BLOOMING WOODEN CANOPY Component-Based, Moisture-Controlled Kinetic Wooden Shell Structure for Temporary Kiosks
T_ADS Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering
Student Ma Sushuang Zhang Ye Professor Yusuke Obuchi Collaborate Professors Jun Sato Kaori Fujita Course Assistants Toshikatsu Kiuchi So Sugita Obuchi Laboratory University of Tokyo Graduate School of Engineering Department of Architecture 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Component-Based, Moisture-Controlled Kinetic Wooden Shell Structure for Temporary Kiosks As computational design and parametric design develop, the issue of how to materialize virtual data into the real world becomes a new issue. Construction periods, economic consumption and energy and material waste concerns are all important to consider when developing differentiated components for parametric design through mass production strategies. Multiple methods have been developed to reduce time, energy, and material waste in the mass production process. There are two main methods: one is the application of robotic construction, the other is the research of easy and quick methods of fabrication. However, instead of studying methods of fabricating differentiated components, materials which are naturally highly differentiated material were brought under consideration. Wood is a natural material which has a variety of characteristics due to variations in grain, location, species, and environment. Even two visually similar kiln-dried wood pieces can deform into totally different geometries when they reach their respective fiber saturation points. Intensive material studies were conducted to find the relationship between grains and deformations. This data was then digitalized in a virtual 3-D environment. At the same time, a kinetic system was also studied to maximize subtle changes in each wood piece to affect change in the overall geometry. Considering the expected urban issues during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, a kinetic kiosk for ferry stations in the Odaiba area was designed. These canopies are not only expected to act as supporting service centers for ferry stations in the Tokyo riverfront area, but also as adhesives that will fill gaps in public circulation flows.
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Contents: 1.Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Design criteria
2. Material Study 2.1 Wood and wood deformation study 2.1.1 Wood moisture content and relative humidity 2.1.2 Wood deformation factors 2.1.3 Wood in Japan and wood in Tokyo 2.1.4 Material flow of wood 2.2 Wood scanning 2.2.1 Computers read like human beings 2.2.2 Scanning preparation and picture acquisition 2.2.3 Calculating the heartwood ratio 2.2.4 Calculating the number of rings 2.3 Simulation of moisture-produced wood deformations 2.3.1 Experiment: effect of number of rings on wood deformation 2.3.2 Experiment: ratio of heartwood and deformation 2.3.3 Experiment: grain pattern and bending center point 2.3.4 Digital simulation of wood deformation 2.3.5 Comparison between practical and theoretical results and error range
3.Previous System and Wooden Joints Study 3.1 Plate to plate connections 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Connection logic 3.2 System logic with buckling 3.2.1 Connection method 3.3 Kinetic system with joints study 3.3.1 Typical wooden joints and structural performance 3.3.2 Application in plate to plate connection 3.3.3 Individual deformation with overall change 3.4 System limitations 4
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
4. Prototype Development 4.1 System study 4.1.1 Assembly logic: accumulation of angles 4.1.2 Deformation parameters 4.1.3 Range of deformations 4.1.4 Component patterns and matching 4.2 Joint design 4.2.1 System movement and joint 4.2.2 Details of joints 4.3 Prototype research 4.3.1 Geometry limitations 4.3.2 From quantitative to qualitative changes
5. Urban and Canopy Design 5.1 Background 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Case study – canopies at the Olympics 5.1.3 Urbanism at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games 5.2 Canopy design 5.2.1 Site analysis 5.2.2 Fractal – kiosk cluster organizational logic 5.2.3 Design proposal
6. Conclusion 7. Reference
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6
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
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8
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Use a naturally highly differentiated material to generate a differentiated space
1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Design criteria
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1.1 Background
With the development of digital design and computational technology, an increasing number of architectures with complex geometries and elaborate forms are being designed. The most common method of realizing curvilinear shapes is to divide them into small, diversified components and fabricate them individually. However, since each component is different, the mass production process is very expensive and time-consuming, particularly if the components are customized. In Japan, the contradiction between new geometries and old manufacturing methods becomes more serious because of the high labor cost. In metropolis environments in particular—where most architecture with curvilinear structures is designed—the labor price becomes more expensive. (The minimum wage per hour based on Japanese law in Tokyo is $9.93). Therefore, labor and time consumption in the fabrication process becomes a critical concern for digital architecture design. Wood, a highly differentiated material, was chosen as the object of this research because it is naturally different from piece to piece due to variations in species, age of trees, growing environment, etc. Therefore, even visually similar wood pieces will deform into diversified outcomes when the moisture content inside them changes. This is to say, even with standardized production procedures, differentiated components can be generated.
Standardized Raw Material
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Differentiated Result
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
PLASTI+CITY is an installation by students of the Institut d’Arquitectura Avancada de Catalunya ‘Digital Tectonics’ postgraduate program, presented at the Construmat 2007 in Barcelona. The installation uses CADcam and a CNC machine to customize each plastic component into the required shape.
Frank Gehry Zollhof Tower http://d2n4wb9orp1vta.cloudfront.net/resources/images/cdn/cms/0410_CT_EI4.jpg
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION While elaborately fabricating standard materials into differentiated components is possible, a great degree of differentiability is already embedded in a lot of natural materials, such as wood. The texture of wood is naturally different from piece to piece due to variations in species, the age of trees, and other parameters. Also, as wood is a hygroscopic material, even two identical wood plates will deform into diversified outcomes when the moisture content changes.
http://www.photos-public-domain.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/plywood-close-up-texture-with-horizontalwood-grain.jpg http://loquetuquierasoir.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/wood-table-texturewallpapers-wood-grain-desk-texture2560x1600--696047--wood-grain-910qzznp.jpg http://bgfons.com/upload/wood%20_texture4.jpg http://supertextures.co.uk/wood/images/2create_wood_0014.jpg
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However, in the wood industry, a lot of money and energy are spent to eliminate differentiations in natural wood. Kiln drying, chemical sprays, and other methods are applied to make wood into standardized products for easy manipulation.
Raw Material
Industrial Manufacturing
Standard Products
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
LOW TIME COST
DRY
Indentical Input
Standardized Raw Material
LOW ENERGY COST
WET Differentiated Output
Differentiated Result
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Kinetic System This deformation process is spontaneous and does not require any outside energy supply. It also presents potential use of this highly differentiated and responsive material in a kinetic system. Unlike other kinetic systems, which rely heavily on mechanical or electronic sensing, the features of the natural material are valued.
Nature Driven
Water Content
12 - 13%
A kinetic system "......is typically conceived as a technical function enabled by myraid mechanical and tech equipment on otherwise inert material constructs, nature suggests a fundamentally different, nomaterial itself." ---Material Capacity Embedded Responsiveness (Achim Menges and Steffen Reichert)
Mechanical & Electronic Driven
Facade of the Kiefer Technic Showroom
http://cdn.trendhunterstatic.com/thum architecture.jpeg
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
35 - 41%
30%
12 - 13%
electronic sensing, actuating and regulating devices. In contrast to this superimposition of high-tech strategy: in various biological systems the responsive capacity is quite literally ingrained in the
m
HYPOSURFACE Installation - by dECOi
mbs/dancing-kinetic-
http://www.paulsteenhuisen.org/uploa ds/2/7/5/8/27581511/7446235_orig.jpg
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This research uses a highly differentiated material to reduce time and energy costs in the customization process. Our research is based on the hypothesis that wood deformations can be predicted, digitalized, and applied into a kinetic prototype. Based on this prototype, an adaptive kiosk canopy for water buses was designed to offer a dynamic public space for increasing numbers of tourists expected for the duration of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games
REVITALIZATION OF WATER FRONT IN TOKYO
FABRICATION LOW TIME COST SCAN WOOD GRAIN Digital Simulation of Wood Deformation
IN Grain Grain Grain Thickness Width Ratio of H/
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Bending Expansion Bending OUT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
ADAPTIVE KIOSK
LOW ENGERGY COST
KINETIC SYSTEM
DIFFERENTIATED RESULTS 21
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Design criteria In accordance with material behavior, structural performance, and determined fabrication process, the four design criteria for the project can be summarized as follows: (1) Wood scanning is conducted with computational tools. Information which is related to moisture-produced wood deformations can be read and calculated with the corresponding software. (2) Deformation logic can be digitalized and deformation results can be simulated with a computer. (3) An integrated kinetic system which can accumulate individual differences in the local into movement on the overall scale. (4) A design proposal which is a spatially adaptive, low energy, quickly produced canopy to solve the urgent needs of service infrastructure during the Olympics.
