Ripple
Lucy Sharman Final Design Report Semester 1 2021
CONTENTS
Abstract 04
01
RESEARCH & SITE ANALYSIS
06
History of the Site and the Parramatta River Remediation of the Parramatta River and Foreshore The Challenge of Increasing Urban Heat
07 10 12
02
DEVELOPING A RULE BASED SYSTEM
16
03
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 48
04
FINAL DESIGN PROPOSAL 57
Ink Studies: Background & Method 17 Early Experiments with Rice Paper Prints 18 Robotic Experiments 21 Defining a Rule-Based System 23 Observed Patterns 34 Early Scripting Experiments 35 Kangaroo Experiments 36 Breakdown of Process & Parameters 37 Grasshopper Script 38 Digitally Generated ‘Ink’ Studies 39 Digitally Generated Fluid Landscapes 44 From 2D to 3D: Concept Models 45
Concept Development 49 UN Sustainable Development Goals 50 Using the Rule Based System as a design Tool 51 Early Concept Drawings 52
Site Plan 58 Ground Plan 60 Aerial ‘Meta’ Drawing 62 Detail Design Breakdown 64 2021-2100 Long Sections 86 Physical model 88 Bibliography 92
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ABSTRACT ‘Ripple’ is a project about Sydney’s relationship with water.
Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly the goals of ‘Good Health & Wellbeing’, ‘Reduced Inequalities’, ‘Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure’ and ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities.’
Inspired by patterns generated by ink floating and swirling in water, it proposes a new riverside swimming facility at Sydney Olympic Park that engages with the climate change-related wicked problem of the urban heat island effect, and the ongoing challenge of pollution in the Parramatta River.
In Sydney, the urban heat island effect is a key example of a climate-change related challenge contributing to spatial inequality; as average temperatures rise and heatwaves become more frequent and extreme, Western Sydney is disproportinately affected. Parks and water bodies such as Sydney Olympic Park and the Parramatta River will play increasingly critical roles as places of cooling and recreation.
Humans’ relationship and perceptions of the Parramatta River have shifted over time. Before European settlement of Australia, the river was revered by the indigenous Wann-gal people as a spiritual entity and source of food, tradition and dreaming. Whilst early settlers marvelled at the river’s beauty, capturing it in paintings and building riverside garden estates, it was soon taken advantage of, degraded and polluted as Sydney urbanised and industrialised throughout the 20th century. In the 1990s, as Sydney prepared to host the 2000 Olympics, attention shifted once again to the river and it’s foreshore’s ecological, cultural and economic value, and efforts to remediate the contaminated water and foreshore lands began.
Building on the history of swimming areas along the Parramatta River, this project proposes a staged approach towards the rehabilitation of the Blaxland Riverside Park into a swimming and recreation facility. The project aims to apply principles and technologies of sustainable water-sensitive urban design to deal with the challenges of contamination & stormwater runoff with the long-term goal, in conjunction with other city-scale efforts, of improving water quality in the river until it is safe for swimming. Water sensitive urban design is tied into all aspects of the design, from the use of permable paving to stormwater collection and bioremediation and rainwater harvesting and reuse.
Today, the looming threat of climate change raises questions about the environmental and social sustainability of cities, their vulnerabilities and relationship to key natural resources. Addressing these vulnerabilities is key to working towards the United
The facility not only addresses the growing demand 4
for swimming pools in an increasingly hotter Sydney but also counters the urban heat island effect in all aspects of its design - by increasing vegetation cover, strategic shading using white fabric shade structures, reducing hard surface cover, and enhancing proximity to water. As sea levels rise, more surface area of the concrete pool platform will become submerged by the river, cooling surface temperatures and reducing stored heat emitted from thermal mass.
based on the ancient Japanese art of Suminagashi. These studies have allowed me to explore several properties of water including its movement, surface tension, reaction to foreign substances such as oil and surfectants, and reaction to turbulance and heat. These physical studies were approximated digitally using the Grasshopper plugin Kangaroo as parametric deformable circles that could grow and react to one another and external factors such as boundary lines, obstacles and ‘vortex’ vectors.
The pool is designed as a long-term, low-tech and low maintenance alternative to other recreational proposals such as airconditioned indoor swim centres or energy-consuming artifical wave pools. The choice of resilient materials such as sandstone and concrete, the timeless appeal of swimming and relaxing in nature, and the low operational energy requirements make it a sustainable option both environmentally, socially and economically. Importantly, the pool is free to access and promotes a deeper community connection to, and investment in, the health and condition of the Parramatta River.
From these studies I developed a rule-based system that could be used to generate water-inspired topographies, structures and spatial layouts. At the master plan level, I used the Suminagashi Kangaroo script to create fluid interaction between each of the ‘zones’ I had designated. Then, zooming in to each zone, I applied the script in a variety of ways to generate a range of unique conditions - ranging from the chaotic, playful vortexes of the children’s pools to the undulating coral-like walls of the amenities building. This system allowed me to develop an interconnected, engaging landscape that responds specifically to the site, encourages exploration and celebrates the importance of water to the city.
As a starting point for the design, the theme of water was explored through ink and water studies
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PART 01
RESEARCH & SITE ANALYSIS
6
HISTORY OF THE SITE AND PARRAMATTA RIVER
yam agriculture and activities such as net weaving, manufacturing tools and cooking. The river itself was used for transportation and aquaculture including fishing for eels and shellfish.3
The Geological and Ecological History of the Parramatta River The watercourse now known as the Parramatta River was created 15 to 29 million years ago as water began carving through 200 million year old sandstone topography. 10,000 years ago, Sydney Harbour began to form as rising seawaters from melting glaciers filled the dry valley that had formed. At this time, the river’s foreshore is thought to have consisted primarily of saltmarshes, particularly on the flatter southern bank of the river.1 The Parramatta River is an estuarine tidal waterway, with both saltwater and freshwater sources. Only the first kilometre of the river from Parramatta is truly freshwater, with the rest of the river having varying mixes of saltwater and freshwater depending on the tides and rainfall. The river can be described as roughly divided into two main parts. It is shallow and narrow from Parramatta to Homebush Bay, before widening significantly into a series of bays and islands into Sydney Harbour.2 The Sydney Olympic Park site sits at the transition between these two conditions.
