Digital Garden

Digital Garden

Utilization of human hair-based solar “skin� to foster a dynamic and heterogeneous urbanism

Benjamin Berwick Yanli Xiong

DIGITAL GARDEN

Printed in Tokyo, Japan for more information on T_ADS (Tokyo Advanced Design Studies) visit t-ads.org Obuchi Laboratory & T_ADS University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan Figure 0.1 (Front Upper, Opposite) Origami Geometry Figure 0.2 (Front Lower) Internal Lighting Influence Figure 0.3 (Current Page) Hair Offcuts, Discarded Hair [1]

INTRODUCTION

Digital Garden

Utilization of human hair-based solar “skin� to foster a dynamic and heterogeneous urbanism

by Benjamin Berwick & Yanli Xiong

Primary Advisor: Professor Yusuke Obuchi Course Assistant: Toshikatsu Kiuchi

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DIGITAL GARDEN

Contents

page

INTRODUCTION

5

Chapter 1: SOCIAL CONTEXT

1.1. Urban Stasis

1.2. Energy Participation

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Chapter 2: ARCHITECTURAL INDIVIDUALIZATION

1.1. Component

1.2. Tool

1.3. Proposal

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Chapter 3: ORIGAMI LOGIC

2.1. Articulation

2.2. Operability

2.3. Solar Alignment

2.4. Fabrication

2.5. Fold Logic

2.6. Usability

2.7. Customization

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Chapter 4: FIBROUS EXPLORATIONS

3.1. Physical Properties

3.2. Application Properties

3.3. Material Properties

3.4. Structure 3.5. Material Source

3.6. Melanin Extraction

3.7. DSSC from Melanin

3.8. DSSC Fabrication

3.9. DSSC as Structure

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Chapter 5: FORMAL SYNTHESIS

4.1. Screen Logic

4.2. Solar Gain

4.3. Influence of Articulation

4.4. Interior Personalization

4.5. External Personalization

4.6. Apartment Adaptation

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Chapter 6: LOCAL TO GLOBAL

4.1. Individual Communication

4.2. Simulation of Large Scale Implementation

156

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INTRODUCTION Chapter 7: SIMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSION

4.1. Development of Simulation 1

4.2. Development of Simulation 2

168

Chapter 8: SIMULATION OF SOCIAL REVIVAL

4.1. Development of Simulation 3

4.2. Development of Simulation 4

4.2. Development of Simulation 5

232

Chapter 9: SIMULATION OF ELECTRICAL GAIN

4.1. Development of Simulation 6

268

CONCLUSION

292

REFERENCES

298

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Figure 0.4 Hair Sink, Discarded Hair [2] 4

INTRODUCTION

Introduction This book is composed of research forming the Digital Garden project - a proposal to engage individuals in the wider energy sustainability movement ongoing within society, and largely pushed by governmental agencies. The proposal will provide and simulate the use of a tool that allows an individual consumer the opportunity to personalize their environment - mediating between solar energy gain and internal illumination, privacy, and their role in public/private hierarchy.

This tool will adhere to solar principals as apposed to planning hierarchy, thereby creating a more desirable tailored environment for the individual. Strongly linked to this societal based idea, is the position of human as producer - ultimately marrying a by-product of living, human hair, to be the base material for this operation. Its physical, chemical and social properties will be harvested in order to provide an ecological system that expands and contracts based on the process of living itself. The urban environment will then become more diverse due to the individual designs and production, and as a benefit, will now marry user desire and population with energy generation.

Individuals will gain freedom in altering their domestic and communal spaces, while outmoded housing complexes will receive a resurgence of new life in the way of energy sustainability and aesthetics. In this way, by allowing architectural flexibility, and creating bottom-up proposals through simulation, the final goal is to paint a picture of a new evolutionary community that can develop over time.

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Objective Research will then embark on addressing the following issues in order to engage urbanites in the energy generation and sustainability game.

1. Sustainability is Unengaging As noted, sustainability is currently highly unengaging, most especially to those that have no attachment to their home environment. However, due to the energy crsis in Japan, incorporating an energy sustainable agenda will usher government support and endorsement.

Figure 0.5 Setouchi Solar Farm [3]

2. Architecture is Impersonal The residential architecture of Tokyo is homogeneous and generic. It is marketed to unspecific demographics, supporting and selling the same idea or image of domesticity, to little personalization. To change this level of engagement we are targeting the impersonal plethora of apartment interiors by offering a device that increases, but also modules interior light and space.

Figure 0.6 Tama New Town apartment [4]

3. Urbanity is Homogeneous In order to receive solar energy, the screen must have some relationship to the exterior of the building. Thus this allows an opportunity to breakdown urban homogeneity through each screen being personalized via modification and interaction.

Figure 0.7 Tama New Town [5] 6

INTRODUCTION

4. Humanity is Heterogeneous Different areas in Tokyo are characterized with local styles and attitudes. On a superficial level, individuals may differentiate themselves through association of subcultures that arise from these local trends. However, in the realm of every day living, people exhibit far deeper levels of complexity, socially and psychotically, which can be exhibited through their behavior patterns and subconscious preferences.

Figure 0.8 Harajuku Fashion & Diversity [6]

Through addressing these issues, the research goal is to achieve the design of a piece of infrastructure, or architectural ornamentation that allows for the translation of individual identity of the inhabitant to the external facade of the building. This translation will exist on the inhabitants personal desire to alter their internal environments lighting conditions, similar to the function of a curtain or louver, however by the screens careful actuation, this articulation will begin to reveal more about the inhabitant behind the facade. Integral to the widespread implementation of the screen is its sustainability agenda. Through deriving the chemical and physical properties of human hair, the substance of the screen will consist of hair fiber bonded with the extracted color of hair to form the structure - a dye sensitized solar panel. And thus a ratio will exist between internal lighting conditions, screen energy generation, and the visible personalization of homogeneous Tokyo architecture.

This ratio will be the output of the research in its intentions to move the argument of the tool in architecture away from the initial construction state, and into the routine of ones everyday life in order to achieve everyday, daily architecture that reflects the heterogeneity of an urban environments inhabitants.

Research will also focus on the widespread consequences when individuals are given an architectural tool. This tool, which is only a first glimpse at the future of architecture, represents the individual empowerment in changing, articulating, and expressing outwardly with one’s environment.

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DIGITAL GARDEN

Figure 1.1 Tama New Town Housing Development [1]

CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1 Social Context 1.1. Urban Stasis For the modern-day city dweller, everything that is needed to support life appears plainly from invisible systems already long established. Food, clothing, and other material goods are at the ready in stores, and the remnants and wastes of our consumption are similarly systematically done away with. These roles in production and disposal are so specialized and removed from the public eye that individuals have very limited understanding of the big picture. Even if we were to try to look deeper, we would see that these complex underlying networks are impossible for the outsider to discern, as they are marked by routine, generic characteristics and anonymity, similar to shipping containers that make their ways around the globe with little more to distinguish them apart than a number.

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DIGITAL GARDEN The turning point in the institutionalization of these networks can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution and to the introduction of mass production. These movements established a kind of generic, yet specialized role for manufacturers. Mass-production methods used skilled labor to design products and highly unskilled labor to produce and assemble standardized components and products [2].

It created “a parade of generic products, made by no one in particular, and for no one in particular� [3] which had to be met by a similarly controlled market demand. The result removed a great deal of power from the buyer, turning customer to consumer, product into commodity, and growth into commercialization.

Likewise, the field of architecture, which was once a display of human achievement and aspiration, is now largely dominated by corporate machines, selling static architecture and touting the spectacle and novelty of newness and luxury, without regard for cultural value. As the architecture from the past generation loses its sheen, it is dismissed, allowed to fall to waste.

These buildings are eventually torn down to make way for new complexes for the new market, selling the same ideals as its

Figure 1.2 Mass Housing Development in Ixtapaluca, Mexico [4]

CHAPTER 1

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Figure 1.3 Overview of Mass Housing Trends in Japan [5]

Figure 1.4 Canon Company Dormitories: (left to right) “First Village,” “Second Village,” “Third Village” [6]

CHAPTER 1 predecessor.

Mass Housing Projects

One particularly large force of influence on consumer architecture is mass housing projects. Mass housing, also known as Public Housing or Social Housing, is sponsored by the government in an attempt to create lower cost housing for a large quantity of people.

Although beneficial and accommodating to the economic needs of the people, mass housing projects represent and propagate the unconditional surrender of individualization in architecture. When such a view of inhabitation becomes adopted by typical contractors and building developers, the individual has little choice concerning sacrifice.

Japan’s history of mass housing projects began during WWII, to supply housing for laborers working to sustain the intense industrial and economic demand of war. [5] After the war, during the period known as the Japanese post-war economic miracle, there was a sudden surge of workers into urban areas.

To accommodate for the rapid influx, mass housing projects continued to be developed. [Fig 1.3] This kind of culture of collective living is still common in worker housing. It continues today on a smaller scale with many company employee dormitories. [7] However, near the end of the economic boom, the market for these housing developments, or “new towns” collapsed.

These new towns were often built towards the outskirts, designed to be new city centers, but as the growth of Tokyo stagnated, people who had bought into these new towns were left with sub-par investments. Of these “new towns,” New Town Tama was the largest. [8]

Homogeny

The urbanization of the world has wrought profound changes in virtually every phase of social life. The economic power of a company or firm translates to the economic powerlessness

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Figure 1.5 Real Estate in Japan: Statistics show a growing trend of condominiums [9]

CHAPTER 1 of the individual. Reflecting this is the real estate market, which is increasingly controlled by corporations and less by individuals. [Fig 1.5] [Fig 1.6] These corporations maximize profits by building large-scale residential complexes, marketing a vague and non-specific luxury lifestyle. The homogeneity of inhabitation is seen as a natural sacrifice for the lively bustle and economic splendor of the city. Over time, the home has lost its meaning as urban dwellers have adjusted their priorities to their environments.

Yet, by providing generic apartment buildings marketed toward no specific demographic, these buildings reinforce the idea that individuals are largely homogeneous, thereby trivializing individuals’ preferences. They are furthering a damaging idea about inhabitation—that interaction with one’s environment and with one’s community should only be surface-level; on the same level in which all are homogeneous.

However, that is not to say the people of Tokyo are unaware or do not have aspirations to personalize their habitations.

A particular breed of residential architecture exists, referred to as “designer mansions.” “Mansion” is a term used in Japan to refer to primarily reinforced concrete buildings (as opposed to wood). “Designer . . . signif[ies] that the architects had been given more freedom in the construction process. Imagine a developer saying, “Build me something beyond a concrete block.” [10] However, these buildings are

Figure 1.6 Real Estate in Japan: Statistics show a growing trend of corporate real estate [9]

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DIGITAL GARDEN considered luxury in and of themselves, and they are not only more expensive, but landlords may be more particular about the kind of people they accept.

These designer mansions are usually highly stylized residences, often sleek, minimal, and modern, but they can also be suited to other tastes. Examples include the “Biker House” which highlights bike storage as an amenity, or “European Style House” which takes architectural cues from various Western styles. [11] [Fig. 1.7]

Aging Population

Many of the modernized nations in the world are experiencing a decrease in population. Japan is among them, experiencing a decrease in its birthrate, and as a result, a relative increase in the aging population. [12] This older population is more likely to own properties, and less likely to be willing or capable of moving or undertaking renovations and changes. Thus, they too are contributing to the architectural stasis of Japan.

Due to a high percentage of elderly individuals, this is a national issue, but on a local level, the problem may be

Figure 1.7 Designer Mansion in Yokohama with Aegean Sea Breeze Design [11]

CHAPTER 1 even more severe in targeted locations. Due to the elderly population’s tendency to reside in the same neighborhoods, areas, and complexes, they are inadvertently creating communities that are never rejuvenated by the new, younger population. As every year passes, communities within neighborhoods with large elderly populations become that much older. The community never has the opportunity to organically adapt and evolve.

1.2. Energy Participation

Japan needs to import over 90% of its energy requirements.