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Although an increasing number of architectures with complex geometries and elaborate forms are being designed and realized with the development of digital technology, materials are seldom considered as generative drivers in the design process. This research attempts to integrate material behavior with geometry design, structural performance, and fabrication processes. It aims to produce an output where the material behavior can be simulated and maximized, the geometry can be controlled, and the fabrication is inexpensive. Wood is chosen as the subject of the research because it is a type of highly differentiated material which differs naturally from piece to piece due to variations in species, age, living environments, and other parameters. Therefore, even wood pieces which are visually similar and have identical dimensions will deform into diversified outcomes when the moisture content within them changes. This variety gives us the opportunity to achieve a dynamic system which will deform into a controllable shape through the fabrication of differentiated components. Although the moisture-produced wood deformations are not placed in a well-organized system, they are not totally haphazard, and their positions can be inferred from their parameters. Many experiments were conducted to research this recessive logic and corresponding scripts were written to simulate deformations. As a result, once a dry wood piece is scanned, a computer can calculate the grain patterns, grain density, and the ratio of heartwood to sapwood, and finally can simulate how it will deform when it is saturated with moisture.
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
2. Material Study
2.1 Wood and wood deformation study Wood moisture content and relative humidity Wood deformation factors Wood in Japan and wood in Tokyo Material flow of wood
2.2 Wood scanning Scanning preparation and picture acquisition Calculating the heartwood ratio Calculating the number of rings
2.3. Simulation of moisture-produced wood deformations Experiment: affect of number of rings on wood deformation Experiment: ratio of heartwood and deformation Experiment: grain pattern and bending center point Digital simulation of wood deformations Comparison between practical and theoretical results; error range
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
2.1 Wood Study 2.1.1 Wood and wood deformation study 2.1.2 Wood in Japan 2.1.3 Wood in Tokyo 2.1.4 Material flow of wood in Tokyo
When the humidity of the environment increases, dry wood pieces will absorb water and expand. Since wood is a naturally-differentiated material, identical incomes will deform into diversified outcomes. This chapter is about main factors that contribute to moisture-produced wood deformations, related research about wood in Japan, and what kind of wood was chosen as the subject of experiments in this research. The species of tree, of course, will affect the deformation of wood since their fibers and cell structures are different. Even among wood pieces from the same species, their properties are not the same since their growing conditions are different. Different locations, different ages, and different tree parts will all lead to special properties and deformations. During the research, we found the primary factors affecting the deformation results were the species of the trees, the angle of the grains, the number of annual rings, and the ratio of heartwood to sapwood. Although Japan uses a huge amount of wood every year, it largely relies on international markets instead of domestic ones. In recent years, the Japanese government has encouraged the use of domestic wood because the forests are moving into a mature stage from a growing stage. This research is expects to operate in accordance with this policy and benefit the Japanese wood industry.
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2.1 Wood and wood deformation study
Winter
Original
Summer Wood has an interesting characteristic: when relative humidity changes, it deforms. We often see this phenomenon; wood boards from factories are flat, but they will usually shrink or expand later. In crisp winters, wood boards will shrink and bend slightly, while in hot and humid summers, they will expand and bend in the opposite direction. These moisture-produced wood deformations are possible because the cells of the wood have the ability to absorb and lose water. Like the figures show on the opposite page, there are two kinds of water in wood: bound water inside cells and free water outside the cells. When cells absorb water, they expand until reaching they reach the fiber saturation point. In reverse, when wood cells begin to lose water, they shrink. Meanwhile, the bending phenomenon also happens along with the shrinking or expanding process. This is because the two sides of the wood boards have different abilities to hold water. The side nearer to the pitch absorbs or loses less water when the humidity changes. Therefore, when wet, wood boards bend in the pitch direction. In contrast, when the material is dry, it bends in the opposite direction.
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Wood deformation and moisture content
Bound Water Free Water
Bound Water Free Water Dissipates
expansion
shrinkage
Fiber Saturation Point
Bound Water Dissipates
Wood structure from: "Effects of resin and wax on the water uptake behavior of wood strands" Yang Zhang, Siqun Wang. Aug, 2005
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Relative humidity and wood moisture content
Structure of wood: long, skinny, straw-like cells
Environment humidity decreases
Environment humidity increases Wood shrinkage and expansion
"Structure of wood" from: http://www.realmagick.com/xylem-structure/
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Relative Humidity
Moisture Content
0%
0%
25%
5%
50%
9%
7.5%
14%
99%
23-30%
Relations between relative humidity and moisture content
There is a close relationship between the moisture content of wood and the relative humidity of the surrounding air. If the environment humidity increases, the moisture content will increase accordingly. This is because of the internal stucture of wood. The long, skinny cells work like straw to absorb water when the environment is wet. The relationship between the relative humidity and moisture content is different from on species of trees to another. The experiment data shown here roughly reflects this connection. For instance, if moisture content of one wood piece is 14% and then it moves to a dry environment with humidity of 25%, it will lose water and shrink during the drying process.
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Deformation Factor: softwood and hardwood
Trees can be divided into two classes: hardwood and softwood. In this research, I mainly focus on softwood since its deformation is more stable.
Hardwood
angiosperm trees deciduous trees that drop their leaves every year.
fiber: 1-2 mm Hardwood has a higher density and is therefore usually harder. Hardwood has a slower growth rate. Fig from: http://www.davidstimber.com.au/resource-centre/timber-properties/cell-structure-and-grain/
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Softwood
gymnosperm trees Conifer trees have needles and normally do not lose them.
fiber: 3-7 mm Softwood has a lower density and is therefore softer than hardwood. Softwood has a faster rate of growth. It is less expensive, less dense, and less durable. 33
Deformation Factor: species of trees
ash
birch
maple
walnut
sugi
cherry
lauan
oak white
Different species of trees to make experiments
We bought several common species sold in stores and conducted experiments. The results showed that each wood board identical in size deformed into different outcomes, meaning that moisture-produced wood deformations depend (in part) on the species. For example, a western red cedar board 30 cm wide will fluctuate 0.32 cm while the same size maple board will fluctuate 0.64 cm.
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Unit: cm
Increasing Width
Original Width Most Cedars
Most Pines, Ash
Maple, Oak
12
0.12
0.25
0.32
15
0.16
0.32
0.35
18
0.22
0.32
0.40
20
0.30
0.32
0.42
25
0.30
0.45
0.60
30
0.32
0.48
0.64
Species and rough size-changing data
Most species of flat grain material will change size 1% for every 4% change in MC. The above figure indicates that when moisture content changes, the width of change is different among different species.
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Deformation Factor: angle of grain
Plain Sawn
Quarter Sawn
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
The way wood boards have been cut will affect the deformaton as well. Plain sawn boards (the angle between the grain and the edge of the board is small) will bend about twice as much as the quarter sawn. This is because wood has different deforming abilities in tangential and radial directions.
Pictures on right from: http://www.illustrationsource.com/stock/image/506811/the-basic-log-sawing-patterns-livecant-sawing-for-grade-sawing-for-radial-grain-and-sawing-for-dimension-lumber/
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Deformation Factor: Grain Pattern
Trees do not grow perfectly straight because of the environment.