Drawn by J. Eyre; engraved by P. Slaeger [sic], A native camp near Cockle Bay, New South Wales with a view of Parramatta River, taken from Dawes’s Point, National Library of Australia, nla.obj135782267.
Colonial Uses of the River The Parramatta River was used as a means of travel and exploring by early European settlers, and its foreshore land was starting to be modified for agricultural purposes such as citrus orchards and vineyards as early as 1791, only 3 years after Sydney was first colonised by the British. In 1830, the wetlands at Homebush Bay were drained to create agricultural lands, and the Parramatta River foreshore was divided into large waterfront estates. The Sydney Olympic Park site was bought some time between 1788 and 1811 to form two large estates: the Newington Estate was used for salt panning, cattle grazing, logging and as a salt mill, and the Homebush Estate was used as a horse stud and race track during the 19th century. later in 1882, a powder magazine was established on the site by the NSW Military forces.4
Diagram of geomorphic zones in the Parramatta River. Source: Williams, Allen & Kelleway 2011 “Saltmash of the Parramatta River: Determination of Cover and Species Composition Including Comparison of API and Pedestrian Survey” Cunninghamia, 12, 29-43.
Indigenous History of the Parramatta River The Parramatta River is deeply connected to the dreaming and traditions of the Wann-gal people, who are thought to have occupied the lands stretching from current-day Cockle Bay and Rose Hill for 20,000 years. The river is considered by the Wann-gal people to be a living entity and was vital to day-to-day life. Its banks were used for grain and
Painting from 1798 titled ‘Captain Waterhouse’s Riverfront Estate The Vineyard’ from the City of Parramatta Research & Collections, www.historyandheritage.cityofparramatta.nsw.gov.au
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(Left) 1790 Map of the Parramatta River showing extensive salt flats. (Right) 1828 Map of the Parramatta River showing waterfront estate boundaries. Source: State Library NSW Online Archive.
Industrial Uses of the River
History of Recreation on the River
In the late 18th century, riverside industrial land became prized due to the ability to transport goods and dispose waste. In 1907 the State Abbatoir was established on the Sydney Olympic Park site, followed by the State Brickworks in 1911 and navy depot in the 1940s.5 On both shores of the Parramatta River, large areas of saltmarsh and mangrove were filled in to create riverside industrial land for the production of coal gas, pesticides, flour, timber preservatives and copper smelting.6
The Parramatta River has a long history of recreational use. It is thought that the Wann-gal people used the Parramatta river for swimming and recreation, particularly in the western freshwater portion less prone to bullsharks.8 Throughout the 19th century and up until the 1920s, the Parramatta River was seen as a holiday destination from metropolitan Sydney. Between 1904 and 1932, twenty swimming and bathing locations were built along the river including at Bayview, Parramatta, Abbotsford and Carabita, and picnicing, rowing and sailing were popular activities.
The river became severely polluted from the dumping of toxic industrial waste. By the 1960s and 70s, most industrial activities had ceased on the Sydney Olympic Park site and the land was used as a dump for household and industrial waste. By 1980, the land was largely abandoned.7
Carabita netted swimming area, photographed around 1920. Image from Canada Bay Connections Blog. https:// canadabayconnections.wordpress.com/tag/cabarita/
Homebush Bay 1980 by mark Johnson https://www.artgallery.nsw. gov.au/collection/works/71.1993/
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By the 1950s, the water quality of the river had been degraded by industrial pollution to a point where swimming was impossible, and most swimming facilities had been closed by the 1960s. In recent years, there has been a renewed push by local councils and community action groups such as the Parramatta River Catchment Group to “Make the Parramatta River Swimmable Again by 2025” and re-open swimming locations along the river. For instance, a new swimming area at Concord is set to re-open in 2022 after the closure of the original pool in 1969, pending ongoing water quality monitoring efforts.
Carabita Pool photographed around 1937. Image from Canada Bay Connections Blog. https://canadabayconnections.wordpress. com/tag/cabarita/
Photomontage of proposed swimming area at Bayview Park, Concord. Image from www.concreteplayground.com.
Lake Parramatta photographed around 1920. Image source: Dictionary of Sydney, Lake Parramatta https://dictionaryofsydney. org/entry/lake_parramatta
Abbotsford Baths photographed in 1908. Image from Canada Bay Connections Blog. https://canadabayconnections.wordpress.com/ tag/cabarita/
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WICKED PROBLEM 1: REMEDIATION OF THE PARRAMATTA RIVER & FORESHORE
Industrial Waste Dumping in the 1950s and 60s
1990s Sydney Olympic Park Remediation Project
from the late 19th to mid 20th century, industrial activity spread along the southern foreshore of the Parramatta River and the river was commonly used to dispose industrial waste.
In 1991 a study was conducted to test water and soil conditions at Sydney Olympic Park via boreholes at 50m intervals. 160ha of the site were found to be contaminated. The NSW Government allocated $137million to remediate the site between 1992 and 2000 to prepare for the Sydney Olympics. The primary strategy was to contain & treat waste on site rather than relocating it. Remediation was overseen by the Environment Protection Authority.
In the 1950s and 60s, industrial activity on the site had mostly ceased and the Sydney Olympic Park site was used to dump household and industrial waste. Most low-lying and mangrove areas were filled in with landfill, to the point where Wentworth Bay no longer existed by 1970.8
Remedial action included:
By 1988 it is estimated that the Sydney Olympic Park site contained 9 million cubic metres of waste which included “petroleum waste, unexploded ordnance, potential acid sulfate soils... dredged sediments, municipal waste, industrial waste including aesbestos.”9
•
•
Industrial activity has left high concentrations of legacy chemicals in river sediments, while leachate from contaminated foreshore land also contributed to toxic water conditions.10
Hydrocarbon-contaminated soil was treated in a two-stage thermal desorption process (Indirect Thermal Desorption & Base Catalysed Destruction). Buried waste was relocated to wastecontainment mounds that included leachate collection and transfer systems.
