bioport- landscape of mobility by syntheticlandscapelab

bio port

landscape of mobility

Dominik Wagner BSc. Master Thesis LFU Innsbruck Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Claudia Pasquero Co-Supervisor: Maria Kuptsova, MA

Bioport

Landscape of Mobility Dominik Wagner, BSc.

MASTER THESIS submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Diplom-Ingenieur to the Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck Faculty of Architecture Supervision Univ.-Prof. Dr. Claudia PASQUERO Co-Supervision Maria KUPTSOVA, MA Institute of Urban Design - Landscape Architecture ioud / synthetic landscape lab Innsbruck, January 2021

abstract

Due to the economic, political and also cultural and social globalization, the demand for infrastructural networking of the planet is increasing. The volume of people and goods being transported is therefore expanding worldwide. This development is counterproductive to climate change and its consequences. The aim of this master thesis is to use the tool „design-fiction“ and digital and parametric drawing techniques to develop a diegetic prototype for a green and sustainable airport. Rigid systems in the aviation industry are to be broken up and designed with new technologies. City airports pose a considerable burden for urban areas. Therefore, the topic of a new airport has been a topical issue in Lisbon for decades and an additive project is to be realized in the next few years. This project critically examines that project and presents an alternative in the border area between utopia and dystopia. The Bioport should produce and consume all of its energy requirements itself. Renewable energies and biofuels play a major role in this. Technological research projects such as „Omega“ (offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae) by Jonathon Trent, or „sci.robot.2“ (a soft pneumatic robot that navigates through its surroundings through growth) by EW Hawkes, LH Blumenschein, JD Greer , AM Okamura from Stanford university, are taken up. Conventional flight operations are questioned and an alternative, modular, efficient solution is offered that deals with both passenger and goods traffic.

C O NT ENT

01 01 intro

design fiction hype cycle enviromental issues

02 02 site

iberian peninsula, tagus river lisbon estuary enviromental history of the Tagus Estuary air base no. 6 salinas do samouco airport montijo

03 research enviromental impact of mobility new transport technologies typologies in aviation pocketports

pag.006 pag.007 pag.011 pag.013

pag.018 pag.019 pag.021 pag.023 pag.027 pag.029 pag.031

pag.032 pag.033 pag.037 pag.041 pag.045

03.1 design research

pag.048

design concept design development digital design research

pag.051 pag.055 pag.065

04 04 project

pag.076

future landscape simulation digital synthetic landscape

pag.081 pag.089

CycleGAN: rural development urban development

pag.101 pag.105 pag.107

bioport: the roof as a photobioreactor the static structure the biomass refinery

pag.109 pag.115 pag.117 pag.119

04.1 energy production algae cultivation prototype pipe appearance

pag.120 pag.121 pag.131 pag.137

04.2 renderings

pag.149

05 sources

pag.156

references figures

pag.157 pag.158

01 01 intro

design fiction hype cycle

enviromental issues

p.0.6

â&#x20AC;&#x17E;...we see how technology situated inside of fiction can play a role in how the general public comes to understand new technologies, in both positive and negative ways.â&#x20AC;&#x153;[1]

[1] The Limits of Our Imagination: Design Fiction as a Strategy for Engaging with Dystopian Futures Joshua Tanenbaum, Marcel Pufal and Karen Tanenbaum p.0.7

design fiction

01 intro

[design fiction] is a design practice aiming at exploring and criticising possible futures by creating speculative, and often provocative, scenarios narrated through designed artifacts. It is a way to facilitate and foster debates. There are two opposite aims of constructing them: utopia and dystopia. [2]

[utopia]

[dystopia]

An utopia can be defined as an ideal community or an imaginary society or place that contains highly desirable or perfect qualities. Qualities that make us feel good and happy. An utopia is therefore often a highly pleasant place, a positive place, a place that makes us feel comfortable. Utopia is also the place of freedom, a place we can fully enjoy, have fun in and relax in.

A dystopia is, like utopia, an imaginary society or place set in a speculative future, characterized by elements that are opposite to those associated with utopia. Dystopias contain qualities that make us feel uncomfortable or bad; that gives us the feeling “that we shouldn’t be there”. A dystopia is a place in which people live dehumanized or fearful lives, in which everything seems unpleasant or uncanny (as we know it from many science fiction films). Dystopias contain – directly or indirectly – a critique of our society as it is today.

Utopias have existed since the beginning of humanity. The first writing ld better? How can we live differently, with different economics system, known is Plato’s book The Republic dating back to 380 B.C., and much social institutions, scientific progress, human evolution, different political later Thomas Moore’s Utopia from 1516 (Sargent, 2010). The questions governance – and perhaps new values? [3] spurring the construction of utopias are timeless: How to make the wor-

[2] Dunne, Raby, „Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction and Social Dreaming“, MIT Press, 2013 [3] Eva Knutz, Thomas Markussen, Poul Rind Christensen, „The Role of Fiction in Experiments within Design, Art & Architecture - Towards a New Typology of Design Fiction“, Artifact, Volume III, issue 2, pages 8.1-8.13, 2014 p.0.8

In design fiction as world building multiple artefacts come together (left) to define multiple entry points into an artificially created world. Each entry point describes that world at a different scale. The effect is a reciprocal prototyping relationship, where the world is prototyping the artefacts and the artefacts are prototyping the world (right). [4]

fig.01

[4] Paul Coulton, Joseph Lindley, Rachel Cooper, „The Little Book of Design Fiction for the Internet of Things“, Lancaster University, Lancaster, 2018 fig.01 Paul Coulton, Joseph Lindley, Rachel Cooper, „The Little Book of Design Fiction for the Internet of Things“, Lancaster University, Lancaster, 2018 p.0.9

design fiction

01 intro

the hype cycle by gartner

„...The hype curve on the graph shows that technologies tend to go through a staged process. The process starts with a ‘trigger’ (a new technology), builds to a ‘peak of inflated expectation’ (everyone gets very excited), drops quickly to a ‘trough of disillusionment’ (people realise this technology isn’t quite ready), climbs up the ‘slope of enlightenment’ (slowly people realise how the technology can be useful), and arrives at the ‘plateau of productivity’ (everybody knows what it is, how it works, and it becomes part of everyday life)....“ [4]

[4] Paul Coulton, Joseph Lindley, Rachel Cooper, „The Little Book of Design Fiction for the Internet of Things“, Lancaster University, Lancaster, 2018 p.0.10

visibility

peak ofinflated expactations

plateau of productivity

chasm slope of enlightenment

peak of vision

customer need

trought of disillusionment technology trigger time

hidden market chance

disillusionment of possibility

invisible phase

visible phase fig.02

fig.02 https://esser.me/there-is-more-than-just-the-hype-cycle/ p.0.11

hype cycle

01 intro

Because of the human-made environmental problems, new approaches need to be found. Population groth, globalization and urbanization lead to environmental problems such as land degratation, food shortage, energy crisis and climate change. By researching new photosynthetic building structures, the production of microalgae was chosen as the source of the possible solution, as it is possible with it to produce rapidly renewable, energy-rich biomass through photosynthesis, which can be used for new transport technologies. Bioport is a design proposal for a transport typology based on the production of microalgae for a photsyntetic architecture.

fig.03 https://www.noddyswritings.com fig.04 https://www.unep.org/gef/what-we-do/land-degredation fig.05 https://inshorts.com/en/news/152-indian-population-undernourished-report

fig.06 https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/china-should-set-up-a-carbon-cap-zou-ji-on-the-next-national-energy-targets/ fig.07 https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/climate-ocean/ fig.08 https://mayafiles.tase.co.il/ p.0.12

Enviromental issues

fig.03

population groth, globalisation, urbanisation

land degratation

food shortage

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biomass production

energy crisis

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provide new food sources

algae

climate change

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growed energy

photosynthetic architecture

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reuse of human waste

bioport

fig.08

p.0.13

enviromental issues

01 intro

Air traffic has almost tripled in the last two decades. Even events such as 9/11, the financial crisis in 2008 and â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Fridays for Futureâ&#x20AC;&#x153; could only minimally reduce growth. However, this current pandemic poses to be the ultimate test for many airlines.