[14] To gain energy independence, nuclear power was expected to play a large role.

However, following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, there has been a shift in focus to renewable energy as well as reducing energy consumption. [14] The government is now actively endorsing new renewable energy sources with intent to “lower... Japan’s dependency on nuclear power and push for the development of more renewable energies, including wind, geothermal heat and solar power, in particular over the next three years.” [16]

Figure 1.8 Japan’s Aging Population Problem [13]

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Energy Consumption (billion kwh)

DIGITAL GARDEN

Year Figure 1.9 Energy Consumption in Japan [15]

Figure 1.10 Japan’s Energy Goals [14]

CHAPTER 1

A self-sustainable decentralized energy system is a promising solution for future sustainable and resilient societies.

The Nushima Project, supported by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment, attempts to construct a prototype of a selfsustainable decentralized energy system. [17] Trending research in renewable and solar technology shows a shift away from expensive, highly efficient systems only available to a few, into cheaper, more flexible systems that have greater widespread potential. These cheaper systems consist of titanium oxide (a mineral commonly found in paints) that is coated with a dye. This dye is what facilitates the electricity generation potential of the system. The limiting factor of these systems is the price of the ruthenium-based dye. As such, new research is looking into cheaper, organic dyes, such as melanin. [18] Whilst the widespread potential of these lower cost panels is promising, consideration must be given to the environments they will occupy.

Urban Light Complexity

According to Robinson and Baker in 2000, adjacent urban structures can exert a significant influence on a building’s received solar radiation. Within the structures, passive solar gains and daylight both depend on the geometry of the building and its surrounding urban context. This could be referred to as solar complexity in an urban environment. [19 ] Therefore, the geometry that the screen must take on, for this more diverse habitat, must be highly considered and designed (more so than the standard rooftop application of solar panels). However, considering the broad gamut of possible urban scenarios and the complexity of reflected light, a simple one-design-fits-all scheme may not be appropriate, due to solar efficiency being a function of both direct and diffused light hitting the panel at what is closest to perpendicular.

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DIGITAL GARDEN Thus, research will focus on a component-based system where each individual unit has the ability to actuate in order to receive light from 180 degrees of exposure. These units will aggregate to form an almost curtain-like screen that is not only individually suited to its environment, but can also be easily manipulated on a larger scale by its user, as light direction and intensity vary over the course of days, months and years.

Figure 1.11 Solar Radiation Map of London [20]

CHAPTER 1

Figure 1.12 City Radiation Study [21]

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Figure 1.13 Surface Reflected Light [22]

Figure 1.14 Variation of Reflected Light Based on Height [23]

CHAPTER 1

Figure 1.15 Direct vs Diffused Radiation Levels [24]

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Chapter 1

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Figure 2.1 STIK Dispensing Tool [1] 24

CHAPTER 2

Chapter 2 Architectural Individualization One method of controlling the global form is consistent manipulation of the constraints belonging to the local component geometry and material. This will result in an accumulation of small changes, making a larger whole that can be understood both individually and collectively. Furthermore, when the geometry must perform differently in different regions of the form, local differentiations are forced to perambulate.

When we start to look at architectural individualization as a function of the human interactions taking place with it, the idea of the tool arises. The tool adheres to material logic in that it orchestrates logic into a larger geometrical form easily and consistently.

This section is an effort to introduce the tool to everyday inhabitants in an urban system. It looks at the tool not just as a one-time use machine, but more so as a machine that consistently updates the larger architectural design it adheres to on a daily basis through being opened and closed by its owner.

Thus, this tool begins to reflect its owner; it is not the individual design that creates a heterogeneous urban patina, but its action—its use.

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1.1 Component

- Globally Defined

Globally defined components correspond largely to an overarching aim or goal. The aim of the use of these components is to create a unique architectural solution that could not be produced another way. The local connection to global form system acts to provide a simplified set of detailed connections which can later be repeated in similar but differentiated component geometries.

The criteria for components used in the University of Tokyo’s 99 Failures Pavilion can be summarized as such: 1) Geometrical constraints due to global composition 2) Coordination between components to avoid undesirable overlap/conflicts between components (both when completed and when hung) 3) Compatibility with welding jigs when fabricated with a robot arm 4) Secure capability to be inflated with hydraulic pressure (which directly influences structural performance of component) 5) Maximum porosity (as a pavilion) to allow light and minimize loading from wind pressure. [2] The components for the 99 Failures project were strictly designed with geometrical, structural, architectural, and construction-related considerations in mind. The components were largely professionally fabricated.

How can we start to imagine the role of the user in the construction of such a complex form, and what level of skill must a user posses to be able to achieve a certain quality of architecture?

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CHAPTER 2

Figure 2.2 Predefined Individual Components Forming a Large Whole [3]

Figure 2.3 Complexity of Defining Individual Components [4]

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1.1 Component

- Procedurally Defined

In production, but also digitally, the first input geometry is the most important. This acts as a key from which all other components are cast.

A form whose characteristics are based on alterable parameters relating to the extent of distortion allowable within the construction membrane tool is created. From this initial component, as a bottom-up process, a surface can then be aggregated as a series of evolutions from this one “seed� component.

In effect, a global form can be computed as a derivative of this one component.

Creating from one seed works as a linear production process.

To produce multiple components, a system allowing creation from multiple seeds must be initiated.

Starting casting at multiple points along the length or surface of the structure is only allowable if the components can later combine to form this greater overall form.

Figure 2.4 Seed Growth

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CHAPTER 2

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To allow the components to combine when derived from different seeds, a generational approach must be taken.

Using branches, and moving vertically or to one side of the first component, another seed can be spawned. This is illustrated with the red structure. Between these red first batches of components, infill components are created, as seen in blue.

These infill components can be created simultaneously between different generations.

First, generation 1 is created. This then spawns generations 2 and 3. Generations 2 and 3 then each spawn generations 4 and 5, and so on. The more generations, the exponentially faster the overall form can be created.

Shown here is the start of a combination of infinite possibilities this generational tree structure affords.

With this infinite amount of different combinations, infinite flexibility is not inherently gained. This is because the geometry must grow in alternating directions.

To overcome this, the size of each branch and its resultant leaf geometries flex to fit within the overall geometry. However, the primary branches will always be read as ribs in the structure, and therefore can act as major structural elements because they all follow a similar logic.

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CHAPTER 2

Figure 2.5 Generational Logic 31

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A major limitation of this system comes from the lack of displacement a component can handle. The component can only distort and ultimately displace its output within the confines of the dimensions of the component itself.

Additionally, the components can only grow in one direction (diagonally) across the grid. Because the desired form is found at the edges of the grid, the most direct path can be found through looking at the taxicab algorithm. “Taxicab geometry, considered by Hermann Minkowski in 19th century Germany, is a form of geometry in which the usual distance function or metric of Euclidean geometry is replaced by a new metric in which the distance between two points is the sum of the absolute differences of their Cartesian coordinates.�[5] Using this taxicab algorithm and altering its priorities can facilitate determination of the most efficient route through components to achieve the greatest curvature.

Through the omission of certain components, the global form can achieve greater curvature. This is because the output curvature of a component is directly relational to its two input components. A limitation to this is that the system grows linearly. This limitation must be broken.

To do this, a seamless wall of components is imagined. Some of the components are then omitted. For every omitted component, 4 components with a free edge remain. Two of these components can be altered through this edge; it no longer has to follow the linear sequence.

If a greater resultant displacement or curvature is desired from a component, a component that possesses a large amount of curvature is used as the input from one of the available sides that doesn’t require a relationship to the component to which it was cast after.

Limitations There are limitations, despite the flexibility and freedom inherent in the system. This scheme is not standard in terms Figure 2.6 Constructed Branches 32

CHAPTER 2 of computational geometry. It serves to mediate between traditional methods of fabrication, such as sculpting and carving, with strict orthogonal ideologies generated through scripting.

Because the geometry is evolutionary, it is limited to growing like branches on a tree; it is linear until it grows a new branch.

Branches can grow independently and simultaneously once sprouted, however it is difficult for them to reconnect once split apart.

This limitation is at minimum mediated when considering multiple “trees,” or in terms of evolution, “cabbages.” These trees can grow independently, provided their meeting point has been computed. The joint is considered in the same fashion as each of the divergent branches. It must be perpendicular to the direction in which the components are evolving.

In addition, the horizontal displacement of the components is directly proportional to the distortion of the fabric, meaning displacement is restricted by the offset of top and bottom component surfaces. There are no angles involved.

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1.2 Tool

- Static With modern technology, we see two major trends.

One is human augmentation, like information distribution systems and devices that allow enhanced physical capabilities. Another is the development of large-scale 3D printers.

Our approach is to integrate these two trends by creating what is basically a network of human-driven 3d printing devices, which we call STIK (stick).

The basic component for the system is a simple stick, square in section. However, by controlling the way that these sticks are distributed, we can observe emergent logic in the way they form structures.[6]

Commonly, tools in architecture are limited to the initial construction phase. In the current architectural context, available tools include robotics, 3D printing, and human augmentation, all of which give power to the architect in terms of being able to realize a design without the use of tradespeople.

To this end, tools are inherently specific to their input material —whether it be powder for printing, or (as in the STIK system), sticks for self-aggregation.

The specificity of these tools provides their operator with limited control and thus a limited scope within which to alter the output.

This attributes the intelligence in the system to the tool (away from its operator), and implies that “anyone” with any “skill” can produce results consistent with others.

If these tools are so specific, and produce such consistent results, then why should their use be temporary in order to produce static architecture? Why not integrate the tool, through its ease of operation, with a user’s everyday life? Why not position this user as a common, non-architecturally focused individual?

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CHAPTER 2

Figure 2.7 Introduction of tool to orchestrate identical components (sticks) in a particular fashion [1]

Figure 2.8 Use of tool to orchestrate identical components (sticks) in a particular fashion [7]

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1.2 Tool

- Operable

A daily, lifestyle-based operable tool is our proposal.

As a tool it establishes a relationship between internal space, solar energy gain, and external facade patterning. Whilst a user can design the initial pattern and method of operation of their tool, the internal logic and action of articulation remains constant.

As a alters their inhabited internal space through light patterning, they are at the same time unknowingly altering the relationship between themselves and their solar energy generation.

100% Closed

75% Closed

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CHAPTER 2 Thus, this tool links a user’s desire with sustainable practice.

Ultimately, the tool acts in relation to a user’s lifestyle - maybe one is home during the day, and as such it sees a large gamut of movement as the user adjusts his or her internal environment in relation to the moving sun.

Another’s screen may be actuated more at night for privacy concerns, or to reveal their view.

50% Closed

25% Closed Figure 2.9 Introduction of tool to regular Tokyoite. Use of tool moves away from singular construction use, and into everyday life 37

DIGITAL GARDEN

Figure 2.10 Manifestation of this becomes architecture that is in constant flux, always mimicking the inhabitants behind the facade and the larger urban and environmental factors surrounding them.

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CHAPTER 2

OPENMINDED

OPENMINDED

OPENMINDED

OPENMINDED

OPENMINDED

OPENMINDED

EXTROVERT

EXTROVERT EXTROVERT

EXTROVERT

As an output of this tool, a new form of user controlled and actuated architecture will begin to manifest within the urban realm. Users follow rules unknowingly attributed to their lifestyles that create a patina of heterogeneous architecture and reflect a city’s broad gamut of lifestyles.

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Figure 3.1 Component folded away, relative to initial geometry 40

CHAPTER 3

Chapter 3 Origami Logic Origami is the traditional art of paper folding. It is the logic that allows something two-dimensional to be folded into three dimensions using two different folds—valley and mountain.

The interplay of origami then becomes its operator, who allows the mechanism to work between the two fixed states of paper.

How can this logic be applied to differentiated components?

Additionally, how can the logic extend to the role the user has in manipulating the array of components?

The aim then becomes an origami-based screen that allows ease of interaction with its operator.

