 474,240,000kg Limestone 296,400,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 29,639,999,850kg Silica Sand: 21,933,599,850kg Soda Ash 4,742,400,000kg Limestone 2,962,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 6,915,999,985.44 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 172,899,999,636 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 246,999,999Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 6,174,999,975Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 592,799,997kg Silica Sand: 438,671,997kg Soda Ash 94,848,000kg Limestone 59,280,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 14,819,999,925kg Silica Sand: 10,966,799,925kg Soda Ash 2,371,200,000kg Limestone 1,482,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 69,159,999,854.4 Megajoules CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 2,469,999,990Kg of CO2 RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 5,927,999,970kg Silica Sand: 4,386,719,970kg Soda Ash 948,480,000kg Limestone 592,800,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 34,579,999,927.2 Megajoules

25 S

50 S

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROLONGING GLASS BOTTLES TIMELINE IF 50% OF BOTTLES WERE PROLONGED FROM RECYCLING WITHIN AUSTRALIA

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 1,152,666,664.24 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 6,915,999,985.44 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 41,166,666.5Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 246,999,999Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 98,799,999.5kg Silica Sand: 73,111,999.5kg Soda Ash 15,808,000kg Limestone 9,880,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 592,799,997kg Silica Sand: 438,671,997kg Soda Ash 94,848,000kg Limestone 59,280,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 691,599,998,544 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 2,469,999,990Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 24,699,999,900Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 5,927,999,970kg Silica Sand: 4,386,719,970kg Soda Ash 948,480,000kg Limestone 592,800,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 59,279,999,700kg Silica Sand: 43,867,199,700kg Soda Ash 9,484,800,000kg Limestone 5,928,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 13,831,999,970.88 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 345,799,999,272 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 493,999,998Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 12,349,999,950Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 1,185,599,994kg Silica Sand: 877,343,994kg Soda Ash 189,696,000kg Limestone 118,560,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 29,639,999,850kg Silica Sand: 21,933,599,850kg Soda Ash 4,742,400,000kg Limestone 2,965,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 138,319,999,708.8 Megajoules CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 4,939,999,980Kg of CO2 RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 11,855,999,940kg Silica Sand: 8,773,439,940kg Soda Ash 1,896,960,000kg Limestone 1,185,600,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 69,159,999,854.4 Megajoules

25 S

50 S

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROLONGING GLASS BOTTLES TIMELINE IF 75% OF BOTTLES WERE PROLONGED FROM RECYCLING WITHIN AUSTRALIA

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 1,728,999,996.36 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 10,373,999,978.16 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 61,749,999.75Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 370,499,998.5Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 148,199,999.25kg Silica Sand: 109,667,999.25kg Soda Ash 23,712,000kg Limestone 14,820,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 889,199,995.5kg Silica Sand: 658,007,995.5kg Soda Ash 142,272,000kg Limestone 88,920,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 1,037,399,997,816 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 3,704,999,985Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 37,049,999,850Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 8,891,999,955kg Silica Sand: 6,580,079,955kg Soda Ash 1,422,720,000kg Limestone 889,200,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 88,919,999,550kg Silica Sand: 65,800,799,550kg Soda Ash 14,227,200,000kg Limestone 8,892,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 20,747,999,956.32 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 518,699,998,908 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 740,999,997Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 18,524,999,925Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 1,778,399,991kg Silica Sand: 1,316,015,991kg Soda Ash 284,544,000kg Limestone 177,840,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 44,459,999,775kg Silica Sand: 32,900,399,775kg Soda Ash 7,113,600,000kg Limestone 4,446,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 207,479,999,563.2 Megajoules CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 7,409,999,970Kg of CO2 RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 17,783,999,910kg Silica Sand: 13,160,159,910kg Soda Ash 2,845,440,000kg Limestone 1,778,400,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 103,739,999,781.6 Megajoules

25 S

50 S

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROLONGING GLASS BOTTLES TIMELINE IF 100% OF BOTTLES WERE PROLONGED FROM RECYCLING WITHIN AUSTRALIA

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 2,305,333,328.48 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 13,831,999,970.88 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 82,333,333Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 493,999,998Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 197,599,999kg Silica Sand: 146,223,999kg Soda Ash 31,616,000kg Limestone 19,760,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 1,185,599,994kg Silica Sand: 877,343,994kg Soda Ash 189,696,000kg Limestone 118,560,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 1,383,199,997,088 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 4,939,999,980Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 49,399,999,800Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 11,855,999,940kg Silica Sand: 8,773,439,940kg Soda Ash 1,896,960,000kg Limestone 1,185,600,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 118,559,999,400kg Silica Sand: 87,734,399,400kg Soda Ash 18,969,600,000kg Limestone 11,856,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 27, 663,999,941.76 Megajoules

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 691,599,998,544 Megajoules

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 987,999,996Kg of CO2

CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 24,699,999,900Kg of CO2

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 2,371,199,988kg Silica Sand: 1,754,687,988kg Soda Ash 379,392,000kg Limestone 237,120,000kg

RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 59,279,999,700kg Silica Sand: 43,867,199,700kg Soda Ash 9,484,800,000kg Limestone 5,928,000,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 276,639,999,417.6 Megajoules CO2 EMISSIONS SAVED: 9,879,999,960Kg of CO2 RAW MATERIALS SAVED: Total: 23,711,999,880kg Silica Sand: 17,546,879,880kg Soda Ash 3,793,920,000kg Limestone 2,371,200,000kg

EMBODIED ENERGY SAVED: 138,319,999,708.8 Megajoules

25 S

50 S

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

THE NEW APPROACH PROLONGING THE RECYCLING PROCESS

Bottles Are Recycled Recycled Glass is Placed In a Furnace

Compressed Into Moulds Prolong the recycling process to lengthening the life of the bottle by using it as a building element.

Bottles Are Distributed Bottles Are Used

EARLY DEVELOPMENT DRAFT BOTTLE AND SYSTEM DESIGNS

“Recognizing the need is the primary condition for design.” - Charles Aemes, Known for his contributions to the development of modern architecture

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

CURRENT BOTTLE DESIGNS DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES

Some current bottle designs have purpose in their designed form with benefits of stacking in unique ways and the ability to be reused within different environments. The advancements from a standard beer bottle shape can be helpful in many ways when taking into account that they are a one use product that is purely designed to hold liquid with no additional characteristics.

MATT GRIGORIOU

STANDARD BEER BOTTLE

The standard beer bottle is used for a one time consumer use only before being recycled again. It has been used in many designs that require additional framing to help support the bottles in position because the bottle by itself fails to be stacked or connected without any assistance.

HEINEKEN SQUARE BOTTLE

The square bottle was specifically designed for the practicality of transportation, regular bottles waste a sufficient amount of space when packaged. The square bottle allows for many more bottles to be compacted into a truck and stacked with ease.