p.0.14

fig.09

fig.09 https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/05/01/how-airlines-park-thousands-of-grounded-planes-amid-coronavirus.htm p.0.15

enviromental issues

01 intro

Emissions reduction should play a major part in aviationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s post COVID recovery: According to a study from Kearney about the future of aviation from April 2020, the demand for air travel should reach the pre-crisis level again around 2024. In this phase of economic reconstruction, the aviation industry must pursue new strategies to address current issues such as sustainability and social responsibility. That will be crucial to win back the younger generation. Greenwashing with a marketing spin wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t be enough. Airlines need to demonstrate their commitment to significantly reduce their carbon footprint and develop credible sustainability strategies and ambitious roadmaps. Innovative products and functions such as the combination of air and rail, CO2-neutral ground operations, more efficient aircraft and more sustainable aviation fuel should be at the center of these strategies.

p.0.16

2005

COVID-19

Fridays for Future MERS

global finance crisis

SARS

9/11 2000

2010

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2030f fig.10

fig.10 https://www.kearney.com/ p.0.17

enviromental issues

01 intro

02 02 site

iberian peninsula, tagus river lisbon estuary enviromental history of the Tagus Estuary air base no. 6 salinas do Samouco airport Montijo

p.0.18

N46°14. 11182� E008°00 .92670�

N46°14 �06.70 � E008°0 0�55.6 0�

The Iberian Peninsula is located in the southwest corner of the European continent. The peninsula is divided between Spain and Portugal, comprising most of their territory, as well as a small area of France (the French Cerdagne), Andorra and the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.

fig.11

p.0.19

iberian peninsula, tagus river

02 site

The Tagus is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is 1,007 km long, 716 km in Spain, 47 km along the border between Portugal and Spain and 275 km in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of 80,100 square kilometers (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a wide alluvial valley, prone to flooding. Its mouth is a large estuary near the port city of Lisbon.

Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve is a natural reserve in Portugal. It is one of the 30 areas which are officially under protection in the country. The estuary of the Tagus River is the largest wetland in the country and one of the most important in Europe, a sanctuary for fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and especially to birds that stop-over on their migration between northern Europe and Africa. It is the largest estuary in western Europe, with about 34,000 hectares, and regularly hosts 50,000 wintering waterfowl. [5]

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tides fig.12

[5] http://www.birdforum.net/opus/Tagus_Estuary fig.11 https://earth.google.com/web/ fig.12 https://www.meteoblue.com/de/wetter/archive/windrose/lissabon_portugal p.0.20

tagus estuary

lisbon center

atlantic ocean

fig.11

p.0.21

lisbon estuary

02 site

Enviromental history of the Tagus Estuary a) Situation of the narrow estuary ca. 12.000 years before present, following the Last Glacial Maximum; b) ca.4000 y.b.p., after the rate of SRL stabilized, the estuary began to fill, and wetlands became established at sheltered and upstream sections; c) ca. 1000 y.b.p., after at least one millenium of settlement around the estuary and along the basin , increased sediment inflow and prograding delta; d) ca.1800 most of the reclamation of the delta and consolidation of the lezirias was complete, but the river still displayed remnants of its former anastomosing delta;

e) current situation. Wetlands are now mostely confined to the widened middle section of estuary, and the remnant river branches have bee transformed into regulated irrigation channels. Urbanisation and infrastructure has taken over most of the right bank along Lisbon, Oeiras, and some south bank municipalities . Along the eastern edge of the estuary, the largest expanse of mudflats and marshes is set against farmland, with very limited urban development. The south bank hosts small but important marshes, heavily encroached by urban development. [6]

[6] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Environmental-history-of-the-Tagus-Estuary-a-situation-of-the-narrow-estuary p.0.22

legend: wetlands reclaimed land permanently flooded current urban areas

fig.13

fig.13 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Environmental-history-of-the-Tagus-Estuary-a-situation-of-the-narrow-estuary p.0.23

enviromental history of the Tagus estuary

02 site

Wetlands The estuary was shaped over millennia to what it is today. A wetland that is constantly changing due to fluvial sediment from the Tagus River and the forces of the tides from the Atlantic Ocean. These natural factors of change are influenced on the one hand directly by humans through energy-generating river barriers and the use of water for agriculture, and indirectly through the rising sea level as a result of global warming.

p.0.24

wetland

fig.11

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enviromental history of the Tagus estuary

02 site

AIR BASE NO. 6 Located on the South Bank of the Tagus River, on the characteristic Montijo peninsula, Air Base No. 6 ( BA6 ) borders on the municipalities of Montijo and Alcochete in the SetĂşbal district. Currently, for the performance of its mission, BA6 has fleets to carry out transport, maritime surveillance and search and rescue missions, planes for special air transport and helicopters for transport, search and rescue and Surveillance and Reconnaissance.

â&#x17E;¤

fig.11

Mission: Ensure the readiness of the air units and the logistical-administrative support of units and bodies based therein but dependent on other commands, as well as internal security and immediate defense. [7]

3 km

fig.14

[7] https://militarybases.com/overseas/portugal/ fig.11 https://earth.google.com/web/ fig.14 https://www.clix.expresso.pt/politica/2016-10-04-Comissao-de-Defesa p.0.26

fig.11

p.0.27

air base no. 6

02 site

SALINAS DO SAMOUCO

Foundation of the Salinas do Samouco is consisting of an area of â&#x20AC;&#x2039;â&#x20AC;&#x2039;360 hectares, the Salou de Samouco Complex is a place of food, refuge and nesting for thousands of birds where species such as chilreta, mosquitoes and interrupted collared sandpipers stand out. Currently, the Samouco salt pans are presented as the salt with the greatest wealth and abundance of birds during the high tide period of the entire Tagus. In contrast to its economic weakening, it appears that the ecological richness of the salt pans has been increasingly valued and recognized. Its proximity to the largest and most important wetland in Portugal, the Tagus Estuary, makes the salt marshes a great shelter for many water birds that, during their migrations, find in different tanks, a great place to feed and rest. Already in the nesting season, birds find ideal conditions to breed. [8]

fig.11

fig.15

[8] http://www.salinasdosamouco.pt/ fig.11 https://earth.google.com/web/ fig.15 https://viagens.sapo.pt/viajar/viajar-portugal/artigos/22-lugares-que-nao-vai-acreditar-que-ficam-em-portugal p.0.28

fig.11

p.0.29

salina do Samouco

02 site

The history of a new airport for Lisbon The Lisbon airport has been operating at Portela-Lisbon since 1942. At the time of its construction Portela was outside Lisbon, in its northeast outskirts. During the following two decades this area was engulfed by the urban expansion of Lisbon, which impeded the expansion of the airport at this location. The relocation of this major infrastructure has been considered by successive national governments since 1969. In the 1960s, Portugal‘s poulation and economy grew, with an overseas outreach anchored in the African colonies. Based on these conditions, the decision was made to expand the capacity of the existing airport. An initial study identified five alternative sites. All these sites were located on the south bank of

the Tagus River. This region offered the largest, in favour of the Ota site was the connection closest and easiest accessible plain areas in between this airport location and the routing the surroundings of Lisbon. of the high speed train that would necessarily link Lisbon to Porto. After the decision to Locations identified included existing military choose the Ota site was made, a national and air force installations, small airports, and debate hardened public opinion against this four of the five previously identified locations. decision. The debate mainly centered on the The reasons for choosing Ota were based on high costs of locating the airport at Ota, partly the fact that a military installation was already due to the hydrological and topographical in place, offering a large, government owned complexity of the site. There was also concern area. that Ota would provide no increased capacity benefit. Nevertheless, with the final decision in After a complex decision-making process, the 2005, the detailed design of the project layout Ota site was chosen in 2005 for the Lisbon new was initiated and a thorough EIA was started. international airport. Building the new airport Since the first intention to develop the airport there would require the removal of more 36 years had elapsed, but the environmental than 50,000 cork trees, a protected species issues were only brought into the picture in the and habitat in Portugal. Another argument last six years. [9]

[9] Maria R. Partidàrio, Miguel Coutinho, „The Lisbon new international airport: The story of a decision-making process and the role of Strategic Environmental Assessment“, Lisbon, Elsevier, 2010 fig.11 https://earth.google.com/web/ p.0.30

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s

...new flight routes p.0.31

Fr io

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cityborders 1942

cityborders 2020

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airport Montijo

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03 research enviromental impact of mobility new transport technologies typologies in aviation pocketports

p.0.32

Aviation accounts for around 25% of emissions from global transport. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, water vapor and fine dust are the main air pollution factors. Due to the continuous further development of the technologies, the fuel consumption is continuously reduced, but the demand in the aviation industry is increasing so rapidly that the statistics show little change. (fig.a)

In the automotive industry, the trend is steadily moving towards electric mobility, car sharing and autonomous driving. However, research in aviation is also pointing in this direction. In addition, various new types of drive and locomotion typologies are constantly being researched. Urban air mobility is an important part of this.