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2.1 Articulation Initial origami explorations were based on the ability of a single component to be able to capture solar light from different angles due to the complexity of light within an urban environment.

These components consisted of mountain and valley folds; cuts within the geometry similar to Goko folding, and areas dedicated to hinge folding.

The criteria for each component was the ability to:

- Maximize Verticality - Maximize Horizontality - Maximize Angle - Maximize Solar Panel Coverage

- Fold - Expand

- Be customized individually

Base Connection

Figure 3.2 Single Component - Double Hinge 42

Hinges

CHAPTER 3

Solar Panel

Mountain-Fold Mountain-Fold Solar Panel Valley-Fold

Cut Mountain-Fold Mountain-Fold

Figure 3.3 Single Component - Double Hinge 43

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90 deg 60 deg 50 deg 35 deg

10 deg

Elevation

Figure 3.4 Range of angles the component can adopt 44

CHAPTER 3

Elevation

Figure 3.5 Component folded away, relative to initial geometry 45

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Width 1/20th of full extension

Axon

Figure 3.6 Concertinaed Component 46

CHAPTER 3

Afternoon Sun

Morning Sun

Sides angled to capture low sun

Axon

Figure 3.7 Opening of component 47

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Figure 3.8 Single Component - Double Hinge - Folding Motion 49

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2.2 Operability As the component must act in an array, the hinge must be simplified to restrict movement to the previously defined range of action.

This single hinge acts on different levels of fold angle that are influenced by the user’s touch on the panel. These small amounts of movement accumulate into a larger overall effect of panel deformation.

Figure 3.9 Single Component - Single Hinge

Figure 3.10 Single Hinge Array

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Figure 3.11 Hinge on Hinge

CHAPTER 3

2째 Fold Angle

4째 Fold Angle

6째 Fold Angle

8째 Fold Angle

Figure 3.12 Inaccurate Folding

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Figure 3.13 Inaccurate Folding 2

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CHAPTER 3

Figure 3.14 Material Visualization

Figure 3.15 Fold Profile

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Figure 3.16 Fold Logic Studies 54

CHAPTER 3

Figure 3.17 Fold Logic Studies - Differentiated Components 55

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2.3 Solar Alignment With its geometry based on solar orientation principles, provided the user’s apartment space receives some form of light, (diffuse or otherwise), solar energy can be generated.

ht

Urban Light

Component optimised to be alterable 180deg to capture light from all directions.

W

E

S

Figure 3.18 Solar Oriented Component

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CHAPTER 3 In looking at this geometry three-dimensionally, we adopt ed the cross section of a standard light-reflecting louver, most commonly utilized to draw light deeper into floor-plates of offices and towers.

With this cross-section, light 5 degrees from the horizon and above is directed up to 8 meters into the building from its facade. Subsequently, this light can be directed as dictated by the louver form. [1]

Figure 3.19 Light Capturing Louver [2]

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Figure 3.20 Light Capturing and Reflecting Component

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CHAPTER 3

As this alterable component becomes an array, the curtain-like qualities of expansion and contraction start to dictate illumination levels and division of public/private space. The screen becomes spatial in that it is individually controlled by its user as a manifestation of the user’s movements and lifestyle.

Expanded

Contracted

Expanded

Contracted

Elevation Figure 3.21 Components in Array

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Front View Figure 3.22 Array of Components - Expanded

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Figure 3.23 Array of Components - Contracted

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DIGITAL GARDEN To commodify the light incident to an apartment, the amount that hits the facade must be absorbed into the system. As such, the red section of the component highlighted draws reflected rays from 5 degrees and above (after dawn) into the panel.

This light then passes through the open aperture, into the light tunnel and deeper into the panel.

Once the light is in the panel, it can then be reflected an unlimited number of times, depending on tunnel geometry.

As the solar panel only absorbs 40% of the incident rays, the remaining 60% from each bounce continue until they exit into the room behind. [3]

Figure 3.24 Reflected Light from Solar Panel Used for Greater Energy Gain [3]

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CHAPTER 3

300mm

300mm

300mm

300mm

Figure 3.25 Array of Components - Contracted

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2.4 Fabrication A single row is folded from connected geometry. This pattern is inscribed onto the hair fibres using the DSSCs lower resin layer as structure, akin to fibreglass. As such, this pattern is suited to differentiation, as the logic of folding into three dimensions is retained.

Resin Melanin Iodine Resin Hair Figure 3.26 Flat Layers of DSSC on Hair Fibre

Hair Fibre

DSSC

Figure 3.27 Pattern of DSSC Solidification 64

CHAPTER 3

2.5 Fold Logic Two important hinge angles control the folding logic.

With these hinge angles, two hinge pieces of geometry similar to earlier components, allow actuation of the geometry. This actuation occurs not only as an accordion, but also facilitates rotation of the front face.

Hinge Rotation

Section

Hinge Connection

Figure 3.28 Internal Ratio of ‘Component’

Section 65

DIGITAL GARDEN This fold logic then moves the notion of the ‘component’ into an array of a series of folds, all individually dictated by their relationship between themselves and one another.

DSSC

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Figure 3.29 Relationship of Flat Sheet DSSC to its Folded State as a Row 67

DIGITAL GARDEN

2.6 Usability

- Three-Dimensional Erection Construction will alternate between two different hinge details. One hinge detail is between components produced from the same pattern. This hinge can be supported by the hair felt, where no resin is cast. The other hinge, placed between differently patterned components, is mechanical (a zipper), allowing an individual ease of erection, and facilitating the possibility of swapping in and out different components to suit user preferences.

IR

HA

IN

ES

+R

IR

HA

I

HA

Figure 3.30 Hinge between Surfaces which are the Same - Scoring 68

IN

ES

R R+

CHAPTER 3

IR

HA

Z

t

oin

rJ

e ipp

L

NE

PA

HA

EL

AN

P IR

Figure 3.31 Hinge between Different Surfaces - Zip Joint 69

DIGITAL GARDEN

Array Folding Design of the panel becomes an interplay between top face, bottom face, and the space between them that is either taken up by geometry or light.

To actuate the screen, a pull handle that connects the side of components on the end of the screen will be fabricated from a rigid material for ease of use.

Section Top Face Lower Face Incident Space

Figure 3.32 Array Geometry Breakdown 70

CHAPTER 3

RESULTANT SPACE BETWEEN COMPONENTS

INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT

COMPONENT TOP & BOTTOM

STACKED COMPONENTS

CONNECTED COMPONENTS SECTION

Figure 3.33 Solidification of array ends to form complete geometry.

71

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2.7 Customization As a curtain, the user can begin to customize the outer extents of each of their components—which in turn influences solar gain, internal luminance, and division of public and private space.

Width

Wider = less p

De De

Custom

Expanded Plan Figure 3.34 Component Individualization 72

CHAPTER 3

private, more public.

epth eeper = less illumination, more solar gain.

Free to Customize Fixed Ratio Contracted

73

DIGITAL GARDEN

Differentiation

- Porosity Overall geometry is considered while retaining the 2D to 3D relationship. The geometry can shift and alter depending on the user’s solar gain or illumination desires. Component density can be controlled by placing attractor points.

In addition, the hinge point angle can also be locally altered, allowing an open aperture.

User-defined attractor points that relate to density of components and therefore internal illumination and solar gain.

Front Figure 3.35 Differentiation of Predefined Geometry Porosity.

74

CHAPTER 3

Component aperture controlled through changing hinge point. Maximum closed.

Front

Component aperture controlled through changing hinge point.

Maximum open.

Front

75

DIGITAL GARDEN

Differentiation

- Density The final geometrical point to consider is the rear point array, acting similar to the front, but directly controlling solar illumination to the interior.

Spatially, the screen can take different forms by altering the depth of the light tunnel.

Application Through the use of origami the arrays of component logic can start to be controlled. Predefined folding and actuation ensure the ease of use of an array as an operable screen, and as such this allows its implementation in relation to urban light and internal illumination.

Figure 3.36 Differentiated Component Screen Production 76

CHAPTER 3

Rear

Top

Figure 3.37 Differentiation of Predefined Geometry Density.

77

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Figure 3.38 Differentiated Component Screen (front) 78

CHAPTER 3

Figure 3.39 Differentiated Component Screen (rear) 79

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80

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Figure 3.1 Melanin Extracted from Human Hair with Iodine and Titanium Oxide 80

CHAPTER 4

Chapter 4 Fibrous Explorations Fibre can take many forms and has many uses. It currently dominates new technological advancement in the automotive, aerospace, and network engineering fields. Broadly speaking, fibre’s ability to be combined into a textile is advantageous. It makes use of a high number of connections and intersections between fibres to produce a seamless surface that is incredibly strong in tension and form holding. Compressive strength is often heightened through the application of a binder, such as resin.

81

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Each person grows approximately 15 cm of hair annually. Each person has approximately 100,000 hairs on their head [1].

Most hair ends up in landfills, but there is a market for hair harvested for wigs and extensions. Most human hair is exported from India and China. In India alone, approximately 1 million kg of human hair is exported annually, with a net worth of around US $238 million. [2] As an object of comparison, the South African wool industry produces 43,000 tons of wool, worth US $158 million. [3]

3.1. Physical Properties Hair fibres from mammals contain many similarities. They are all primarily composed of three main components: the cuticle, the cortex, and the medulla. The main differences that exist between animal hairs exist in the varying densities and thicknesses of these three components. Differences in strength, texture, density, and color can be attributed to slight differences in components.

Cuticle

The cuticle is the clear protective outer layer of the hair strand, composed of overlapping flat scale cells. The scales react to external conditions, such as heat, moisture, oil, etc. [4]

Medulla

Cortex

The cortex is composed of spindle-shaped cells oriented along the axis of hair. This is the thickest part of the hair, and it contains hair pigment. Some animal hairs are composed of two cortex types: Orthocortical (a more reactive type) and Paracortical (a less reactive type). The orientations of these two types affect the texture of the fibre, creating straight or curly hair.

Figure 3.2 Hair Follicle [5]

82

CHAPTER 4 The medulla is the innermost component of the hair fibre. The medulla adds substantial thickness and strength to the overall individual fibre. It is only present in the thickest of hair, and is more common in human hairs.

Entanglement One special property of hair fibres is their natural tendency to aggregate and entangle. While each individual strand has particular attributes of strength, when hair is aggregated, new behavioral properties emerge.

Paracortical Orthocortical Figure 3.3 The Structure of Hair [6]

1 micrometer Figure 3.4 Structural Analysis of Human Hair Cuticle [8] 83

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Human Hair

Wool Fiber

The cuticle of hair is about 3.2 micrometers [9]

The cuticle of wool is about 0.4-0.5 micrometers. [10]

The cortex of hair is homogeneous, resembling a para-cortex

The cortex of wool is made up of two components: Orthocortical: more reactive Paracortical: less reactive i.e.: in merino wool, the two components are side by side; in crimpless wool, ortho is in the center and is surrounded by para-cortex components.

The medulla is only present in the thickest hairs. It is more common in human hair than wool.

Tensile Strength of Various Materials

Wool

Human Hair

Material

Copper

Concrete

Wood

Spidersilk

A36 Steel

Aluminum Alloy 0

250

500 Tensile Strength (MPa)

Figure 3.5 Tensile Strength Comparison [11]

84

750

1000

CHAPTER 4 The term for this self-aggregation is trichonodosis. “Trichonodosis is characterized by knotted hair on the distal portion of the hair shaft. This may be spontaneous or secondary to mechanical factors like vigorous scratching or combing the hair.� [7] Utilizing the entangling tendencies of hair fibres, aggregations can be felted into a solid surface.

Unlike textiles, which are woven or knitted, felt is formed using the inherent qualities of the fibers to curl and cling together when subjected to heat, moisture, and pressing.

Some are made by pressing, others by needling. Both processes work to entangle and interlock the fibers.

Figure 3.6 Microscope Scan of Knot in Hair [12]

Figure 3.7 Mat Felted from Human Hair [13] 85

DIGITAL GARDEN Industrial Felting Process Mixing Fibres are blended together. Lumps and tangles are opened up.

