4D Hotel by Sally Choi

Introduction The Issues Designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goals and objectives Program goals The Concept Statement Client Profile Client needs Client goals User profile The Building Description of Exterior and Interior History and Previous Use Site Analysis Location of building Transportation to building, parking Site considerations (sun, wind, climate, topography) Market analysis (competition, other amenities in neighbourhood) Demographics of neighbourhood Case Studies Preservation of Cultural Heritage Traditional Japanese Ryokans Environmental Responsibilty Design Considerations Special programming needs relative to topic Colour and materials Lighting Acoustics Human Factors (physiological and psychological) Environmental issues Universal access Wayfinding Design Program Spatial requirements and programming (including chart) People and adjacencies Practicums Metropolis at Night La Dolce Vita Bibliograpy Text Images

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Desigerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Goals and Objectives Program Goals The Concept Statement

INTRODUCTION

The Issues

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 In the year 2020, people are becoming nomadic in the sense that they have the ability to travel to any place around the world and to see the world through their own eyes, touch, and feeling. But the freedom of travel has also taken away from the emotional and sensual experience of discovery and attachment as cultures disintegrate and lose distinctiveness. Rather than questioning where one should go, one should ask themselves why and how they should travel. People want to establish their individuality their different personal experiences. Thus, they continuously look for an experimental, authentic and individualistic experience they have not tried before. Because of this movement towards constantly new experiences, there is a great pressure on the design and hospitality sector to produce a never-ending stream of fresh ideas. In many cities around the world, buildings with cultural value have been overlooked and demolished to make way for new modern structures. Ultimately, the demolishment of these buildings becomes voids in the history and culture of the city. Japan is one country in which this issue is a great concern to its citizens. This is the most important issue we aim to address in our individual designs. Japan is located in one of the most seismic areas in the world and an important safety issue to consider is that our building must withstand earthquakes. All buildings carry their own weight and can usually resist vertical loads. However, these buildings are not necessarily resistant to horizontal loads like those experienced when earthquakes strike. It is this type of loads that causes the worst damages. (Reid, 2009)

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Compact cities like Tokyo have a large population living in a very small and dense area of land, therefore managing space is an important issue to consider. Solutions to deal with this issue include designing vertically, incorporating multi-purpose space, as well as providing overall flexibility in elements. Like any other building designs, safety and security is the basis of having a pleasurable experience. Nagakin capsule hotel was a truly innovative design at the time. However, the current hotel is facing structural issues due to bad maintenance. The capsules were designed to be maintained every 25 years. However, they have been left to hang leading to the systems to slowly overload and fail. (Grist, 2008) With great competitions out there, brand loyalty is another issue designers must address. Brand loyalty is when consumers consistently purchase products or use the services of a particular brand. Many consumers often prefer staying at a hotel with a familiar brand, even when another brand may cost less. However, it has become increasingly difficult to gain loyal consumers. Many brands share similiar traits and service quality, making consumers more inclined to choose a service based on price or number of benefits. In order to strengthen brand loyalty and to leave an outstanding impression on guests, 4D Hotel must provide not only great quality and services, but a wholly fresh perspective on hotel living that no other brands offer. (Shoemaker, 2010) Lastly, one of the biggest issues in the hospitality industry is energy consumption. Because a big part of the used energy is produced by gas, coal and petroleum products, lowering energy consumption would contribute greatly to lowering CO2 emissions (Ernst & Young, 2009). In hotels, the main energy consuming systems include heating, air conditioning and ventilation, hot water production, cooking, lighting, and electricity. Hotels must lower a great amount of their energy consumption, reduce their carbon footprints which ultimately means saving on operating costs (Ernst & Young, 2009). Nowadays, the hospitality sector is highly competitive and constantly requires redesigning itself to match with the growing needs and desires of consumers. But simultaneously, the pursuit of leisure and happiness of consumers is deriving more from their own personal experiences and achievements throughout their travels than from material goods which can only give them a short temporal amount of pleasure. We are turning to literature, music and art from the past to find the connections between our selves and our world. It is also because of the fact our historical and cultural foundation is built from our past that we must protect and preserve valuable architecture and design that are inherently part of a cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history.

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 The designer aims to create a relaxing private space for guests during their stay at 4D Hotel by creating a space with ease of access and movement, as well as comfort and customizability. In order to create a learning experience of the city for its guests, the hotel will provide various cultural connections for the guests. 4D Hotel will be designed using local materials. This reduces the environmental footprint, promotes local trades, as well as invokes a more familiar and real experience of the city. As the use of technology continues to grow in Tokyo, the design of 4D Hotel must also catch up with guests’ expectations and desires. To add to that, cultural preservation will also be one of the important goals of the designer. Ultimately, the design should not only appeal visually, but through all the senses to leave an emotional and pleasurable memory.

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 The first floor of 4D Hotel should be the public area where guests are welcomed and relieved of their burdens. The overall objective for the planning of the public areas is that they should be in close proximity with the lobby and reception desk. This is also where other public facilities and lounges will be located but they will be partially hidden giving the Japanese traditional sense of privacy. These areas will embrace and reinvigorate guests through their visual and tactile qualities. As guests travel through the transient area from public to private, they will feel relief, wonder and anticipation. The transition will continue from the public area in the same quality and ambience into the private areas. The bridging between the two areas will be interesting and imaginative through the use of repetitive and variations of design elements. The floors above are rooms where guests can enjoy a private and undisturbed space.

These

rooms

will evoke a feeling of warmth and protection from exterior noise and elements. In the private rooms, guests will feel relaxed and comfortable while taking in the subtle and sophisticated details and care put into the design of their room. As ideas become more developed, each designer will have a different interpretation of the space planning. However, overall, there should be a smooth transition from arrrival to transient area and transient area to private rooms.

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 The preservation of buildings rich with a city’s cultural and historical history ties into 4D Hotels branding concept of reinventing obsolete buildings into modern entities that are responsive to the city and people. 4D Hotel will aim to streamline and maximise every traveler’s time, assisting them in the profound mentality towards the pursuit of leisure and happiness... The 4D Hotel is an international corporation that focuses on the preservation of buildings evocative of a city’s cultural and historical value by using local trades and traditional techniques. 4D Hotel will protect and revitalize buildings with newer eco- friendly amentities while promoting the city’s traditional culture and lifestyle visually, . You will be living life in the shoes of that city’s citizen, to learn their culture and heritage; a journey whose goal is for the traveler to reconnect with their inner selves.