H
E
L The pitch diverging from the center affects the bending center point
The grain pattern also affects wood deformations. Trees do not grow perfectly straight and hence the hitch is usually not in the geometric center of the section. Like the picture shows, some trees may even sway to one side to a large degree if they grow in special environments (cliffs, for instance). The location of the pitch will contribute to the bending center point. This explains why most bending results are asymmetric when wood deforms.
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
1.0
0.3
1.0
0.4
1.0
0.5
0.65
1.0
1.0
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Deformation Factor: number of grains
Trees with different ages have different numbers of rings
Grain density: bigger
Grain density: smaller Wood boards from different trees
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Grain density: bigger
Grain density: smaller
Wood boards from the same tree may have different grain densities
A tree grows one ring each year, so an old tree has more rings than a young tree. As a result, wood boards from different trees have diversified grain density. Even wood boards from the same tree they may have different grain densities because they come from different parts of the tree. The diameter of the trunk near the bottom part is bigger and the distance between the two rings is bigger than the wood board from the top part. Thus, the grain density of boards of the same width is different.
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Deformation Factor: distance from the pitch
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Grain angle is different
Number of grains is different
The distance from the pitch also affects the deformation. Some wood boards are nearer to the edge part of the tree, so the angle between the grain and the board is small. Conversely, some wood boards are nearer to the center part so the grain is almost vertical to the board edge. Additionally, the number of grains is also different in the two boards shown in the pictures. Based on the prior analysis we conducted, we know their deformations will be different.
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Deformation Factor: ratio of heartwood to sapwood
1 2 3
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
heart wood-small
heart wood-medium
heart wood-big
Another important factor is the ratio of heartwood to sapwood. Sapwood is the living, outer wood and is light in color while heartwood is the dead, inner wood and is dark in color. Since the two parts have different abilities to absorb and lose water, their ratio affects the moisture-produced wood deformation.
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2.1.2 Wood in Japan
Imported Wood and Domestic Wood
Wood Supply and Self-sufficiency Percentage Data from Prof. Daisuke Tajima Wood self-sufficiency in Japan plunged from over 90% in the 1950s to below 50% by the end of the 1960s, and kept declining to a low of 18.2% in 2002. Japan is more and more reliant on the international market. The Japanese goverment encourages improvements in the wood self-sufficiency percentage.
Reference: http://www.cger.nies.go.jp/publications/report/d034/D034.pdf
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
The majority of wood is imported, though the international market is unstable
Russia Japan
North American
Southeast Asia Australia
In the international wood market, Japan plays a very important role. It imports a large amount of wood.
Japan imports harvested wood from North America, Southeast Asia, Australia, Russia, and elsewhere in a variety of forms; as roundwood, sawnwood, pulp, paper, and so on. However, the international wood market is uncertain, due to growing demands for wood in emerging economies such as China and India, and the drastic increase in export taxes on logs in Russia.
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Expected increase in domestic wood supply
Japan via Google Map Japanese forests have matured, but domestic wood supplies are still low. Viewed via Google Map, we see that large parts of Japan are green. Actually, approximately 67% of the total land area in Japan is covered by forestland. These forests are mostly in mature stages and expected to be cut. Public forests: Over 40% Private forests: 57% Wood harvesting is done on both public and private forests in Japan.
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
(Unit: million cubic meters) Domestic Wood Supply Lumber use Pulp and chip use Plywood use Others Total Self-sufficiency
Total Wood Demand
2009 11 5 2
2015 14 9 4
2020 19 15 5
2009 26 29 8
2015 27 36 8
2020 30 37 9
1 18
1 28 -
1 39
2 65 28%
2 72 39%
2 78 50%
Goal of domestic wood supply and outlook of wood demand in the "Forest and Forestry Basic Plan"
The Forest and Forestry Revitalization Plan was developed in 2009 by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MAFF. It aims to increase domestic wood supply and achieve a wood self-sufficiency rate of 50% by 2020 through a combination of reforms and subsidies designed to expand timber supplies and increase the use of domestic wood in construction.
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Softwood in Japan
Log consumption volume in Japan by species Source: Forestry Agency, 2007 Fig from: http://www.mokuzaihozon.org/english/prsvtn.html
Among several native softwood species, Sugi (Japanese red cedar) was the most preferred as it grows straighter and faster than other species, and accounts for 45% of total domestic plantation forests in terms of area. The second species is Ninoki (Japanese cypress,) which grows much more slowly than sugi but has greater strength. It accounts for 25% of total domestic plantation forests. Japanese Pine (Pinus densiflora) and Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi) were less preferred than sugi and hinoki, but still have substantial areas of plantation forests, resulting in shares of 9% and 10% of the current plantation areas, respectively.
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Japanese cedar スギ
Hinoki cypress ヒノキ
Japanese pine アカマツ
Japanese larch カラマツ
スギ :「真っすぐな木＝直ぐ（すぐ）木」Sugi grows fast. Some of the trees can reach 50 m. The diameter of the trunk depends on the growth conditions. Sugi is popular all over Japan—from Hokkaido in the north to Yakishima in the south. There is a clear difference between the sapwood and heartwood. The sapwood part is white while the heartwood part is dark red. The grain in tangential directions is straight and clear. Therefore we can scan these wood pieces and simulate their deformations.
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Sugi----Old Age
1.6
Forest Area (million hectares)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0 1-5
6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 Price and Costs of Sugi Data from Forestry Agency
Sugi is one of the most widely grown tree species in Japan. In 1980, the market price of Sugi per 1m続 was 40,000 yen. In 2008, the price had dropped to only 12,200 yen/m続 . The reduction of log production costs aimed to increase the supply and use of the wood.
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Sugi----Low Price
Price and Costs of Sugi Data from Forestry Agency
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Sugi in Japan and their Fiber Saturation Points
Fiber Saturation Point=
Equilibrium weight in relative humidity: 100% oven-dried weight oven-dried weight
Fiber Saturation Point affects wood shrinkage and expansion
The Fiber Saturation Points (F.S.P.) among Sugi in Japan are different because the trees grow in a v environments.
Sugi in Aichi-ken
Sugi in Fukuoka-ken
F.S.P of Sapwood
26.6%
23.55%
F.S.P of Heartwood
25.9%
22.60%
Sug
青梅杉
Ome Sugi Forest ha famous for a long time. in the Edo period use from the forest to build
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
t
*100
variety of places and
gi in Nara-ken 26.7% 27.8%
as been . People ed wood houses.
山武杉 Sanbu-sugi grows fast. The trunk is straight, and the cross section is circular, but it is weak in wind and snow
西川杉 Nishikawa forest provides Tokyo with a lot of wood. Nishikawa-sugi are of good quality. They are stronger than other sugi and do not easily deform. 55
2.1.3 Wood in Tokyo
Wood Factory in Kotoku and Site in Odaiba
k
us
rB e t Wa
s Kio
Our project for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics was developed using the local Sanbu-sugi species.
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
7.7 km 江東区 新木場
According to The Institute of Tokyo Wood Federation (一般社団法人東京都木材団体連合 会), there are 286 legal wood supply businesses. Three of them are sawmills(数矢製材株式 会社, 菱大木材株式会社, and 平住製材工業株式会社); the others are for circulation of wood. All three sawmills are in Koto-ku, which is about 7.7 km away from the site. The wood for research can be cut into the right size in the Kotoku wood factory and can then be brought to the site in Odaiba.