Carding The clumps of fibers are combed into thin layers called webs.

Carding orients the fibers so that they are parallel to each other and thus to form the felt uniformly.

Batting Webs are overlaid, each layer perpendicular to the last, forming batts. Batts can vary in thickness from half an inch to several inches thick depending on the number of layers.

Hardening Soft batts are wet and pressed between steel plates which vibrate to help the fibers interlock and cling together. This is the initial stage of felting.

Fulling Fulling further compresses the felt and maintains a consistent thickness. The fulling machine uses hammering action to compress and then release the felt.

Needling Needling is used to produce felt from fibers that do not naturally felt. Synthetic felts can be made using this process. Barbed needles penetrate and compress a batt of fibers to interlock them into a uniform and strong felt.

Washing/Drying The final steps of producing felt include dying (if needed), washing, and drying.

Figure 3.8 The Processes of Felting [14]

86

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3.2. Application Properties Human Hair

Hair, as a material, holds much social stigma, as it is so personal, and has always had a strong role in self-expression.

In ancient Greece, long hair was a sign of wealth and power, while slaves’ hair was shorn short.[4] In ancient Japan, hair was braided into rope to support the building of temples.[5] During the Holocaust, while millions of innocent people were slaughtered, their hair was collected and meticulously saved, “to be made into industrial felt or spun into yarn. Women’s hair... [was] used in the manufacture of hair-yarn socks for ‘U’boat crews and hair-felt foot-wear for the Reichs-railway” [6] Most commonly, hair holds sentimental value and is prized as a memento, since it is so personal. Practices like saving a lock of hair from a child’s first haircut serve this sentimental purpose.

Figure 3.9 Lock of Hair Preserved as a Pendant. [7]

87

DIGITAL GARDEN

Inverse Relationship of Density vs. Noise Reduction Coefficient

Densities 2 0 . 0 0

Concrete

Wool Content Invererted Noise Reduction Coefficient

1 6 . 0 0 Carpet

1 2 . 0 0

8

.

0

0

4

.

0

0 Acoustic Panels

0 F-1

F-2

F-3

F-5

F-6

F-7

F-10

F-11

F-12

F-13

F-15

F-26

F-50

F-51

F-55

Inverse Relationship of Density vs. Absorption

Densities 20.00

0%

16.00

100%

12.00

200%

8.00

300%

4.00

400%

Wool Content

0 F-1

F-2

F-3

F-5

F-6

F-7

F-10

F-11

F-12

F-13

F-15

F-26

F-50

F-51

F-55

Absorbency (by weight)

Pounds per sq.yd. 1”

Absorption (by Weight)

500%

Density vs. Specific Heat

Densities 20.00

0%

16.00

100%

12.00

200%

8.00

300%

4.00

400%

Wool Content

0 F-1

F-2

F-3

F-5

F-6

F-7

Figure 3.10 Felt Properties [16] 88

F-10

F-11

F-12

F-13

F-15

F-26

F-50

F-51

F-55

500%

Absorbency (by weight)

BTU/hr/sq. ft./°F/in

Specific Heat

CHAPTER 4

Wool Felt

There is a large existing industry of wool felt, both industrially felted and hand-felted. These felt products vary in utility based on forms and densities.

Dampening: Sound and vibration dampening increase with increased density. Felt grades F1-F7 and F50-F55 can all be used for dampening. The higher the density, the more durable. Felt can reduce the vibration energy transmitted from a machine to its foundation. Felt absorption mounts can reduce the vibrating energy of machines by as much as 85%. Felt absorbs more sound per thickness than other materials, making it the leading choice in applications where space is limited. Similarly, felt can protect against externally generated noise and vibration. [15] Absorbency: Absorbency increases with decreases in density. Furthermore, among felts that are the same density, Absorbency increases as the percentage of wool fiber in the felt decreases.

Porosity: Due to felt’s porosity, it has been shown to be beneficial to growing vegetation. It can retain water more effectively than standard soil. Depending on the composition of the felt, fibers can break down as a natural fertilizer or herbicide. [26] Because it is produced in sheets, felt can be used as an effective substrate liner for growing vegetation and landscaping. More commonly, these substrates are made from synthetic mineral fibers due to cost reasons.

Thermal Insulation: For at least three thousand years, felt has been used as thermal insulation for yurts. [27] Felt is used as thermal insulation in buildings. Fiberglass insulation, whose fibrous structure is similar to felt, is one of the most popular materials. For its thermal qualities, felt is also used on a small scale. Examples include coasters, coffee cozies, and various articles of clothing.

Filtration: Felt is used as a filter for air, water, and oil. Based on the diameter and density of the fibers, it can exclude particles down to 0.7 micron [28]. Human hair fibers are much thicker than wool fibers, so they may not be able to filter as fine particles.

However, the scales present on the surface of hair readily absorb oil. [17] 89

DIGITAL GARDEN

3.3. Material Properties

- Tests Using hair as the base, different felt density and thickness samples were fabricated. These then served as the basis for a series of tests to define the extent of properties of this seldomstudied material.

90

CHAPTER 4

Density 1 Weight 160 g Height 6 cm

Thickness 1 Weight 160 g Height 6 cm

Density 2 Weight 105 g Height 6 cm

Thickness 2 Weight 105 g Height 4 cm

Density 3 Weight 55 g Height 6 cm

Thickness 3 Weight 55 g Height 2 cm

Figure 3.11 Hair Felt Density & Thickness Tests

91

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Transparency The transparency tests revealed a very high tolerance to light transmission, with even the thinnest felt blocking all light.

Density 1 160 g

Thickness 1 160 g

Density 2/3 105 g

Thickness 2/3 105 g

Density 1/3 55 g

Thickness 1/3 55 g

Figure 3.12 Hair Felt Transparency 92

CHAPTER 4

Density 1 160 g

Thickness 1 160 g

Density 2/3 105 g

Thickness 2/3 105 g

Density 1/3 55 g

Thickness 1/3 55 g

Figure 3.13 Hair Felt Transparency (Inverted) 93

DIGITAL GARDEN

Insulation The insulating properties of the hair felt proved a relationship between density and heat transmission. The more porous yet thicker samples proved more effective in their insulation of temperature from one surface to the other.

Density 1

Thickness 1

160 g

160 g

underside temp = 70 C

underside temp = 73 C

topside temp = 24 C

topside temp = 28 C

difference = 46 C

difference = 45 C

Density 2/3

Thickness 2/3

105 g

105 g

underside temp = 71 C

underside temp = 73 C

topside temp = 22 C

topside temp = 30 C

difference = 49 C

difference = 43 C

Density 1/3 55 g

Thickness 1/3 55 g

underside temp = 70 C

underside temp = 73 C

topside temp = 25 C

topside temp = 31 C

difference = 45 C

difference = 42 C R-value

Figure 3.14 Hair Felt Insulation 94

= 0.5

CHAPTER 4

Absorption Absorbency increased along with increases in thickness due to the presence of air pockets between fibres. However, leakage from each sample was not consistent and could not be accurately tested.

Density 1 160 g

Thickness 1 160 g

123 ml 1/0.77

Density 2/3 105 g

127 ml 1/0.79

Thickness 2/3 105 g

49 ml 1/0.46

Density 1/3 55 g

55 ml 1/0.52

Thickness 1/3 55 g

17 ml 1/0.31

39 ml 1/0.71

1/0.51 average ratio

1/0.67 average ratio Volume held

Figure 3.15 Hair Felt Absorbency

Direction 95

DIGITAL GARDEN

Results With increasing density:

- Transparency decreases

- Absorbency increases

- Insulation increases, then decreases With increasing thickness:

- Transparency remains rather consistent

- Absorbency increases

- Insulation remains rather consistent

+ lightness

1

= absorbency

- insulation

Density = absorbency

2/3

1/3

= absorbency

+ lightness

- insulation

+ lightness Parameter

Figure 3.16 Hair Felt Density Relationships

96

- insulation

CHAPTER 4

- insulation

1

+ lightness

= absorbency

Thickness 2/3

1/3

- insulation

- insulation

+ lightness = absorbency

= absorbency + lightness Parameter

Figure 3.17 Hair Felt Thickness Relationships

97

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3.4. Structure Structural properties were digitally simulated due to the small scale of hair fibres.

Properties analyzed were points of connection relative to knotting and density.

strands = 100 points of connection = 78 points per strand = 0.78 knots formed = 4

strands = 100 points of connection = 84 points per strand = 0.84 knots formed = 2

density = n/a hairs per 1 m3 = n/a

density = n/a hairs per 1 m3 = n/a

Figure 3.18 Hair Aggregation 98

CHAPTER 4

strands = 100 points of connection = 67 points per strand = 0.67 knots formed = 1

strands = 100 points of connection = 330 points per strand = 3.3 knots formed = 1

density = 100/0.000048 m3 hairs per 1 m3 = 2,000,000

density = 100/0.000027 m3 hairs per 1 m3 = 3,700,000

Figure 3.19 Hair Aggregation

strands = 100 points of connection = 490 points per strand = 4.9 knots formed = 1

strands = 100 points of connection = 1220 points per strand = 12.2 knots formed = 1

density = 100/0.000008 m3 hairs per 1 m3 = 12,500,000

density = 100/0.000002 m3 hairs per 1 m3 = 50,000,000

Figure 3.20 Hair Aggregation 99

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sample - 2 weight - 6 g

sample -3 weight - 11 g

sample -1 weight - 15 g

Sample (40mm sq) Weight (g) Tensile F(N) Comp F(N) Absorbency (mL) Density (g/cm3) 15 1 0.23 2 6 0.09 3 11 0.17 4 1 1 1 1 0.01 5 2 2 2 2 0.03 6 3 3 3 3 0.05 7 4 4 4 4 0.06 8 5 5 5 5 0.08 9 6 6 6 6 0.09 10 7 7 7 7 0.11 11 8 8 8 8 0.13 12 9 9 9 9 0.14 13 10 10 10 10 0.16 14 11 11 11 11 0.17 15 12 12 12 12 0.19 16 13 13 13 13 0.21 17 14 14 14 14 0.22 18 15 15 15 15 0.23 19 16 16 16 16 0.25 20 17 17 17 17 0.27

Figure 3.21 Hair Testing 100

CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.22 Hair Pull & Expansion

Sample (40mm sq) Pull (mm) Expansion 1 30 75% 2 n/a n/a 3 40 100% 4 20 50% 5 20 50% 6 n/a n/a 7 45 112.50% 8 n/a n/a 9 n/a n/a

Figure 3.23 Expansion vs Density 101

DIGITAL GARDEN The visual aggregation of hair fibres was simulated in order to look for initially consistent felting patterns, and later seams or ridges of greater strength.

Figure 3.24 Simulation of Aggregation vs Density 102

CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.25 Paths of Denser Aggregation 103

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3.5 Material Source More hair is lost than willingly discarded in an urban system.

The amount of hair shed over a given time is comparable in volume to that the average citizen will have removed at a salon.

Given the already extensive infrastructure in place to collect these naturally shed hairs, the sewer system, this is seen as an equally, if not more viable option for the source of hair fibres.

However, for the purposes of simplification in our system, a system is proposed whereby hair is collected from Tokyo salons.

Figure 3.26 Sources of Hair Collection 104

CHAPTER 4

NATURAL SHEDDING

CUTTING & SHAVING

SEWER SYSTEM

SALONS

HAIR COLLECTION 6400 TONS

7000 TONS

Figure 3.27 Amounts of Hair Collection

Figure 3.28 Relationship between Human Skin and Hair Colour to Solar Exposure [18]

Figure 3.29 Relationship of Human Hair Colour to Amount of Melanin Present [19] 105

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3.6 Melanin Extraction Based on papers by L’Oreal research laboratories, one is able to readily extract melanin at a rate of 2% per hair weight. [20] (17,600 kg of hair is collected per day. 0.000,000,103 g of melanin per every mg of hair) This paper brings into light a ratio between melanin extracted and the amount of hair fibre remaining.