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Client Goals User Profile

CLIENT PROFILE

Client Needs

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 As a new opening hotel, designers should consider the needs of 4D Hotel and their clients. In order to stand among other successful hotels, 4D Hotel needs a strong branding image that is different from other competitors. It is also equally important to have a distinctive concept, service and image to make itself unique. Additionally, the hotel needs to provide a service that goes beyond the basic needs of guests. It needs to serve the physiological and psychological needs of guests to leave a strong impression. 4D Hotel needs to appeal to the five sense to a greater effect. By using an existing building and revitalizing it, 4D Hotel will need to re-assess the structure’s safety and stability. Rather than completely demolishing a building that has the potential to retain its cultural value in the city, 4D Hotel will work on re-purposing it with more sustainable and eco-friendly construction methods. The purpose of the existing buildings will be re-interpreted but the original meaning behind the building will be carefully considered and integrated into the new design.

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A main goal of 4D hotel is to recognize that demolishment of abandoned buildings can erase important details of a city’s history and culture, but by looking for ways to reinterpret a space, it can remind the people of the potential of all things. 4D hotel will promote cultural and historical values and elements of Japan, as well as for other cities worldwide, that is not only visually eye-opening, but will also incite an emotionally and sensually new experience during their stay. Providing an exceptional experience will differentiate 4D hotel from other competitors. It will brand itself in unique and distinguish ways to attract customers. Moreover, 4D hotel branches have a flexible network system that allows travellers to travel conveniently from place to place. The guests will have a flexibility and control over their stay and locations at any 4D hotels. The ultimate goal for 4D Hotel is that guests will be able to an individualistic experience that is emotionally stirring and inspring.

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 Someone who is open to the idea of experimentation in foreign lifestyles and perspectives. Someone who is seeking for an authentic and personal living experience at their destination city. Someone who finds pleasure in leisure, travel and entertainment over material goods and matter. Someone who expects efficiency, comfort and connectedness to the world as part of their travel encounters. Someone who seeks to set themselves apart from the general norm by searching for new and niche experiences. Someone who is looking past the traditional idea of “rest and relaxation” for a “self-fulfilling and enlightening” holiday. By 2020, proposed a report by Future Foundations Project called “Travel and Tourism in 2020: The Key Drivers of Travel”, the current steady economic growth allowed for higher levels of disposable income. The growing level of prosperity along with more leisure time made holidays increasing more common for working class families. It also raises the aspirations and expectations of consumers who are more confident nowadays withe exploring their identities and experiences. They are less and less seeking to own traditional material goods that define their lives as stable and respectable: a career, a home, an education, a car, etc. Instead, they are interpret a good life as fully enjoying their leisure time and having the ability to socialize and travel or experience new things that pique their interests or hobbies. This search for self- development and emotional stimulus is part of a emerging trend where people are becoming more confident in expressing their identities through new and personal experiences.

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History and Previous Use

THE BUILDING

Description of Exterior and Interior

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 The Nakagin Capsule Tower (1972) has a very distinctive and unusual appearance that is a famous representation of the Metabolist movement. Kisho Kurokawa was an advocate of a revolutionary form of architecture but his execution and seamless incorporation of details, natural tones and textures are traditional elements of Japanese design (Pogrebin, 2007). Popularly described as looking like washing machines stacked into a tower, the Capsule Tower is made up of two separate towers with 11 and 13 floors above the ground and 140 concrete capsules bolted and stacked together to the steel-reinforced concrete cores enveloping the building’s elevators, stairs and mechanical systems (Ouroussoff, 2009). The capsules were pre-assembled in factory and fastened to the core using high-tension bolts (Frith, 2001). Each capsules measure 2.3m wide by 3.6m deep by 2.1m high which is about 10m2 (Mainichi Daily News, 2006). The interiors include a wall of built-in appliances and cabinets, a kitchen stove, refrigerator, television, tape deck and bathroom similar to that of an airplane’s. The capsules are placed together at various angles, creating an oddly irregular facade that makes it stand out from its surroundings. The simple and minimalistic design of the exterior carries through into the interior, although in modern times, the interior is considered outdated and the building is an inefficient use of land. When a capsule is inhabited, the user becomes an extension of it, The portholes also seem to represent oversized peepholes, giving the design a sense of voyeurism. The enormity of the window and the tiny size of the room easily exposes the ongoing within the capsules to the city outside. Furthermore, the elevated freeway in front of the hotel allow people in passing cars to see into the mid-level units (Ouroussoff, 2009). With its austere exterior, the building Fig 12

is strangely appealing, enticing passersby to look for the mysteriousness behind the windows. The building also looks like something from the future, time-warped and displaced in a city before its time.

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 Kisho Kurokawa’s Nakagin Capsule Tower (1972) is a significant and rare example of Japanese Metabolism and one of the first designs that address the issue with compact living in the world. Buildings were seen as living organic structures that had the ability of evolution and expansion over time (National Post, 2007). Ideas like modularity, renewability, flexibility and machine-like aesthetics were a few of the advocated ideals of Metabolism. The Metabolists saw the creation of cities made up expressively of “new structural and communications technology and modern materials” (Glancey, 2007). Such ideas of architecture were a sign of Japan’s evolution from a rural to a modern society, as well as changes in universal trends like the division and isolation in social relationships and family settings. Kurokawa had designed the Capsule tower with the Japanese working class in mind, creating a temporary, compact pod dwellings that responded to the concerns of overcrowding (Pogrebin, 2007). The “crash pads” were also a solution to a majority of the Japanese workforce who live in a city with exceedingly high mortgages and house prices that are barely achievable with their salaries (Frith, 2001). These crash pads allowed business men and women to find a place to rest briefly, before returning to their jobs for another typically long work day. Located in the posh Ginza district, many owners supposedly used these crash pads as individual offices or secondary homes (Ouroussoff, 2009). Ironically, the capsules compact size was one of the reasons why residents voted to have the Capsule Tower demolished and replaced with a bigger and modern tower. Around 2001, the lack of maintenance in and outside the building raised the questions of whether to demolish or rebuild the structure. In theory, the Capsule Tower was created with exchangeability and recyclability in mind, with capsules that could be detached and replaced with newer ones if necessary. But the negligence of its care over the years, the significant cost of replacing capsules, the lack of support from institutions to save it, has resulted in its current decrepit state, prompting the government and its residents to take a vote on its unresolved future. As much as Kurokawa had tried to persuade the owners and public to save his tower, there was not enough support even from preservationists. Postwar architecture is generally linked to harsh housing developments or office blocks that did not appeal to investors and businesses (Ouroussoff, 2009).