Created by Adrien Coquet from the Noun Project

Created by priyanka from the Noun Project

electric

Created by Adrien Coquet from the Noun Project

sharing

autonomous (fig.a)

Mechanisms and cumulative effects of aviation on climate Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

p.0.33

Water vapor (H2O), and contrails

Particulates (pm2.5, pm10)

enviromental impact of mobility

03 research

17,4% forestry and deforestation

13,5% agriculture

19,4% Industrie

7,9% housing and economybuildings

±25% of the traffic are from flights

13,1% traffic

25,9% energie production

fig.16

general cause of the co2 emmissions

fig.16 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Annual-energy-consumption-by-energy-source-Global-Carbon fig.17 Sausen, Schauman„The contribuition of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018“, Lee et al., 2020 p.0.34

1,04 billion tonnes CO2 in 2018

1bn 4-5% growth per year since 2010

900M 800M

The graphic shows the global carbon dioxide emissions from aviation. The aviation emissions includes passenger air travel, freight and military operations. It does not include nonCO2 climate forcings, or a multiplier for warming effects at altitude.

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financial crisis

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2,8% of CO2 emissions, excluding land use change 2,5% of CO2 emissions, including land use change

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enviromental impact of mobility

03 research

air taxis on demand point-to-point operations

Urban air mobility (UAM) [10] 1. air taxis on demand point-to-point operations

km 50

-On demand point-to-point non-stop service from one destination to another -Optimally used under the following circumstances:

2. airport shuttles scheduled short-range operations 3. intercity flights

-Short distance between two landing sites -Fluctuating medium/high demand between two landing sites -high network coverage -fastest travel times between two points -Schedule frequency depending of air taxis -High number of routes to cover all points -Large amount of landing sites required to create network -Sufficient air space (no restrictions) required to make use of direct point-topoint network [10] Baur, Schickram, Homulenko, Martinez, Dyskin â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Urban air mobility, The rise of a new mode of transportationâ&#x20AC;&#x153; Roland Berger gmbh, Munich, 2018 p.0.36

airport shuttles scheduled short-range operations

intercity flights

km 50

km 200

-Intercity flights to other larger cities close by, which are too close even for regional airlines -Fast UAM connection between cities favorable for commuters and business travelers -Short travel times let metropolitan areas grow closer

-Scheduled operations with fixed flight plans and pre-booked flights schedule adjusted to arrival and departure times of airport -UAM landing sites strategically located very close to terminal and gates

-significantly reduced travel times between two cities -the only high-speed travel option without much infrastructure need (compared to establishing high-speed train services) -scheduled operations with predictable demand

-fastest transportation option between airport and city -transfer from plane to UAM on air-side of airport possible (very short transfer times) -Interference with commercial operations problematic -Scheduled operations

100

airline -long flight times pose challenges to technology (batteries, motors etc.) -alternate landing sites required along the way in case of emergency p.0.37

new transport technologies

03 research

Landscape of electric aircraft architectures [10]

Highly distributed propulsion concepts (multicopters) This term designates wingless aircraft concepts with more than four fixed propellers. These aircraft cater to between 2 and 4 passengers and can reach maximum speeds of 80 to 100 km/h. One example of this technology is the Volocopter.

Quadcopters

Hybrid concepts

These wingless aircraft concepts with four fixed propellers, possibly arranged as four sets of push-pull propulsion groups, can carry between 2 and 6 passengers at speeds of 120 to 150 km/h. Examples of these concepts are eHang 184, CityAirbus and Pop.Up Next.

These concepts center around aircraft with fixed forward-facing propellers for forward movement and upward-facing/ retractable propellers to generate lift during the take-off and landing phases. Between two and four passengers can fly at speeds of 150 to 200 km/h in these vehicles. Uber Air is an example of this approach.

p.0.38

Tilt-wing/convertible aircraft concepts

Fixed-wing vectored thrust concepts

These aircraft have several propellers or ducted fans that can be tilted at different angles for fixed or tilting wings to achieve the different configurations needed for take-off, landing, flying and hovering. These aircraft cater to between 2 and 4 passengers and can reach speeds of 180 to 250 km/h. Airbusâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s Vahana is one example.

Winged vertical takeoff and landing jets are equipped with variabledirection fans. They too can accommodate 2 to 4 passengers and can fly at 200 to 300 km/h. One example that recently completed its maiden flight is Lilium.

Disc loading Hovering efficiency Downwash speed & noise Forward flight speed & efficiency Gust resistance and stability Preferred use case

Air taxis (inner-city pointto-point services)

Air taxis and airport shuttles

all

Airport shuttles and intercity fig.18

fig.18 Baur, Schickram, Homulenko, Martinez, Dyskin â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Urban air mobility, The rise of a new mode of transportationâ&#x20AC;&#x153; Roland Berger gmbh, Munich, 2018 p.0.39

new transport technologies

03 research

Today‘s aviation follows either the „hub and spoke“ principle in which the connection from point A to point B runs via Z, or the „point to point“ system in which A is directly networked with B. No matter which of the two systems, the basic principle is the same. Infact, the same aircraft takes off, cruises and lands itself and pollutes the environment to the maximum, because it is precisely the take-offs and landings that cause the greatest emission of pollutants and noise pollution. All air planes are filled with the same fuel, although fossil fuels are not ideal for all the above-mentioned flight phases.

In this scenario the different flight phases are replaced by different, optimized flight operators. These support a modular system consisting of a type of container system. For example, longhaul flights are handled by an „Ultra Long Range Flight Operator“, which is only built to operate at the optimum cruising altitude and with the ideal fuel. This is operated by feeder shuttles with goods, passengers and fuel. The exchange takes place during the flight.

Z F

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intermediate approach

final approach

initial approach

descend

cruise

climb

takeoff and initial climb

Today‘s aviation

„ultra long range flight operator“

„shuttle operators“

aviation operators

liquid fuel/hydrogen electricity

p.0.41

typologies in aviation

03 research

The previously mentioned systems can now be thought further until a new mobility experience is achieved. In addition to the already existing twodimensional mobility system, the UAM adds the third dimension and thus avoids stagnation, so to speak, and is intended to open up new possibilities. Suppose there is a modular transport container that is to be understood as a private or public element. This travel box can be picked up and passed on by a wide variety of transport systems. This can lead to the fact that you only have to give the respective input

device the destination, and due to various personal parameters such as economical, time-saving or inexpensive travel, the transport systems interact automatically and choose themselves. The modular transport box does not have to be left at any time. But to provide a system like that the existing infrasucture has to be adapted with vertical take off and landing zones in an urban area. Therefore, the greater Lisbon map was analyzed.

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costs environmentally friendly nature conscious sight seeing ...

electrification

advanced materials

autonomy

sustainability

connectivity

industry systems artificial intelligence

fig.19

fig.20

fig.19 Codex, London, 23-25 September 2019, Dr. Mark Bentall, COO, Corporate Technology Office, Airbus fig.20 https://moodley.at/idsheet/siemens-one4all/ p.0.43

typologies in aviation

03 research

Pocketports On the height profile map of the greater Lisbon area, strategically important locations, such as existing airports, train and subway terminals, important city and town centers, and tourist destinations were marked, which are to be provided with socalled urban pocketports. Since these points are mostly centrally located and should be left as quickly as possible by the VTLO due to the noise nuisance, each of these points is assigned a flight circle corridor that adapts to the local conditions. As a result, flight corridors appear, which represent a 3D highway for uraban air mobility.