WOBO HEINEKEN BRICK BOTTLE

The brick bottle was designed to replace clay bricks and be stacked on top of each other with the additional design inclusion of grooves to slot into each other to double for a small connection between bottles and hand comfort when gripping the bottle. Additionally the WOBO bottle was designed in two sizes to replicate a half and a full brick so on corners the bottles would sit flush.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

INITIAL BOTTLE DESIGNS FORM EXPLORATION

MATT GRIGORIOU

GRIP ORIENTATED BOTTLE

The grip design was implemented for the consumer to comfortably handle the bottle as well as creating a design that formulates a pattern when stacked. On the other hand, this bottle would be difficult to mould and could be chipped easily in transportation or if it was knocked over.

Following the analyzing of current bottle designs, I went on and designed a series of bottles that contain some of the qualities from the previously crafted designs to pursue a bottle that is more advanced. Some of the characteristics I experimented with was the ability to stack the bottles in a vertical and horizontal fashion, trying to not make edges that are too fine that they chip and also to provide a unique pattern then the bottles are stacked and slotted into each other.

PUZZLE PIECE BOTTLE

The puzzle piece model was designed purely for stacking purposes to create a unique puzzle like form. However, I believe that this form of glass composition would be unstable on a flat surface and easily knocked over as well as it being awkward to handle and easy to break.

VERTICAL STACKING BOTTLE

The vertical bottle stacks successfully vertically and horizontally however I can see their being a problem with the small legs by potentially becoming too thin and breaking with light contact.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

INITIAL BOTTLE DESIGNS FORM EXPLORATION

ANGULAR BOTTLE 1

The angular bottle designs consider all of the characteristics that were previously listed and formulate a bottle that with more modifications could be easy to handle and drink from. Moving forward I was more inclined to advance with the angular bottle 2 design due to its unique shape and its ability to be stacked with ease holding greater architectural qualities than the other designs.

This design focuses on creating an angular tessellation in multiple different stacking ways. It also is a simplistic design with only change in direction within the bottles shape, this was implemented to create a pattern that looks similar to oscillated bricks used for paths. However, this bottle would be difficult to stack in a wall fashion as it wouldn’t have much contact to the floor which could cause a break with the amount of weight above them.

ANGULAR BOTTLE 2

The second angular design bottle has the potential to be stacked in multiple ways and connects neatly. The shape of the bottle creates a similar pattern to the design above however it forms a more prolific pattern that can be repeated consistently with little overhang at where the pattern finishes. When referring back to the characteristics that I wanted to implement into the bottle, this design achieves all of them to a relative standard.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

WHAT CAN IT REPLACE?

Within a building these bottles have the potential to replace internal walls, flooring and facades. With their unique stacking abilities they can create multiple patterns and extrusions within the walls with the assistance of lightweight framing.

WHY REPLACE THEM?

The use of these bottles would be to substitute current building materials that are low on resources with a material that is infinitely recyclable in case they break, furthermore they will prolong the recycling process formulating a more sustainable approach towards the circular cycle of the glass made for glass bottles.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

INITIAL INTERNAL WALL SYSTEM SYSTEM EXPLORATION

Exploded Axonometric

Initial experimentation with an internal wall system started with forming a lightweight fixed frame with iterations of horizontal and vertical alignments. This style of system utilizes the end to end stacking of the bottles to showcase the zig zag characteristic of the designed form. However, the sides that the bottles are resting on would slide out of place constantly as they don’t have anything holding them in place. Within these systems they focus on extracting a portion of bottles at a time in case they are damaged and need to be replaced. The idea of creating a small frame for the bottle portions that can easily slide in and out of the fixed steel frame was a potential option but this would cause more custom manufacturing. In hindsight the vertical stacking method would need more thought put into them to ensure that they are in a secured position so that they don’t slide around and have the wall fall over.

Elevation

Some further advancements to the horizontal system could be the use of a tightening connection between each level to ensure that the bottles are in a fixed position and wouldn’t slide around this would then allow for an easier way to remove the bottles through loosening and tightening each row.

Exploded Axonometric

Elevation

01. Vertical Stacking Method

02. Vertical Stacking Method

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

INITIAL FLOOR SYSTEM SYSTEM EXPLORATION

Bottle Arrangement

Initial exploration of the floor system started by gaining inspiration from an already made product. The glass paver system uses square glass pavers with aluminium framing and rubber water sealants to construct the system. I have replicated the construction with my glass bottle and found that it would involve a significant amount of custom fabrication for the frames and the water sealants making it not a viable option.

For the future designs I will look into utilizing the characteristics of the bottle and expand my creativity and produce a system that is unique and can be utilized as a decorative feature.

Rubber Sealant

Water Sealant Aluminium Framing Designed Bottle

Water Sealant

Aluminium Framing Assembled System

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

INITIAL FACADE SYSTEM EXPLORATION APPEARANCE EXPERIMENTATION

The initial facade designs focused on stacking the bottles using the zig zag component of the bottles as a connection and creating forms that could later be assisted by lightweight framing. The ‘In and Out’ design is similar to a checker board where the bottles are combined to create larger square portions to then have some of the squares to be shifted back to create depth within the facade.

01. In and Out Design

The ‘Stepped Back’ design displays larger panels of the bottles and steps them back with a small overlap that could be used for potential entrances. I found that this formation would require a decent amount of structural assistance to hold these bottles in position. The ‘Curved’ design was an experiment that forms an extruded curve made from the stacked bottles. Although this could create a visually appealing inside space the rigid angles of the bottles wouldn’t allow for these bottles to make a small enough curve without any extra framing.

02. Stepped Back Design

Overall I think these explored systems have different characteristics but wouldn’t have potential in working unless they were assisted by a significant amount framing. To further expand on the facade system I will look into using a similar approach to the internal wall system but on a larger scale.

03. Curved Design

PROPOSED ELEMENTS BOTTLE AND SYSTEM DESIGNS

“Design is not just what it looks like and feels like Design is how it works” - Steve Jobs, Co-founder of Apple

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED BOTTLE DESIGN BOTTLE FORM DEVELOPMENT

01. Original Bottle

02. Brick Influenced

03. Cut Out Sections

04. Cut Out Groove

The original bottle is limited to its use within a building structure due to its circular shape and inability to be stacked.

The initial form was influenced by a brick to allow for the bottle to be positioned on flat surfaces without it rolling or shifting.

Portions of the bottle are then removed in a configuration that still resembles the zig-zag form from my early iterations.

Small indents are cut out to provide space for fingers to rest in when drinking from the bottle.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED BOTTLE DESIGN BOTTLE FORM DEVELOPMENT

05. Extend for Larger Bottle

06. Made from Different Coloured Glass

The smaller bottle is then extended vertically to form a larger ‘jug’ size for a greater portion of beer. This was inspired from the WOBO brick bottle.

When these bottles are first manufactured they can come in different colours depending on what recycled glass is available. The various coloured glass will later be used in different spaces to match the atmosphere given off by what the programs within the rooms contain.