The isolation of melanin pigments from human hair requires the solubization of keratin material. The enzymatic reaction is carried out at 40 C and results in 90% protein digestion.

A preliminary hair sensitization is necessary to improve the digestion yield. [21]

Figure 3.30 Extraction of Melanin from Hair [22]

Hair + Decomposing agent + solubizing agent Sodium Hydroxide

Figure 3.31 Extraction of Melanin from Hair [22] 106

Glycerin

CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.32 Extraction of Melanin from Hair vs Amount of Hair Fibre Digested [20] 107

DIGITAL GARDEN

108

CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.33 Melanin Extracted from Hair. Semi-solidified with Glycerin 109

DIGITAL GARDEN

3.7 DSSC from Melanin Melanin replaces the only cost prohibitive material in the DSSC —the ruthenium dye. This becomes imperative when considering the widespread application of DSSCs, as not only is ruthenium incredibly scarce, but also toxic.

Figure 3.34 Chemical Breakdown of Melanin [23]

Figure 3.35 Melanin in Solution Extracted from Hair 110

CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.36 Breakdown of DSSC using Melanin as Dye

Figure 3.37 Efficiency of Current Solar Technologies. Organic DSSC Seen Lower Right [24] 111

DIGITAL GARDEN And thus we see a niche opening in the desired widespread potential of dye-sensitized solar cells by offering a free material to replace the only expensive component.

Further potential exists with melanin when compared with other materials. Given its unusual, broad-spectrum range of absorption, whilst it may not be the most efficient visible light absorber, its provides a more flexible opportunity. This opportunity could look at the dye becoming excited by sources such as heat and UV radiation, which ties in with the overall urban scenario, and basis of complexity of urban light.

+

Figure 3.38 Urban Condition 112

CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.39 Absorption Spectrum of Acids and Melanin. [25] 113

DIGITAL GARDEN

3.8 DSSC Fabrication Experiments were constructed to test the potential of extraction of melanin from human hair and subsequent application back to the fibre as part of a solar panel. Initially, a control panel was created using dye from plant matter—retinoic acid—a common experiment. Upon its success, a panel was constructed using melanin. Also successful, this acts as proof of concept.

Figure 3.40 DSSC Fabricated from Retinoic Acid Dye as Control 114

CHAPTER 4 Based on existing DSSC technology and research into melanin, an electrical output could be as much as 50 m2 of panel (800 kWh per month) where an average small family consumes 1000 kWh per month. [25]

Figure 3.41 DSSC Fabricated from Melanin

Control Test

Melanin Test

Voltage (V) Current (Across Circuit) (mA) 1 2 3

1 2 3

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 Voltage (V) Current (Across Circuit) (mA) 0.4 0.4 0.4

0.2 0.1 0.2

Figure 3.42 DSSC Electrical Energy Generation 115

DIGITAL GARDEN

3.7. DSSC as Structure Through the use of the strength of hair fibre and the binding properties of the dye-sensitized solar cell, we can begin to combine these materials with the form of the origami screen, and begin the fabrication process of individual components to create the digital garden proposal.

Figure 3.43 Resin Applied to Hair Felt and Directional Fibre.

116

CHAPTER 4

Figure 3.44 Zip Detail and Three-dimensional Fold Logic.

117

DIGITAL GARDEN

118

118

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Figure 5.1 Planar Influence of Panel on Internal Environment 118

CHAPTER 5

Chapter 5 Formal Synthesis How can we tackle the mounting homogeneity of housing and provide individuated solutions to an individual’s personal environment whilst simultaneously addressing the concern of the energy crisis?

With the combined logic of a fold-based, origami-actuated, and structurally-fibrous screen, presented here is the individual participation in commodifying light for governmental, environmental and societal benefit.

119

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4.1 Screen Logic As described in a previous chapter, the amount of light hitting the facade must be absorbed into the system. As such, the section of the component is based on a light-reflecting louver which draws reflected rays from 5 degrees and above (thus, after dawn) into the panel.

This light then passes through the open aperture, into the light tunnel, and deeper into the panel.

Once the light is in the panel, it can then be reflected an unlimited number of times, dependent on the tunnel geometry.

As the solar panel only absorbs 40% of the incident rays, the remaining 60% from each bounce continues until exiting into the room behind.

Design of the panel then becomes an interplay between top face, bottom face, and the space between them that is either taken up by geometry or light.

120

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Figure 5.2 Light-capturing Louver [1]

121

DIGITAL GARDEN

Figure 5.3 Light Reflecting Louver Draws Light Deeper into Building [2]

Figure 5.4 Light Reflecting Louver Draws Light Deeper into Building [3]

122

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Figure 5.5 Influence of Light on Internal Space [4]

123

DIGITAL GARDEN

Figure 5.6 Reflected Light and Image within Screen [5]

Figure 5.7 Reflected Light from Solar Panel used for Greater Energy Gain [6]

124

CHAPTER 5

Figure 5.8 Reflected Light from Solar Panel also used for Internal Illumination

125

DIGITAL GARDEN

4.2 Solar Gain A single row is folded from connected geometry. This pattern is inscribed onto the hair fibre using the DSSC’s lower resin layer as structure, akin to fibreglass. As such, this pattern is suited to differentiation, as the logic of folding into three dimensions is retained.

The geometry is capable of shifting and changing in accordance with user requirements. The density of components can be controlled by placing attractor points.

All is achieved while retaining the relationship between two dimensions and three dimensions.

Hinge point angles can be locally altered; apertures can be open or closed. This allows for light regulation in addition to the concertina effect.

Finally, the rear point array must be considered. It acts similar to the front, but it directly controls illumination of the interior space. The screen can take different forms by altering the depth of the light tunnel.

126

CHAPTER 5

Low angle sun ray (through light tunnel)

Solar Panel Upper Reflective Surface Solar Panel Lower Light Tunnel

Low angle sun ray (through light tunnel) 12pm

Solar Panel UpperLow angle sun ray Reflective Surface(through light tunnel) Solar Panel Lower Light Tunnel

Light c

Light collected until Sunset

5deg

5deg

Sunr

12pm 12pm

Light collected from

Light collected until Sunset 5deg

Light collected from

5deg

Sunrise

5deg

Sunrise

Wider Component = Less Reflections Wider Component = Less Solar Gain

Figure 5.9 Influence of Sun Angle, Component Width, and Numbers of Bounces of each Light Ray. 127

DIGITAL GARDEN

Light

Light collected until Sunset

5deg

5deg

12pm

Light collected from 5deg

Less Reflections Less Solar Gain

Sunrise

Wider Component = Less Reflections Wider Component = Less Solar Gain

Thinner Component = More Reflections Thinner Component = More Solar Gain

Figure 5.10 Influence of Sun Angle, Component Width, and Numbers of Bounces of each Light Ray.

128

Sunr

CHAPTER 5 Studies were run looking at the number of reflections within a common component. The width was altered, which brought the sides of each component closer to one another. This resulted in an increased number of reflected bounces between surfaces, and as such prioritized solar energy gain over internal illumination.

Figure 5.11 Light Ray Reflection Studies.

Sun Height Low Openness of Aperature 25% 50% 75%

Middle 6 5 4

High 4 4 3

3 3 3

Figure 5.12 Sun Height, Openness of Component Aperture, and Number of Light Ray Reflections.

129

DIGITAL GARDEN

4.3 Influence of Articulation This relationship was later referenced with measurement of light levels using a light meter and Arduino.

The relationship here shows more concentrated light appears between component geometries due to reflections. Luminance increases across the cross-section of components as measurements are taken toward the lower extreme end of the geometry.

This became a factor for the light-capturing louver, placed opposite the location of the sun—hence the lower surface.

Figure 5.13 Measuring Light Levels within the Screen; Front, Within, and Behind.

Ambient

Internal Middle Internal Middle -­‐ Upper Location of Sensor Ambient Front Internal Front -­‐ Lower Rear Lower Rear Upper Openness of Aperature 25% 520 800 880 720-­‐740 570-­‐600 600-­‐620 500-­‐520 50% 500 650-­‐700 800-­‐850 680-­‐700 550-­‐570 550 420 75% 500 570-­‐600 820 650 500-­‐520 480 390

Figure 5.14 Values of Luminance 130

CHAPTER 5

Front

Internal Front

Internal Middle Lower

Internal Middle Upper

Rear Lower

Rear Upper

Figure 5.15 Locations of Light Measurement 131

DIGITAL GARDEN

4.4 Interior Personalization A defining criteria of this research is not only the ability for the panel to capture urban light and use it to generate electricity using a DSSC melanin based solar panel, but the panels also affect the internal environment to equate energy production with a user’s desire.

132

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Figure 5.16 Reflected Light from Solar Panel also Used for Internal Illumination

133

DIGITAL GARDEN To quantify internal light levels, three simple mock-up designs were produced.

The first prioritized maximum openness in the screen for open public spaces.

The second prioritized maximum solar illumination (as opposed to energy) to illuminate internal green spaces.

The third demonstrates a variation between open and closed components in order to vary privacy and openness, and link this with solar gain.

Looking further at the internal environment of each screen, we can see a relationship between geometry depth and angle that influences priority to solar energy or illumination.

The most efficient panel will draw direct light 8 m into the room, and so all designs work backwards from there.

1. Public space

- Maximum openness

2. Green space

- Maximum Solar Illumination

3. Private Apartment

- Variation between

privacy and open ness

Figure 5.17 Variations in Screen Typologies Allow for Differentiated Lighting Conditions.

134

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8000mm

500 LUX

2000mm

1200 LUX

500 LUX

2000 LUX 1500 LUX

25% SOLAR ENERGY

1000 LUX

70% SOLAR ENERGY 500 LUX

700 LUX

40% SOLAR ENERGY

Figure 5.18 Internal Lux Levels Related to Panel Geometry

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This was simulated for morning, midday, and afternoon light, facing south.

Figure 5.19 Planar influence of panel on internal environment

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Figure 5.20 Influence of panel on internal environment; Morning.

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Figure 5.21 Influence of panel on internal environment; Midday.

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Figure 5.22 Influence of panel on internal environment; Afternoon.

Low Illumination

High Illumination

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4.5 External Personalization The final test of the system was the relationship between the changing internal environment and the external facade. Over time, the facade reflects the inhabitant behind it through its operability.

Figure 5.23 Screen on External Facade

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Figure 5.24 Screen Closed

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Figure 5.25 Screen 25% open

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Figure 5.26 Screen 50% open

Figure 5.27 Screen 75% open

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4.6 Apartment Adaptation Considering fabrication techniques, structural properties, and user apartments, screens will be applied through the use of an attachable frame, with actuation allowed through a hanging pulley track.

Horizontal Beam with Sliding Track Vertical Frame. One end Attached Pulley Cable for Vertical Support

Solar Screen. One end handle.

Opposite end fixed.

Figure 5.28 Axonometric of Attachment Proposal

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Figure 5.29 Opening the Screen at Night for a View.

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Figure 5.30 Opening the Screen at Night for a View.

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Figure 5.31 Closed Screen in Urban Context 148

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Figure 5.32 Screen Interior 150

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4.7 Involvement of Individual Once the hair has been delivered, the melanin is extracted. The fibre is then mechanically felted, and the melanin is used to synthesize a solar panel. Afterwards, the panel is screen printed onto the felted fibre according to the design a customer has input.

The customer then exits the store with their custom designed panel which zips into their existing array. The user can then start to alter their apartment’s interior lighting qualities.

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Figure 5.33 Production Cycle

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Figure 5.34 Individual with Component Figure 5.35 Array 154

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CHAPTER 6

Chapter 6 Local to Global The product of the Digital Garden research thesis is a personalized solar screen. This

screen, while it may transform the individual user’s experiences and spaces, has much larger implications. The underlying aim for the screen is for it to become a tool of architectural understanding and expression.

Simulations were conducted to better understand the global effects of the screen.