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ba l

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03 research

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10km

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03 research

03.1 design research design concept design development digital design research

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design concept

03.1 design research

First design idea The first intention was to use the adjacent salinas as a starting point for a land transformation. From a bird‘s-eye view, the man-made water basins have a cell-like appearance. On the basis of this, the building site was divided into an imaginary grid of cells. The idea is that these new „salinas“ or future bioreactor cells will produce energy in the form of biofuels from biomass production. The appearance of the new structure should pick up the topic of salt.

p.0.50

old salinas cells

salt

salina cells new biomass cells

biomass

new bioreactor cells biofuel production

energy

bioport

p.0.51

design concept

03.1 design research

The goal, at this point in time, was a land transformation with small-scale, but large numbers of construction robots that interact with one another and pursue a common it in detail. A “printed landscape”, at least digitally, was the aim of these pictures.

„printed landscape“

robotic transformation fig.21

fig.21 https://coolhunting.com/culture/detritus-by-jonathan-schipper/ p.0.52

The building site is to be transformed into a biological biomass production facility. Therefore, the maximum playable area was added, which in this case includes land, water and wetlands. The size of it is about 25 square kilometers, which will be zoned and worked out in more detail later on. With the help of a 3D graphics software called Houdini, the following 3D landscapes were digitally generated with the design idea of salt in mind. Houdini‘s main focus is on procedural synthesis, which sets Houdini apart from other 3D graphics software.

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design concept

03.1 design research

p.0.54

As a result, series of catalogs were produced, with the end product that was further worked on. Shown above are pictures 1-4 from row #6. Each step has experienced adapted erosion repetitions. The following images are produced with the object with #6.4. The 3D processing program â&#x20AC;&#x153;Blenderâ&#x20AC;? was used for that developement.

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design development

03.1 design research

layer system flowline pipe system 700x700 (m)

layer system u-v pump system 700x700 (m)

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design development

03.1 design research

perspective view 1000x1000 {m}

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design development

03.1 design research

biomass production pipes perspective view 1000x1000{m}

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biomass production pipes top view 1000x1000{m}

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design development

03.1 design research

airspace centre perspective view 1000x1000{m}

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airspace centre

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design development

03.1 design research

On the last pages, the design research process 03.1 from the pre-diploma was presented without comment. At the end of this series of images, a synthetically generated landscape is merged with building elements. These are neither true nature nor true manmade structures. Subsequently, as shown on the following pages, further design processes are evaluated which should bring more and more details to light. Although these processes were adapted to the terrain deformation of the construction site, the scale with regard to a feasible solution is missing. Many of the findings from these studies will be incorporated into the final draft and made applicable at a later stage.

The course of the following design process: 1.) eroding terrain with modifyers in the form of added noises 2.) controlled mesh face reduction and variations 3.) adding paramtric script called randoMesh with: - one layer - two layers 4.) adding parametric script called by tools: -simplified landscape surface organic shell -triangulated grid -metaballs

1 noise1: manhattan worley 2 noise2: worley 3 noise3: chebyshev worley

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randoMesh â&#x20AC;&#x17E;one layerâ&#x20AC;&#x153;

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digital design

03.1 design research

randoMesh „two layers“

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by-tools

simplified landscape srf +organic shell + triangulated grid

by-tools 59 opened simplified landscape srf +organic shell + triangulated grid

by-tools opened simplified landscape srf +organic 60 shell + triangulated grid +metaballs

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digital design

03.1 design research

OMEGA onshore system:

tertiär construction system built by robotic AI

vasco da gama bridge

OMEGA system: (offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae) possible area: 7000x6000m (35qkm) production 13.000.000 gal/year=50.000.000 l/year

10m

targus river bay sealevelrise +/-0m

targus river bay sealevelrise 5m

path network/ primary construction

9m bio veins

salinas des samoucco 38°44'37.6"N 8°58'52.2"W 5 qkm inhabitants: birds 1-3m height 8m

OMEGA system: (offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae) possible area: 7000x6000m (35qkm) production 13.000.000 gal/year=50.000.000 l/year

sealevelrise 5m

airforce military buildings AIR BASE NO. 6 38°43'28.2"N 9°00'43.1"W 2m

sealevelrise +/-0m

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digital design

03.1 design research

hard surface modifiers: triangulate mesh dual mesh wireframe

hard surface modifiers: triangulate mesh randoMesh wireframe

glass surface modifiers: reduce mesh triangulate mesh dual mesh creased wireframe

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hard surface modifiers: triangulate mesh dual mesh randoMesh wireframe glass surface modifiers: reduce mesh triangulate mesh dual mesh creased wireframe

In these representations, the later approach to the building structure emerges.

1.) A surface mesh with square sides is triangulated in the first step and then broken down into its dual mesh. A string of these pages results in a honeycomb appearance.

2. The same surface network is again and triangulated and broken open with the help of a script with various parameters and apparently rebuilt at random

3.) the third picture on the right shows a combination of the procedures shown above. For this purpose, a dual mesh is generated from the arbitrarily composed surface network and made visible through a grid of varying thickness. The different strengths are created by weight values and â&#x20AC;&#x2039;â&#x20AC;&#x2039; shown on the next page. p.0.71

digital design

03.1 design research

weight editing blue=0 red=1

curvature value

faces area

modifiers: mask: TH 0.01 smooth: f0.2; re80 solidify: 0.7m coorective smooth: f0.5; re15

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0.2 1

faces area min1, max0.2

weight editing blue=0 red=1

1 0

harmonic

normal coordinates in z-direction

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local coordinates in z-direction

digital design

03.1 design research

from the previously shown weight editing values from the Curvature and no longer has a coherent structure. By inserting a second value, only the flat to concave values are retained. and the convex level (easily visible as a square grid, the „salt structure“ should be values are eliminated. The resulting mesh now has openings upwards maintained. p.0.74

In order to be able to continue working with the resulting morphology, four-sided supporting substructure is replaced by a continuous three-way a second vertex group level with a modified treshhold was inserted in curved glass surface. Due to the still very restless design language of the the right picture, which consequently takes up a closed roof area. The â&#x20AC;&#x17E;terrainâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, implementation is difficult or even impossible. p.0.75

digital design

03.1 design research

04 04 project

future landscape simulation digital synthetic landscape CycleGAN: rural development urban development bioport: the roof as a photobioreactor the static structure the biomass refinery

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04 project

ar t

n ie sc ce en

ge n

n sig de

rin g

bioport

land degredation

food shortage

energy crisis

algae

bio port

a photosynthetic architecture

form

synthetic digital landscape

future eroded landscape

land developement

bio port building

static structure

bio refinery

roof

valley

ground

floors

V1: rural area

ridges

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V2: urban area

climate change

function

energy production

airport

existing technologie & Infrastructure

existing runfield

biomass production

future

present

urban air mobility

harbour

electricity

rail connection

vertiports

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04 project

hightmap file Montijo

In order to generate digital terrain information from the construction site, a height profile map was used as the starting point. Based on these 2d data, a three-dimensional existing site was generated, and further processed in two different strategies. The terrain of the construction site is relatively flat. Therefore, the terrain was multiplied by a factor of 20 in the z-axis in order to get more details.

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hightmap file greater Lisbon

0 km

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hightmap file greater Lisbon

04 project

hightmap file monijo

strategy No.2

strategy No.1

synthetic modifiers 1 KM

1 KM

future eroded terrain

future eroded modified terrain

future eroded terrain incl. sealevelrise

future eroded modified terrain incl. sealevelrise

+6.25 [m]

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Strategy No.1: -creating a future eroded terrain-

Strategy No.2: -creating a future eroded synthetic terrain-

In the future, the terrain will continue to change due to influences such as wind, precipitation, solar radiation, tides and river sediment. A future eroded area can be simulated by digital erosion processes. This eroded terrain is associated with rising sea levels in several stages. From this it can be seen that large parts of the peninsula will be under water in the future, or that the surface of the wetlands will move more and more inland.

As with Strategy No.1, a three-dimensional terrain model is created. Then it will be added in the vertical with modification in several steps at the places that will be flooded in the future. This creates a digital artificial landscape that creates a new, second surface. This surface represents a fusion between the future primeval terrain and a digitally generated artificial landscape. Later, on the one hand, it will represent the roof area of the â&#x20AC;&#x2039;â&#x20AC;&#x2039; airport building and, on the other hand, it will also provide topology information about the original site.

The resulting surface is the base layer for further displays.