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 However, the preservation of the tower was met with enormous international support based on a survey by World Architecture New (London) which over 10 000 architects in 100 countries participated in. The results showed that 75% of people voted for replacing the capsules, 20% for leaving it as it is, and 5% for demolishing it (McBride, 2008). The Capsule Tower is an international landmark, representing the evolution of cities and innovations of design. It was short-listed for the World Heritage by the International Committee of Docomomo International since 1996 (archiCentral, 2008). It is currently in a precarious position, surrounded by mixed public opinions worldwide and slated to be demolished— only to be postponed due to present economic downturn and not for its cultural heritage.

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Transportation Site Considerations Market Analysis Demographics of Neighborhood

SITE ANALYSIS

Location of Building

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 The Nakagin Capsule Tower was built in 1970-1972. It is now located in Shinbashi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Its address is 16-10, Ginza 8-Chome, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo.

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 The Nakagin Capsule Tower is located at Shinbashi district of Minato, in the busy commercial centre and high rise office complex. The tower is situated right beside Tokyo Expressway, making it easy to access for those who are driving. Shinbashi is a major railway hub of Tokyo, as the first railway of Tokyo terminus. Shinbashi station is only 6 minutes walk from the Capsule Tower and the train connects to Higashi Ginza station which is a high end glamorous shopping district of Tokyo. Also, Shiodome train station is located south of the building that operates as an interchange for different train lines (Shiodome Station, 2010). The Nakagin Capsule Tower not only has convenience transportation, but it also has restaurants, entertainment, and big department stores only footsteps away. From Tokyo international airport to Nakagin Capsule Tower 1. Haneda terminal 1 2. Transfer to JR Hamamatsucho 3. 6 minutes of walking to the Capsule tower Underground Parking garage is to the east of Shimbashi Station (Garyhymes, 2005)

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 Tokyo is positioned in the most populated island called archipelago (Stephen, 2009, xv). It is laid along western side of Pacific Ocean. Tokyo is surrounded by other big regions including Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa and Yamanashi. The undulating hills are on the west of Tokyo while there are flatlands on the other side (east) of Tokyo with the Sumida River that runs into the Tokyo Bay (Stephen, 2009, xvi). Japan has distinct four seasons; it has a long spring, a short fall, rainy summer and a mild winter (Richard, 1993, 7). In summer, there are heavy rain falls causing frequent flooding in geographically low regions (Richard, 1993, 10). July is a peak month for precipitation (Richard, 1993, 10). Also Tokyo has a very humid, steamy and hot summer with slight breeze (Stephen, 2009, xvii). Winter in the Pacific Coastal regions including Tokyo is dry with cold air and strong winds. Due to the dry weather, fire sometimes becomes an issue during the winter (Richard, 1993, 9). Spring in Tokyo has very warm and enjoyable weather where the average temperature in Tokyo is 18.4 C (Richard, 1993, 10). In spring, with a pleasant weather, a lot of festivals and activities occur. Tokyo recieves about 4.5 hours in October and 6.5 hours in August. The average temperature is about 15.1°C and the range is about 23°C. The weather is driest in January and wettest in October (climatetemp.info). Tokyo is sitting on a very unstable land where it is constantly exposed to the danger of an earthquake. Sometimes the earthquakes cause fire or destruction of buildings. Due to frequent earthquakes, architects take extra care to build a building as an earthquake resistant building. There is a height limit of 100 feet for timber, masonry, brick, reinforced concrete and steel constructions, light roof and authority to build a tall building to certain architects (1st class Kenchiku-shi) (Earthquakes, 2004).

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 Nagakin Capsule Tower is located in Shinbashi, Minato, Tokyo. Shinbashi is a district of Minato, located south of Ginza, west of Tsukiji, east of Toranomon and north of Hamamatsucho. It was the station of the first railway in Japan in 1872. It remains a major railway hub and has since developed as a commercial center, most recently with the construction of the Shiodome high-rise office complex. Nakagin Capsule Tower is within a 10-minute walk to Tsukuji fish market, and is close to most Ginza shopping centres and restaurants. It is also within a 10-minute walk to the Shinbashi and Ginza subway station which provides easy access of transportation to the airport and other districts of Tokyo. Situated in a great location, several hotels that are also close by become great competitors of Nakagin Capsule Hotel. This includes the closest one, Mitsui Garden Hotel. Mitsui Garden Hotel provides great views of Tokyo, including the Tokyo Tower. The hotel has a clean, modern and sophisticated interior. To add to that, room rates are not expensive. With that in mind, the design and branding of 4D Hotels must differentiate themselves from their local competitors.

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 In 2010, Tokyo’s population was estimated to have just surpassed 13 million people as the most densely populated prefecture in Japan (AP, 2010). According to the National Census in 2005, daytime and night-time population in the metropolis increased 27.5% and 14.2% respectively. This is partly because of the influx of commuting workers and students entering Tokyo from close by prefecture. Tokyo residents, or Tokyoites, generally tend to be active for a long portion of their day, whether it is the 10% who are still at work until 10pm or the 40% still awake at midnight (Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 1990). The city has gradually become more vibrant during the night, a reflection of the changes in lifestyles and culture where perhaps there is an increase in singles in the city, or more diverse working hours as a consequence of the development in the hospitality sector and international services. The lifestyle changes have also brought about modifications in society: later hours of operations for public transportation systems, newspaper kiosks and convenience stores. Tokyo continues to grow with an expanding foreign community and boom in condominium construction (AP, 2010). It contains a remarkable range of different lifestyles and atmospheres in its many neighbourhoods. With 240 museums, 277 beautiful parks and gardens, and an efficient public transportation system , Tokyo is open and exciting for travelers. Chou City is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, and Ginza is the most popular district in Chou. The attractions there range from notoriously expensive shopping to traditional Kabuki plays at Kabukiza theatre or Asia’s largest fish market both of which cost little to get a first-hand experience of Japanese culture (AP, 2010). Shinbashi, more closely to where the Capsule Tower is located, is just south of Ginza. Due to the famous shopping Ginza district and business headquarters of many companies in Shinbashi, most of the people around this area are generally tourists and businessmen and women.