By the end of the process, 37,000kg of contaminated material was remediated from 900,000 parts per million to less than 1 part per million.14
Contemporary Sources of Contamination Stormwater runoff is believed to be the greatest source of contaminants in the Parramatta River today. This is supported by evidence of higher concentrations of heavy metals in the river near major stormwater outlets. Urban stormwater carries high concentrations of human pathogens from municipal sewerage and is dangerous to human health.11 Stormwater modelling by Birch & Rochford in 2009 reported that 215 GL of stormwater is discharged to Sydney harbour via the Parramatta River per annum.12
A clay-capped waste containment mount at Sydney Olympic Park. Image source: Centre for Creative Land Recycling
Consequences of Water Contamination • •
•
Ongoing Remediation Efforts
Presence of heavy metals and other toxic industrial substances in the Parramatta river are toxic to humans, animals & plant life. Influx of pathogens and nutrients from stormwater runoff can promote the growth of certain algaes and other non-indigenous species that threaten ecocystems Contact with water-bourne pathogens can cause illness in recreational users of the river.13
Sydney Olympic Park Authority is responsible for the long-term management of the engineered landfill sites that span 105 ha in the park. Ongoing treatment of leachate from landfill sites is required. This involves 12km of mains, 26 pump pits and 12 treatment ponds. Leachate is collected in subsurface collection drains and taken via gravity to a pump pit which pumps it to a location for treatment. 10
The majority of leachate is treated at a nearby commercial liquid treatment plant. Some leachate is treated in evaporation ponds or bioremediation ponds where bacteria converts hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. In 2014, a wetland system was introduced to treat the Blaxland Common landfill leachate as an alternative to offsite processing.15 One of the bioremediation ponds located in Wilson Park. Source: www.sydneyolympicpark.com
SITE ANALYSIS:
REMEDIATION MEASURES IN SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK
BLAXLAND COMMON LANDFILL
WOO-LA-RA LANDFILL
1:20,000
ARCHERY PARK LANDFILL
WILSON PARK BIOREMEDIATION PONDS
WENTWORTH COMMON LANDFILL
HASLAMS NORTH LANDFILL
KRONOS HILL LANDFILL
LEGEND LANDFILL ZONE
BICENTENNIAL PARK LANDFILL
CLAY CAPPED WASTE MOUND LEACHATE DRAIN
GOLF DRIVING RANGE LANDFILL
LEACHATE PUMPING LINE
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WICKED PROBLEM 2: THE CHALLENGE OF INCREASING URBAN HEAT
The Urban Heat Island Effect
•
The Urban Heat Island Effect describes the phenomenon where urban areas become significantly warmer than surrounding rural or vegetated areas due to the prevalence of hard surfaces surch as roads, pavements and buildings that absorb, store and radiate heat. This effect means that cities create their own microclimates where temperatures can be up to 7˚C hotter than adjacent rural areas.16
•
Rapidly growing population requiring heatabsorbing infrastructure such as roads, houses and car parks. Anthropogenic heat from car engines and AC units.19
The Impact of Climate Change on Urban Heat Climate change is proven to contribute to the intensification of extreme weather events including more frequent heatwaves. Australia’s annual average temperatures have increased by 1.44˚C since records began. It is projected that annual average temperatures will increase by 1˚C by 2030 and by 2.5˚C by 2100. Increasing heat will exacerbate the urban heat island effect.17 Spatial Inequality and Urban Heat Map showing the spatial patterm of Sydney’s mean temperature in the summer of 2015/16. Source: Adapt NSW, NSW Government Office of Environment & Heritage https://climatechange. environment.nsw.gov.au/Impacts-of-climate-change/Heat/Urbanheat
Spatial inequality can be most simply defined as the unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations. When talking about climate change, it usually refers to the idea that certain parts of a city or country are disproportinately affected by the effects of climate change such as increased heat, sea level change or storm events. Spatial inequality is intrinsically connected to other facets of inequality, including economic, cultural and social inequality, due to these factors playing important roles in determining where people live. Spatial equality is a concept of particular importance when talking about climate change, as research clearly indicates that the effects of climate change are not experienced equally.
Graph showing the number of days per year exceeding 35˚C in Sydney as a whole vs. Western Sydney. Source: Greening Australia.
Impacts of Urban Heat
In Sydney, the western suburbs are disproportionately impacted by increased heat compared to more coastal suburbs: On the 4th Jan 2020 for example, Penrith was the hottest place on earth, reaching a temperature of 48.9˚C, and in 2019 Parramatta recorded 47 days with temperatures 35˚C or higher.18 Reasons why Western Sydney is disportortionately impacted by urban heat include: •
Increasing urban heat has a range of health impacts on humans and their environments, including: • •
Sydney’s basin topography and the absense of cooling coastal winds
• 12
Poorer air quality due to heat reacting with and intensifying the effect of pollutants such as nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere. Higher risk of respiratory illness and heat exhaustion, particularly among vulnerable populations. Pressure on infrastructure including the electrical and water networks.
• •
by 2030. As a key parkland area of western Sydney, the Park plays a significant role in providing cooling and recreation opportunities for its own population and those of surrounding suburbs.
Overreliance on AC and car use which compounds the problem and contributes to higher emmissions. Links to decreased productivity, poorer education outcomes in children, mental health effects and increased rates of domestic violence.20
However, the Urban Heat Island effect manifests at a microclimate scale, meaning that ground level temperatures can signficantly vary from one square metre to the next - and some areas of the park are significantly hotter than others depending on shade, prioximity to water and materiality.
Mitigation Strategies Strategies that mitigate the urban heat island effect include: • Conserving large areas of vegetation / increasing vegetation cover. • Conserving green open spaces and liimiting hard surfaces. • Implementing water sensitive urban design (WSUB) which promotes water retention. • Reduced air con and car use, which create higher ambient temperatures • Providing access to swimming pools, rivers, lakes etc for recreation.21
A study by UNSW researcher Jonothan fox in 2017 found that on a 41 degree day in 2017, soft play surfaces at Sydney Olympic Park’s Blaxland water playground reached 84˚C and the bitumen car park reached 73˚C. The images below compare a photograph of the play area beside an infrared image showing difference in surface temperature.22
Urban Heat & Sydney Olympic Park Sydney Olympic Park is located in western Sydney and serves a growing population, with 35,000 daily workers and 24,000 residents planned for the suburb
SITE ANALYSIS:
DAYTIME SURFACE TEMP
THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT IN BLAXLAND RIVERSIDE PARK 1:3500
PLAYGROUND Softfall
44 - 48˚C
32 - 34˚C
41 - 43˚C
29 - 31˚C
38 - 40˚C
26 - 28˚C
35 - 37˚C
23 - 25˚C
Temperature data sourced from Parramatta City Council.