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

INTERNAL WALL SYSTEM PRECEDENT INSPIRATION Spring Tightener

Swiss Sound Pavilion | Hannover, GER The Swiss Sound Pavilion was a structure designed by Peter Zumthor for the World Expo Hannover in 2000. The 2500m2 predominately wood structure stood a height of 9 meters that aimed to display some significant aspects of the Swiss culture to create activity and interest. The structure was constructed with 45,000 timber lengths that were compressed together using only an exposed spring tensioning method to apply downwards force for stability of the pavilion.

(Peter Zumthor .2000)

This pavilions method of tensioning is an idea that I gained inspiration from and will look to modify to suit my internal wall systems needs by loosening and tightening each row of bottles simultaneously for an easier process to remove the bottles.

(Peter Zumthor .2000)

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED INTERNAL WALL SYSTEM BOTTLE COMPONENT USE

I-Beam to Support System

Bottle Configuration The proposed internal wall system utilizes the grooves in the side of the bottle to secured the bottles to reduce the horizontal movement on the steel plates. The rows of steel plates and bottles are suspended by wires that are secured from an structurally secured I-beam. In between each steel plate there is a small spring tightener connected to the wires implemented for the removal of the bottles that was inspired from the Swiss Sound Pavilion.

Spring Tightener

3mm Steel Plate

Extrusion to Fit the Bottles Grooves

Bottle Edges used in Floor System

Exploded Axonometric

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED INTERNAL WALL SYSTEM REMOVAL OF BOTTLES

As shown in the diagram each of the rows can be loosened by approximately 5cm to allow for enough room for a hand to reach in and remove any of the bottles at a time.

The positioning of the wires are located at the connection end to end points of the bottles so that when a bottle is being taken out the user doesn’t have difficulty trying to twist or rotate the bottle between the wires.

02. Loosened System

01. Tightened System

03. Bottle Removal

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED INTERNAL WALL SYSTEM WALL SYSTEM APPLICATION

The internal wall system has the opportunity to create a multi-coloured design that can formulate patterns in the wall by having a portion of the bottles removed. They can also be used as shelve stacking within the proposed programs that doubles as a feature wall and storage.

As shown in the diagrams to the right the tightened system leaves some space at the bottom of this form of application creating a semi-private approach and when the system is loosened it can be utilized in a more private manner.

01. Tightened System

Multi-colored Design

02. Loosened System

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

FLOOR SYSTEM PRECEDENT INSPIRATION

(Hiroshimi Nakamura & NAP .2012)

01. Brick Form Optical Glass House | Hiroshima, JP The Optical Glass House is a weather proof project that contains a feature wall constructed from glass bricks and frame work to provide a significant amount of natural lighting into an open space. Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP completed the project in 2012 that looks out towards a busy street in downtown Hiroshima. They manufactured a custom glass brick that involves a series of intends and holes to suit the custom made steel plates. To secure the brick and plates together the bottles were constructed row by row from the ground up by sliding the combined pieces through a steel pole that is attached to additional structural framing. This project and its unique construction technique sparked some ideas for my bottle floor system. Due to my bottle design not having any holes I had to rethink how this system could be used as inspiration. Rather than having the steel poles vertical and the bricks slide into them, I have developed a floor system that takes advantage of the zig-zag characteristic and rotates the steel poles so that they run horizontally.

(Hiroshimi Nakamura & NAP .2012)

02. Plate Application

(Hiroshimi Nakamura & NAP .2012)

03. Construction (Hiroshimi Nakamura & NAP .2012)

(Hiroshimi Nakamura & NAP .2012)

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED FLOOR SYSTEM BOTTLE COMPONENT USE Aluminium Extrusion

The proposed floor system rotates the bottles on their side and uses the angular cut outs to rest on the steel poles that were inspired from the Optical Glass House. The steel poles will rest on small U-shaped supports that are welded precisely to steel plates that are bolted into the concrete slab which runs around the boundary of the system.

Steel Plate

Steel Pole Resting on a U-Shaped Support

Bottle edges used in floor system

Cross Section through Floor System

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED FLOOR SYSTEM SYSTEM BREAK DOWN

The system comprises of a series of components that are designed to be disassembled for an effortless bottle extraction. The floor ornament consists of the steel poles resting on U-shaped supports with the bottles situated on top. To secure the system in place and create a flush arrangement, triangular aluminium extrusions are placed into the upper cut out locations in the bottles and then to link the system together an aluminium angle is positioned on the perimeter to keep the system from shifting and moving.

Aluminium Angle

Triangular Aluminium Extrusions

Bottle Configuration

Steel Rods

Steel Plate

Formed Section

Exploded Axonometric

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED FLOOR SYSTEM SYSTEM APPLICATION

When the system is being applied it will be included as a form of general flooring which will be used to guide customers to certain locations as well as being displayed in a decorative tone to accompany the atmosphere at where they will be located.

General Flooring

Decorative Flooring

Formed Section

100

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

101

FACADE SYSTEM PRECEDENT INSPIRATION

(Olsen Kundig .2014)

242 State St | Los Altos, US A project I looked into for a precedent for my facade system was 242 State St located in Los Altos United States. It was completed in 2014 and designed by the architectural firm Olsen Kundig who are renowned for innovative designs that utilize unorthodox methods within door and window openings. This specific design formulates a human operated wheel system that acts a large entrance into an exhibition space in downtown Los Altos. The pulley system consists of a series of structure I-beams that hold the rotating wheels in place that suspend the 2000 pound window wall. Within the exhibition space users are able to raise and lower the window wall through a large steering wheel that is assisted with many gears and pulleys. Furthermore, Olsen Kundig present how easy this system is to lift and lower through a video on their website of a young girl spinning the steering wheel. The design aspect of creating a pulley system within my project to create a kinetic facade that would change its visual appearance with a form of customer interaction is what I aim to achieve.

(Olsen Kundig .2014)

102

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED FACADE SYSTEM SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Bottle Edges Used in Facade System With the inspiration from 242 State St I’ve modified the structural components to provide additional support to accommodate for 3 levels of bottle filling area. The upright I-beams which also contain tracks for the rows of bottles are secured and bolted to the concrete slabs. The horizontal I-beams are included for the inclusion of a small and a large rotating wheel system which can be raised and condensed through the relevant steering wheel operations.

01. Extended System

103

104

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED FACADE SYSTEM LARGE WHEEL OPERATIONS

Large Wheel System As the bottles are situated within the rows of steel plates and the facade is at a reasonably stocked capacity the system can then be lifted to the upper level. This will be done through the larger wheel components on the upper I-beam which will be responsible for taking majority of the weight and raising the plates and bottles to a height that a portion of the bottles can be removed.

02. Tightened System

105

106

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED FACADE SYSTEM SMALL WHEEL OPERATIONS

Small Wheel System Once the rows of bottles are lifted to a certain height the larger wheel system will come to a halt and the smaller wheel operating system on the lower horizontal I-beam will be responsible for tensioning the steel plates together so the remaining bottles can be extracted.

03. Tensioned System

In the following slides I will present an experiment of how these systems will look like at a building scale within the Swinburne Circular Economy Micro-Brewery Bar.