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future landscape simulation

04 project

strategy No.1 Frame 1/8

1 KM

3d terrain from hightmap file: -for better visibibility scale in z axis with factor 20 -resolution scale mesh: 1 -scale: grid is 1x1 [km]

1 KM

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1 KM

strategy No.1 Frame 8/8

1 KM

#5 erosion: adding hydro erosion -erodability 0.3 -erosion rate: 0.8 -bank angle 45 -spread iterations: 115

1 KM

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1 KM

future landscape simulation

04 project

strategy No.1: -creating a future eroded terrainadding transforming factors: rain -noise type: alligator -amplitude: 0.5 [factor] -base size: 0.5 [factor] -transformation scale:1 -resolution scale mesh: 1 -scale: grid is 1x1 [km]

3d terrain from hightmap file: -for better visibibility scale in z axis with factor 20 -resolution scale mesh: 1 -scale: grid is 1x1 [km]

1 KM

adding transforming factors: other influences -noise type: alligator -amplitude: 0.5 [factor] -base size: 0.5 [factor] -transformation scale:1 -resolution scale mesh: 1 -scale: grid is 1x1 [km]

1 KM

#2 erosion: adding hydro/thermal erosion: -erodability 0.8/0.1 -erosion rate: 0.4 -bank angle 45 -spread iterations: 55

1 KM

#1 erosion: adding hydro erosion -erodability 0.5 -erosion rate: 0.4 -bank angle 65 -spread iterations: 115

1 KM

#3 erosion: (resample factor: 4) adding hydro/thermal erosion -erodability 0.6 -erosion rate: 0.6 -bank angle 80 -spread iterations: 153

1 KM

#4 erosion: adding hydro erosion in two steps: -erodability 0.3, 0.3 -erosion rate: 0.3, 0.3 -bank angle 88, 45 -spread iterations: 25, 15

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#5 erosion: adding hydro erosion -erodability 0.3 -erosion rate: 0.8 -bank angle 45 -spread iterations: 115

strategy No.1: -creating a future eroded terrainwith sea level rise taken into account

10m

1 KM0.75m

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0.5m

1 KM0.75m

0.75m 0.5m

0.25m

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sea level rise: +3.75 [m] year: app. 2120 (extreme scenario)

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sea level rise: +5.0 [m] year: 2150 (extreme scenario)

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2110

sea level rise: +6.25 [m] year: 2200 (extreme scenario)

future landscape simulation

04 project

Strategy No.2: -creating a future eroded terrain Based on Strategy No.1, taking into account the sea level rise, those land sections of the Montijo Peninsula become visible that will have more and more problems with the water rise in the future. In this process, Strategy No.2, landscape modifi ers will be placed over these areas to create a new synthetic landscape surface to deal with man-made sea level rise.

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strategy No.2 Frame 1/10

1 KM

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1 KM

digital synthetic landscape

04 project

strategy No.2 Frame 5/10

1 KM

result before eroding: -3d terrain from hightmap file: -#1, #2, #3 noise added

1 KM

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1 KM

strategy No.2 Frame 10/10

1 KM

5 #5 erosion: adding hydro erosion -erodability 0.3 -erosion rate: 0.8 -bank angle 45 -spread iterations: 115

1 KM

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1 KM

digital synthetic landscape

04 project

strategy No.2: -creating a future eroded synthetic terrain-

#1 noise: main structure: cell structureoriented on sallinas de samoucco -amplitude:120 -element size:100 -noise type: worley cellular F2-F1 -clipp. min: 0.583; clipp. max: 0.137

3d terrain from hightmap file: -for better visibibility scale in z axis with factor 20 -resolution scale mesh: 1 -scale: grid is 1x1 [km]

1 KM

#1 erosion: adding hydro erosion -erodability 0.5 -erosion rate: 0.4 -bank angle 65 -spread iterations: 115

1 KM

#2 erosion: adding hydro/thermal erosion: -erodability 0.8/0.1 -erosion rate: 0.4 -bank angle 45 -spread iterations: 55

1 KM

result before eroding: -3d terrain from hightmap file: -#1, #2, #3 noise added

1 KM

#3 noise: noise structure: for a better eroding results -amplitude: 14 -element size: 1 -noise type: alligator -clipp. min: 1; clipp. max: 0

1 KM

#2 noise: sub structure: point structure for more variaty -amplitude: 30 -element size: 91 -noise type: alligator -clipp. min: 0.439; clipp. max: 0.582

#3 erosion: (resample factor: 4) adding hydro/thermal erosion -erodability 0.6 -erosion rate: 0.6 -bank angle 80 -spread iterations: 153

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1 KM

#4 erosion: adding hydro erosion in two steps: -erodability 0.3, 0.3 -erosion rate: 0.3, 0.3 -bank angle 88, 45 -spread iterations: 25, 15

1 KM

#5 erosion: adding hydro erosion -erodability 0.3 -erosion rate: 0.8 -bank angle 45 -spread iterations: 115

strategy No.2: -creating a future eroded synthetic terrainwith sea level rise taken into account

10m

1 KM

1 KM0.75m 0.5m

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1 KM0.75m

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sea level rise: +5.0 [m] year: 2150 (extreme scenario)

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2110

sea level rise: +6.25 [m] year: 2200 (extreme scenario)

digital synthetic landscape

04 project

compairing eroded terrain with modified eroded synthetic terrain with current sea-level

+0.00 [m]

eroded original terrain (z factor 20 )

manipulatet reclaimed terrain

sea level rise: +-0.00

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compairing eroded terrain with modified eroded terrain with sea level rise taken into account

+6.25 [m]

eroded original terrain (z factor 20 ) sea level rise: +6.25 [m] year: 2200 (extreme scenario) heightlines: 5m

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digital synthetic landscape

04 project

weight values

local coordinates in z-direction

curvature value

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faces area

weight values

normal coordinates in z-direction

harmonic values

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sqrt((rx-0.5)**2 + (ry-0.5)**2)*2

digital synthetic landscape

04 project

contour lines In order to get a better understanding of the topology of the generated landscape, the contour lines were made visible. The interesting eroded terrain structure, which was not changed by additional modifiers, is striking.

With the help of the previously shown value analysis, a new possible spatial planning master plan can be read off, which corresponds to future weathering phenomena of the Montijo peninsula. This ensures natural water circulation in canals. The areas of this physically traceable water circulation can be made visible in a new urban structure through the infrastructural connection such as streets or public space. (see pictures on the right) The marked area is examined in more detail below.

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flow lines Like the contour lines, the flowlines make the terrain visible and usually run at right angles to them. They make the aesthetic transition to the Targus River understandable and connect land with water. They are also showing, as the name suggests, the natural water flow route, which logically follows the force of gravity.

urban open space

figure ground plan p.0.99

digital synthetic landscape

04 project

CycleGAN In the next step, two possible scenarios are played through to illustrate the digitally generated landscape and to get an impression of the transformation. A picture translator called Cycle-GAN is used for this. For version 1, a satellite image is chosen that has roughly the same scale as the synthetic landscape and has a rural character. On the picture you can see the center of Monijo, parts of the current military airport, the river and the Salinas For version 2, an aerial photo of the historic center of Lisbon is chosen in order to achieve a stately character. Here, too, is the same yardstick.

satellite image â&#x20AC;&#x17E;digital generated landscapeâ&#x20AC;&#x153; p.0.100

â&#x20AC;&#x17E;image translationâ&#x20AC;&#x153;

version 2: urban area satellite image lisbon

version 1: rural area satellite image monijo

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CycleGan

04 project

input_B

input_A

real_B

fake_A

fake_B

och_075

epoch_025

epoch_001

real_A

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rec_A

rec_B

input_B

input_A

real_B

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fake_B

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real_A

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CycleGan

04 project

epoch_200

epoch_150

epoch_100

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epoch_025

epoch_001

real_A real_B fake_A fake_B rec_A

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rec_B

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CycleGan: rural development

04 project

epoch_200

epoch_150

epoch_100

epoch_075

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real_A real_B fake_A fake_B rec_A

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rec_B

satellite image with cycleGAN p.0.107

CycleGan: urban development

04 project

masterplan

bioport

land

water

air

bioport -part of the synthetic landscape surface -interface between land, water and air

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bioport

vertiport Created by BomSymbols from the Noun Project

harbour Created by BomSymbols from the Noun Project

Created by Alone forever from the Noun Project

Created by DTDesign from the Noun Project

trainstation airport

Created by BomSymbols from the Noun Project

Created by Alone forever from the Noun Project

Created by BomSymbols from the Noun Project

landing cargo harbour landing passenger harbour

Created by BomSymbols from the Noun Project

landing mid range port landing long range port

Created by DTDesign from the Noun Project

landing train/metro algae production offshore

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Bioport

04 project

Landscape

building

city

The Bioport as a building: The Biport is to act as an interface between land, water and air. Infrastructures and mobilities are brought together. On the west side, the building borders the Tagus River and is therefore open to shipping. On the east side, the building is delimited by the existing military runway and new parking lots and Taxiway for the aircraft. In the area of the former east-west runway, the connection to the rail network such as the train and subway system will be ensured The topography of the roof makes the cell structure of the roof visible in the form of landing zones, which are intended for vertical take off and landing (vtloâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s). These landing zones are connected to each other in order to achieve the most effective connection time possible when transporting goods or people. The transport center, the Bioport, blends in with the urban environment and, due to its size, can be described as a district that becomes a building. Due to the aesthetics, which suggest a synthesis of terrain and building, it can also be called landscape architecture.