RIVERSIDE WALK Bitumen DENSE VEGETATION
BLAXLAND PLAYGROUND Synthetic grass, softfall
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CARPARK Bitumen BBQ AREA Bitumen
ARMORY WHARF Bitumen, timber
SITE ANALYSIS: URBAN HEAT, POPULATION GROWTH & PUBLIC SWIMMING POOLS The urban heat island effect manifests at a microclimate scale, meaning that it can hugely vary across an urban area depending on the density and materiality of built form, proximity to water, exposure to prevailing winds and vegetation cover. This mapping study of the site’s wider context overlays urban heat microclimate data collected by Parramatta Council in 2019 with an indication of areas of residential growth and the locations of public parks and swimming facilities. It shows that some of the most heat-affected areas towards Western Sydney are experiencing population growth yet are less serviced by swimming pools and parks.
WESTMEAD
PARRAMATTA STATION
× CLYDE
LIDCOMBE
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URBAN HEAT INDEX
RESIDENTIAL GROWTH
OTHER MAP DATA
800 - 1200
Most Vulnerable
Parramatta River
600 - 800
×
400 - 600 200-400 0-200
Sydney Olympic Park Project Site Public Swimming Pool
Least Vulnerable The UHI analyses temperature difference of an area to non-urban vegetated reference land surface temperature to rate an area’s vulnerability to the urban heat island effect. Data Source: Australian Government NSW Urban Heat Island Map 2019.
This data reflects the number of residential building approvals 2018-2019 at a sub-LGA level as an indication of residential growth. Data source: ABS Building Approvals Dataset, www.id.com
MACQUARIE PARK
MELROSE PARK
RYDE
SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK
STRATHFIELD
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Scale: 1:60,000
PART 02
DEVELOPING A RULE-BASED SYSTEM
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INK STUDIES: BACKGROUND & METHOD Method:
Suminagashi is a Japanese paper-marbelling technique that originated in Japan in the 12th century. It involves alternating between dipping a brush laden with sumi ink and a brush laden with a surfectant into a tray of water to create concentric rings. The ink is then swirled using a human hair or fanned to create swirling patterns. Finally a sheet of rice paper coated in alum is laid onto the water to create a one-off print of the design.
1. Fill a tray with water 2. Dip a brush laden with ink no more than 1mm into the surface of the water to create a black floating circle 3. Dip a brush laden with surfectant into the centre of the floating ink circle. This will push the ink into a ring.
For this studio I developed a simplified rulebased method for creating similar ink studies. Troubleshooting involved trying different inks (acrylic and alcohol-based inks didn’t float) different surfectants, and different papers (regular printer paper didn’t absorb the ink, watercolour paper was too stiff). As coating the paper with alum was too expensive and time consuming, I skipped this step.
4. Repeat alternating between ink and surfectant to create concentric rings 5. Swirl the surface of the water by blowing on it through a straw. 6. Carefully lay a sheet of rice paper on the surface of the water and leave for 5 seconds. The smooth side of the rice paper sheet should be facing down.
Materials required: - A tray of water - I part dishwashing liquid in 20 parts water (surfectant) - Black oil-based Indian Ink - 2 pointed paint brushes - Japanese rice paper
7. Remove the paper, rinse under running water and lay to dry. 8. Discard the water before making another print.
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EARLY EXPERIMENTS WITH RICE PAPER PRINTS
The following tests were conducted over a period of 5 days using a variety of water temperatures, surfectant ratios and techniques. Through repeated testing, the paramaters affecting the results became apparent:
• • •
Paramaters able to be controlled include: • Water temperature • Concentration of surfectant used • How many times the brush is dipped into the water • How much time passes between depositing ink and taking a print.
Inprecise hand movements External disruptions to the water stillness such as light breeze, vibrations of people walking past, etc. How much the water is disturbed when the paper is laid down.
Parameters more difficult to control include: • Exactly how much ink is on the brush • Exactly how far the ink is dipped into the water
20˚C 1:20 soap to water ratio 1 x Concentric circles
20˚C 1:20 soap to water ratio Circles split exponentially
20˚C 1:10 soap to water ratio 1 x concentric circles
10˚C 1:30 soap to water ratio 2 x concentric circles
50˚C 1:20 soap to water radio 1 x concentric circles
20˚C 1:20 soap to water radio 2 x concentric circles Blown with straw
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20˚C 1:30 soap to water radio 4 x concentric circles Blown with straw
80˚C 1:20 soap to water radio 3 x concentric circles
20˚C 1:20 soap to water radio 3 x concentric circles Fanned
20˚C 1:20 soap to water radio Randomly split circles Fanned
50˚C 1:30 soap to water radio 1 x concentric circle
10˚C 1:30 soap to water radio Circles split exponentially
10˚C 1:20 soap to water radio 2 x concentric circles
20˚C 1:30 soap to water radio Circles split exponentially
10˚C 1:320soap to water radio Blown with straw
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ROBOTIC EXPERIMENTS
On the 23rd March I worked with Lynn from the DMaF Lab to program the Kuka robotic arm to replicate my ink studies. My intention was to use the precision of the robotic arm to help reduce the human error factor in my studies, and hopefully produce more replicable results. The first challenge was that the robot could only hold one paintbrush, so while we successfully programmed it to dip ink, I still had to manually apply the sufectant which meant that human error was still a factor. The robotic process was also quite slow, and with a high fail-rate of properly capturing the print with rice paper each time, this resulted in very few paintings by the end.
The robot dipping ink into the tray. It was difficult to calibrate the position of the paintbrush to exactly touch the surface of the water, but once it was properly calibrated it worked perfectly.