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2.1.4 Material flow of wood make use of thinning wood (間伐材）
Thinning wood is cut to create more space and sunshine for other trees
Some thinning trees are wasted
Fig from: http://www.mokuzaihozon.org/english/prsvtn.html
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CHAPTER TWO: WOOD STUDY
Forests
thinning wood
waste
good wood
furniture and other use
our project
building material
recover use
paper, burning materials, and other uses new material flow
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wood scanning
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CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
2.2. Wood Scanning 2.2.1 Computers read like human beings 2.2.2 Scanning preparation and picture acquisition 2.2.3 Calculating the heartwood ratio 2.2.4 Calculating the number of rings
This chapter explores methods of getting information from wood pieces through scanning. If the moisture-produced deformation of each wood piece is to be predicted accurately, grain information must be collected. This is, however, a time consuming process. Thus, the aim of this section fo the research is to create a system capable of asking a computer to see and read the wood like a human. The software should be able to both count the number of rings in a given piece of wood and calculate the ratio of hardwood to sapwood. Scripts for carrying out this operation were written in the Processing software. The computational tools were able to get all the required information by simply scanning the wood surfaces. This data was then used to predict later deformations.
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2.2.1 Computers read like human beings
3D scanning: point clouds with information
scanning: an emerging technology
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CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
Three corresponding scripts were written to realize this target. One script takes pictures of wood surfaces; the other two are for data reading and calculating. To calculate the ratio of heartwood to sapwood, the image of the wood surface must be changed into black and white. This is achieved by automatically setting the threshold. The color of the hardwood portions of the wood piece becomes black, and the color of the lighter sapwood becomes white. By calculating the number of black pixels and white pixels, the computer is able to determine the ratio of heartwood to sapwood. Similarly, by analyzing the pixels and counting how many times white pixels appear in the middle line of the image, the computer can also determine the number of rings in a given piece of wood.
Pictures retrieved from: http://www.3dscanco.com/products/3d-scanners/3d-laser-scanners/artec/artec1.cfm
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Wood information obtained through scanning
WOOD NUMBER: 0 Number of Grains: 38 Heartwood Ratio: 0.79 Grain Pattern: 0.43
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CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING We hypothesized that once three sides of a wood piece were scanned, its moisture-saturated deformation could be predicted. First, a special frame was made to fix the location of the wood and the web camera. The computer received pictures indirectly from the camera via a script. The software received the key information by adjusting the threshold of the image automatically to calculate black and white pixels.
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2.2.2 Scanning preparation and picture acquisition
Make the wood face clear
After Before Edges sharpened A clear wood surface is preferable before scanning is attempted. If the surface is not clear, the computer may encounter an error. The edges of wood pieces were sharpened with a special machine to make the grain appear more clearly.
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CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
After Before
Oil was sprayed on the wood surface to make the image clearer. Oil was sprayed on the surface of the wood to get a clearer image of the wood. After this process, the blurred face of the wood became more distinct (and thus easier for the computer to read).
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Picture Acquisition import processing.video.*; Capture cam; void setup() { size(640, 480, P2D); String[] cameras = Capture.list(); if (cameras.length == 0) { println("There are no cameras available for capture."); exit(); } else { println("Available cameras:"); for (int i = 0; i < cameras.length; i++) { println(cameras[i]); } cam = new Capture(this, cameras[0]); cam.start(); } if (cam.available() == true) { cam.read(); } } void draw() { if(keyPressed){ if( key == 'i'){ cam.read(); } } image(cam, 0, 0); } 68
CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
RUN
69
Improve the efficiency of mass-image acquisition
Multiple images are obtained from a single wood component at the same time.
70
CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
71
2.2.3 Calculating the heartwood ratio
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CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
0,1,2,3,...
i
0,1,2,3, ...
pixels and colors j i
0,1,2,3,...
i
0,1,2,3, ...
0,1,2,3,...
j 0,1,2,3, ...
threshold: black and white j 73
Heartwood ratio = number of black pixels / number of all pixels PImage sugi, bw; int w,h; void setup() { noStroke(); sugi=loadImage("sugi.jpg"); w = sugi.width; h = sugi.height; size(w, h); } void draw() { int count = 0; image(sugi, 0, 0); filter(THRESHOLD, 0.81); //loadPixels(); for (int i = 0; i< h; i++) { for (int j =0; j<w; j++) { color c = get(j, i); if(brightness(c) == 0){ count++; } } } //updatePixels(); println(count + "," + w*h); } void keyPressed(){ if (key == 's') { saveFrame("saveJPG.jpg"); //exit(); } } 74
CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
RUN
75
Scanning Result ONE: Calculating the heartwood ratio
Number of Black Pixels: 1611 Number of all Pixels: 201400 Ratio of heartwood: 0.8% 76
Number of Black Pixels: 45543 Number of all Pixels: 201400 Ratio of heartwood: 22.6%
CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
Number of Black Pixels: 126882 Number of all Pixels: 201400 Ratio of heartwood: 63.0%
Number of Black Pixels: 184482 Number of all Pixels: 201400 Ratio of heartwood: 91.6% 77
2.2.4 Calculating the number of rings
Grain Number: 38
Grain Number: 44
In the same piece of wood, the number of grains will be different at the two ends. The computer scans both sides and simulates deformations of the middle part using the information from the end surfaces.
78
CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
123
35
1 23
41
The computer scans the section surfaces and counts the number of grains. However, the grains near the top of the piece and the grains near the bottom of the piece are different. In this research, all counting lines are set in the middle of the surface. 79
Scanning Result TWO: Counting the number of grains
B WB B WWB B W B WWB B B W 1 B: Black Pixel W: White Pixel 80
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER THREE: WOOD SCANNING
WW B W B WB B WB WW B W B
5
6
7
8
9
10
81
2.3. Simulation of moisture-produced wood deformations 2.3.1 Experiment: effect of number of rings on wood deformation 2.3.2 Experiment: effect of heartwood ratio on wood deformation 2.3.3 Experiment: grain pattern and bending center point 2.3.4 Digital simulation of wood deformations 2.3.5 Comparison between practical and theoretical results and error range
A series of experiments were conducted to research how parameters (number of rings, grain pattern, ratio of heartwood to sapwood, etc.) would affect wood deformations. The original data and the matching deformation data were entered into the computer. Corresponding scripts were written to calculate how the parameters would work together to determine the deformation. The bending center point, expansion length, and bending height were captured.
INCOME
x0
Species of trees
x1
Number of grains
x2
HIDDEN LAYERS
Point
w1 w2
...
xn
82
Bending Center
w0
Heartwood ratio
Grain angle
OUTPUT
wn
i=n
ÎŁi=0w x
Expanding Length
1 1 Bending Height
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
H
L P
83
Time and wood moisture content
21.00 cm
Time: 0 min Moisture Content: 01% Length: 21.00 cm
21.32 cm
Time: 30 min Moisture Content: 26% Length: 21.32 cm
21.37 cm
Time: 60 min Moisture Content: 30% Length: 21.37 cm
84
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
21.37 cm
Time: 90 min Moisture Content: 33% Length: 21.37 cm
21.37 cm
Time: 120 min Moisture Content: 35% Length: 21.37 cm
21.37 cm
Time: 60 min Moisture Content: 30% Length: 21.37 cm
85
2.3.1 Experiment: Effect of number of rings on wood deformation Experiment Subjects
Component Size Component
86
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation One of the most important factors affecting moisture-produced deformation results was the number of grains. Existing research showed that the denser the grain, the shorter the expansion of the wood board. The detailed relationship, however, was unclear, so this experiment aimed to digitalize the relations. 50 wood pieces were selected as the subjects of the experiment. The Sugi pieces had different numbers of grains, ranging from 14 to 63 while sharing similar other parameters like size, heartwood ratio, and the angles between the grains and the board edges. The wood pieces were first scanned using the methods described in the previous chapter and the related information was obtained.