107

SITE ANALYSIS EXISTING USE, ACCESS & ENERGY

“Our public spaces are as profound as we allow them to be” - Candy Chang, An artist, designer and urban planner

110

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

VICTORIA SITE LOCATION

STATE POPULATION IN 2021: 6,503,491 MEDIAN AGE: 38 As per 2021 ABS Census Released on 28th June 2022

HAWTHORN

111

112

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

CONNECTION TO COUNTRY

COMMUNITY

LAND

YARRA RIVER

NATURE

CULTURE

The site is located on the local Woi Wurrung tribes land and being the traditional land owners, they cared for country as if it was their child, revolving the significance of this connection around “healthy country, Healthy people”. Being a tribe within the Kulin nation they have a symbolic relationship to the land, people, community and nature, and the exchange of respect between these sentimental elements within the indigenous culture has formulated a bond that can’t be broken. The procedure of prolonging glass bottles from being recycled considers connection to country through the ongoing reduction of embodied energy, CO2 emissions produced and the elimination of extracting finite raw materials from the land.

WOI WURRUNG (WURUNDJERI) BUN WURRUNG

113

114

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

SITE LOCATION HAWTHORN | SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY

The given site is located within Hawthorn Victoria, an active city that is responsible for the majority of glass bottle recycling within the state.

Hawthorn contains many nightlife streets and venues that contribute to the recycling of glass bottles and surrounding the site are buildings and pubs that contribute to this motive.

115

116

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

SITE ANALYSIS

SITE LOCATION | SWINBURNE UNI

WAKEFIELD ST

REET

1 2

Within Hawthorn the site sits in the heart of Swinburne University of Technology directly connecting to the GS building and neighbouring Wakefield Street, a train line and other buildings within the Hawthorn Campus.

01. SPS Building 02. GS Building

03. Existing SR Building 04. TA Building 05. TB Building 06. AGSE Building 07. Train Line 08. AD Building

117

118

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

SITE ANALYSIS SITE LOCATION | CURRENT SITE

Currently on the existing site is the SR building, a 2 story exposed brick building that lacks in student activity. The landscape on the northern side of the structure is used as a shorter pathway to reach the buildings either side of it which is also dull and uninviting.

North-West View

South-West View

East View

North-East View

North View

119

120

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

SITE ANALYSIS

SR205 7.08m² SR275 7.43m²

CURRENT SITE PROGRAMMING

SR204 5.34m²

SR270 2.29m²

The existing SR building is predominately utilized for laboratories and studios that are not occupied all of the time. The remaining programming consists of offices, information services, general facilities, ancillary areas and also a significant amount of non usable floor space.

Information Service - Library

SR175 6.88m²

Laboratories & Studio Space

General Facility

SR276 6.67m²

SR202 74.79m²

SR201 74.79m²

First Floor 0 1 2 3 45m 1:88 05/09/2022

SR170 2.29m²

SR208 17.03m²

SR251 26.75m²

SR203 90.60m²

SR207 12.19m²

SR206 19.19m²

SR250 31.58m²

Office Accommodation

Hawthorn, Building SR, Level 02, 14/10/2020

SR105a 4.40m²

SR104 13.02m²

SR103 30.51m²

SR105 12.06m²

SR150 47.24m² SR108a 1.97m²

SR151 33.45m²

SR109 7.18m²

SR162 5.23m²

SR152 6.49m²

SR163 5.20m²

Ancillary Area

121

MATT GRIGORIOU

SR180 12.98m²

SR101 56.60m²

SR160 SR160a 8.59m²

SR108b 14.66m²

SR106 8.10m²

SR161

SR186 3.65m²

Non Usable Floor Area

SR102 8.10m²

SR176 1.98m²

Ground Floor

SR107 57.01m²

SR108 30.38m² SR108c 44.59m²

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

SITE ACCESS

PARK STR E

WAKEFIEL D

T Site Location

Car Parking

Train Station

Tram Access Train Access Pedestrian Access Car Access

BURWOOD

STREET

WILLIAM

The existing site has many modes of transport to access the site from. There are a series of main roads that area high in car and tram activity providing opportunities for students and faculty members to travel by these modes. The site also has access by train and many paths that weave in and out of the Swinburne campus.

STREET

MODE OF TRANSPORT ACCESS

GLENFERR IE ROAD

122

ROAD

123

124

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

SITE EMBODIED ENERGY ESTIMATED CONSUMPTION

Embodied Energy

Embodied Water

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Aluminium sheet - 1.6mm

Double Glazing - Flat Glass

Clay Brick

The primary structure of the site consists of 25 MPa concrete for the floor slabs and clay bricks that form the walls of the building. And the rest of the structure consists mainly of double glazing windows and aluminium roof sheeting.

Concrete - 25 MPa

In the tables above an analysis of the SR buildings Embodied Energy, Embodied Water and the Greenhouse Gas emissions produced was completed. The 25 MPa concrete used within the SR building was a clear stand out across all measurements.

125

DRAFT IDEATION PROGRAMMING AND MASSING

“Architecture is a result of a process of asking questions and testing them and re-interrogating and changing in a repetitive way” - Thom Mayne, An American architect base in Los Angeles

128

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

DRAFT PROGRAMMING 4F

PROGRAM ITERATIONS

Throughout the draft programming I have experimented with core locations and the grouping of the program categories to either intertwine or focus on level by level arrangements. Iteration 1 consists of 5 levels with a core situated on the south end of the site with a central circulation system to try and block out the sound produced from the passing trains. Iteration 2 focuses on formulating floors that weave a mixture of programs to encourage social interaction between the community, office workers and students.

Within the third iteration I have positioned the amenities, circulation and miscellaneous programs on the west walls to allow for the allocation of a program category per level, however I believe this may lead to congestion. Iteration 4 aims to disperse the programs throughout the 4 levels with additional circulation space my proposed bottle systems.

Programs:

Area:

Meeting Rooms and Office Spaces - Meeting Room (Large) - Meeting Room (Small) - Break Out Space / Lounge - Open Office Space - Project Specific Office Space - Meeting Rooms / Small & Presentation Space - Office Medium

48.75m2 20m2 48.75m2 140m2 70m2 24m2 24m2

120m2 30m2 100m2

ITERATION 1

ITERATION 2

Area:

- Agora - Lecture Theatre (Small) - Co-working Spaces (Flexible) - Gallery Space

70m2 140m2 32m2 140m2

Circulation - Fire Rated Stairs - Lifts - Circulation Stairs - Entry / Airlock

37.5m2 28m2 20m2 30m2

Miscellaneous

Amenities - Accessible WC - WC’s - Kitchenette

Co-working and Presentation Spaces

Community Engagement - Community Engagement Function Space - Pre Function Spaces - Flexible ‘Discovery Spaces

10.5m2 32m2 8m2

- Service Rooms - Communication room - Bicycle Parking - Waste Disposal

28m2 20m2 36m2 30m2

ITERATION 3

ITERATION 4

129

130

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

DRAFT PROGRAMMING PROGRAM CATEGORY ARRANGEMENT

The program layout I decided to move forward with was iteration 4 due to the additional circulation space on the northern portion of the site. This was implemented to provide space for sun to enter through the floor systems and pass into the floors under.