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Weekly and Month Composite Data

Real-time Energy Readings

Compare stats with friends in your network

Figure 6.1 Digital Garden App, as it would Appear on an iPhone

CHAPTER 6

6.1. Individual Communication

One factor in the disconnect between individuals and their environment is a lack of engagement. As the physical world becomes more and more outsourced, people look to easier ways to understand the world. At present, this occurs largely in the digital realm.

To reengage individuals with their physical networks, there needs to be a connection between the physical and the digital.

The Digital Garden is that connection tool; it functions physically (to renovate space) and digitally (to generate energy).

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Figure 6.2 Basic Interface for Energy Monitoring

CHAPTER 6

Data Monitoring

Users interact and engage with the Digital Garden on a physical level by altering it, day by day, to adapt to seasonal conditions. A smart phone application facilitates digital interaction for users.

Each user of the Digital Garden will be linked to an account which can be accessed on any device. The proposed application will provide real-time energy readings, with weekly, monthly, and yearly composite data.

This kind of physical and digital engagement is on the rise.

It is the same kind of engagement that has been established with intelligent activity trackers such as the Apple Watch or Fitbits. [1] One comparable product on the market for the home environment is the Nest Thermostat, an intelligent thermostat accessible through mobile devices. [2]

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Figure 6.3 Basic Interface for Social Networking

CHAPTER 6

Social Networking

The larger goal of the Digital Garden proposal is to foster communication between individuals to create a revitalized sense of community. To this end, the smart phone application associated with the Digital Garden will allow users to explore their environments and contact other users.

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Government

Developer

Individual

Figure 6.4 The Social Context within which Residential Architecture sits

CHAPTER 6

6.2. Simulation of Large-scale Implementation

The proposal directly deals with individuals, who, within a larger social context, will react to a variety of external factors.

Simulations illustrate a dynamic picture of the large-scale effects.

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Game of Life

The target simulation will be based off of John Conway’s Game of Life. Game of Life “belongs to a growing class of what are called ‘simulation games’—games that resemble real-life processes.” [3] To play the game, an array of cells are initiated on a checkerboard field. Overarching rules are applied individually to each cell. Over the course of iterations, or generations, patterns form from the organization of independent cells.

Figure 6.5 Reoccurring Cell Patterns within Game of Life simulation [4]

To understand the social complexity of urban living, a series of simulations were developed which were targeted for specific influencing parties: individuals, developers, and the government.

The following pages will explore the real-life social conditions surrounding each of these three groups. The following three chapters will illustrate simulations corresponding to each of the categories.

Individual Level: Social Influence

The individual is the most direct market for the Digital Garden. Individuals are separate, disconnected, and react independently, yet because they have similar behaviors and reactions, they naturally modulate and harmonize with each other. With this in consideration, there are two behavior tendencies exhibited by individuals which largely dictate patterns of use.

Neighbor Influence: neighbors influence each other, either positively or negatively, based on each individual.

Personality Grouping: this is the notion that, given the choice and the knowledge, people have a tendency to group themselves with people that are similar to themselves. In the field of psychology, this is known as “self-categorization,”

CHAPTER 6 [5] in which individuals adapt social identities that evolve over time and encompass “a multitude of social categories... [which can comprise] categories, such as women, footballer, or conservative, as well as many classes that cannot be designated with simple labels.” [5]

Developer Level: Renovation

This renovation plan is a viable alternative to current schemes, which include the constant new erection of static residential towers. As detailed in Chapter 1 such a scheme, is not a solution for dealing with the ever-changing condition of the city, but is rather a wasteful temporary fix to meet market demand.

Recently, the Ministry of Land and Infrastructure adopted a program to provide funding for the renovation of older homes as “part of efforts to grow the market for secondhand homes in the country.” [7] Renovations that would increase the environmental performance or accessibility of a home would be eligible for funds of around 1 million yen and up to 2 million yen. [7] Digital Garden can be a tool to act in accordance with these existing motivations. The new technologies offered by this low-cost material would give existing buildings substantial energy savings.

The new plan proposes converting vacant apartments within a building into combined, two-cell spaces. The two cell horizontal spaces would be marketed toward the younger market as larger, more comfortable, environmentally-friendly living spaces. Two-cell vertical spaces would be opened up for communal use, either as a meeting space or as a green space.

The natural and gradual dispersion of these new spaces would slowly encourage a more democratic, adaptable community.

Government Level: Energy

The government has ultimate, overarching control over smaller mechanisms, but it must operate subtly and moderately. As outlined in the previous section, the government has the power to sponsor and motivate developers. Apart from housing policies, on a broader level, the government has the power to influence utilities, a public service that every individual in Tokyo relies on.

A seemingly neutral play (such as changing electrical policies) may have widespread and polarizing effects on the architecture of Tokyo.

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CHAPTER 7

Chapter 7 Simulation of Individual Expression As the first part of a series of simulations, Chapter 7 considers the influences individuals have on one other. The simulations explore social phenomena such as the “social normal�, popularity, and more personal, psychological factors.

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Rules

Random initial INTERESTED cells Random continual change from UNINTERESTED to INTERESTED Neighbor influence from UNINTERESTED to INTERESTED Neighbor influence from INTERESTED to SIMPLE USER Neighbor influence from SIMPLE USER to Advanced User Types

Advanced User Types

1. Networked User

2. Individualized User

3. Simple Design User Figure 7.1 Development Overview for Simulation 1

CHAPTER 7

12.1. Development of Simulation 1

The target of Simulation 1 was to describe the social effects of the introduction of the Digital Garden screen into the market.

The simulation included a slow spread in popularity as users begin to find specific uses for the screen, based on their individual tendencies and the influences of people around them.

The diagram on the opposite page [Fig 4.1] is an overview of the rules in play within the simulation and refers to the final model of Simulation 1. It incorporates changes and additions developed over the course of several revisions.

The progression of the simulation to this state is detailed throughout the rest of the chapter.

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CHAPTER 7 Initial Guidelines 1. Cells represent individual apartments on a building facade 2. There are different types of individuals [Fig 4.2] 3. Neighbors will influence each other [Fig 4.3]*

UNINTERESTED

This individual is unaware of the new Digital Garden solar panel. Probably does not interact with neighbors and does not pay attention to advertisements.

INTERESTED

This individual is someone who is interested in the panel. They may have friends who have panels, or they may have seen an ad in the subway.

SIMPLE USER

Proud user of a Digital Garden solar panel.

Figure 7.2 Basic User Types

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Each cell is affected by its neighbors. In the simulation, next door neighbors have twice the amount of influence.

Whether that influence is positive or negative differs based on what kind of individual one is (user type).

Figure 7.3 Basic User Influence

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SIMULATION 1.1 [BASIC] Rules:

5% random initial interest is generated from marketing campaigns

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Neighbor influence: If more than 1/3 of neighbors are interested or users, a cell becomes interested (4/10)

Neighbor influence: If more than 2/3 of neighbors are interested or users, interested cells become users (7/10)

Loss of interest: No more than one neighbor is interested or a user (an interested apartment) loses interest

CHAPTER 7

Examples:

Random Initial

Iteration 1

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Iteration 2

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End: Iteration 54

Limitations to improve on: Simulation manages to succeed in producing a significant amount of users only 30% of the time.

Growth is inorganic and limited, only influencing next door neighbors.

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SIMULATION 1.2 [RANDOM INTEREST] Rules: In addition to the rules from the previous simulation (shown lighter), a new rule was added to generate random interest at every new iteration.

5% random initial interest is generated from marketing campaigns 1% random continual interest generated from marketing campaigns and non-neighbor social interactions

UNINTERESTED INTERESTED SIMPLE USER

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Neighbor influence: If more than 1/3 of neighbors are interested or users, a cell becomes interested (4/10)

Neighbor influence: If more than 2/3 of neighbors are interested or users, interested cells become users (7/10)

Loss of interest: No more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

CHAPTER 7

Examples:

Iteration 1

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Iteration 2

Random Interest

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Interested to Simple User

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End: Iteration 164

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CHAPTER 7

NEW USER TYPE: NETWORKED USER To add more dynamism to the system, additional, more advanced user types were initiated. These user types represent different ways users could potentially utilize and customize their Digital Garden solar panels.

The real-life social scenario behind the networked user type is: In the current system, individuals reduce energy costs by offsetting their normal energy use with privately-generated energy. Users can sell unused energy to the energy company.

In an attempt to encourage people to influence their neighbors and create a tight-knit network of solar production, the government offers a financial incentive.

Users can become “networked users� if over 2/3 of their neighbors are also users. Benefits of being a networked user include the ability to purchase additional energy at a reduced price. In addition, users selling unused energy will receive a better rate.

NETWORKED USER

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SIMULATION 1.3 [NETWORKED USER] Rules: In addition to the rules from the previous simulation (shown lighter), a new rule was added to turn simple users who are surrounded by other users into networked users 5% random initial interest is generated from marketing campaigns 1% random continual interest generated from marketing campaigns and non-neighbor social interactions

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loss of interest: no more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

Neighbor influence: If more than 1/3 of neighbors are interested or users, a cell becomes interested (4/10)

Neighbor influence: If more than 2/3 of neighbors are interested or users, interested cells become users (7/10)

Network bonus: If more than 3/4 of neighbors are also users, the user receives energy benefits and becomes a networked user

loss of interest: no more than one neighbor is interested or a user (an interested aparment) loses interest

CHAPTER 7

Examples:

Iteration 39

Simple User to Networked User

Iteration 40

Iteration 41

Simple User to Networked User

Iteration 42

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End: Iteration 198 Limitations to improve on: Growth is too straightforward and linear. Add criteria to allow cells to be refreshed by regressing or losing interest.

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SIMULATION 1.4 [NETWORKED USER + RECOIL] Rules: In addition to the rules from the previous simulation (shown lighter), a new rule was added to turn simple users surrounded by over half (5/10) of other users, into uninterested units (referred to as “recoil�). Yet, if they can avoid recoil, the users have a chance of becoming networked users. This scenario describes a situation in which the priority of the user changes suddenly, from simple self-expression, to energy gain, with some small incentives provided by the government.

5% random initial interest is generated from marketing campaigns 1% random continual interest generated from marketing campaigns and non-neighbor social interactions

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Loss of interest: No more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

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Recoil: loss of interest occurs if more than 1/2 of neighbors are users

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Loss of interest: No more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

CHAPTER 7 Examples:

Iteration 35

Simple User to Networked User

Iteration 36

Iteration 37

Recoil Simple User to Networked User Iteration 38

Iteration 39

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End: Iteration 249

Limitations to improve on: User type variation

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CHAPTER 7

NEW ADVANCED USER TYPES To add more dynamism to the system, additional, more advanced, user types were initiated. These user types represent different ways that users could potentially utilize and customize their Digital Garden solar panels.

The three additional user types are non-specific, and can potentially refer to different solar gain techniques or different stylistic differences.

USER TYPE 1

USER TYPE 2

USER TYPE 3

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CHAPTER 7

SIMULATION 1.5 [ADVANCED USER TYPES] Rules: In addition to the rules from the previous simulation (shown lighter), two new rules were added. If a networked user is completely surrounded by other users, the user will act out and change their category (styling, techniques, behaviors) to become more individualized. The second rule allows each new advanced user types to have this kind of adaptive ability as well. These users can continue to adapt to their surroundings if their neighbors change.

5% random initial interest is generated from marketing campaigns 1% random continual interest generated from marketing campaigns and non-neighbor social interactions Acting out: If a networked user is completely surrounded by other users, it has a 50% chance of being motivated by a desire for personalization, thus changing to Advanced User Type 1 Acting out: If 1/3 of the surrounding user types are identical to a given user, it has a 40% chance of changing to either of the two user types

UNINTERESTED

Loss of interest: No more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

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Recoil: loss of interest occurs if more than 1/2 of neighbors are users

SIMPLE USER NETWORKED USER

Loss of interest: No more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

USER USER USER TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3

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End: Iteration 512

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CHAPTER 7

SIMULATION 1.6[ADVANCED USER TYPES_2] Rules: In addition to the rules from the previous simulations (shown lighter), the advanced user types were given different preferences which affect the overall patterning.