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Traditional Japanese Ryokans Environmental Responsibility

CASE STUDIES

Preservation of Cultural Heritage

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 One of the issues our group is addressing is loss of cultural heritage. A lot of old buildings with great cultural values are being demolished and are replaced with brand new buildings. During this process, icons of their history are lost. This is one of the big issues in Japan. Japanese has been rushing to forget their history and forced themselves to go forward without looking back. It caused a loss of Japanese cultural icons and identities. Nakagin Capsule tower is in a threat to be demolished in any time. The tower has been one of the landmarks of Shinbashi that contain their cultural habits and history. By preserving the capsule tower, our group is hoping to protect their own valuable culture and also to create stronger connection between hotel users and Japanese culture. This case study focuses on examples of how others have successfully envisioned old valuable buildings into new useful buildings. The Fullerton hotel in Singapore is a great example of a cultural heritage building that transformed into a hotel. It is situated in the Central Business District, which is only 25 minute ride from the airport and only footsteps away from the public transportations and exhibition centre. This building has been always standing at the heart of Singapore’s growth and development. First, the building was built to serve as a fortress and for military use. As the Singapore harbour became centre of commercial city, instead of taking down Fullerton building, they changed the purpose of the building to complement the needs of society. Hence, it became the headquarters of trade and commerce. The Fullerton building continued its historic role as the heart of commercial and business district, and it became the icon of Singapore. EXTERIOR: Today, from Palladian style Fullerton building, it transformed into the hotel as a landmark of Singapore’s Central Business District. It blended its rich cultural heritage with contemporary look for business travellers. During these several transformation, the building never lost its unique heritage and history. Rather, these elements were treated with great respect. Some parts of the building features were retained and some had to be restored. Its neo classical exterior appearance has not changed but preserved.

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 INTERIOR: However, interior of the building went through transformation to serve as a five star hotel. It uses of modern materials along with existing structures. Inside the space, the history and today both exist at the same time creating very unique atmosphere. The Fullerton was designed for natural ventilation using internal air wells before air conditioning was invented. Air conditioning system was added later on as air conditioning became common. STRUCTURE: Condition of existing structure was in a good condition but some of interior structures are carried out to reinforce existing ones. Over time, the water from Singapore River caused flooding in the old basement. A new concrete platform was added to prevent further problems. (Data collected from Fullerton Hotel Official Website)

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Ryokans are traditional Japanese hotels or inns that place the authentic atmosphere and appearance of traditional Japanese culture as their top priority. Travelers who wish to enjoy the comforts of Japanese hospitality and services were offered simple rooms that preserve traditional architecture, design and ambience of the past. Very much different from the modern luxury hotels all over the world, ryokans do not have central heating, insulate silence, modern bathrooms, carpeted rooms or high tech gadgets (Rediscover Japan Co., Ltd). Instead, they have tatami mat flooring, low tables, futons and sitting cushions (zabuton), all of which are essential in the visual and tactile experience at a typical ryokan. It is understandable for foreign guests to feel perplexed when staying at a ryokan, where they are not used to the absence of modern amenities or language barrier with hotel staff. But that is what makes the experience authentic and special in this case: encounters with the unknown will deepen one’s impression and excitement towards the experience. Traditionally, guests take their shoes off at the entrance and change into slippers (zori) (Japan Ryokan Association). They would be greeted by all members of the ryokan staff and the sounds in the background would be that of falling water or soothing melodies (koto). Tatami is the indoor flooring and tatami mats are also used as a measuring unit corresponding to the the floor space of a room. After waiting briefly in the lobby, a female attendant (Nakai-san) would lead you to your room (washitsu), as well as carrying your person luggage for you. Furthermore, their excellent qualities against water and noise make them very suitable to Japanese climate. Dining in the guest room (heya-shoku) is the common way of dining at a ryokan. Sumptuous full course meals are made and served with the greatest care. This shows the spirit of Japanese hospitality towards guests regardless of background or culture.

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There are also various types of ryokans where the quality may greatly vary from a scale with Standard to Luxurious on either ends and prices from 8000 yen ($98 CAD) to 40 000 yen ($491 CAD) respectively. According to the Rediscover Japan Company, Standard buildings are rather simple in appearance and character, with little traditional atmosphere. One step up is the Modern ryokan which looks like a small hotel and provides most modern conveniences. Since its interior is fairly new and comfortable, it may not have a great deal of traditional atmosphere or history to the building. Next is the Traditional ryokan, where the preservation of the original ryokan is just as important as the serving and bringing comfort of the guests. The ryokan may have few modern amentities to retain its atmosphere and architecture made completely of wood and with a beautiful, Japanese garden. A Luxurious ryokan would have an even longer history than the traditional ones, with outstanding comfort, services and meals. It is also usually near a major hot spring and main tourist areas. Providing both Japanese and Western style room and services, a Ryokan hotel has many other facilities such as karaoke rooms, bars or restaurants. Apart from its Japanese-style rooms and meals, a Ryokan hotel looks and feels very simliar to a modern hotel around the world. (Rediscover Japan Co., Ltd)

Fig 21

Fig 22



 One of the main issues involved in the hospitality industry is that hotels are major contributors of CO2 emissions. (Ernst & Young, 2009) The fact that many towels and bed sheets go through the laundry system everyday and the high usage of electricity contributes greatly to this problem. By reducing this energy consumption, the overall CO2 emissions could be lowered. Other than that, there are many opportunities for sustainable design. In fact, there are many possible practices in hotel management that could reduce the great amount of energy consumed. The following case study will suggest realistic ideas of sustainability in hotel designs. Located in the same city as Nakagin Capsule Tower, New Otani is a great demonstrator of sustainable design and energy conservation. The concept of New Otani is “Safety and Comfort along with Environmental Protection”. Since its opening in 1964, New Otani has been taking steps towards protecting the environment. The goal of the hotel is to combine “environmental friendliness” and “customer satisfaction”. (Hotel New Otani, 2010) The newly developed Air Conditioning Energy Management System enables guests to select the room temperature, air flow, as well as humidity of their choice. The advantage of using this system is that it is highly effective in lowering energy consumption. The total of 22.7% in energy consumption and 28% in CO2 emissions is reduced as the result of implementing this system. (Hotel New Otani, 2010) Plants also help in reducing heat. The New Otani Hotel consists of a rose garden and a green rooftop. Designed by the world- renowned English florist Kenneth Turner, red roses spread over an area of 2,500m2. To add to that, an additional 2,800m2 of green roof has been installed on the rooftops and the canopy of the main entrance. Other than the pleasant view of the greenery, bamboo grass and azaleas differing in height are also proven to be effective in reducing heat. (Hotel New Otani, 2010)

Fig 23



 The installation of a water recycling system in gardens or staff lavatories produces 1,000 tons of recycled water daily from kitchen sewage water. Since this system was installed, the consumption of tap water has significantly reduced, and the damage done to the environment is therefore reduced as well (Hotel New Otani, 2010). The hotel also installed the hot water supplier with air-source heat pump. This is the first time this facility is being used in the industry. It reduces CO2 emissions remarkably at a very low cost. Exhaust heat from the mechanical rooms is also recycled and reused, achieving the protection of the ozone layer by replacing fluorocarbon with CO2 refrigerants (Hotel New Otani, 2010). Mentioned above are only a few of the many examples used in achieving a sustainable design. As the hospitality industry continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to consider sustainable design. As designers of 4D Hotels, we will strive for achieving not only a sensual and rewarding experience, but one that does not require the trade off of the environment.