Manually adding the surfectant in between the robotic ink - dips.
Reinking the paint brush
The script programing the movement of the robot.
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The robot in action
The ink rings floating in the tray before rice paper was added
The resulting rice paper print
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DEFINING A RULE - BASED SYSTEM Up until this stage, I had attempted to capture a record of all ink experiments using the rice paper printing method, however this had two key drawbacks: 1. It was extremely difficult to place the paper in the water without disturbing the ink pattern on the surface. Most prints showed blank patches and white streaks caused by air trapped beneath the paper. This resulted in only around 1 out of every 10 prints successfully capturing the observed pattern. 2. This printing method only captured a single moment in time and did not capture the ‘build up’ of a pattern or the way it morphed and changed. Based on this, I decided to photograph the water itself, taking a photograph after every new ink drop was applied. This was achieved using a circular white tray lit with lamps from all sides, and a remotecontrolled camera on a tripod (pictured, right) The following pages document the patterns observed.
TEST 01 Single dip-point 20 ° C water
23
TEST 02 2 dip-points 20 ° C water
24
TEST 03 2 dip-points 20 ° C water
25
TEST 04 3 dip-points 20 ° C water
26
TEST 05 4 dip-points 20 ° C water
TEST 06 5 dip-points 20 ° C water 27
TEST 07 5 dip-points 20 ° C water
TEST 08 Dip points increase exponentially 20 ° C water 28
TEST 09 Dip points split existing rings 20 ° C water
29
TEST 10 Dip points split existing rings 20 ° C water
30
TEST 11 Dip points from perimeter of tray Blowing with straw 20 ° C water 31
TEST 14 Blowing with straw 60 ° C water
TEST 15 Blowing with straw 20 ° C water
32
TEST 16 Blowing with straw 20 ° C water
TEST 17 Single dip point 60 ° C water
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OBSERVED MOVEMENT PATTERNS
OUTWARDS FORCE
DEFORMATION (EQUAL)
DEFORMATION (UNEQUAL)
VORTEX
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EARLY SCRIPTING EXPERIMENTS
ANEMONE PLUGIN In this test I used the Anemone plugin to ‘loop’ a portion of the script and trace an indication of water runoff over a topography. The script drops points onto a surface, draws a sphere around each point, intersects this sphere with the topography, finds the lowest point on the circle created and draws a line to this new point. When looped a certain number of times, the script progressively draws a line as each point travels down the topography.
VECTOR FIELDS In these studies I experimented with applying vectors to fields of points and lines. As a starting point I worked through all Joseph Claghorn’s vector field tutorials on the blog ‘Generative Landscapes’ www.generativelandscapes.wordpress. com. The first few experiments began with a random field of points amongst which a few ‘attractor points’ were scattered. I established a vector between each field point and its closest attractor point, then by moving the attractor points I could influence the direction of the field.
SPIN CHARGES In these experiments I applied spin charges to my fields of lines, to see if I could recreate some of the effects from my ink studies. Using negative and positive charges to either attract or repel points produced some fluidlike effects, however I found the results unpredictable and paramaters difficult to control. To study spin charges I followed through several online tutorials by Joseph Claghorn on the blog ‘Generative Landscapes’ www.generativelandscapes. wordpress.com
CURL NOISE I was introduced to curl noise when I contacted the generative artist Thomas Lin Petersen for advice on simulating fluid dynamics. Curl noise is a mathematical equation based on Purlin and Simplex noise fluid dynamics theories. It was designed to approximate fluid movement for video game animation. In these tests I applied a curl noise vector generating component into a vector field which caused them to begin moving in a circular motion.
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KANGAROO EXPERIMENTS
Moving away from working with vector fields and charges I began experimenting with the physics plugin Kangaroo. A key feature of Kangaroo is the ability to create ‘stretchy’, deformable curves called rods to which different forces could be applied. This process allowed me to reference starting geometry, for instance a set of concentric circles, into a solver component and watch them deform in real time.
maintained concentric geometries that reacted to and deformed one another as they responded to various forces. My intention with this method was to find ways of replicating the ‘key movements’ observed in my physical ink studies, to create a system that could generate similar fluid patterns in response to specific site geometry.
Unlike the vector fields, these Kangaroo experiments
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BREAKDOWN OF PROCESS & PARAMETERS
STARTING CURVE
RECREATE WITH STRAIGHT SEGMENTS
DIVIDE INTO POINTS
CONVERT TO RODS
PREPARE STARTING GEOMETRY
ADJUST INPUT PARAMATERS FOR RODS LENGTH FACTOR Increases length of each rod segment.
0.5
1.5
2
1
5
10
-1
0
1
AXIAL STRENGTH
Controls the strength of the ‘outward push’.
BEND STRENGTH
The higher the bend strength, the more each segment will try to return to its starting angle. A balance of the 3 paramaters creates fluid-like results.
APPLY EXTERNAL CONSTRAINTS CIRCLE PACKING
This maintains a smoothly rounded edge and prevents shapes from crossing over themselves or each other. The radius of each circle is parametrically linked to the length factor of the rod.
BOUNDARY CURVE
This keeps the rods within a defined boundary, which forces the shapes to interact with each other.
INTRODUCE ADDITIONAL VECTORS VORTEX
Adding a vortex object near the rods causes them to move and deform in a liquid-like manner, simulating the effects of heat or gentle movement on the physical ink studies. Adjusting the strength and radius of the vortex affects its impact on the neighbouring geometry.
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GRASSHOPPER SCRIPT 2.
1.
3.
5.
4.
1. CREATING CIRCLES THAT CAN STRETCH & DEFORM
Reference circle drawn in Rhino & divide into segments of a certain length
Draw straight polylines between points
Create rods. Add sliders for 3 key paramaters: Length factor, axial strength & bend strength.
2. MAKE CIRCLES REPEL EACH OTHER
3. KEEP CIRCLES WITHIN A BOUNDARY
Use sphere packing to draw a sphere around each node point. The radius of the sphere is based on the length of the segments created in step 1. This prevents the circles from overlapping each other or folding over themselves. The ‘circle’ component is for visualisation.