5% random initial interest is generated from marketing campaigns

UNINTERESTED

loss of interest: no more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

INTERESTED

recoil: loss of interest occurs if more than 1/2 of neighbors are users

1% random continual interest generated from marketing campaigns and non-neighbor social interactions Acting out: If networked user is completely surrounded by other users, it has 50% chance of being motivated by personalization and changing to Advanced User Type 1

loss of interest: no more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

SIMPLE USER NETWORKED USER

USER USER USER TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3

Type 1: Hyper Differentiated

Type 2: Standard Design

User changes if it has User copies more than 1 similar whatever preference neighbor is exhibited by the majority of its neighbors

Type 3: Networked User User copies whatever preference is exhibited by the majority of its neighbors

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End: Iteration 216

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Rules

5 concurrent boards Continuous grouping based on random nodes of influence

Boards:

Figure 7.4 Development Hierarchy for Simulation 2

1. Occupied/Vacant 2. Open-minded/Closed-minded 3. Extrovert/Introvert 4. Continuous/Spontaneous 5. Agreeable/Disagreeable

CHAPTER 7

12.2. Development of Simulation 2

Simulation 2 aims to describe the effects of different personality types in a social context. This simulation was based on a breakdown of a personality into 5 factors (known as the Big Five) [2].

This simulation speculates that individuals are likely to group themselves based on these psychological characteristics, and over time will organize themselves.

In this way, each building will begin to develop an identity, or personality, based on the nature of its inhabitants. Generic buildings will become specialized, and individuals within the community will be more apt to engage with each other.

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Figure 7.5 Big Five Personality Traits [3]

CHAPTER 7

BIG FIVE: PERSONALITY BREAKDOWN

According to scholars in psychology, the major 5 traits that define an individual’s personality are: 1. Openness 2. Extroversion 3. Conscientiousness 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism As in the previous simulation, cells from the processing board represent individual apartments on a building facade.

The first four traits were carried into the simulation to create specific design parameters.

OPENNESS EXTROVERSION CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AGREEABLENESS

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SIMULATION 2: BOARD 1 Initial Guidelines Randomly generated Minimum life of 6 iterations After 6 iterations, 5% vacancy

Examples

CHAPTER 7

SIMULATION 2: BOARD 2 Initial Guidelines Randomly generated distribution Randomly selected nodes Nodes spread influence Repeat

Used to Classify Cells

Examples

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SIMULATION 2: BOARD 3 Initial Guidelines Board 3: Extrovert vs. Introvert Randomly generated distribution Randomly selected nodes Nodes spread influence Repeat Used to Classify Cells

Examples

CHAPTER 7

SIMULATION 2: BOARD 4 Initiate Guidelines Board 4: Conscientious vs. Spontaneous Randomly generated distribution 15% of new cells Minimum life of 6 iterations At each iteration, 25% for live cell to age

Examples

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SIMULATION 2: BOARD 5 Board 5: Agreeable vs. Disagreeable Randomly generated nodes (2 types) 0.006% chance of new node Minimum life of 6 iterations After 6 iterations, 0.0125% chance of death

Examples

CHAPTER 7

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Figure 7.6 Inputting and Combining Separate .txt Files into Grasshopper

CHAPTER 7

SIMULATION 2: COMBINING WITH GRASSHOPPER Using Open Sound Control [4], data from each Processing board was collected in a text document. The text document was then imported into grasshopper, which reformulated each data point using Python [5] to correspond with the apartment facade and board function (occupancy, personality, etc).

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CHAPTER 7

Openminded Extroverted Spontaneous Disagreeable Figure 7.7 Characteristics generated for one cell

Each cell then displays individual personality traits. These may differ from cell to cell, but overall they contain patterns of grouping.

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SIMULATION 2: ARCHITECTURAL ARTICULATION To translate into architecture, each personality trait is assigned a design parameter or behavior.

Figure 7.8 Design outputs ranging from “conservative” to “open-minded” (top to bottom)

CHAPTER 7

Figure 7.9 Patterns observable on facade: more complex designs on the top and right apartments.

Figure 7.10 Patterns observable on facade: more translucency on screens of apartments on the left side.

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DIGITAL GARDEN

CHAPTER 8

Chapter 8 Simulation of Social Revival From the perspective of residential architecture developers who are facing the mounting problem of depopulation, the Digital Garden Solar Panel can be seen as a viable option to renovate, customize, and otherwise give additional value to an existing space.

With renovation and social rejuvenation in mind, these simulations show systems in place that could work to diversify and reorganize existing architecture.

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Rules

Initiate Vacancy Find Potential for Combination

Vacant Unit Combinations:

- Type A: 4 cells (2x2y)

- Type B: 2 cells (2x)

- Type C: 2 cells (2y) First Unit Conversion Second Unit Conversion Figure 8.1 Development Hierarchy for Simulation 3

CHAPTER 8

19.1. Development of Simulation 3

The target of Simulation 3 is to evaluate vacancies within a large building complex and determine which are ideal for renovation.

Various combinations of unit orientations and unit sizes are explored within this simulation, as well as various densities of renovations.

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SIMULATION 3.1 [BASIC_TYPE A] Rules: Units are combined to make 4 cell blocks (2 wide, 2 high) STEP ONE +1

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CHAPTER 8

35% Vacancy

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Figure 8.2 Simulation 3.1

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SIMULATION 3.2 [BASIC_TYPE B] Rules: Units are combined horizontally STEP ONE +1

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CHAPTER 8

35% Vacancy

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Figure 8.3 Simulation 3.2

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SIMULATION 3.3 [BASIC_TYPE C] Rules: Units are combined vertically STEP ONE +1

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CHAPTER 8

35% Vacancy

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Figure 8.4 Simulation 3.3

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SIMULATION 3.4 [TYPE B+C] Rules: Simultaneously running Type B and Type C STEP ONE +1

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CHAPTER 8

35% Vacancy

Figure 8.5 Simulation 3.4

50% Vacancy

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Rules

Initiate vacancy Occupancy decline Find Potential for Combination

Vacant Unit Combinations:

- Type B: 2 cells (2x)

- Type C: 2 cells (2y) Steps:

Figure 8.6 Development Hierarchy for Simulation 4

- First Unit Conversion - Second Unit Conversion

CHAPTER 8

19.2. Development of Simulation 4

The target of Simulation 4 is to evaluate vacancies within a large building complex as they accumulate over time and to determine which are ideal for renovation into public spaces or private apartments.

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CHAPTER 8

SIMULATION 4.1 [PUBLIC SPACE] Rules: 1. Every 2 iterations, one occupied unit is vacated

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2. If vacancy rises above 20%, the developer will convert empty units into a double height community space, thereby decreasing the vacancy rate.

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*not all iterations are shown

Figure 8.7 Simulation 4.1

CHAPTER 8

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CHAPTER 8

SIMULATION 4.2 [+RENOVATION UNITS] Rules: (new additions are in bold) 1. Every 2 iterations, one occupied unit is vacated

Occupied

Vacant

2. If vacancy rises above 40%, the developer will convert empty units into a double height community space, once every 5 iterations If less than 20% of the space within the building is designated as community space, an average of 2 vacancies will be converted every time (every 5 iterations).

If more than 20% but less than 33% community space within the building is designated as community space, an average of 1 vacancy will be converted every time (every 5 iterations).

No more than 33% of the building may be designated as community space.

Vacant

Public Space

3. If vacancy is above 30%, the developer will convert two empty units into a renovated apartment The rate of vacant units becoming renovated is based on a value criteria, which, in the simulation, is a function of the following percentages, all of which are attractive: - Percentage of Occupied Units (14% influence) - Percentage of Public Space (43% influence) - Percentage of Renovated Units (43%)

Vacant

Renovated

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DIGITAL GARDEN

*not all iterations are shown

Figure 8.8 Simulation 4.2

CHAPTER 8

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CHAPTER 8

SIMULATION 4.3 [DISTRIBUTED PUBLIC SPACE] Rules: (new additions are in bold) 1. Every 2 iterations, one occupied unit is vacated

Occupied

Vacant

2. If vacancy rises above 40%, the developer will convert empty units into a double height community space, once every 5 iterations If less than 20% of the space within the building is designated as community space, an average of 2 vacancies will be converted every time (every 5 iterations).

If more than 20% but less than 33% community space within the building is designated as community space, an average of 1 vacancy will be converted every time (every 5 iterations).

No more than 33% of the building may be designated as community space.

No new community space may be created next to an existing community space.

Vacant

Public Space

3. If vacancy is above 30%, the developer will convert two empty units into a renovated apartment The rate of vacant units becoming renovated is based on a value criteria, which, in the simulation, is a function of the following percentages, all of which are attractive: - Percentage of Occupied Units (14% influence) - Percentage of Public Space (43% influence) - Percentage of Renovated Units (43%)

Vacant

Renovated

255

DIGITAL GARDEN

*not all iterations are shown

Figure 8.9 Simulation 4.3

CHAPTER 8

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DIGITAL GARDEN

CHAPTER 8

SIMULATION 4.4 [VACATE RENOVATED UNITS] Rules: (new additions are in bold) 1. Every 2 iterations, one occupied unit is vacated

Occupied

Vacant

2. If vacancy rises above 40%, the developer will convert empty units into a double height community space once every 5 iterations If less than 20% of the space within the building is designated as community space, an average of 2 vacancies will be converted every time (every 5 iterations). If more than 20% but less than 33% community space within the building is designated as community space, an average of 1 vacancy will be converted every time (every 5 Iterations).

No more than 33% of the building may be designated as community space. No new community space may be created next to an existing community space.

Vacant

Public Space

3. If vacancy is above 30%, the developer will convert two empty units into a renovated apartment The rate of vacant units becoming renovated is based on a Value criteria, which, in the simulation, is a function of the following percentages, all of which are attractive: - Percentage of Occupied Units (14% influence) - Percentage of Public Space (43% influence) - Percentage of Renovated Units (43%)

Vacant

Renovated

4. After renovation of vacant unit is completed, it has an occupation period of 48 iterations, after which there is a 10% chance of becoming vacated.

Renovated

Occupied

Vacant

259

DIGITAL GARDEN

*not all iterations are shown

Figure 8.10 Simulation 4.4

CHAPTER 8

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DIGITAL GARDEN

Networked User

2 Units Combined

User Type: Individualized User Type: Simple Design

Occupied Previously

Figure 8.11 Diagram of Simulation 5 on top of Iteration

4 Units Combined

CHAPTER 8

19.3. Development of Simulation 5

The target of Simulation 5 was to simulate the renovation of units as exclusive to user types. Simulation 5 is a combination of Simulation 1 (from Chapter 7) and Simulation 3.

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DIGITAL GARDEN

SIMULATION 5 [RENOVATION OF USER TYPES] Rules: In addition to the rules from Simulation 1.6 (shown lighter), new rules were added: 1. Initial occupancy percentage is set as an input. All of the user type designations and unit renovations occur within the non-occupied (vacant) cells.

2. Two types of renovation (2 cell vertical and 2 cell horizontal) occur as functions within a specific user type.

5% random initial interest is generated from marketing campaigns

UNINTERESTED

loss of interest: no more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

INTERESTED

recoil: loss of interest occurs if more than 1/2 of neighbors are users

1% random continual interest generated from marketing campaigns and non-neighbor social interactions Acting out: If networked user is completely surrounded by other users, it has 50% chance of being motivated by personalization and changing to Advanced User Type 1

loss of interest: no more than one neighbor is interested or a user, an interested apt loses interest

SIMPLE USER NETWORKED USER

USER USER USER TYPE 1 TYPE 2 TYPE 3

Type 1: Hyper Differentiated

Type 2: Standard Design

Type 3: Networked User

User changes if it has User copies whatever User copies whatever more than 1 similar the majority of its the majority of its neighbor neighbors is neighbors is

2 UNIT

HORIZONTAL

2 UNIT VERTICAL

CHAPTER 8

Figure 8.12 Simulation 5

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DIGITAL GARDEN

SIMULATION 5: ARCHITECTURAL ARTICULATION

In an apartment building, the horizontally-combined units would be renovated into a larger apartment with semi-private green space. The double-height units of vertically combined apartments would be transformed into public spaces.