(cm): 21*30*1.5 Number: 50
87
Experiment process
Wood placed in wat
88
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
ter for 2 hours
89
Experiment results and data analysis Deformation and Number of rings
90
Experiment subject Number
Num of rings
Expansion Length Bending Height
01
14
21.69
1.08
02
15
21.78
1.06
03
17
21.92
0.91
04
17
21.94
1.01
05
18
21.86
1.00
06
19
21.90
1.10
07
19
21.90
0.99
08
17
21.94
1.02
09
20
21.83
0.98
10
17
21.60
0.96
11
20
21.82
1.09
12
16
21.75
1.05
13
21
21.79
0.98
14
22
21.76
0.98
15
30
21.60
0.95
16
21
21.71
0.98
17
21
21.70
1.09
18
22
21.73
1.08
19
37
21.81
1.00
20
23
21.81
1.01
21
16
21.80
1.07
22
14
21.75
1.02
23
23
21.80
1.09
24
25
21.69
1.20
25
26
21.63
1.04
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
Experiment subject size: 21*30*0.9 unit: cm Experiment subject Number
Num of rings
26
14
21.69
1.08
27
15
21.68
1.06
28
17
21.72
0.91
29
17
21.64
1.01
30
18
21.66
1.00
31
19
21.50
1.10
32
19
21.60
0.99
33
17
21.64
1.02
34
20
21.53
0.98
35
17
21.60
0.96
36
20
21.52
1.09
37
16
21.56
1.05
38
21
21.53
0.98
39
22
21.56
0.98
40
30
21.60
0.95
41
21
21.47
0.98
42
21
21.46
1.09
43
22
21.53
1.08
44
37
21.47
1.00
45
23
21.33
1.01
46
16
21.40
1.07
47
14
21.39
1.02
48
23
21.36
1.09
49
25
21.37
1.20
50
26
21.36
1.04
Air-dried Moisture Content: 12%
Expansion Length Bending Height
Water-soaked Moisture Content: 41%
91
Experiment analysis
Length after Expanding
number of rings: 20 length after expansion: 21.74
0, 21.94 number of rings: 44 length after expansion: 21.43
0, 21.33
0, 21.00
14, 21.00
68, 21.00 Number of grains
92
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
original length
length after expanding
original length
length after expanding
Number of Subjects: 50 Maximum Length: 21.94 cm Minimum Length: 21.33 cm Average value: 21.57 cm
93
2.3.2 Experiment: ratio of heartwood and deformation
Experiment subject Number 1
Experiment subject Number 2
Experiment subject Number 3
Experiment subject Number 4
Experiment subject Number 9
Experiment subject Number 10
Experiment subject Number 11
Experiment subject Number 12
Experiment subject Number 17
Experiment subject Number 18
Experiment subject Number 19
Experiment subject Number 20
Experiment subject
Experiment subject Number 26
Experiment subject Number 27
Experiment subject Number 28
94 Number 25
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
Experiment subject Number 5
Experiment subject Number 6
Experiment subject Number 7
Experiment subject Number 8
Experiment subject Number 13
Experiment subject Number 14
Experiment subject Number 15
Experiment subject Number 16
Experiment subject Number 21
Experiment subject Number 22
Experiment subject Number 23
Experiment subject Number 24
Experiment subject Number 29
Experiment subject Number 30
Experiment subject Number 31
Experiment subject 95 Number 32
Experiment subjects after scanning
Ratio of heartwood: 0%
Ratio of heartwood: 16.7%
Ratio of heartwood: 22.6%
Ratio of heartwood: 21.3%
Ratio of heartwood: 78.1%
Ratio of heartwood: 74.6%
Ratio of heartwood: 79.2%
Ratio of heartwood: 81.0%
Ratio of heartwood: 65.3%
Ratio of heartwood: 78.8%
Ratio of heartwood: 81.9%
Ratio of heartwood: 83.0%
Ratio of heartwood: 96 86.5%
Ratio of heartwood 91.4%
Ratio of heartwood: 92.3%
Ratio of heartwood: 95.6%
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
Ratio of heartwood: 60.7%
Ratio of heartwood: 69.0%
Ratio of heartwood: 63.2%
Ratio of heartwood: 59.4%
Ratio of heartwood: 77.9%
Ratio of heartwood: 72.6%
Ratio of heartwood: 70.3 %
Ratio of heartwood: 75.4%
Ratio of heartwood: 80.7%
Ratio of heartwood: 88.2%
Ratio of heartwood: 79.5%
Ratio of heartwood: 83.2%
Ratio of heartwood: 97.4%
Ratio of heartwood: 90.1%
Ratio of heartwood: 88.0%
Ratio of heartwood: 97 100%
Experiment records Deformation and number of rings
98
Experiment subject number
Ratio of Heartwood to Whole wood
Expansion Length
Bending Height
01
0%
21.85
0.94
02
16.7%
21.79
0.94
03
22.6%
21.80
0.97
04
21.3%
21.84
0.99
05
60.7%
21.66
1.03
06
69.0%
21.70
1.02
07
63.2%
21.69
1.01
08
59.4%
21.72
1.03
09
78.1%
21.66
1.00
10
74.6%
21.58
1.03
11
79.2%
21.62
1.04
12
81.0%
21.75
0.99
13
77.9%
21.69
1.03
14
72.6%
21.58
1.04
15
70.3%
21.55
1.07
16
75.4%
21.43
1.06
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
Experiment subject size: 21*30*0.9 unit: cm
Experiment subject number
Ratio of Heartwood to Whole wood
Expansion Length
Bending Height
17
65.3%
21.55
1.08
18
78.8%
21.50
1.05
19
81.9
21.44
1.07
20
83.0
21.48
0.99
21
80.7
21.42
1.03
22
88.2
21.43
1.00
23
79.5
21.49
1.03
24
83.2
21.47
1.02
25
86.5
21.56
1.00
26
91.4
21.48
0.97
27
92.3
21.42
0.99
28
95.6
21.35
1.00
29
97.4
21.39
1.02
30
90.1
21.48
0.98
31
88.0
21.35
0.97
32
100
21.43
0.95
Air-dried Moisture Content: 12%
Water-soaked Moisture Content: 41%
99
Length after deformation
Experiment analysis
0, 21.85
0, 21.35
0, 21.00
20%
80% Ratio of Heartwood
100
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
original length
length after expanding
ratio of heartwood: 22.6% length after expansion: 21.80
original length
length after expanding
ratio of heartwood: 68.1% length after expansion: 21.69
101
Height after deformation
Experiment analysis
0, 1.08
0, 0.94
0, 0.90
20%
80% Ratio of Heartwood
102
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
original length
length after expanding
ratio of heartwood: 22.6% bending height: 1.01
original length
length after expanding
ratio of heartwood: 60.4% bending height: 1.07
original length
length after expanding
ratio of heartwood: 92.3% bending height: 1.03
103
2.3.3 Experiment: grain pattern and bending center
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.23
0.35
0.49
0.0
0.0 104
1.0
0.0
0.80 1.0
0.0
0.76
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.37
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.21
0.60
0.57
0.38
1.0
0.55
0.70
0.24
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.67
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.69
1.0
0.22
0.77
0.62
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.50
0.64
1.0
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
0.0
0.0
0.41
0.48
0.0
0.0
0.52
0.49
1.0
0.0
0.61
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.65
1.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.45
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.46
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.35
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.53
0.39
0.76
0.33
1.0
0.39
1.0
0.51
0.50
0.67
0.38
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.60
0.36
1.0
1.0
1.0 105
Bending Center Point
Experiment analysis
Grain Center Point The result of the experiment shows that the bending center point will be in accordance with the grain pattern.