Use the curve point collide component set to ‘true’ to keep the rods within a set boundary. This forces them to interact with each other instead of moving apart from each other.
4. INTRODUCE VORTEXES The K2 Vortex component is a custom component created by the creator of Kangaroo and downloaded from www.FoodforRhino.com. When it is applied to an axis curve that is perpendicular to the C-plane, it begins to spin the rods in a spiral shape. Flipping the axis changes the direction of the spiral. Adding a circle at the base of the axis curve with ‘curve point collide’ set to ‘false’ will prevent the rods from wrapping too tightly around the axis, as it will keep points from going inside the circle zone.
5. FEED INTO SOLVER, REORGANISE DATA & DRAW CURVES
Feed the rods, circle packing, boundaries and vortexes into the bouncy solver component to generate fluid shapes.
When referencing multiple curves at once, it is necessary to reorganise the data into its original branches so that concentric curves can be drawn through the points correctly. Cleaning the tree and partitioning the list based on the structure of the original branches will achieve this.
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Rejoin points into their original concentric circles and interpolate the points to generate smooth lines.
DIGITALLY GENERATED ‘INK’ STUDIES
STARTING GEOMETRY
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 5 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: -1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 0
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LENGTH FACTOR: 2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
DIGITALLY GENERATED ‘INK’ STUDIES
STARTING GEOMETRY
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 5 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: -1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 0
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LENGTH FACTOR: 2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
DIGITALLY GENERATED ‘INK’ STUDIES
STARTING GEOMETRY
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 5 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: -1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 0
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LENGTH FACTOR: 2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
DIGITALLY GENERATED ‘INK’ STUDIES
STARTING GEOMETRY
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 5 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: -1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 1 BEND STRENGTH: 0
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LENGTH FACTOR: 2 AXIAL STRENGTH: 2 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
LENGTH FACTOR: 1.5 AXIAL STRENGTH: 10 BEND STRENGTH: 1
DIGITALLY GENERATED ‘INK’ STUDIES
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DIGITALLY GENERATED FLUID LANDSCAPES
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FROM 2D TO 3D: CONCEPT MODELS
To move from two-dimensional generated patterns into three-dimensional forms that could begin to take on architectural expression, I experimented with laser cut layered contour models. I chose this method of digital fabrication as it allowed the fluid shapes I had been generating in Kangaroo to take on a topographical form. The models evoke a sense of mass, topography and erosion - evoking how water might shape and deform a landscape. Model 1 and 2 trace the evolution of a single contour from its starting position to final position when affected by the mechanics of the grasshopper script. 15 iterations of the line were recorded by the script using a ‘data recorder’ component; offset vertically and laser cut. Model 3 is a topographical interpretation of one of the digitally generated fluid landscapes on pages 40-41.
15 iterations of a single contour line from start to end point
MODEL 1
MODEL 2
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Digitally generated fluid landscape drawing
Rhino contour model
MODEL 3
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MODEL 3
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PART 03
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
WHY DOES SYDNEY OLYMPIC PARK NEED A NEW RIVERSIDE POOL?
Climate change modelling has shown that Western Sydney will become increasingly affected by urban heat, with serious impacts on public health and equality.
Public swimming pools are an important community asset for exercise, recreation and relief from heatwaves. They are accessible, cheap to use and promote physical and social wellbeing.
As a low-tech alternative to an air conditioned indoor swim centre or energy consuming wave pool, a riverside pool promotes a deeper connection to and investment in the health & condition of the Parramatta River.
WHAT ARE THE DESIGN CONSTRAINTS?
The Parramatta River at Sydney Olympic Park is not currently suitable for swimming due to pollution. The design needs to contribute towards a long-term strategy for remediation of the river via Water Sensitive Urban Design strategies.
To be truly sustainable, the project must be long-lasting, impervious to climate-change related sea-level rise, resistant to harsh elements, low-tech and low maintenance.
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The design must provide a cool and thermally comfortable public environment to be a freeto-access place of relief on hot days.
UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
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A riverside pool encourages exercise and active activities such as swimming, kayaking and playing outdoors, which have physical and mental health benefits.
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Heatwaves can present a serious health risk to the community, particularly vulnerable populations. Access to a pool and a thermally comfortable public space provides relief and escape from the heat.
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The design encourages the community to spend time in nature which is associated with improved mental health.
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The remediation of the Parramatta River reduces public health risks associated with contact with contaminated soils or water.
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This project explores the potential of public infrastructure to be an asset to both the community and the environment.
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The pool design presents an alternative to high-tech infrastructure such as an indoor swim centre or an artificial wave-pool venue in favour of a low-tech approach that harnesses the natural resource of the Parramatta River.
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The project employs Water Sensitive Urban Design and bioremediation technologies and shows ways in which they can be playfully integrated into a playful urban domain.
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A new pool at Sydney Olympic Park addresses the issue of urban heat-related spatial inequality in Western Sydney by providing a place of relief on hot days.
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The pool is designed to be low-maintenence, with low-operating costs and low energy consumption, as it uses only natural river water.
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As a public resource it encourages water safety awareness and swimming skills to communities that might be discouraged by distance to a pool or the cost of accessing a private swimming centre.
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The kiosk provides an opportunity for Sydney Olympic Park to generate revenue that can be used for general upkeep of the facility and bioremediation systems.
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The selected site is a short stroll from a ferry stop, to promote accessibility for those without cars.
By allowing the community to swim in and enjoy the Parramatta River, the project encourages a personal connection to and investment in the environment.
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FROM INK TO SCRIPT TO DESIGN... USING THE RULE BASED SYSTEM AS A DESIGN TOOL
The process of developing a rule-based system through physical ink experiments, Kangaroo scripting and contour modelling emphasised the conceptual and physical relationship between water and topography. On a purely visual level, the patterns I began to generate using my digital process not only evoked flowing water, but also bore a close resemblance to contour maps, layered geological diagrams and the sedimentary patterns found in sandstone. These observations inspired me to consider water as a force within the landscape, with the power to carve through rock, erode landforms and change entire landscapes. This inspired the use of this script as a tool in my design process that could be use to morph and deform the boundary between land and water in a fluid way, with each decision having a flow-on effect to other elements of the design. At the master plan level, I used the Kangaroo script to create fluid interaction between each of the ‘zones’ I had designated. Then, zooming in to each zone, I applied the script in a variety of ways to generate a range of unique conditions - ranging from the chaotic, playful vortexes of the children’s pools to the undulating coral-like walls of the amenities building. This system allowed me to develop an interconnected, engaging landscape that responds specifically to the site, encourages exploration and celebrates the importance of water to the city.