Amenities

Meeting Rooms & Office Space

Circulation

Community Engagement & Learning Spaces

Co-Working Spaces & Presentation Spaces

Miscellaneous

The circulation space in the center of the arrangement was included so that it can be treated as an environment at where the users are able to connect and socialize amongst the mixed variety of programs.

131

132

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

DRAFT PROGRAMMING ITERATION 4 | BREAKDOWN

Programs:

Area:

Third Floor 2x Accessible WC 12m2 WC’s 32m2 Kitchenette 8m2 Fire Stairs 38m2 Lifts 32m2 Circulation Stairs 20m2

Second Floor 2x Accessible WC 12m2 WC’s 32m2 Kitchenette 8m2 Fire Stairs 38m2 Lifts 32m2 Circulation Stairs 20m2

Programs:

Area:

Third Floor

Total Area 363m2 2x Office Medium 24m2 Break out Space / Lounge 49m2 Service Room 28m2 Communication Room 20m2 Flexible ‘Discovery Spaces 100m2

Total Area 442m2

Second Floor

First Floor

Agora 70m2 Co-Working Spaces (Flexible) 32m2 Community Engagement Function Space 120m2 Pre Function Spaces 30m2 Service Room 28m2 Communication Room 20m2

Ground Floor First Floor 2x Accessible WC 12m2 WC’s 32m2 Kitchenette 8m2 Fire Stairs 38m2 Lifts 32m2 Circulation Stairs 20m2

Ground Floor 2x Accessible WC 12m2 WC’s 32m2 Fire Stairs 38m2 Lifts 32m2 Circulation Stairs 20m2 Entry/Airlock 30m2

Total Area 374m2 2x Meeting Room (Small) 20m2 Meeting Rooms / Small 24m2 & Presentation Space Open Office Space 140m2 Service Room 28m2 Communication Room 20m2

Total Area 558m2 Lecture Theatre (Small) 140m2 Gallery Space 140m2 Service Room 28m2 Communication Room 20m2 Bicycle Parking 36m2 Waste Disposal 30m2

133

134

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

MASSING EXPLORATION INSPIRATION

For the form of the building I gained inspiration from the vertical characteristics of the George and AMDC buildings. As some of the more modern constructions within Swinburne’s Hawthorn campus I think that this will drive a more approachable and welcoming structure compared to the dull brickwork of the current site. Within the massing design I experimented with the sharp edges from a bottle cap and utilized them to replace the corners of the structure. Continuing on, I then had the intentions to have a glass wall system facing the north to accommodate for sun access.

George Building

AMDC Building When thinking about moving forward with my design and program arrangements I am looking to incorporate a different set of programming that suits the story that I am developing with my bottle design and included systems. By doing this I will be able to create a more complete narrative that is carried from my bottle design into my systems and then into the internal networking of ‘Bottle It Up’.

Bottle Cap

Inspired Shape

135

PROPOSED DESIGN SWINBURNE MICRO-BREWERY BAR

“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness” - Frank Gehry, An American architect and designer known for his deconstructivist style

138

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROPOSED SITE PLAN 4

MICRO-BREWERY BAR

The proposed site aims to bring more activity towards this location by revamping the landscape and structure by introducing new programs that are more suitable for university students.

6 3 2

01. SPS Building 02. GS Building

03. Proposed Micro-Brewery Bar Site 04. TA Building 05. TB Building 06. AGSE Building 07. Train Line 08. AD Building

139

140

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

FORM DEVELOPMENT

3 Story Extension

Existing SR Building Extension Towards Paths

01. Existing Site

02. Site Expansion

The existing site lacked in liveliness and relevance towards the students at who attend Swinburne University. I’ve been studying at Swinburne for 6 years now and have never really taken note of the building what so ever.

To make the site more prominent I’ve then extended it up to a 5 story building and expanded the mass boundary towards the north and east.

141

142

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

FORM DEVELOPMENT

Summer Solstice Sun Angle: 75°

Winter Solstice Sun Angle: 23.5°

Entrance

03. Sun Analysis

04. Cutting Mass

I then performed a sun analysis to ensure that my building is formed to allow the winter sun to enter deeper into my design.

Following the sun analysis, the building mass was then cut to form an area for the main entrance as well as sculpting slanted roofs that create an opening for an atrium.

143

144

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

FORM DEVELOPMENT

Form Inspiration

Mimic Building Form Language

05. Form Inspiration

06. Landscape Development

In addition to sculpting the form for natural lighting I have extracted the angular language of the paths around the site and used them as inspiration for my form.

The landscape is then redesigned to mimic the buildings form language creating more paths and seating areas for students and teaching staff to utilize.

145

146

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Integrated Floor Bottle System

Integrated Internal Wall Bottle System

01. Primary Structure

02. Secondary Structure

The primary structure is made up of concrete slabs and columns with the integrated floor systems distributed throughout.

The secondary structure involves the internal and external walls complete with windows and doors. The main entrance is designed and the internal wall systems are spread out across all levels.

147

148

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Secondary Perforated Facade

Integrated Facade Bottle System

03. Internal Facade

04. External Facade

The internal facade is made up of five facade systems, four of them orientated on the northern and eastern faces of the building and then one on the south side of the site.

The outer external facade is made up of window glazing with frames that support various sized perforated panels for additional sun cover.

149

150

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

REFINED PROGRAMMING

4F 3F

PROGRAM ITERATIONS

Throughout these refined programming iterations I have focused on arranging the programs in a way that the micro-brewery bar space forms 2 levels to accommodate for the large areas required for a brewery and a large bar to accommodate for a large amount of customers.

Programs:

Area:

48.75m2 20m2 48.75m2 140m2 70m2 24m2 24m2

ITERATION 2

Area:

- Agora - Lecture Theatre (Small) - Co-working Spaces (Flexible) - Gallery Space

70m2 140m2 32m2 140m2

Micro-Brewery Bar Space - Micro Brewery / Bar

450m2

Circulation 120m2 30m2 100m2

- Fire Rated Stairs - Lifts - Circulation Stairs - Entry / Airlock

37.5m2 28m2 20m2 30m2

Miscellaneous

Amenities - Accessible WC - WC’s - Kitchenette

Programs:

ITERATION 1

Co-working and Presentation Spaces

Community Engagement - Community Engagement Function Space - Pre Function Spaces - Flexible ‘Discovery Spaces

As I advanced through these iterations I decided to reduce some of the programs that I included into the design to ensure that the circulation between levels is fluid. This set of iterations was completed prior to the form development of the building and were more of an experiment to test if branching out onto the northern grass area would be an option. I discovered that these were not a viable option when I thought about the inclusion of my systems.