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Bioport

04 project

The roof: The roof takes over part of the energy production in the form of biomass production and photovoltaics. By using Curvature Modifyers, the roof shape is divided into concave and convex zones, which can be read through valleys and ridges. The valley zones form the main structure of the roof, which is supported by supports that follow the same principle. It is a modular steel construction which can also take the loads of a green roof. The back zones form translucent zones that flood the interior of the airport building with light. These zones are also supplemented with translucent photovoltaic modules at optimized points. A pipe system runs over the entire roof structure, some of which can move flexibly over the surfaces and thus adapt to the external conditions. As a result, the building becomes a kind of dynamic photosynthetic organism with the help of artificial intelligence.

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convex

concave

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Bioport

04 project

The roof = Photobioreactor: The roof takes over part of the energy production in the form of biomass production and photovoltaics. By using Curvature Modifyers, the roof shape is divided into concave and convex zones, which can be read through valleys and ridges. The valley zones form the main structure of the roof, which is supported by supports that follow the same principle. It is a modular steel construction which can also take the loads of a green roof. The back zones form translucent zones that flood the interior of the airport building with light. These zones are also supplemented with translucent photovoltaic modules at optimized points. A pipe system runs over the entire roof structure, some of which can move flexibly over the surfaces and thus adapt to the external conditions. As a result, the building becomes a kind of dynamic photosynthetic organism with the help of artificial intelligence.

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e-w section

e-w sec

-biomass production -facility floor -landing cargo harbour -trainstation

e-w section complete

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Bioport: the roof as a photobioreactor

04 project

The static structure: A self-contained pipe system is to be led over the static support structure onto the roof structure. The individual Photo-Bioreactor hose systems run in this pipe system and follow the shape of flowlines on the outside of the roof. Depending on the positioning, external influences and length of the hoses, these should merge into the Targus River if necessary and spread out there in the form of floating, closed menebranches.

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e-w section

e-w sec

-biomass production -facility floor -landing cargo harbour -trainstation

e-w section complete

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Bioport: the static structure

04 project

The bio-fuel-refinery: The bioport will be provided with a bio-oil refinery on the ground floor, which will make the process of fuel production visible to the airport user and explain the individual process steps. Thus a relationship with the locomotion energy source is established by the traveler. There, bio-fuel is produced from the microalgae through physical and chemical processes.

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e-w section

e-w sec

-biomass production -facility floor -landing cargo harbour -trainstation

e-w section complete

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Bioport: biomass refinery

04 project

04.1 energy production algaecultivation prototype pipe appearance

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fossile fuels

fig.22

green electricity

fig.23

biofuel

fig.24

The energy production for the bio port As already mentioned at the beginning, the bio port should generate large parts of the energy it needs itself. Green electricity is generated from renewable energies. The main focus is on a lesser-known biological energy source that will play an important role in the future as an alternative to fossil fuels. Microalgae.

fig.22 https://www.amchamchile.cl/2014/12/el-petroleo-cuando-la-tendencia-es-tu-amiga/ fig.23 https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/blogs/ fig.24 https://algaebiomass.org/blog/9507/adm-launch-algae-derived-dha-for-use-in-aqua-feed/ p.0.121

algaecultivation

04.1 energy production

The algae Microalgae are small aquatic organisms that can convert sunlight into energy. Some of these algae store energy in form of natural oils. Under the right conditions, algae can make a lot of oil that can be converted into biofuels.

algaes production fig.25

macroalgaes

microalgaes

multicellular 1mm-60m

unicellularmulticellular

brownalgaes Laminaria Palmaria ...

Chlorella Spirulina ...

biomass fig.26

biofuel fig.27

fig.25 https://mayafiles.tase.co.il/ fig.26 https://sarifoods.co/blogs/news/161696711-why-its-important-to-know-the-source-of-your-spirulina fig.27 https://algaebiomass.org/blog/9507/adm-launch-algae-derived-dha-for-use-in-aqua-feed/ p.0.122

lake water

fertilizers

filtered water

agriculture

fish

water

animal food

nutrions cultivation

biomass seperation

biomass

sunlight

farm animals

nutritional supplement

glizerin

medicine

bio diesel

cosmetics

persons

oil

bio oil bio hydrogen bio ethanol

co2 fuel cell

fuel

bio gas jet

industrie

electricity

car

heating fig.28

The life cycle of algae From the sources of water, sunlight, carbon dioxide and nutrients, biomass can be produced through photosynthesis, which on the one hand can be used as a source of food, but on the other hand, due to its high oil content, can also be used as green biofuel for combustion engines, and through the production of biogas as an energy source for fuel cells. This makes microalgae to a nearly carbon-neutral fuel source

fig.28 https://eurosportello.eu p.0.123

algaecultivation

04.1 energy production

N NNE

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iro

la s

meteoblue

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so p.0.124

ET AR

ta M oi ro / re i Ba r ET AR

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0 >28

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Here, the individual weather parameters for algae cultivation in the Lisbon area are examined more closely. Lisbon is one of the sunniest cities in Europe with up to 400 hours of sunshine per month. The wind comes mainly from the northwest and the tides are between +/- 1 - + / - 3 meters. Human excretions could also be used as nutrients and a cooperation with the surrounding sewage works could be considered. 3.2 million people live in the greater Lisbon area, which is 30% of the total population of Portugal.

sun -20°

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Lisbon: avg. total: 16,5 gigatons/year

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08 14

100°

Lisboa Lat Long: 38.70° N 9.13° W

110°

WSW

ESE

09 13

-120°

high tides: app. +/-3m low tides: app. +/-1m

120°

130°

-130°

3.200.000 inhabitants (30% of portugal) co2 emissions and year in portugal 2018: avg. 5,11 tons p.p

140°

-140° 150°

-150° -160°

-170°

170°

SSW

160°

SSE S

0 >28

>1 >38

>5 >50

>12 >61 km/h

>19 meteoblue

30 days

25 days

Nutrions

20 days

ETAR de Chelas

15 days

400 hrs

ETAR de Beirolas

10 days

300 hrs 200 hrs

5 days

sunhours 100 hrs

0 days Jan

0 >28

Feb

Mar

>1 >38

Apr

May

Jun

>5 >50

Jul

Aug

Sep

>12 >61 km/h

Oct

Nov

Dec

>19

ETAR Barreiro/Moita

ETAR do Afonsoeiro

meteoblue

fig.29 fig.29 https://www.meteoblue.com/de/wetter/archive/windrose/lissabon_portugal p.0.125

algaecultivation

04.1 energy production

Why microalgae? challenges for biofuels: - improve the compatibility for engines 5000

4000

production range

gal/acre per year

- no competition for food production 5000

3000

- strong price increases for food triggered through increased production of first generation biofuels - The conflict of use could arise from biofuels of the new generation that are not made from plant fruits but from Plant residues or fast growing grasses or woods can be obtained. However, their manufacture is still very expensive.