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EARLY CONCEPT PLAN 1:1000 SHADE PAVILLIONS
50m LAP POOL KAYAK RENTAL PLAY POOL
BIOREMEDIATION PONDS
TOILETS & CHANGE ROOMS CAFE / KIOSK
SHADED OUTDOOR SEATING AREA
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SHADED CHILDREN’S POOLS
KEY PLAN
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EARLY AERIAL VIEW
DISCOVERY PONDS
Ponds for children and adults to observe natural flora and fauna
CAFE / KIOSK
ELEVATED PLATFORM SHADED CHILDREN’S POOLS
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The foreshore is extended with an elevated platform supported by piers, allowing access to a series of pools.
BIOREMEDIATION PONDS
Expand the current network of natural water treatment infrastructure at SOP. Rainwater runoff is collected and treated in the ponds before feeding into the pools.
TOILETS & CHANGE ROOMS
KAYAK RENTAL
50m LAP POOL
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CONCEPT EARLY DESIGN PLANSKETCHES
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PART 04
FINAL DESIGN PROPOSAL
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SITE PLAN 1:1500
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T T A A R A M P A R
R V E I R
ARMORY WHARF
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GROUND PLAN 1:500 WATERSPORTS PAVILION
50m POOL
SPLASH POOLS
AMENITIES BUILDING STORMWATER HARVESTING PONDS
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KIOSK
CHILDREN’S POOLS
ANCHORED PONTOONS DIVING POOL
PUMP ROOM & WATER TESTING STATION
OUTDOOR CLASSROOM
DISCOVERY PONDS
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AERIAL VIEW A central pedestian spine following the river’s edge links up the existing walking path and leads people through the site. On the land side, permeable sandstone pathways guide the public through thickly vegetated parkland to a series of pavilions including an amenities block and kiosk, and ‘island-like’ decks for relaxing beneath the trees. The concrete pool platform morphs and activates the river’s edge into a playful activity zone that encourages exploration and engagement with the river in a variety of different ways.
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MASTER PLAN - SCRIPTED ITERATIONS Rough ‘activity zones’ were first organised around the central circulation spine, with pools located on the water side, and facilities and remediation ponds located on the land side. These zones were subdivided into smaller circles and referenced into the Kangaroo script, which maintained the relative size and rough location of each activity zone but began to distort them into a fluid landscape with all elements interacting with one another. Tweaking the initial parameters including the number of control points dividing each circle, the bend strength and strength of circle packing allowed iterations to be tested and refined .
SPECTATOR ZONE SMALLER POOLS
50m POOL KIDS AREA
BIOREMEDIATION
CENTRAL PLAZA DISCOVERY PONDS BIOREMEDIATION
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THE DISCOVERY PONDS Fed with naturally remediated recycled stormwater from the nearby stormwater harvesting ponds, the discovery ponds are a place for adults to stroll and relax amongst nature, and children to explore, get their hands dirty and observe native fauna and flora including the golden bell frog, black swan, white-faced heron, long-finned eel and eastern snake-necked turtle. At the heart of the ponds is an outdoor classroom for school field trips.
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THE DISCOVERY PONDS DETAIL
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THE DISCOVERY PONDS SCRIPTED ITERATIONS
While digitally generating the form of the Discovery Ponds, a weaker axial strength paramater and bend strength paramater was used to create shapes with more folds and bends. This created small nooks and corners for flora and fauna to inhabit, and led to meandering, winding paths between the ponds.
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Fed by the River, the children’s pools are designed as a playful landscape of miniature islands and atolls to evoke play and imagination. The pools are safe and shallow and can be easily observed by parents sitting along the adjacent stepped promenade.
TODDLER & CHILDREN’S POOLS 69
CHILDREN’S POOL SCRIPT - GENERATED ITERATIONS
To design the children’s pools, multiple vortex components of different strengths and operating in different directions were inserted amongst the starting circles to generate chaotically swirling, playful geometries.
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TODDLER’S POOL SCRIPT - GENERATED ITERATIONS
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The main pool platform was designed to have as much concrete submerged under the water’s surface as possible, to reduce the urban heat island effect at a microclimate level. The 50m pool is designed to be multifunctional, facilitating uninterrupted lap swimming whilst casual swimmers can still occupy the shallower edges. Shaded spectator seating and the natural auditorium created by the stepped promenade encourage the pool to be used for community events.
50m MAIN POOL & ANCILLARY POOLS 73
A sandstone pavillion at the water’s edge allows kayaks and paddle boards to be hired, as a revenue stream for Sydney Olympic Park.
WATERSPORTS PAVILION 74
POOL PLATFORM DETAIL
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AMENITIES BUILDING & SUNBATHING DECK
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AMENITIES BUILDING DETAIL The roof of the amenities building collects rainwater in a central tank that is then used for the toilets , outdoor showers and taps, preventing the unnecessary use of potable water. Greywater is pumped to adjacent bioremediation ponds where it is naturally treated, before re-entering the water cycle.
An elevated white fabric roof allows the space below to be naturally daylit and ventilated, and supports passive cooling by reflecting heat and shading a large area of hard surface.
Steel structure
Robotically-cut sandstone walls Permeable recycled sandstone paving Greywater collection drains
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AMENITIES BUILDING DESIGN PROCESS & MATERIALITY The undulating sandstone walls of the amenities building evoke a geological feature in the landscape, eroded and smoothed by water over time. For this element of the design I was interested in how the Kangaroo scripting process could result in more sculptural, rather than two dimensional, forms. Using a data recorder component, I recorded the iterations of a circle as it was deformed and stretched by the script, then vertically and arrayed and lofted these curves to create undulating cylindrical surfaces.