10.5m2 32m2 8m2

- Service Rooms - Communication room - Bicycle Parking - Waste Disposal

28m2 20m2 36m2 30m2

ITERATION 3

ITERATION 4

151

152

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

REFINED PROGRAMMING PROGRAM ITERATIONS

4F 3F 2F 1F GF

The next set of refined iterations removed the idea of branching out into the northern grass space and was more focusing on how my systems can link with the internal programming of the site. A new addition to these 2 iterations the bottle cleaning services which are situated on the fourth floor. The idea of having the bottles circulate throughout the building starting and ending in the brewery was a main focal point in establishing a programming layout that would be most applicable.

From these 2 iterations I have decided to move forward with iteration 6 due to its layout of programs that have a designated level per main category. The configuration of the programs will slightly change and is presented in the following pages.

Programs:

Area:

Meeting Rooms and Office Spaces - Meeting Room (Large) - Meeting Room (Small) - Break Out Space / Lounge - Open Office Space - Project Specific Office Space - Office Medium

48.75m2 20m2 48.75m2 140m2 70m2 24m2

- Micro Brewery

250m2

4F 3F

Bar Space - Open Bar Space

310m2

2F 1F

Circulation 120m2 30m2 100m2

Amenities - Accessible WC - WC’s - Kitchen Spaces - Bottle Cleaning Services

Area:

Micro-Brewery

Community Engagement - Community Engagement Function Space - Pre Function Spaces - Flexible ‘Discovery Spaces

ITERATION 5

10.5m2 32m2 250m2 225m2

- Fire Rated Stairs - Lifts - Circulation Stairs - Entry / Airlock

37.5m2 28m2 20m2 30m2

Miscellaneous - Service Rooms

40m2

ITERATION 6

153

154

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

155

MATT GRIGORIOU

FINALIZED PROGRAMMING GROUND FLOOR | BREWERY

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Section A-A Office

Open Office Space

The ground floor programming is predominately the micro-brewery at where the beer is made also including the rooms necessary for an operating brewery. Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Programs:

Kitchen

Storage

Ground Floor

Section A-A

Bar Seating Area

Brewery

Reception

Stairs to Bar

Area:

Programs:

Area:

Entrance

40m2

Vertical Circulation

70m2

Brewery

250m2

Service Room

17.5m2

Reception

13.5m2

Toilets

40m2

Office x2

12.5m2 Each

Circulation

180m2

156

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

157

MATT GRIGORIOU

FINALIZED PROGRAMMING FIRST FLOOR | BAR

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Section A-A Office

Open Office Space

Moving up to the first floor, the bar area and kitchen space is where students and followers are able to enjoy a beer while socializing and taking a break from the intense university lifestyle. Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Programs:

Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

First Floor Storage

Section A-A

Brewery

Reception

Stairs to Bar

Area:

Programs:

Area:

Bar Area

305m2

Service Room

17.5m2

Kitchen

75m2

Toilets

40m2

Front Desk

12.5m2

Circulation

95m2

Vertical Circulation

65m2

158

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

159

MATT GRIGORIOU

FINALIZED PROGRAMMING SECOND FLOOR | BAR & FUNCTION

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Section A-A Office

Open Office Space

The second level is an extension of the bar programming with a kitchen that accommodates for both the bar and bookable function spaces. Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Second Floor

Programs:

Kitchen

Storage

Section A-A

Bar Seating Area

Brewery

Reception

Stairs to Bar

Area:

Programs:

Area:

Bar Area

216m2

Service Room

17.5m2

Kitchen

90m2

Toilets

40m2

Function Space

120m2

Circulation

90m2

Vertical Circulation

65m2

160

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

161

MATT GRIGORIOU

FINALIZED PROGRAMMING THIRD FLOOR | OFFICES

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Section A-A Office

Open Office Space

Third Floor

The office level is where research and project specific work will be completed alongside a series of various sized meeting rooms and office spaces. Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Programs:

Kitchen

Storage

Section A-A

Bar Seating Area

Brewery

Reception

Stairs to Bar

Area:

Programs:

Area:

Open Office Space

170m2

Reception

m2 17.5m2

Project Specific Office

65m2

Vertical Circulation

50m2

Meeting Rooms

90m2

Service Room

17.5m2

Break Out Space

22.5m2

Toilets

40m2

Kitchen

11.5m2

Circulation

150m2

162

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

163

MATT GRIGORIOU

FINALIZED PROGRAMMING FOURTH FLOOR | CLEANING SERVICES

Fourth Floor

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Section A-A Office

Open Office Space

The fourth floor is dedicated to cleaning facilities, bottle retrieval and loading zones for the bottles that will be wound up through the wheel operated system and cleaned thoroughly. Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Programs:

Kitchen

Storage

Section A-A

Bar Seating Area

Brewery

Reception

Stairs to Bar

Area:

Programs:

Area:

Bottle Retrieval Zone

140m2

Vertical Circulation

50m2

Bottle Cleaning Rooms

35m2 Each

Service Room

17.5m2

Bottle Loading Zone

45m2

Toilets

40m2

Atrium

150m2

Circulation

120m2

164

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT INTERNAL NATURAL LIGHTING

Fourth Floor

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Office

Open Office Space

Third Floor

Open Office Space Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Second Floor Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

First Floor Storage

Ground Floor

Section A-A

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Brewery

Reception

Bar Seating Area

Stairs to Bar

Entrance and Reception

On the northern end of the site the programs are intentionally large open spaces to maximize productivity and create an active northern and eastern facade for when onlookers are walking by can see that all levels are lively. Additionally, this was included to allow for the winter sun to enter deeper into the spaces to increase the productivity and of the people working in the office spaces and also provide for a more enjoyable experience within the bar and function space levels.

165

166

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

SUN ACCESS INTERNAL NATURAL LIGHTING

Fourth Floor

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Office

Open Office Space

Third Floor

Winter Solstice Sun Angle: 23.5° Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Second Floor Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

First Floor Storage

Ground Floor

Section A-A

Brewery

Reception

Stairs to Bar

When creating an angle of 23.5° to represent the sun on the 22nd of June the sun can be seen to enter as deep as 7 meters into the building. Furthermore, the construction of the atrium walls are purposefully angled so that the winter sun can reflect and reach even deeper into some spaces.

167

168

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

SUN ACCESS INTERNAL NATURAL LIGHTING

Fourth Floor

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Office

Open Office Space

Third Floor

Summer Solstice Sun Angle: 75° Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

Second Floor Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

First Floor Storage

Ground Floor

Section A-A

Brewery

Reception

Stairs to Bar

When replicating the suns angle at its highest on the 22nd of December the sun only reaches a depth of approximately one meter.

169

170

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

BOTTLE CIRCULATION INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Fourth Floor

Retrieval

Within the kitchen space they can be stored in the designated cold storage or within the display fridges behind the bar.

Third Floor

The full bottles are then sold and consumed within the bar and function spaces to then be placed into the facade systems on the eastern and northern site boundaries.

Bar Seating Area

Second Floor

Consumption Kitchen

Bar Seating Area

First Floor Brewery

Ground Floor

Section A-A

The internal circulation of the bottles start their journey at the brewery where they are filled and stored in cold storage to then be transported up to the first and second floor kitchens by a smaller elevator that can carry the weight of the full bottles.