Color and Materials Lighting Acoustics Human Factors Environmental Issues Universal Access Wayfinding

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Special Programming



 1. A unique service our 4D hotel would like to provide is a tea room. Drinking tea is a part of Japanese famous tradition and still today, tea symbolizes the well-being of the human spirit in Japan. By introducing the tea room, 4D hotel visitors can learn the etiquettes and experience the taste and scent of Japanese traditional tea. 2. Meeting rooms are provided for business travellers. The meetings rooms are equipped with computers, projector, wireless internet and video conferencing equipments. It can serve from small to medium size of groups. Booking in advance is needed. 3. Our group would like to incorporate a garden as a feature of the hotel. The garden is not only aesthetically pleasing but also enhances the quality of air. It will be designed according to traditional Japanese gardening elements to provide the unique experience to visitors. 4. A health club/spa will also be provided for visitors’ convenience and comfort. 5. Retail shops will be presented along the street to attract visitors and to increase the profit for the hotel as well. They are accessible from inside of hotel and the streets. 6. There will be a hotel restaurants open to hotel users and the general public.

Fig 24





By using colours, a hotel can generate a wide range of different atmospheres. They can achieve different spatial perceptions and impact moods. When choosing the proper colour for the hotel, designers should consider the purpose of spaces and what kind of environment they want to provide. Colours affect our moods, feelings and behaviours. Red and its analogous colours are associated with warmth and excitement. When these colours are used in a hotel lobby, it can create a stimulating and energetic atmosphere. Sometimes, these colours are used as an accent wall to emphasize the volume of a space. In contrast, blue, violet and green are perceived as calm, quite and clean colours. If these colours are used in a hotel room, they can bring refreshment to the visitors. Also by playing with value of a colour, one can create different effects. Light colours seem to be cooler than dark colours and pale colours are perceived to be more distant than intensified colours (Maureen, 1984). Another technique used by designers is a combination of colours; triad or complementary colours are vibrant; analogous colours are harmonious and calm; split complementary colours are visually contrasting (Hibi, 1989, 6). Japanese architecture always respects the natural elements and tries to resemble the nature around it. Therefore naturally, the colours most used in Japanese architecture are true colours of the materials such as colours of trees, clay, earth and grass. Neutral colours are seen as most harmonious colours that complement the nature (Hibi, 1989, 6). Beige, white, grey, brown and black are commonly used in Japanese interior. Materials for flooring of a lobby must bear the live load, therefore has to be strong and durable. It is also important to consider any noise or marks on materials that are used under areas where luggage or carts will be moved across. Most commonly used materials for the hotel lobby are stones, terrazzo and carpet. Natural stones are often used in public space for their durability, easy maintenance, long life cycle and elegance. Depending on the finishes, they can create different effects; polished finish has glossy surface that reflects lights that enhance the volume of a space. But it can be hazardous due to its slipperiness; a satin finish has less reflectivity and is less slippery (Sidney, 2001).





Materials make up the visual appearance of a design and also add texture to the layers of colors used. Part of what draws a person near is the color itself, and the curiosity of the material. Materials can evoke certain emotions, memories and imagery that may be triggered by the touch of a stone wall, the feeling of a soft rug beneath our feet, or the raw texture of the wooden table. For an interior space like a hotel guest room, it is important for materials to be assessed by their durability. Carpet is frequently used in lobby, corridor and hotel rooms to absorb footstep and luggage noise. Although it might not be durable for long term usage particularly at a hotel where it is subject to various activities (McGowan & Kruse, 2004). . Sometimes it is used to create a circulation path to help wayfinding. Wood is a popularly used material in Japanese architecture. Hardwood may be a good choice for small special areas such as tea room or waiting area. However, when they are used in lobby or corridor, due to lack or sound absorption, it can generate unwanted sounds. Although it is relatively durable, it is harder to maintain and much more expensive. A possible alternative and commonly used material in more private Japanese spaces are tatami mats. Not only are they sound absorbing, but they can also endure years of usage and are generally easy to maintain. Various materials for wall could be considered including mosaics, stone, fabric or other tactile elements. Paint is considered as inexpensive material as it is easy to maintain and easy to change. Fabric wall coverings can have great acoustical properties as well as to add to the tactile qualities of a space. Window coverings such as blinds and curtain should be used to adjust amount of daylight received in the space. To avoid direct sunlight, and reflection, window coverings are desired. Aging of materials is celebrated in Japanese architecture. Change in colour, look and the texture of the natural materials is what adds essence to the building (Dana, 2010). “Artificial – by which I mean architecture – through various tricks, you try to proceed without doing any maintenance... Concrete is representative, walls and bridges said to last an eternity...But natural materials weather easily, slowly deteriorate. It is okay as this is their destiny.” (Dana, 2010)



 1. A unique service our 4D hotel would like to provide is a tea room. Drinking tea is a part of Japanese famous tradition and still today, tea symbolizes the well-being of the human spirit in Japan. By introducing the tea room, 4D hotel visitors can learn the etiquettes and experience the taste and scent of Japanese traditional tea. 2. Meeting rooms are provided for business travellers. The meetings rooms are equipped with computers, projector, wireless internet and video conferencing equipments. It can serve from small to medium size of groups. Booking in advance is needed. 3. Our group would like to incorporate a garden as a feature of the hotel. The garden is not only aesthetically pleasing but also enhances the quality of air. It will be designed according to traditional Japanese gardening elements to provide the unique experience to visitors. 4. A health club/spa will also be provided for visitors’ convenience and comfort. 5. Retail shops will be presented along the street to attract visitors and to increase the profit for the hotel as well. They are accessible from inside of hotel and the streets. 6. There will be a hotel restaurants open to hotel users and the general public.

Fig 25



 Sound produced by humans, transportation, machinery and nature surrounds us every day and when they are “unwanted” sounds, they are labelled as noise. The feeling of privacy depend a great deal on visibility and acoustical levels of a room to a guest. It is ideal to separate guest rooms from elevator shafts and major duct chases. “Buffer spaces” can be used between storage, janitor services, stair towers or any other source of noise (McGowan, 2004). Glazing should be avoided for any interior walls facing corridors or mechanical rooms. Additional concern should be put into any glazing used on exterior walls facing highways, rail lines and outside noises. Double glazing can reduce exterior noise and special glazed windows may also increase privacy from nearby highways or highrise buildings. Within a room, various elements in a design can help lower noise from escaping such as carpeting, rugs, fabric wall coverings and acoustical panels. The importance of reducing noise to the necessary level for different areas is because control over these external factors helps guests feel more relaxed and safe within their new environment.