Solid sandstone as a building material provides durability and longevity, which is essential for a building so frequently used, and explosed to constant water. The sandstone is cut using a Kuka robotic arm equipped with a abrasive waterjet cutting apparatus. This allows for precision shaping of unique pieces, in 3 dimensions. Each block is numbered and transported to site.
Once at site, the pre-cut sandstone blocks are assembled and laid with mortar.
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KIOSK & CAFE DECK
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STORMWATER COLLECTION PONDS, PUMP ROOM & TESTING STATION The stormwater collection ponds collect downhill surface runoff from Blaxland Park. The ponds allow sediments to settle, while algae and water plants remove bacteria and heavy metals through a natural bioremediation process. The sandstone pump room & testing station harbours equipment required to pump water between ponds, and to carry out routine water quality testing.
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WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN DETAIL Urban stormwater runoff is the leading current-day cause of pollution in the Parramatta River. In urban areas with a high proportion of paved surfaces, rainwater is unable to quickly enter the subsoil and instead flows across the land surface, carrying chemicals and rubbish into waterways. This design uses permeable sandstone paving where pathways are required to allow rainwater to be immediately absorbed into the subsoil. Stormwater drains then transport this water to bioremediation ponds where the water is naturally treated before being used to supply the discovery ponds, or allowed to re-enter the Parramatta River.
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WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN INTEGRATED INTO THE LANDSCAPE COLLECTED STORMWATER
Collects surface runoff Allows sediments to settle Algae and plants remove heavy metals & bacteria
RECYCLED WATER
PUMP ROOM & WATER TESTING STATION
Bioremediated stormwater is used to supply the Discovery Ponds Habitats for flora & fauna Urban Cooling
SYDNEY WATER MAIN
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STORMWAT DRAIN
HARVESTED RAINWATER
Roof designed to collect rainwater into a central tank
POTABLE WATER
Recycled rainwater supplies showers, taps and toilet flushing Greywater pumped back into treatment ponds
The Kiosk is connected to Sydney Water’s water mains For drinking and food preparation
ATER
ESTUARINE RIVER WATER
Varying concentrations of salt and fresh water Controlled runoff contributes to improved water quality Regularly tested
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LONG SECTION: 2021 1:300
The first phase of the project includes constructing the bioremediation ponds, discovery ponds & land-based facilities.The bioremediation ponds collect and bioremediate stormwater before it is able to enter the Parramatta River. Over time, and in conjunction with a catchment-wide stormwater and contaimination control efforts, the Parramatta River is remediated to a condition that is safe for swimming. During this time, the facilities and Discovery Ponds are enjoyed by the community as a landscaped riverside park for picnics and recreation.
LONG SECTION: 2100 1:300
Once the Parramatta River is assessed as safe for swimming, the second phase of the project involves constructing the pool platform. The platform is constructed from concrete, on pile footings and with steel shark-deterring barriers. The levels of the platform are designed to accomodate predicted sea-level change. As water levels rise, a larger proportion of the concrete pool platform is submerged under a shallow layer of water. This keeps the platform cool to walk across and reduces the amount of heat absorbed and re-emitted by the concrete. 86
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1:100 Laser cut basswood, hand cut balsa and 3D printed model of the amenities building. Removable roof not shown.
The sandstone toilet block, communal sink and showers are 3D printed from rigid plastic on the Ultimaker extrusion printer, and hand sanded.
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The removable roof was printed on the Project 2500 which allows for smooth, gently sloping surfaces by using wax supports that can be melted away with no damage to the print. The strong plastic also holds fine detail, allowing the roof to be printed only 1mm thick which gave it a translucent appearance.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Hoskins, Ian. “River Cycles: A History of the Parramatta River”, The Dictionary of Sydney, 2015. www. historyofsydney.org
2.
Hoskins, Ian. “River Cycles” 2015.
3.
“Duba, Budu, Barra: Ten Steps to a Living River - The Parramatta River Masterplan” Parramatta River Catchment Group, 2018.
4.
Hoskins, Ian. “River Cycles” 2015.
5.
“Industrial History” Sydney Olympic Park Website, 2020. Sydney Olympic Park Authority, https://www.sopa.nsw.gov. au/About-Us/History-and-Heritage/Industrial-History
6.
“Industrial History, Sydney Olympic Park 2020.
7.
“Industrial History, Sydney Olympic Park 2020.
8.
“Site Remediation” Sydney Olympic Park Authority Website. https://www.sopa.nsw.gov.au/About-Us/History-andHeritage/Site-Remediation
9.
“Site Remediation” Sydney Olympic Park
10. “Ten Steps to a Living River” 2018 11. Lloyd, Simon et. al. “Microbial Hazards in urban Stormwater and their Removal through Water Sensitive Urban Design” 2020. Sydney Water & Parramatta River Catchment Group. 12. Lloyd, “Microbial Hazards” 2020. 13. Lloyd, “Microbial Hazards” 2020. 14. “Fact Sheet - Remediation” Sydney Olympic Park Authority 2014. www.sydneyolympicpark.com.au 15. “Fact Sheet - Remediation” Sydney Olympic Park Authority 2014. 16. ‘Untouchable Playgrounds: Urban Heat and the Future of Western Sydney’ by Climate Council. 28 Jan 2021. https:// www.climatecouncil.org.au/ 17. ‘Untouchable Playgrounds”, Climate Council, 2021 18. ‘Untouchable Playgrounds”, Climate Council, 2021 19. “Urban Heat Climate Change Impact Snapshot” NSW Government Office of Environment & Heritage, 2015. 20. “Urban Heat Climate Change Impact Snapshot” NSW Government Office of Environment & Heritage, 2015. 21. “Urban Heat Climate Change Impact Snapshot” NSW Government Office of Environment & Heritage, 2015. 22. Arlington, Kim “Sydney Weather: How Urbanisation Creates Hot Microclimates in our Suburbs” Sydney Morning Herald, 11 February 2017. https://www.smh.com.au/environment/ weather/sydney-weather-how-urbanisation-creates-hotmicroclimates-in-our-suburbs-20170209-gu9b02.html
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