Production

The facades are then wound up to the fourth floor at where the bottles are retrieved.

171

172

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

BOTTLE CIRCULATION INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION

Bottle Loading Zone

Bottle Retrieving Zone

Cleaning Service

Once the bottles are then retrieved on the fourth floor, they are distributed to the rooms dedicated for bottle cleaning where they are placed through a thorough sanitation process. From there the bottles are loaded into the facade system located on the south end of the site to be retrieved back into the brewery where they start their cycle again.

Brewery Bottle Retrieving Zone

Section A-A

Production

173

174

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

ENTRANCE As we approach the entrance of the Swinburne Circular Economy Micro-Brewery Bar we are welcomed by a wide and inviting entryway which exhibits a well lit internal wall system.

175

176

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

GROUND FLOOR FLOOR PLAN MICRO-BREWERY

Entrance

WC Stairs to Bar

Workbench

Reception

Wet Area HLT

Office 1 & 2

Elevators to Upper Levels

FV CLT

Brewery BBT

Elevator For Full Bottles Service Room

Fire Stairs

Cold Storage

BBT FV

Bottle Removal Space Forklift Access

Brewhouse

Fermentation Vessel

HLT

Hot Liquor Tank

BBT

Bright Beer Tanks

CLT

Cold Liquor Tank

Storage

177

178

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

BREWERY The micro-brewery is the core of the building and the beginning of the internal circular cycle of the making, filling and transporting of the bottles.

MATT GRIGORIOU

179

180

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

FIRST FLOOR FLOOR PLAN PUBLIC BAR

Bar Seating

Lounge Seating

Bar

Elevators to Upper Levels

Front Desk

Kitchen Elevator For Full Bottles Fire Stairs

Service Room

Cold Storage

Fridge Storage

Stairs to Upper Bar Level

181

182

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

BAR As the bottles are transported to the first and second floor they as sold and consumed over an open bar space that displays the internal wall systems as a decoration element that is accompanied by the amber floor and colourful facade systems.

183

184

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

FOURTH FLOOR FLOOR PLAN CLEANING SERVICES

Bottle Facade Operating System

Bottle Removal Space

Bottle Facade Operating System

Bottle Removal Space

Bottle Facade Operating System

Bottle Removal Space

Elevators to Lower Levels

Bottle Facade Operating System

Large Bottle Cleaning Facilities

Medium Bottle Cleaning Facilities Service Room Bottle Loading Space

Fire Stairs

185

186

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

LANDSCAPE Looking down from one of the facade operation zones the users can look out over the vibrant and landscape that flourishes with activity.

187

188

DAYTIME | NORTH VIEW

MATT GRIGORIOU

189

NIGHT-TIME | NORTH VIEW

190 MATT GRIGORIOU

191

192

193

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

DAYTIME | NORTH-WEST VIEW

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

NIGHT-TIME | NORTH-WEST VIEW

194

195

196

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

‘Bottle It Up’ is a continuous economical project that reduces environmental impacts as time goes on. The project can display approximately 20,000

small bottles and 20,000 large bottles

giving the relative weight of bottle glass used across all 3 implemented systems to a total of 20 tonnes.

MATT GRIGORIOU

197

198

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

Over the course of 25 years the strategy of prolonging glass bottles from being recycled saves approximately 3.5 million megajoules as well as roughly 12 million kilograms of C02 emissions.

MATT GRIGORIOU

By incorporating this scheme with the intentions of including the systems into other residential and commercial projects, it has the potential to create immense future benefits.

199

200

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

REFERENCES AS PER SECTION OF THE FOLIO

CIRCULAR ECONOMY

GLASS RESEARCH

Waste Account, Australia, Experimental Estimates, 2018-19 financial year | Australian Bureau of Statistics 2020, viewed 17 August 2022, <https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/environment/environmental-management/waste-account-australia-experimental-estimates/ latest-release>.

How Glass Bottles and Jars are Made - Bottle Manufacturers n.d., viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.visy.com.au/packaging/glass/ how-glass-bottles-and-jars-are-made>. ‘Villscheider’ n.d., raum3 Architekten, viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.raum3.it/de/projekte/villscheider>.

Hebel, Dirk E, Wisniewska, Marta H & Heisel, Felix 2014, Building from Waste: Recovered Materials in Architecture and Construction, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Basel/Berlin/Boston, SWITZERLAND, viewed 17 August 2022, <http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/swin/ detail.action?docID=1787136>.

‘The Blatz / Johnsen Schmaling Architects’ 2009, ArchDaily, viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.archdaily.com/36426/the-blatzjohnsen-schmaling-architects>.

The case for using cost plus contracts on property insurance claims n.d., viewed 21 August 2022, <https://axaxl.com/fast-fast-forward/ articles/the-case-for-using-cost-plus-contracts-on-property-insurance-claims>.

wine-bottle-chandelier.jpg (JPEG Image, 570 × 760 pixels) — Scaled (93%) n.d., viewed 24 August 2022, <https://cdn.insteading.com/ wp-content/uploads/2016/02/wine-bottle-chandelier.jpg>.

Knight, L 2022, ‘Australian Waste, Recycling and Reuse Statistics for 2022’, The Junk Map, viewed 18 August 2022, <https://www. thejunkmap.com.au/australian-waste-recycling-reuse-statistics/>.

CreativeMOVE n.d., viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.creativemove.com/architecture/office_bootle/>.

THE RECLAIMED CIRCULAR PAVILION Amy Frearson 2015, ‘Encore Heureux uses recycled materials to build Paris pavilion’, Dezeen, viewed 14 August 2022, <https://www. dezeen.com/2015/12/18/circular-pavilion-encore-heureux-paris-france-recycled-materials-doors/>. Circular Pavilion | AEX n.d., viewed 16 August 2022, <https://www.architecture-exhibitions.com/en/pavillon-circulaire/circularpavilion>. author/timothy-a-schuler 2016, ‘The Reclaimed Circular Pavilion’, Architect, viewed 14 August 2022, <https://www.architectmagazine. com/technology/architectural-detail/the-reclaimed-circular-pavilion_o>. ‘Kamikatz Public House / Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP’ 2018, ArchDaily, viewed 14 August 2022, <https://www.archdaily.com/892767/ kamikatz-public-house-hiroshi-nakamura-and-nap>.

‘Hunian Pribadi yang Ditinggali Eril, 5 Potret Rumah Botol Ridwan Kamil’ 2022, suara.com, viewed 24 August 2022, <https://banten. suara.com/read/2022/06/16/091500/hunian-pribadi-yang-ditinggali-eril-5-potret-rumah-botol-ridwan-kamil>. Bradley, K 2011, ‘Produce No Waste: Bustan Qaraaqa’s bottle walls’, Milkwood: permaculture courses, skills + stories, viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.milkwood.net/2011/11/02/produce-no-waste-bustan-qaraaqas-bottle-walls/>. ‘Heineken WOBO: When Beer Met Architecture’ 2013, ArchDaily, viewed 25 August 2022, <https://www.archdaily.com/348692/ heineken-wobo-when-beer-met-architecture>.