Fig 26



 In a hotel where guests look forward to where they can rest and refresh themselves, many physiological and psychological human factors are considered when designing to create a stimulating and soothing environment. Due to the compactness of most Japanese homes, the technical and functional capacity of the space and its furnishings should reflect human movement and culture- Ergonomics. Human behaviour is also affected by the five senses: sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste. Visual data is the most direct and engaging to human beings as many images evoke others with different cultural or person meanings, or past experiences and associations. Touch or feel is also equally important in a hotel environment because guests will have skin contact with various types of finishes and textures, all of which may link their tactile experiences to emotional experiences in which they may feel happy, relaxed, irritated, uncomfortable or even pampered. The following points that are Principles of Good Universal Design can be thought as applicable in all environments (McGowan, 2004): • Equitable use • Perceptible information • Flexibility • Tolerance of error • Simple and intuitive use • Low physical effort • Accessibility When people are in a foreign place, they are also feeling most vulnerable. In Maslow’s diagram depicting the levels of human needs and desires, “Belonging”, “Safety”, and “Physiological” are the basic elements required for humans to survive in an unfamiliar environment. Guests need to feel that they have established their sense of place , and that they are secure within their space with all their physiological needs addressed. On top of that, if the hotel is able to satisfy “Self-Esteem” and “Self- Actualization” needs, then its design is going beyond providing the basic comfort and requirements. It also identifies design elements that will affect the emotional and sensual needs that are the most important domains of human experience.



 In present days, the amount of pollutants made during process of preparing building materials should not be ignored. Technology should steadily continue to enhance natural processes so that materials may be used with greater efficiency and consequently develop more in harmony with the earth (McGowan, 2004). The World Commission on Environment and Development had said that sustainable development should “meet with the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (McGowan, 2004). Energy consumption is noticeably high in a hotel and the energy needed to maintain a hotel can be produced by renewable energy systems like wind, solar systems or with alternative energy systems that use ‘green power’ from a utility company or by additional fuel cells and desiccant cooling systems (McGowan, 2004). The following points can be utilized to minimize energy loads and promote a sustainable building: • Align building with solar orientation • Employ shading devices to reduce heat gain • Provide passive ventilation • Install vegetated roofs to reduce energy flow and reduce urban heat island effect • Use high- performance glazing • Design glazing to capture available day-lighting • Utilize automatic daylight-dimming sensors • Use renewable or regenerate resources • Implement convenient recycling and waste-reducing building management plans In terms of the global environmental problems, even though Japan is an urbanized leading industrial power, a great deal of its land’s natural beauty has been defaced by overcrowding and industrial development (Dolan & Worden, 1994). Several environmental disasters brought about environmental groups, particularly about pollution and smog. Under such pressure, the Japanese government established strict automotive emission standards and began aiming to reduce noise, mining, litter and air pollutants in all major ciites (Dolan & Worden, 1994).



 In the 2005 Aichi Japan Expo, the following ideas have have been realized to help preserve the earth’s current environmental state and resources. 1) Bio-lung: A giant greening wall 2) Bamboo used as a support frame 3) Photo catalystic steel plate roof: for maximizing the heat of vaporization and water purification

Fig 27

Fig 28

Fig 29



 Since hotels must accommodate for all types of users, accessibility is an important consideration in designing. Ease of access for people of all ages and physicality needs to be considered. The choice of colors, materials and particular details needs to fit with people who may have disabilies whether they are physical, visual or hearing impairments. People in wheelchairs must not feel that they are being separated from other users or be restricted in movement inside their rooms. They should be able to share the same facilities without the feeling of isolation or difficulty. In accessible design: • The floor space must accomodate for a stationary wheelchair to make a full U-turn • Tables and counter heights must accomodate for standing, sitting and other basic movements by a person with or without a mobility problem • Faucets, shelves, cabinets needs to be reachable by a person in a wheelchair • Doors and exits must be wide enough for a wheelchair to pass through with ease • Finishes and materials that may become obstructive for a wheelchair to move freely over should be avoided

Fig 30



 Wayfinding issues must be addressed in any public space. It is an important issue for spatial orientation. For example, the main entrance of the hotel must be clearly identified, convenient and obstacle-free. The two main factors that contribute to the success of wayfinding are the layout of units and the quality of environmental communication (Reffat). Wayfinding is achieved by carefully organizing and placing spatial elements and forms, creating directional circulations (Reffat). To add to that, graphic information such as signs and logos are also important tools to point out the specific functions of each space. The overall objective is that functions of the spaces should be easy to determine for first-time users.

Fig 31

Fig 32



 4D Hotel Programming Chart ( "C" Public Areas, "R" Private Rooms)

Space

Description

Entrance Area Primary entrance from Street

Vestibule

Elevator

Front Lobby

Size (square footage)

Spatial Adjacencies

Equipment and Furnishings ( FF&E)

Material requirements

Environmental factors

Security Issues

Comments

200

Adequate, Should provide energy-efficient clear access to and appealing Durable against Street should various loads hotel. Carefully lighting design have clear view and weather placed and easily for day and night, of the entrance conditions recognizable can withstand hotel logos various weather conditions

Good acoustical control from noisy streets, and various weather conditions

Provide security cameras and "Man-lock"

Incorporate entrance drive to receive and welcome guests

100

Passage between outdoor space to front lobby

Adequate, energy-efficient Durable against Should provide and appealing various loads clear access to lighting design and weather hotel for day and night, conditions provide access panel

Good acoustical control from noisy streets

Provide security cameras

Must accommodate for large luggages and people in wheelchairs

Provide security Should be in Adequate, Hygenic, durable cameras, close proximity to energy-efficient against various Energy-efficient emergency bell reception desk, Provide handrails and soft lighting, power system loads, slip and standard connection provide access resistance safety between floors panel measures

1500

Should be adjacent to vestibule, reception desk, elevator, and other public areas

Adequate, Good quality, energy-efficient durable, slip and Seatings and and ambient scratch resistant, tables for waiting lighting, provide easily maintained guests, visual access panel, material that branding directional to connects to reception and branding elevator

Reception

500

Reception desk must have good view of door but not be directly in front of entrance sight lines

Tea Room

1500

Should be partly Japanese visible from main traditional tea entrance and tables, mats and front lobby equipments