2000

1000

600 50

100

160

200

soybeans

sunflower

canola

jatropha

palm oil

micro algae fig.30

biodiesel crops and production

fig.30 Jonathan Trent, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae (OMEGA), NASA Ames Research Center, 2012 fig.31 https://www.americanscientist.org/article/making-biofuel-from-microalgae/ p.0.126

- In order to prevent the destruction of virgin forests for the production of biofuels, comprehensive certification of imported biomass and fuels must be carried out. Here the so-called domino effect, such as in Brazil, to be avoided: The plantations of the Energy crops (sugar cane) sustainable because they were created on former pastures for cattle rearing. Around Gaining new pastures, however, was in return Rainforest destroyed.

flocculant

hydrogen

solvent

solvent recycling

water co2 evaporation

algae growth

setting

dissolved air flotation

centrifuge

lipid extraction

nutrients

phase separation and solvent recovery

recycle water

spent algae and water

recycle nutrients/water

anaeribic digestion

sludge

upgrading (hydrotreater)

naphtha (raw gasoline), diesel

biogas fluegas from for turbine energy power

fig.31

production process of biofuel

p.0.127

algaecultivation

04.1 energy production

The cultivation of microalgaes Basically, algae are divided into macro and microalgae. Both types can be used to make algae fuel. Algae can be cultivated in open ponds called raceways , however control of the conditions is very limited in order to achieve the ideal growth potential. Therefore, the cultivation will take place in closed, transparent, surfacemaximized algae reactors, which make the conditions in terms of nutrient, CO2 and O2 concentration, temperature, mixing, etc. more controllable. In OMEGA, oil-producing freshwater algae are grown inflexible, clear plstic photobioreactors (PBRs) attachedto

a floating infrastructure anchored offshore in aprotected bay. Wastewater and CO2 from coastalfacilities provide water and nutrients. The surroundingseawater controls the temperature inside the PBRs andkills algae that escape from the system. The salt gradientbetween seawater and wastewater drives forwardosmosis, to concentrate nutrients and facilitate algaeharvesting. The OMEGA infrastructure also supportsaquaculture below the surface and provides surfaces forsolar panels and access to offshore wave generators and wind turbines. Integrating algae cultivation withwastewater treatment,

[11] Jonathan Trent, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae (OMEGA), NASA Ames Research Center, 2012 fig.32 - 34 https://www.iwilife.com/ fig.33 https://www.derstandard.at/ p.0.128

CO2 sequestration, aquaculture,and other forms of alternative energy creates an ecologyof technologies in which the wastes from one part of thesystem are resources for another. In addition, the parts economically support the integrated whole. By treatingwastewater, sequestering CO2, and providing a marinehabitat, the system is environmentally friendly. By usingwastewater for water and fertilizer and operating offshore, OMEGA does not impact agriculture. [11]

fig.32

horizontal algae farming USA

fig.33

Photobioreactor in a closesd pipe system (eparella GmbH)

p.0.129

fig.34

OMEGA System

algaecultivation

04.1 energy production

Prototype A flexible, translucent hose system turned out to be a possible solution in order to find a suitable strategy for growing algae with reference to the artificial topological conditions of the Bioport construction project. This soft robot hose can operate on land as well as on water without additional construction. This system, by inverting its own material, can achieve a substantial,

controllable change in length from the tip by recreating its structure along its growth path. This leads to the ability to move through a restricted environment without sliding friction. As the tip moves, the body forms into a structure in the shape of the tipâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s path. In addition to its function as a bioreactor, this system also has the ability to convey data, energy or material through the soft inner film, so this soft robot can be equipped with sensors at the tip, but

p.0.130

also material such as fuel or filament for the autonomous construction of some airport structures.

setup:

tubefoil 50 my roll width: 80mm material: LDPE transparent watercontainer 3d printed PLA white airtube:4x1mm green

first eperiment:

-one layer -no air pressure -steering by gravity and obstacle -on hard surface

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prototype

04.1 energy production

fig.35

fig.36

fig.37

neuron growth

pollen tube extensions

sclerenchymal cells structure

This system principle also occurs in numerous forms in natural biological systems that grow to navigate their enviroments. Neurons grow through constrained tissue to create structures that act as signal pathways. Pollen tubes lengthen through pistil tissue to build conduits to deliver sperm to the ovary. Sclerenchyma cells grow within the xylem and phloem to create supporting structures.

fig.35 Hawkes, Blumenschein, Greer, Okamura, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;A soft robot that navigates its environment through growthâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, Science Robotics, New York, 2020 fig.36 https://pmgbiology.com/2015/02/14/sexual-reproduction-in-plants-2-a-understanding-for-igcse/ fig.37 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Book/ p.0.132

To gain a better understanding of the growth of algae in closed systems, a Chlorella culture was grown over a period of 120 days. For this purpose, three glass containers were supplied with a nutrient combination independently of each other. Nutrients were supplied at 30-day intervals. Room air was mechanically supplied several times a day and the room climate was kept constant at 20°C. Direct sunlight was not applied. The algae solution was subsequently implemented in the „Soft-Robot-Pipe“ prototype. The rolled up plastic film tube is extended by adding water and / or air pressure to a continuously variable linear system, which at the same time functions as a photo-bio-reactor. In the first experiments, the expansion process of the hose system was tested with the help of gravity. Therefore one liter of water is expanding the body of the hose for one meter in one minute. A deflector placed at an angle of 45° is used to guide the body away. Based on these findings, it is possible to steer the robot to follow the water course using gravity alone and a guiding surface, such as the topology of the roof area.

setup:

Mikroalgae: Chlorella watercontainer glass transparenent 1l airtube: 6x1,5mm green connection parts: 3d printed

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prototype

04.1 energy production

water

chamber control

co2+airpressure PET tube rolled up

drain pipe for further processing

co2+ airpressure

water

nutrients

water

nutrients

airpressure co2

two layer system:

-algae cultivating two layerchamber system: -control chamber -algae cultivating chamber -control chamber

inflate left control chamber to turn right inflate left control chamber to turn right

3 pressure-driven lenghening

4 turning reel controls lenghthening material at tip lenghens material at tip lenghens

turn remains turn remains

sensor controls steering

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1 min - 1liter -1m

0:05 [min] 0,08 [l] 0,1 [cm]

0:10 [min] 0,16 [l] 0,5 [cm]

0:15 [min] 0,25 [l] 0,8 [cm]

0:20 [min] 0,33[l] 1,4 [cm]

0:25 [min] 0,41 [l] 2,5 [cm]

0:30 [min] 0,5 [l] 5,5 [cm]

0:35 [min] 0,58 [l] 11 [cm]

0:40 [min] 0,66 [l] 12,5 [cm]

0:45 [min] 0,75 [l] 18,5 [cm]

0:50 [min] 0,83 [l] 36 [cm]

0:55 [min] 0,91 [l] 45 [cm]

1:00 [min] 1 [l] 50 [cm]

p.0.135

prototype

04.1 energy production

soft photosynthetic robots

bioport refinery combined bundles of robots

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The refinery The heart of the Bioport is the oil reefing facility in the core of the airport building. There the oil (lipid) is extracted from the algae. This is happening by breaking down the cell structure of the algae. This can be done by using solvents or sonification. After the oil is extracted, it is further physical and chemical processed to naphta, that is raw gasoline. And can be used for many types of aircrafts. p.0.137

pipe appearance

04.1 energy production

soft photosynthetic robots

bioport refinery combined bundles of robots

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200x200m 9114 robots 150km pipes dm 18cm V=Pi x r2 x h 1m=0,0254m3=25,4l/m 3 810 000l=kg =3810t

p.0.139

pipe appearance

04.1 energy production

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04.1 energy production

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04.1 energy production

zoo

co2

flocculant

water

nutrients

physical and chemical process harvested biomass

setting

centrifuge

solvent

dissolved air flotation

algae growth

lipid extraction

phase separation solvent recovery

upgrading

hydrogen

(hydrotreater)

flocculant water co2 evaporation nutrients

algae growth

setting

solvent

dissolved air flotation

centrifuge

hydrogen

solvent recycling

lipid extraction

phase separation and solvent recovery

recycle water

spent algae and water

recycle nutrients/water

anaeribic digestion sludge

biogas for energy

upgrading (hydrotreater)

fluegas from turbine

power

p.0.142

naphtha

(raw gasoline),

diesel

naphtha

(raw gasoline),

diesel

The bio-oil refinery on the ground floor will make the process of fuel production visible to the airport user and explain the individual process steps. This a relationship with the locomotion energy source is established by the traveler..