106
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
107
2.3.4 Digital simulation of wood deformations
C* A
B
C
B*
IN
bending c
Grain Center Point
side Îą
Num Num Num Num
Grain Density (left side)
Expansion
Grain Density (right side) Thickness Width
Bending H
OUT
Ratio of H/W Num Num
side β
IN
Num Num Num Num
Grain Density (left side)
Num Num
Expansion
Grain Density (right side) Thickness Width Ratio of H/W
108
bending c
Grain Center Point
Bending H
OUT
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
By analyzing the data from the experiments, the computer can predict the deformation logic and hence can simulate the deformation. A series of experiments were also conducted to test the error range between the practical deformation and digital simulation.
center point
n Length
Height
side Îą
center point
n Length
Height
side β
109
Computational wood deformation
bending center point:0.75/0.46 expanding length: 21.42/21.58 bending height:1.02/0.99
bending center point:0.44/0.36 expanding length: 21.82/21.75 bending height:1.03/1.00
bending center point:0.42/0.75 expanding length: 21.38/21.60 bending height:1.04/1.01
bending center point:0.39/0.22 expanding length: 21.53/21.76 bending height:1.01/1.04
bending center point:0.47/0.66 expanding length: 21.42/21.33 bending height:1.07/1.03
bending center point:0.71/0.49 expanding length: 21.52/21.66 bending height:1.02/0.97
bending center point:0.42/0.59 expanding length: 21.55/21.79 bending height:1.09/1.01
bending center point:0.25/0.31 expanding length: 21.41/21.65 bending height:1.05/1.03
bending center point:0.43/0.19 expanding length: 21.49/21.48 bending height:1.04/1.04
bending center point:0.44/0.21 expanding length: 21.50/21.89 bending height:1.02/0.99
bending center point:0.75/0.41 expanding length: 21.47/21.53 bending height:1.01/0.96
bending center point:0.70/0.42 expanding length: 21.68/21.60 bending height:1.03/1.01
bending center point:0.63/0.26 expanding length: 21.60/21.78 bending height:1.09/1.06
bending center point:0.61/0.35 expanding length: 21.49/21.68 bending height:1.00/1.07
bending center point:0.60/0.39 expanding length: 21.55/21.81 bending height:1.03/1.02
110
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation β α
Original Size: 21*30*0.9 Unit: cm Order: α/β
bending center point:0.25/0.48 expanding length: 21.42/21.59 bending height:0.99/0.95
bending center point:0.75/0.53 expanding length: 21.71/21.90 bending height:0.98/0.94
bending center point:0.61/0.47 expanding length: 21.42/21.49 bending height:0.96/0.99
bending center point:0.50/0.46 expanding length: 21.59/21.50 bending height:1.02/1.04
bending center point:0.19/0.42 expanding length: 21.52/21.51 bending height:1.09/1.01
bending center point:0.35/0.61 expanding length: 21.49/21.72 bending height:1.05/1.03
bending center point:0.41/0.77 expanding length: 21.48/21.70 bending height:1.07/1.07
bending center point:0.41/0.70 expanding length: 21.66/21.60 bending height:1.02/1.01
bending center point:0.62/0.42 expanding length: 21.83/21.80 bending height:1.08/1.02
bending center point:0.47/0.79 expanding length: 21.40/21.92 bending height:1.03/1.09
bending center point:0.21/0.59 expanding length: 21.64/21.55 bending height:1.05/1.04
bending center point:0.44/0.17 expanding length: 21.53/21.58 bending height:1.04/1.04
bending center point:0.19/0.56 expanding length: 21.59/21.84 bending height:1.09/1.07
bending center point:0.33/0.451 expanding length: 21.60/21.88 bending height:1.04/1.02
bending center point:0.44/0.70 expanding length: 21.49/21.80 bending height:1.09/1.02
111
Practical and theoretical results
actual deformation in reality
Moisture-produced wood deformation in reality
Wood piece in dry condition
Wood piece at fiber saturation point
112
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
simulated deformation in computer
Moisture-produced wood deformation in computer
Num Num Num Num
INPUT Sugi Grain Center Grain Density Ratio of H/W Thickness Width
bending center Expansion Bending Height OUTPUT
Num Num
Wood piece at fiber saturation point
113
Length after Expanding
Error range of digital simulation
Number of grains
114
Bending Center Point
CHAPTER FOUR: The Simulation of Moisture-produced Wood Deformation
Grain Center Point X: Bending Center Point according to experiment X': Bending Center Point according to digital simulation Error=(|x₁-x₁'|+|x₂-x₂'|+|x₃-x₃'|+...+|xᵣ-xᵣ'|)/r Using a similar method, we compared 40 bending center points from the experiment results with simulation data from the computer. The result showed the rate of error was less than 0.06, meaning the digital simulations were relatively accurate.
115
116
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
3. Previous Study 3.1 Plate to plate connections 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Connection Logic
3.2 System logic with buckling 3.2.1 Connection Method 3.2.2 Individual Deformation with Overall Change
3.3 Kinetic system with joints: study 3.4 System limitations
Previous Study When humidity inside wood increases, wood will not only bend, but will also expand in length. This expansion is bigger in tangential directions than others. To maximize wood deformations in the overall geometry and to improve structural performance on a bigger scale, a tensegrity study was combined with the system design. Three things were checked during system development: 1. The arrangement logic of the system. 2. How the character of individual wood pieces influences the overall geometry. 3. How different joints influence the deformation of the overall shape. Through these tests, the limitations of the system were found, and the role of joints was clarified.
117
3.1 Plate to plate connections 3.1.1 Introduction
HYGROSCOPICITY Wood will deform according to moisture content in the air. This deformation is universal as well as reversible. Each wood piece is different, and so are their deformations. This offers us a naturally differentiated material.
MATERIAL STUDY Our chosen material is waste sap wood obtained from the wood industry. The study involves the research of relationships between fiber, moisture content, and deformations. How can we generate this logic within a computational environment?
118
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
SYSTEM STUDY
DRY
WET
Based on a previous study of the tensegrity model, we used a system capable of accumulating small local deformations to generate a change in the overall geometry.
119
3.1 Plate to plate connections 3.1.2 Connection logic
Deformation Parameters
Distance to Center
Parameters 1. Bending Length 2. Bending Height 3. Distance to Center
Peak Bending Height
Bending Length
Components Following results from wood experiments, several typical plates were made in Rhino for us to develop the assembly logic. Orginal in dry conditions Deformations in wet conditions
Assembly logic
a
120
b
â&#x2030;&#x2C6;a+b
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY Different connection methods Method 1
Symmetric
Asymmetric Method 2
Symmetric
Asymmetric Method 3
Symmetric
Asymmetric 121
3.2 System logic with buckling
The discrete elements are formed with two bows and and an interior tensile band. The tensile band length is proportional to the local curvature. The combination of multiple bows makes it possible to generate curvature in multiple directions.
Buckling System Instead of simply connecting plate by plate with the free end, buckling was introduced into system development to increase deformations and internal forces.
Length Increases
122
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
1 Differentiated Plates
2 Arrange 6-7 plates into a component
3 Mapping components onto a surface by staggering.
4
123
3.2 System logic with buckling 3.2.1 Connection method System 1
Humidity 12-13%
Humidity 50-60%
Partial
Overall Geometry
Perspective View
124
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY System 2
Humidity 12-13%
Humidity 50-60%
Partial
Overall Geometry
Perspective View
125
4mm
6mm
5mm
5mm 4mm 4mm 5mm
6mm 4mm 4mm 5mm
126
6mm 5mm 4mm
5mm
6mm
6mm
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
Asymmetrical 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.2
127
3.3 Kinetic system with joints study
Joints also play an important role in the movement of kinetic systems. By having different levels of allowance in joints, the performance of the kinetic system will also vary. Test were done in a digital environment. Pin joints and fixed joints were tested in this experiment.
http://web.mit.edu/4.441/1_lectures/1_lecture13/1_lecture13.html
128
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
129
3.3 Kinetic system with joints study Joints with floor
130
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
131
3.3 Kinetic system with joints Study Joints between panel
Pin Joints Free to Rotate
Fixed Joints Hard to Rotate
132
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
Joints between Rows
133
3.3 Wooden Joints Study 3.3.1 Typical wooden joints and structural performance 3.3.2 Application in plate to plate connection System Development Joint System Requirements 1. Joint system works differently with different loads (compression, tension, bending, torsion, shear forces). 2.Application of joint system on connecting boards. 3. Influence of different joints on the performance of the structure (including maximizing or minimizing movement). 4. Customize joints in accordance with different performance needs.