800

Should be away from noisy public areas, accessible from secondary entrance, adjacent to front lobby

Meeting/ Conference Room

Lighting requirements

Reception desk 180 sq. ft reception chair lounge seating for 6

Task lighting over reception desk subdued lighting waiting seating area

Soft lighting

Ergonomic task Task and indirect chairs and tables lighting to avoid to accommodate glare. Provide for small to dimmer medium groups

Quality finishes wood, carpet, glass stainless steel

Local sustainable materials. Energyefficient electrical systems. Provide adequate natural daylight

Logo and branding should be particularly evident in this area

Logo and branding Good acoustical Provide "Manshould be particularly control from lock" and evident in this area, noisy office security design should areas. Provide cameras, alarm encourage smooth adequate natural button from and efficient check-in daylight reception desk. process

Good ventilation Local traditional and provide finishes adequate natural daylight

Good quality, durable, easily maintained materials

Provide security cameras

Must accommodate for large luggages and people in wheelchairs

Provides privacy within area

Secondary entrance must Good ventilation be monitored and provide with cameras. adequate natural Access limited daylight by hotel management

Authentic cultural design

Area can be divided into separate rooms. Provide window converings for daylight control



 Space

Description

Size (square footage)

Equipment and Furnishings ( FF&E)

Lighting requirements

Material requirements

Environmental factors

Security Issues

Comments

Retail Shop

500

Adjacent to front Display shelves, lobby and main tables. entrance

Direct and indirect lighting depending on products

Good quality, durable, easily maintained materials

Good ventilation

Provide security cameras and alarm

Provide recycling centres for packaging wastes

Provide security cameras

Provide waste systems for recyclable and compose

Spatial Adjacencies

Restaurant (Bar included)

1000

Good quality, Tables and durable, slip and Accessible from seatings to General ambient scratch resistant, main entrance, accommodate for and pendant easily maintained Good ventilation adjacent to front different group lighting material that lobby sizes connects to branding

C10

Health Club/ Spa

800

Adjacent to elevator and separated from open public areas

600

Close proximity to healh club, also separated from open public areas

Access cards required.

Provide security camera in corridor.

Double bed, Good quality, Natural lighting , Good ventilation durable, easily Access cards Closer to ground desk, tv, task and task and and provide level, accessible lounge seating, maintained, local required. Safe direct/indirect adequate natural to elevator bathroom, closet, sustainable box provided. lighting daylight small storage materials

Provide security camera in corridor.

C11

Garden/ Lounge

Good quality, Training Access cards durable, slip and equipments with Soft and indirect required, scratch resistant, Good ventilation tv monitors and lighting provide security easily maintained music players camera material

Seatings

Natural lighting or lighting that mimics sunlight

Natural local Good ventilation materials, typical and provide of traditional adequate natural setting daylight

Provide amenities typical in Japanese culture

Standard Suite

250

Average High Suite

350

Mid level of building, accessible to elevator

High quality, Queen-size bed, Natural lighting , Good ventilation desk, tv, task and durable, easily Access cards task and and provide maintained, local required. Safe lounge seating, direct/indirect adequate natural bathroom, closet, sustainable box provided. lighting daylight small storage materials

Provide security camera in corridor.

450

Closer to top portion of building, accessible to elevator

King-size bed, desk, tv, task and High quality, Natural lighting , Good ventilation lounge seating, durable, easily Access cards task and and provide bathroom, closet, maintained, local required. Safe direct/indirect adequate natural small storage, sustainable box provided. lighting daylight kitchen, dining materials area

Provide security camera in corridor.

Luxury Suite



 As users enter 4D Hotel, they would be greeted by the staff and feel welcomed. The location of the front desk must be immediately visible to the entering hotel guest and it should be positioned that the desk personnel can visually oversee the elevators. There should be sufficient elevator lobby space for handling luggage and the bellman station should be near the front desk, elevators, and front entrance. Clear paths to the front desk, elevators, restaurants and bars, meeting and banquet areas must also be established for easy way-finding. The overall objective for the design of the public areas is that they should branch out around the reception desk. Another one of the important objectives is to carefully manage the public spaces and their relations to the private rooms so that guests would be able to access the spaces easily. Overall, the public spaces should all be on the bottom floors and the private spaces should be on the upper floors. Public spaces that contain some privacy for gatherings and parties require the rooms to be separated in order to achieve privacy and sound control.

Fig 33

La Dolce Vita

PRACTICUMS

Metropolis at Night



 The first stop of our night out was Dundas Square. During the day time, the Square is often filled with people watching various performances and the focal point is on the stage. However, at night, this place changes drastically. The focus and energy of the space lies with the people who are sitting around or hanging out in the open space. At night time, there is bits of movement and energy are littered around Dundas Square and all the billboards shine even more brightly. There is a sense of melancholy hanging over the people here; the atmosphere is quite different than in the daytime. Strangely, the quietness seems more real than the vibrancy of the morning. Time seems to move slower, or perhaps it is the feeling that these people seem to have all the time in the world. At night, there is a greater sense of freedom and curiosity that derives from the shadow and silence in the city. Even so, there is less fear- sense are heightened and we feel unbound and secretly exhilarated. Inside the Eaton centre, there were few people wondering around. Most were by themselves,sitting down,talking or standing beside the window looking out to the street. Compared to the daytime, the space was incredibly quiet and empty. In the middle of the entrance hall, there was an interactive machine that has been there for a long time. Although we have seen it many times before, it suddently stands out, oddly alone and functioning in a great empty space. At night, where there are less people and less watchful eyes, we started to play the game on the machine. Not only once but over and over again... We started thinking, at night you could do something that you would never do at daytime. It felt like we own the place. Interestingly, the building details caught our attention. A new planning of the mall came into eyes and we started noticing some of the openings are filled in. Going deeper into the mall, there were construction people actively working. It felt like the day has just begun for them. Newspaper delivery man was carrying today’s newspaper in a trolley, construction workers were cutting material and discussing plan, and security guards appeared and disappeared every now and then. The mall was once again full with noise but it was different type of noise than the one we hear during the day. If the noise from daytime is called the orchestra, the noise from night time is the solo. Still loud and distinctive, but in a consistantly uniform sound of machinery which fills the space.