p.0.143

pipe appearance

04.1 energy production

the prototype in water random float out on flat surface

random seed max time max ivy length ivy size max float length max adhesion length primary weight random weight gravity weight adhesion weight branching probability ivy branch size

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

0 0 100 2 50 100 0,5 0,2 1 0,1 0,05 0,001

0 0 100 2 50 100 1 0,4 2 0,2 0,05 0,001

0 0 100 2 50 100 2 0,8 4 0,4 0,05 0,001

0 0 100 2 50 100 4 1,6 8 0,8 0,05 0,001

0 0 200 2 10 200 4 1,6 8 0,8 0,05 0,001

0 0 300 2 50 300 4 1,6 8 0,8 0,05 0,001

0 0 300 4 50 300 4 1,6 8 0,8 0,05 0,001

0 0 200 2 10 200 1 1 0,4 1 0,05 0,001

0 0 200 2 10 200 1 0,8 0,4 1 0,05 0,001

0 0 200 2 10 200 1 0,7 0,4 1 0,05 0,001

0 0 200 2 10 200 1 0,6 0,4 1 0,05 0,001

0 0 300 2 10 300 1,2 0,5 0,01 1 0,05 0,001

p.0.144

As mentioned, the photosynthetic tubes operate not only on the roof structure, but also on the water surface. The illustration on the right shows a possible snapshot of the constantly changing appearance of the tube systems. The coiled tubing structure extends as far as desired into the Targus River, making use of the otherwise unused wetlands. The water temperature of the estuary also regulates the temperature in the hoses. Their controllability allows the flexieble robots to maneuver into water zones that are ideal for the growth process. The arbitrary spreading study of the tubes floating in the water on the left shows how the fibers spread on a straight surface. Based on this, the fibers should follow a predetermined path. p.0.145

pipe appearance

04.1 energy production

the prototype in water OMEGA growing grid

17x random seed max time max ivy length ivy size max float length max adhesion length primary weight random weight gravity weight adhesion weight branching probability ivy branch size

p.0.146

0 0 250m 2 250m 250m 0,5 0,2 1 0,15 0,05 0,05

This path is defined by the OMEGA growing grid (Image1). This grid is computer generated and is digitally generated by the data from the sensors of the hoses. This grid is a flexible system that can change in a continuous way. Image 2 shows how the hoses move along this grid, showing a kind of digital swarming behavior.

p.0.147

pipe appearance

04.1 energy production

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Bioport is a new definition of landscape that integrates and redescribe the functions of infrastructure within its logics. Machine learning procesesses and digital simulations are creating a new language of architecture. The project breaks down long-established rigid aviation systems by making visible a new layer of mobility in form of new technologies. A new social shift of principle, away from nowadays extreme mass consumption, served-up, by low-cost airlines. Towards a new sustainable, ecological and regional layer of air travel. With the powerful help of artificial and biological intelligence in a digital age.

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04.2 rendering roof

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04.1 interior rendering

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bioport

landscape of mobility

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04.1landscape energyofproduction bioport mobility

05 sources references figures

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References [1] The Limits of Our Imagination: Design Fiction as a Strategy for Engaging with Dystopian Futures Joshua Tanenbaum, Marcel Pufal and Karen Tanenbaum [2] Dunne, Raby, „Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction and Social Dreaming“, MIT Press, 2013 [3] Eva Knutz, Thomas Markussen, Poul Rind Christensen, „The Role of Fiction in Experiments within Design, Art & Architecture - Towards a New Typology of Design Fiction“, Artifact, Volume III, issue 2, pages 8.1-8.13, 2014 [4] Paul Coulton, Joseph Lindley, Rachel Cooper, „The Little Book of Design Fiction for the Internet of Things“, Lancaster University, Lancaster, 2018 [5] http://www.birdforum.net/opus/Tagus_Estuary [6] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Environmental-history-of-the-Tagus-Estuary-a-situation-ofthe-narrow-estuary [7] https://militarybases.com/overseas/portugal/ [8] http://www.salinasdosamouco.pt/ [9] Maria R. Partidàrio, Miguel Coutinho, „The Lisbon new international airport: The story of a decision-making process and the role of Strategic Environmental Assessment“, Lisbon, Elsevier, 2010 [10] Baur, Schickram, Homulenko, Martinez, Dyskin „Urban air mobility, The rise of a new mode of transportation“ Roland Berger gmbh, Munich, 2018 [11] Jonathan Trent, „Offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae (OMEGA), NASA Ames Research Center, 2012

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references

0.5 sources

Figures fig.01 Paul Coulton, Joseph Lindley, Rachel Cooper, „The Little Book of Design Fiction for the Internet of Things“, Lancaster University, Lancaster, 2018 fig.02 https://esser.me/there-is-more-than-just-the-hype-cycle/ fig.03 https://www.noddyswritings.com fig.04 https://www.unep.org/gef/what-we-do/land-degredation fig.05 https://inshorts.com/en/news/152-indian-population-undernourished-report fig.06 https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/china-should-set-up-a-carbon-cap-zou-ji-on-the-nextnational-energy-targets/ fig.07 https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/climate-ocean/ fig.08 https://mayafiles.tase.co.il/ fig.09 https://www.cnbc.com/video/2020/05/01/how-airlines-park-thousands-of-grounded-planesamid-coronavirus.htm fig.10 https://www.kearney.com/ fig.11 https://earth.google.com/web/ fig.12 https://www.meteoblue.com/de/wetter/archive/windrose/lissabon_portugal fig.13 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Environmental-history-of-the-Tagus-Estuary-a-situation-ofthe-narrow-estuary fig.14 https://www.clix.expresso.pt/politica/2016-10-04-Comissao-de-Defesa fig.15 https://viagens.sapo.pt/viajar/viajar-portugal/artigos/22-lugares-que-nao-vai-acreditar-queficam-em-portugal fig.16 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Annual-energy-consumption-by-energy-source-GlobalCarbon fig.17 Sausen, Schauman„The contribuition of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018“, Lee et al., 2020 fig.18 Baur, Schickram, Homulenko, Martinez, Dyskin „Urban air mobility, The rise of a new mode of transportation“ Roland Berger gmbh, Munich, 2018 fig.19 Codex, London, 23-25 September 2019, Dr. Mark Bentall, COO, Corporate Technology Office, Airbus fig.20 https://moodley.at/idsheet/siemens-one4all/

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fig.21 fig.22 fig.23 fig.24 fig.25 fig.26 fig.27 fig.28 fig.29 fig.30 fig.31 fig.32 fig.33 fig.34 fig.35 fig.36 fig.37

https://coolhunting.com/culture/detritus-by-jonathan-schipper/ https://www.amchamchile.cl/2014/12/el-petroleo-cuando-la-tendencia-es-tu-amiga/ https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/blogs/ https://algaebiomass.org/blog/9507/adm-launch-algae-derived-dha-for-use-in-aqua-feed/ https://mayafiles.tase.co.il/ https://sarifoods.co/blogs/news/161696711-why-its-important-to-know-the-source-of-yourspirulina https://algaebiomass.org/blog/9507/adm-launch-algae-derived-dha-for-use-in-aqua-feed/ https://eurosportello.eu https://www.meteoblue.com/de/wetter/archive/windrose/lissabon_portugal Jonathan Trent, „Offshore membrane enclosures for growing algae (OMEGA), NASA Ames Research Center, 2012 https://www.americanscientist.org/article/making-biofuel-from-microalgae/ https://www.iwilife.com/ https://www.derstandard.at/ https://www.iwilife.com/ Hawkes, Blumenschein, Greer, Okamura, „A soft robot that navigates its environment through growth“, Science Robotics, New York, 2020 https://pmgbiology.com/2015/02/14/sexual-reproduction-in-plants-2-a-understanding-for-igc https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Book/

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figures

0.5 sources

Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister- /Master-/ Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht.

Innsbruck, Jänner 2021

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0.5 sources

Many thanks to my family and friends who have always stood by me. To my parents, who have always supported me on my lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s journey. Flaminia, for your great help and patience. Claudia and Maria for the inspirations, the many good inputs and constructive conversations.

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0.5 sources

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