EMBODIED ENERGY Crawford, R 2021, ‘EPiC Database’, Melbourne School of Design, viewed 2 September 2022, <https://msd.unimelb.edu.au/research/ projects/current/environmental-performance-in-construction/epic-database>. FEVE-brochure-Recycling-Why-glass-always-has-a-happy-CO2-ending-(1).pdf n.d.

Kamikatz Public House // Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP - Architizer Journal n.d., viewed 16 August 2022, <https://architizer.com/blog/ projects/kamikatz-public-house/>.

Recycling_A4-Factsheet_Glass_web(2).pdf n.d.

GLASS RESEARCH

SustainableBuild 2010, ‘Understanding Embedded Energy’, Sustainable Build, viewed 15 September 2022, <https://sustainablebuild. co.uk/understanding-embedded-energy/>.

Says, BJ n.d., ‘Glass supply chain plans Leeds recycling campaign’, letsrecycle.com, viewed 15 September 2022, <https://www. letsrecycle.com/news/glass-supply-chain-plans-leeds-recycling-campaign/>.

‘Choosing Sustainably Packaging at the Grocery - An Embodied Energy Approach’ n.d., UCLA | NRT-INFEWS, viewed 15 September 2022, <http://www.infews.ucla.edu/fews-blog/2021/12/15/choosing-sustainably-packaging-at-the-grocery>.

‘Annual waste data reports’ n.d., Sustainability Victoria, viewed 18 August 2022, <https://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/research-dataand-insights/waste-data/annual-waste-data-reports>.

‘Reading tree cores to better predict global warming’ 2022, Sciences, viewed 15 September 2022, <http://news.universite-paris-saclay. fr/en/news/reading-tree-cores-better-predict-global-warming>.

Glass Recycling Facts - University of Southern Indiana n.d., viewed 21 August 2022, <https://www.usi.edu/recycle/glass-recyclingfacts/>.

Concrete Texture Images | Free Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD n.d., viewed 15 September 2022, <https://www.freepik.com/free-photosvectors/concrete-texture>.

How to Manufacture Glass: Glass Manufacturing Process n.d., viewed 24 August 2022, <https://www.engineeringenotes.com/ engineering/glass/how-to-manufacture-glass-glass-manufacturing-process/46790>.

‘Local CNC Cutting Services’ n.d., Prototype Hubs, viewed 15 September 2022, <https://prototypehubs.com/cnc-cutting/>. Racanelli, VJ n.d., Stock in This Bottle Company Looks Ready to Rebound, viewed 15 September 2022, <https://www.barrons.com/ articles/bottle-maker-owens-illinois-stock-is-half-empty-1536980948>.

201

202

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL

MATT GRIGORIOU

REFERENCES AS PER SECTION OF THE FOLIO

SITE ANALYSIS

GLASS BRICK

Planning 2022, ‘Victorian population statistics’, Planning, Planning, viewed 1 September 2022, <https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/landuse-and-population-research/victorian-population>.

‘‘How to Detail the Perfect Glass-Block Floor - Architizer Journal’ 2017, Journal, viewed 9 November 2022, <https://architizer.com/ blog/practice/details/glass-block-floor/>.

CONNECTION TO COUNTRY

OPTICAL GLASS HOUSE

Melbourne’s Top 5 Riverside Walking Tracks Around the Yarra – Hunter and Bligh n.d., viewed 3 September 2022, <https://www. hunterandbligh.com.au/travel/5-scenic-walking-tracks-and-trails-around-melbournes-yarra-river/>.

‘Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP, Nacasa & Partners Inc. · Optical Glass House’ n.d., Divisare, viewed 9 November 2022, <https://divisare.com/ projects/220226-hiroshi-nakamura-nap-nacasa-partners-inc-optical-glass-house>.

‘7,857 Tussock grass Images, Stock Photos & Vectors’ n.d., Shutterstock, viewed 3 September 2022, <https://www.shutterstock.com/ search/tussock-grass>.

‘Optical Glass House / Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP’ 2020, ArchDaily, viewed 9 November 2022, <https://www.archdaily.com/885674/ optical-glass-house-hiroshi-nakamura-and-nap>.

‘Caring for Country’ - A Place We Call Home n.d., viewed 3 September 2022, <https://www.yarn.com.au/blogs/yarn-in-the-community/ caring-for-country-a-place-we-call-home>.

SWISS SOUND PAVILION

‘Understanding Australian Aboriginal Culture | Go Live It Blog’ 2020, GO LIVE IT, viewed 3 September 2022, <https://goliveitblog.com/ by-destination/australia/australian-aboriginal-culture/>.

‘Swiss Sound Box - de architects n.d., viewed 9 November 2022, <https://de-architects.com/Swiss-Sound-Box>. Swiss Pavilion at Expo 2000 in Hannover - zumthor.org n.d., viewed 9 November 2022, <https://zumthor.org/project/pavilion/>.

Aboriginal flag quietly turns 50 amid last-minute date change and copyright dispute | Indigenous Australians | The Guardian n.d., viewed 3 September 2022, <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jul/12/aboriginal-flag-quietly-turns-50-amid-last-minutedate-change-and-copyright-dispute>.

‘Swiss Sound Pavilion - Data, Photos & Plans’ n.d., WikiArquitectura, viewed 12 November 2022, <https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/ building/swiss-sound-pavilion/>.

FURTHER RESEARCH

242 STATE ST

‘Making Glass Bottles is High-Tech. Recycling Them is Super Simple’ 2020, OI, viewed 23 September 2022, <https://www.o-i.com/news/ making-glass-bottles-is-high-tech-recycling-them-is-super-simple/>.

‘242 State Street / Olson Kundig’ 2014, ArchDaily, viewed 27 October 2022, <https://www.archdaily.com/489035/242-state-street-tomkundig-olson-kundig-architects-2>.

ten Klooster, R, de Koeijer, B & De Lange, J 2017, Towards a Generic Set of Packaging Material Key Figures. Glass Compositions n.d., viewed 26 September 2022, <https://www.glennklockwood.com/materials-science/glass-compositions.html>. ‘Gallery of “The Cola-Bow” Installation / penda - 1’ n.d., ArchDaily, viewed 2 November 2022, <https://www.archdaily.com/394382/thecola-bow-installation-Penda/51ca7862b3fc4b571e0000a2-the-cola-bow-installation-penda-image>. Kellerman, A 2015, ‘In The ’60s Heineken Tried To Solve The World’s Housing Problems With Beer Bottles’, VinePair, viewed 2 November 2022, <https://vinepair.com/wine-blog/heineken-beer-bottle-housing/>. John Habraken 1963, WOBO Bottle, viewed 2 November 2022, <https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1322483/wobo-bottle-bottle-johnhabraken/>.

203

204

ARCHITECTURAL THESIS PROPOSAL