 By the time we got out of Eaton centre, there were barely any people around. Walking towards the city hall, we saw only a handful of people wandering the streets. The Nathan Philips Square was shrouded in a blanket of darkness. Only the sound of the water fountain and the broken sound of passing cars could be heard. Standing in the middle of darkness with the dark night sky above us, we felt vulnerable and exposed. Our eyes could not see past the darkness, but we could hear the sound of the water, of a car racing past and occasionally of footsteps belonging to a stranger. We relied on our visual senses the most but in the darkness, it was not reliable and our other senses became sharper and heightened. On the benches at the square, there were people were sleeping. They had claimed the area as their territory and even though there was no physical barrier, we wouldn’t dare walk near their area. We tend to expect different things when we are at different places. While it might seem frightening to see a stranger come up to talk at the city hall, it is considered normal that a stranger at a café starts a conversation. In daytime, 7West is no different from any other restaurant down the street. However, at night time, it transforms into a mysterious and cozy gathering space for strangers and friends. The space has a vintage feel to it and had minimal lighting, only a few tealights per table. The atmosphere made us feel warmer even in the chill of the night, and by now, we had overcome the worry of the uncertainties of the city at night and were simply “living in the moment”, ready to embrace whatever came and be spontaneous.

Fig 34



 La Dolce Vita, meaning ‘the sweet life’, was produced in 1960 by a director Federico Fellini. Marcello, a young Roman journalist encounters several women in seven days. Marcello struggles between going for a serious writing career versus a profitable but meaningless newspaper work. Throughout the movie, he develops relationships with different women and neglects his fiancee. At the end of the movie, he seems lost and has become one of the others in the movies. The main character of this movie seems to reflect our inner selves. Finding a meaningful way of life, trying to find our place of belonging within society and struggling to attain both love and happiness is what a majority of us are searching for in our own lives. We often wonder where what our positions is among others. Marcello, who is constantly exposed to glamorous life of celebrities, he questions himself about who he really is. “Safety is not being locked up in one’s home. A more miserable life is better than an existence protected by a perfectly organized society.” He is brave enough to break his own small world in search for meaning of life. However, like flooded prostitute’s house where one has to stand on unstable piece of wood, his state of mind is very vulnerable. He expresses his need for love by going out with women. He can’t stabilize himself or attach himself to anything. The idea of detachment, loss of identity and belonging, and vulnerability may be found Like Marcello, this world is torn between past and future, between sweet hedonism and nourishing authenticity. The story portrays a voyeuristic perspective into a corrupted society where alcohol and sex seem to be the only things people value and it also goes to the extreme by suggesting that giving up your own life is the only way out. It is a cynical take on

Fig 35

 AP. (2010, April 28). The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved September 28, 2010, from Tokyo’s population tops 13 million : http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/tokyos-population-tops-13-million-20100428-ts3q.html archiCentral. (2008, Dcember 23). archiCentral. Retrieved September 25, 2010, from The Nakagin Capsule Tower // Tokyo // Japan // Kurokawa Kisho: http://www.archicentral.com/the-nakagin-capsule-tower-tokyo-japan-kurokawa-kisho-2140/ Architects’ Journal. (1970). Principles of hotel design. London: Architectural Press. Bowring, R., & Kornicki, P. (1993). The Cambridge encyclopedia of Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press. Buntrock, D. (2010). Materials and meaning in contemporary Japanese architecture : tradition and today. New York: NY: Routledge. Cervero, R. (c1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Washington, D.C: Island Press. Dolan, R. E., & Worden, R. L. (1994). Japan: A country study. Washington: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress. Earthquakes. (2004, 10 25). Retrieved 9 30, 2010, from Japan guide: http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2116.html Edagawa, Y. (c2008). Japanese identities : architecture between aesthetics and nature. Berlin: Jovis. Frith, M. (2001). Tiny homes that are still big in Japan :[A Edition]. Evening Standard , 10. Future Foundation. Travel and tourism in 2020: The Key Drivers of Travel. London: Future Foundation Projects . Garyhymes. (2005, 5 11). Tokyo. Retrieved 9 26, 2010, from Flickr: http://www.flickr.com/photos/garyhymes/ Glancey, J. (2007). Obituary: Kisho Kurokawa: Leading Japanese architect whose work was influenced by both east and west. The Guardian , 36. Godoy, T. (2008). Tokyo street style: fashion in Harajuku. London: Thames & Hudson. Government, T. m. (2010). Overview of Tokyo. Retrieved 9 28, 2010, from Tokyo metropolitan government: http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview02.htm Graham- Bacon Architects. (19--). Tourist accommodation. S.I: s.n. Hibi, S. (1989). Japanese detail: architecture. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. History. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 29, 2010, from The Fullerton Hotel: www.fullertonhotel.com Japan Ryokan Association. (n.d.). Ryokan. Retrieved September 30, 2010, from An Outline of the Japanese Ryokan, for a Pleasant Stay: http://www.ryokan.or.jp/english/what/index.html Journal, T. A. (1970). Principals of Hotel Design. England: Harrison & Sons Ltd. Mainichi Daily News. (2006). Demolition proposal for unique capsule tower stirs controversy. Mainichi Daily News , 1. Mansfield, S. (2009). Tokyo: a cultural history. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Maraini, F., & Sund, H. (c1976). Tokyo. Amsterdam: Time- Life Books.

 McBride, B. (2008, December 22). PingMag. Retrieved September 25, 2010, from Nakagin Capsule Tower: Architecture of the Future: http://pingmag.jp/2008/12/22/nakagin/ McGowan, M. (2004). Interior Graphic Standards. New Jersey: J. Wiley & Sons. National Post. (2007). Architect designed Japan’s first pod hote. National Post , AL.11. Ouroussoff, N. (2009). A vision of postwar cities is threatened Kurokawa’s 1972 project, the Nakagin Capsule Tower, may not survive. International Herald Tribune , 9. Pogrebin, R. (2007). Metabolist saw buildings as organisms that could evolve with modular units :[Final Edition. Times - Colonist , B8. Rediscover Japan Co., Ltd. (n.d.). Japanese Guest Houses. Retrieved September 20, 2010, from About Ryokans: http://www.japaneseguesthouses.com/about/ryokan/index.htm Rutes, W. A., & Penner, R. H. (c1985). Hotel planning and design. New York: Whitney Library of Design. Sacchi, L., & Purini, F. (2004). Tokyo: city and architecture. New York: Universe. Sidney, L. (2001). Construction building envelope and interior finishes databook. New York: McGraw Hill. Sumner, Y., Pollock, N. R., Littlefield, D., & Sumner, E. (2010). New architecture in Japan. London: New York: Merrell. Takahashi, M. (2005). Design city Tokyo. London: Wiley- Academy. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. (n.d.). Retrieved September 27, 2010, from TOKYO’S HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, AND POPULATION: http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview03.htm Tokyo Metropolitan Government. (1990). Tokyo industry: a graphic overview. Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan Government.

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