Figure 8.13 Apartment Renovations

Connectivity

Exposure

Private Green

Public Space

Figure 8.14 Desirable Qualities within Apartment Scheme

CHAPTER 8 With each design output generated through simulation, the populations of different types of spaces can be evaluated, as containing a combination of these four qualities: connectivity, exposure, private green, and public space [Fig.5.14].

Placed on a grading scale [Fig 5.15], each scheme can be charted with corresponding output. The total area of the interior shape created by the grading scale quantifies the desirable qualities.

Connectivity

Private Green

Public Space

Exposure Figure 8.15 Grading Scale for 4 Desirable Qualities

Figure 8.16 Example Grading Scale Output

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DIGITAL GARDEN

DIGITAL GARDEN

CHAPTER 9

Chapter 9 Simulation of Electrical Incentives From the perspective of the government, the Digital Garden Solar Panel is not only an oppor-

tunity to engage individuals in their community, but it can be a tool to make solar energy more accessible and more engaging.

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DIGITAL GARDEN

Rules

2 concurrent boards Changing between solar and non-solar schemes based on external factors 4 schemes:

- Nice View (non-solar)

- Maintain Privacy (non-solar)

- Maximize Solar Gain (solar)

- Passive Climate Control (solar) User Input:

- Solar Availability

- Price of Electricity

Figure 9.1 Development Hierarchy for Simulation 6

CHAPTER 9

27.1. Development of Simulation 6

The target of Simulation 6 was to mimic social transformations and facade pattern variations with external factors operating to influence solar availability and the value of solar gain.

Based on the understanding of the basic functionality of the Digital Garden Solar Screen, a few prototypes were developed in accordance with the projected preferences of urban residents of Tokyo.

These prototypes are outlined in the following pages.

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DIGITAL GARDEN

NICE VIEW

User wants to maintain a nice view outside of their balcony while still collecting energy. By using the largest possible component sizes, the openings are maximized, thus allowing more exposure.

Energy Efficiency: 40%*

7.5째7.5째

22.3째22.3째

Figure 9.2 Component Size in Relation to Angle of Visibility

Typical Apt: 3mx6m Facade

larger components yield larger angle of view

Maximum unit size (fully open): 30cm x 120cm 120 cm

3m

30 cm

6m

Figure 9.3 Nice View Scheme

*Energy projections are based off of hypothesis and require further study

CHAPTER 9 Actuation of the screen is projected to be the following: - Fold up for unobstructed visibility - Simple and natural coloring - Remove units to frame specific views

OPEN

Figure 9.4 Varying Actuations for Nice View Scheme

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DIGITAL GARDEN

PRIVACY

User wants to maintain light and limited exposure with targeted privacy. Medium-sized components are placed only at the middle of the window height, allowing light from the top and bottom, while obstructing direct views to inhabitants.

Energy Efficiency: 40%*

Obstructs view from outside, but still lets in light Figure 9.6 Component position in relation to visibility Typical Apt: 3mx6m Facade

Maximum unit size (fully open): 20 cm x 75 cm 75 cm

3m

20 cm

6m

Figure 9.5 Privacy Scheme

*Energy projections are based off of hypothesis and require further study

CHAPTER 9 Actuation of the screen is projected to be the following: - Mild and pleasant coloring - Plants at specific areas of exposure - Fold up at specific moments

Figure 9.7 Varying actuations for Privacy Scheme

275

DIGITAL GARDEN

MAXIMUM ENERGY

User wants to maximize energy production on facade. By using the largest and deepest component size, the maximum amount of solar energy is captured by the screen.

Energy Efficiency: 100%*

Typical Apt: 3mx6m Facade

Maximum unit size (fully open): 7.5 cm x 33 cm 33 cm

3m

7.5 cm

6m

Figure 9.8 Maximum Energy Scheme

*Energy projections are based off of hypothesis and require further study

CHAPTER 9 Actuation of the screen is projected to be the following: - Large visual impact: powerful graphic - Remove units for targeted visibility - Fold up at nighttime

OPEN

Figure 9.9 Varying Actuations to Maximize Energy Scheme

277

DIGITAL GARDEN

CLIMATE CONTROL

User wants to use passive heating and cooling strategies to conserve energy. A gradient of digital garden sizes are placed atop the apartment facade, with larger and deeper units at the top, and the smallest and shallowest at the bottom.

Energy Efficiency:60%*

SUMMER

Winter

Compared to traditional long eaves, larger components at top keep out high summer light

ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY

Figure 9.11 Component sizes and positioning impact how light transfers inside Typical Apt: 3mx6m Facade

Small

Medium

Large

6m

Figure 9.10 Climate Control Scheme

*Energy projections are based off of hypothesis and require further study

CHAPTER 9 Actuation of the screen is projected to be the following: - Coloring pattern - Fold up for more wind exposure - Remove units for visibility

OPEN

Figure 9.12 Varying Actuations for Climate Control

279

DIGITAL GARDEN

Based on these preliminary prototypes of usage, the main motivating factors can be categorized as qualitative or quantitative.

These four basic prototypes are reflected in the simulation to represent 4 basic user types. Each cell is represented by two boards, giving each user a possible combination of any two of these 4 basic schemes.

Qualitative: Focused on intangible spatial and experiential qualities.

What kind of space is it? What kind of lighting? How does it affect the way I perceive and feel?

Private

Nice View

Quantitative: Focused on the actions, benefits, and measurable results.

How much energy does it produce? How much does it control the temperature?

Maximum Energy

Climate Control

CHAPTER 9

The criteria of qualitative vs. quantitative are not mutually exclusive as individuals have the flexibility to flip back and forth between judging quantitatively or qualitatively, depending on external factors.

This flexibility in personality preference provides an opportunity for design alterations.

By changing external factors to promote a more energyconscious scheme or a more spatially engaging scheme, one could motivate individuals to adapt their screens.

Private

Nice View

Maximum Energy

Climate Control

Figure 9.13 Switching between Schemes

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DIGITAL GARDEN

Maintain Nice View + Privacy

Figure 9.14 Two-Part Personality

Maintain Nice View + Maximize Energy

CHAPTER 9

SIMULATION 6.1 Rules: 1. Random generation of two concurrent boards.

Type A : Private A Type B: Nice View B Type C: Climate Control C Type D: Maximum Energy D

283

DIGITAL GARDEN

Figure 9.15 Controller for External Factors

CHAPTER 9

EXTERNAL MOTIVATION Motivating factors within the simulation relate to boosting or diminishing the desire for solar energy production.

The tendency for an individual to change between solar and spatial schemes is a function of solar availability and price of electricity.

Solar availability changes from day to day, and from season to season.

The price of electricity is related to the availability of electricity and the demand. However, on top of normal market factors, the government has the power to influence the price through inflation or through offering discount incentives.

285

DIGITAL GARDEN

# of Type A

# of Type B

# of Type C

# of Type D

× 40%

× 40%

× 100%

× 60%

× % OF SOLAR AVAILABILITY Figure 9.16 Energy Production

CHAPTER 9

CRITERIA From the perspective of the government, in this specific simulation, the end goal is the yield of solar energy.

Through the simulation, one is able to gauge power production at any moment. Each scheme produces a set amount of energy based on the solar light available.

There is a general tendency to change from a spatially conscious scheme to an energy-conscious scheme in the summer, as solar availability is at its peak. The same tendency is apparent during the winter, as the market value for energy rises with increased energy usage.

During summer and fall, when the weather is temperate, and the vegetation is in full bloom, there is a social tendency to open up apartments to more fully take in the atmosphere.

This tendency is reflected in the traditional seasonal activities of hanami and momijigari [1].

287

DIGITAL GARDEN

SPRING TO SUMMER

CHAPTER 9

SUMMER TO AUTUMN

Figure 9.17 Simulation 6

289

DIGITAL GARDEN

Figure 9.18 Elevation Render with Corresponding Output from Simulation 6

CHAPTER 9

Figure 9.19 Axon Renders of Simulation 6

291

DIGITAL GARDEN

292

DIGITAL GARDEN

292

CONCLUSION

Conclusion The Digital Garden project demonstrates a diversification of urban space and the public/private living hierarchy, and acts to engage urban dwellers with sustainable energy generation.

It does so through the development of a component-based, manipulatable origami screen which commodifies the light incident onto a dweller’s facade into spatial light or generative energy.

Because the individual is used as a source of material and energy, users are compelled to participate and become actively engaged.

With government and developer support, the Digital Garden proposal seeks to re-envision the architecture of residential housing to reflect the dynamic communities that make up the neighborhoods of Tokyo.

Through the development of a multitude of architectural prototypes and urban simulations, one can see the flexibility of the local system to create new dynamic and engaging architectural landscapes by altering the individual apartment.

293

DIGITAL GARDEN The screen itself produces the following relationships which can later be used to define the operable geometry; - The larger the component, the more transparent the screen.

- The larger the component the less intense the solar gain and direct light transmission, but the greater the diffused light.

- Greater articulation of internal light comes with a smaller component cross-section.

- More apparent external personalization comes with greater irregularity in the screen geometry and greater operability on more frequent occasions.

The screen addresses the following environmental, urban, architectural, and social agendas.

Sustainability is Unengaging The ability of the digital garden to allow an individual dweller the possibility to alter their personal environment through light and spatial quality is linked with energy-generating DSSC.This increases user awareness; they become active in their use of the screen and its daily alterations—closing, opening, and generally folding as suited to their living needs.

Energy has been used as an incentive in the proposal. Assuming a natural resistance to the prospect of individual self expression, the government and powers that be can be persuaded to act based on financial and environmental grounds.

However, the digital garden can also be a tool for the government and authorities to control the expression of individuals. By allotting funds into promoting different qualities of the Digital Garden (i.e. energy gains, or enjoyment of spatial conditions) hand in hand with weather and seasonal changes, the individuals can be motivated to completely change the landscape.

294

CONCLUSION

Architecture is Impersonal This is addressed through the addition of an individualized screen to a users apartment. The screen itself has no best initial form due to the complexity of urban light. Urban light then starts to drive the illumination and spatial quality of the resident’s internal space. These qualities are alterable by the user.

Urbanity is Homogeneous Due to the complexity of urban light, there is no perfect form.

Thus, all forms are differentiated based on user manipulation of the initial design and continued use as an operable screen.

The urban environment then begins to reflect the user’s inputs through diversification of the streetscape.

Humanity is Heterogeneous This research topic began with the notion that individuals are all different and wish to express themselves differently. Using the digital garden as a tool for publicly expressing behavior patterns, specific preferences, and solar needs, the result is not complete disorder on the face of the architecture, but a social reorganization, as individuals’ commonalities are expressed along with their differences.

295

DIGITAL GARDEN

Limitations

Limits exist within the operability of the screen due to component differentiation.

The more asymmetrical a component’s internal structure, the less it can close.

This limit can create areas of the screen that cannot close, or close very little whilst components surrounding them actuate freely.

296

CONCLUSION

Final

As a contribution to the profession, the digital garden screen design and geometry acts to integrate architecture with everyday life. It occupies little space, however, through its careful actuation, its visual and spatial effects are far-reaching both internally and externally. Thus, the current movement or notion of the design of “tools� in architecture can be taken to the absolute degree in that through a users participation in something as easy to operate as origami, sustainable criteria and personal desire are facilitated while breaking down a static urban form. Energy production is thus fashioned, and a nexus between internal and external environment is created.

It is a component-based tool that can be custom-designed, custom-operated, and relocated like furniture between user’s apartments as the transient urban lifestyle becomes more desirable. Static, homogeneous architecture merely becomes the canvas upon which an architect paints.

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DIGITAL GARDEN

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