134
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
135
3.3.1 Typical wooden joints and structural performance
Joint categories Scarf Joints Sogi-tsugi
Load categories
Tension Compression
Lap Joints Koshikake tsugi
Shear
The Stub Mortise and Tenon Mechigai tsugi
Torsion The Stub Mortise and Tenon Mechigai tsugi
Bend 136
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
Shear of z direction
Shear in z direction Compression
Shear in z direction Torsion Compression Tension Torsion Shear in z direction Compression Tension
137
3.3.1 Typical wooden joints and structural performance
Combination Logic
SHEAR
COMPRESSION SHEAR
BE TOR
Shear in z direction Compression Shear in z direction Compression
Compression
Torsion
Tension
Bend
Shear in z direction Torsion Bend
138
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
FIX
TENSION
END RSION
Compression Tension Shear Torsion
Compression Tension Shear Torsion
139
140
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
141
3.3.2 Application in plate to plate connection Most of traditional joints were designed to connect of square timbers. Some of these are not suitable for plate to plate connections.
142
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
S
CS
C S
TS
C T To B S C T To S
C To T B S
CT
C To
CTS
C To S
C T To S
C T To B S C T To B S
143
3.3.2 Application in plate to plate connection Structural performance is different in tangential and longitudal grain directions. Tangential directions are easy to split, but the longitudinal direction is much stronger. Designs of joints should take this characteristic into consideration. Three types of connection were tested: 1. Tangential to tangential connection 2. Longitudinal to longitudinal connection 3. Tangential to longitudinal connection (horizontally and vertically).
Longitudinal
Tangential
144
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
Tangential & Tangential
Tangential & Longitudinal
Longitudinal & Longitudinal
Vertical Plate
145
3.3.2 Application in plate to plate connection Tangential & Tangential
Tangential & Longitudinal
146
Study 1 Thoroughly cut: split
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
Study 2 Thoroughly cut: split
Study 3 Half cut: safe
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Longitudinal &Longitudinal
Study 1
Study 3
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Study 2
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY Vertical Plate
Thoroughly cut: Safe
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3.3 System Logic with Buckling 3.2.2 Individual Deformation with Overall Change
Physical Experiment Tests were conducted to check the coordination between different wood piece patterns and deformations of overall geometry.
Dry Condition
Wet Condition
Detail of one component
150
5 mm increase in tangential direction
CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY
151 B
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Tests were conducted to check coordination between different wood piece patterns and the deformation of the overall geometry. The overall tendency was connected to the deformation of individual pieces, however, the system was not capable of clearly showing differences in each piece. The system was also weak at the length of 2 meters.
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3.4 System limitations
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CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS STUDY Simulations as well as physical tests were conducted to check the coordination between the assembly sequence and the deformation of the overall geometry. The overall tendency is coordinated with the deformation of individual pieces. However, individual differences cannot be easily seen in the overall geometry. This is to say, even if plates are connected in a different sequence, the increment results are still the same. Also due to the plate to plate 2D connection, the thickness of the structure is limited. This also prevents the system from scaling up.
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4. System Development 4.1 System study 4.1.1 Assembly logic: accumulation of angles 4.1.2 Deformation parameters 4.1.3 Range of deformations 4.1.4 Component patterns and matching
4.2 Joint design 4.2.1 System movement and joints 4.2.2 Details of joints
4.3 Prototype research 4.3.1 Geometry limitations 4.3.2 From quantitative to qualitative change
Previous studies showed limitations of the arrangement logic of length accumulation: 1. The overall geometry cannot display the characteristics of individual pieces. 2. The structure cannot be scaled up. Based on this knowledge, a new system was developed based on the logic of accumulating angles. Fractal theory was used to exaggerate deformations from small units, to components, and to the overall geometry. Digital simulations and joint studies were also used to test the possibilitites of this assembly logic.
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4.1 System study 4.1.1 Assembly logic: accumulation of angles
Accumulation Stage 1
Accumulating Deformations
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Accumulation Stage 2
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Accumulation Stage 3
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4.1 System study 4.1.1 Assembly logic: accumulation of angles
One Unit
4 mm length increase When a wood piece (210 mm) increases 4 mm in length, the angle of the triangle unit increases by approximately 2 degrees.
Several Units When connecting several units together, changes in each small triangle unit produce a bigger deformation in the overall geometry.
16째
0째
160
30째 32째
CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Cover Layer Using a mechanical method, a transparent layer was added at the bottom of this system. When then angle of each unit changes, this clear cover can open or close. The cover layer works similarly to tiles. On sunny days, the structure bends up, and the cover will also open. During rainy weather, when structure relaxes, this cover can close to protect the inside of the structure from rain.
30째 32째 5째 Length increase: 4 mm
http://www.fstaoci.com/news/imag es/2009/11/_2009111912311545736.jpg
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4.1 System study 4.1.1 Assembly logic: Accumulation of Angles
A system that will strengthen the structure and that also allows local movement when the moisture rate in the environment is raised.
Rib Support the whole system
Moveable layer Control the local movement
Water Proof layer Open up in dry conditions for more ventilation. Will close in high moisture conditions to protect the interior from rain
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n
o nsi xpa
e E gth en Str
y etr m o Ge ge e h n t ol Cha r t r n ete Co m ra Pa n i Ma on
nsi
a Exp
re
ctu
tru
nS
Bottom Layer
Upper Layer
Vertical Layer
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Accumulation Stage 2
Petal
Accumulation Stage 2
Accumulating Deformation
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4.1 System Study 4.1.2 Deformation Parameters
When connecting several units into a petal, there are two parameters that will affect the movement of a given petal. One is the deformation of each tangential plate. When this upper plate is able to expand more, the overall geometry tends to have more obvious movement.
Parameter 1. Deformation of each tangential piece
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Original Geometry
Each piece increases by 4 mm
Each piece increases by 6 mm
Each piece increases by 9 mm
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4.1.2 Deformation Parameter 2. Pattern Number of Pieces in one Row The other parameter is the number of components in one row of petals. Compare the left and right experiments. They are in the same conditions, but with more components in one row, a wider range of movement can be produced on the overall scale.
Each piece increases by 4 mm
Each piece increases by 6 mm
Each piece increases by 9 mm
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Each piece increases by 4 mm
Each piece increases by 6 mm
Each piece increases by 9 mm
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4.1.3 Range of Deformations Using Kangaroo (a simulation plug-in for grasshopper), the movement can be viewed. Tests are made in different combinations of parameters to get a range of deformations.
Number of Units: 20 Expansion:4 mm
Number of Units: 18 Expansion:4 mm
Number of Units: 14 Expansion: 4 mm
Number of Units: 8 Expansion: 4 mm
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Pattern of Angle: 35째 Expansion: 4 mm Length of Curve: 2500 mm Height: 2000 mm After Length of Curve: 4134 mm Height: 1245.7 mm
Pattern of Angle:45째 Expansion:4mm Length of Curve:2500mm Height:2000mm After Length of Curve: 4064.4mm Height:1291.7mm
Pattern of Angle: 65째 Expansion: 4 mm Length of Curve: 2500 mm Height: 2000 mm After Length of Curve: 4038.4 mm Height: 1369.7 mm
Pattern of Angle:150째 Expansion: 4 mm Length of Curve: 2500 mm Height: 2000 mm After Length of Curve: 2210 mm Height: 1923.8 mm
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Angel:35° Expansion: 9 mm
Pattern of Angle: 90° Expansion: 9 mm Length of Curve: 400 mm Height: 132.67 mm After Length of Curve: 435 mm Height: 128 mm Pattern of Angle:35° Expansion:9mm Length of Curve:2500mm Height:2000mm After Length of Curve: 5140mm Height:457.6mm
Number of Units: 18 Expansion: 9 mm
Number of Units: 14 Expansion: 9 mm
Number of Units: 8 Expansion: 9 mm
Pattern of Angle: 45° Expansion: 9 mm Length of Curve: 2500 mm Height: 2000 mm After Length of Curve: 4962 mm Height: 554.5 mm
Pattern of Angle: 60° Expansion: 9 mm Length of Curve: 2500 mm Height: 2000 mm After Length of Curve: 4851.3 mm Height: 718.19 mm
Pattern of Angle: 150° Expansion: 9 mm Length of Curve: 2500 mm Height: 2000 mm After Length of Curve: 2480 mm Height: 1894 mm
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Both the dry geometry and wet geometry were designed beforehand. By comparing the curvature of the two surfaces, components can be targeted individually.
Dry surface pattern
Same pattern applied to wet surface 172
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Compare the change in angles of each unit of the two surfaces
Translate angles into expansion value of each piece
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4.1.4 Pattern and Matching of Component
Overall deformations were controlled by two parameters: 1. Characters of individual wood pieces 2. Assembly pattern When different patterns are applied to the same surface, the resulting matching components will also be different. Even on the same surface, the denser pattern, the less deformation required for each wood piece.
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-4 mm
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4-5 mm
5-6 mm
6-7 mm
7-8 mm
8-9 mm
9 mm
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4.2 Joints study 4.2.1 System Movement and Joint
Movable Part
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Still Part
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Pin Joints Allow rotation of plates Fix Joints Did not allow any rotating
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4.2 Joint study 4.2.2 Details of Joints
There are two types of joints: 1. Fixed Joints 2. Pin Joints (which accomodate the changes resulting from the expansion of wood pieces in tangential directions)
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Tension
Compression when expanded Tension when shrunk
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4.2 Joints study 4.2.2 Details of Joints
Joint Design
Fixed Joints
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CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Fixed Joints When grain directions are different, details of joints also vary.
Longitudinal
Tangential
Pin Joints
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4.3 Prototype Research 4.3.1 Geometry Limitations Limitations in developing geometry 1. A rectangular component-based system. 2. The width of each wood piece in tangential directions is not infinite.
Width: <210 mm
Rectangular Component
When the differences between UV lines on one surface are not too big, the system can work.
When UV differences are too sharp, some plates will fail to connect with each other.
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Plates failed to connect
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The system works better on surfaces with fewer differences in length of UV lines. By reducing the number of components, a variety of geometric outputs can be achieved.
Flower Blossom
Flower Bloom http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/51744000/jpg/_51744816_ lilly_compound.jpg
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4.3.1 Geometry Limitations Pattern Parameters 1. Angle of Triangle Unit
150째
40째
2. Gap between Units
Overlapping: 20 mm
360 mm Gap: 360 mm
Overlapping: 100 mm
200 mm Gap: 200 mm
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185
Pattern Parameters Limits of Geometry
2500 mm
5000 mm 1500 mm 5000 mm
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4.3.1 Geometry Limitations
Several geometries were developed based on the results from digital simulations. Hexagons, pentagons, and heptagons were the shapes chosen as basic geometries for further development because they are easier to arrange into clusters to adapt to different site conditions.
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Random geometries are difficult to organize into clean clusters.
? Hexagon Cluster
Hexagon and Pentagon Cluster
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4.3.2 From Quantitative to Qualitative Change
Prototype Movement
1850 mm
When it rains, wood pieces will not only expand but will also become heavier as a result of absorbing water. Each petal will expand and also follow the tendency of gravity to fall down and open up. When the whole canopy is dry, each petal will shrink and become lighter. The spring in the center of the canopy will help pull petals back to their original position.
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Center
2200 mm
Gravity
B 191
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4.3.2 From Quantitative to Qualitative Change
Humidity 12-13% Humidity Increase Humidity 50-60%
Rotating Axis
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Dry Condition
Wet Condition Wheel
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The pattern was also designed to meet structural and spatial needs. Gaps between plates were added to the top of each petal in order to allow more sunlight into the canopy. Also, the length of each upper plate decreased towards the center in order to reduce the number of components at the edge of each petal, thus reducing the weight overall.
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Tokyo Olympic Symble. Retrieved time:2014.July.25th from: http://cbldf.org/wp-content/ uploads/2013/09/2000px-Tokyo_2020_Olympic_bid_logo.svg_.png
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CHAPTER FIVE: URBANISM AND CANOPY DESIGN
CHAPTER 5: Urban and Canopy Design
5.1 Background 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Case Study – Canopy at the Olympic Games 5.1.3 Urbanism at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games
5.2 Canopy Design 5.2.1 Site Analysis 5.2.2 Fractal – Kiosk Cluster Organized Logic
5.2.3 Design Proposal
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5.1 Background 5.1.1 Introduction Mega-events like the Olympic Games will bring booms to the construction industry, economy, and tourism in the host country (and neighboring areas). In particular, the increase in visitors will not only present an urgent need for temporary tourist service infrastructures, but it will also offer the perfect occasion for designers and companies to show their newest ideas and technologies.
0.45 million
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1.01 million
N
ITIO
IB EXH
SERVICE CENTER
Increasing Tourists
6.52 million
COMMERCIAL SHOWROOM
REST
3.4 million
CHAPTER FIVE: URBANISM AND CANOPY DESIGN BMW Pavilion For London Olympic Games
Volkswagen Showcase on the “Olympic Green” for Beijing Olympic Games in 2008
Mobilizing things for 2016 Brazil Olympic Games
Top: http://amazingwallpapers.net/images/images-olympic-games-nda_628432.jpg BMW Pavilion http://c1038.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/group5/building43278/media/tatv_bmw_01_night_view.jpg Volkswagen Showcase on the “Olympic Green” :http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2008/07/31/094967.1-lg. jpg Mobilizing Things : http://homedezigner.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Mobilizing-things-Grimshaw-won-thecompetition-for-2016-Olympic-Pavilion-in-Brazil.jpg Number of Tourists: General Adminstration of Sports of China http://www.sport.gov.cn/n16/n1152/n2523/n377568/n377613/n377763/390543.html
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5.1.2 Case Study â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Canopy in Olympic
"Architecture evolved in the belief that the static, permanent forms of traditional architecture were no longer suitable for use in times of major change. Kinetic architecture was supposed to be dynamic, adaptable and capable of being added to, reduced, or even being disposable" Maria, L.L. (2008) Sensing architecture, design science: The ideal architecture process, http:// sensingarchitecture.com/708/design-science-the-ideal-architecture-process/, accessed 25th July 2014.
Coca-Cola Beat Box for Olympic Park Pavilion designed by Pernilla & Asif
Fabric
Reference: Unveiled: the Coca-Cola Beatbox! Retrieved from: http://www. coca-cola.co.uk/olympic-games/cocacola-beatbox-olympic-pavilion.html
Interactive
Quick
Temporary
Commerical
Symbol
Entertain -ment
in
25th July 2014
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Cheap
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Mobilizing Things, designed by Grimshaw with the Arup office in Rio de Janeiro, is "a temporary structure of 500 square meters which will host cultural activities, outdoor cinema and exhibitions related to major events in Brazil,the 2014 World Cup and Olympics." Reference: Mobilizing Things 8211 Grimshaw Won The Competition For 2016 Olympic Pavilion In Brazil http://www.homedezigner.com/mobilizing-things-grimshaw-won-the-competition-for-2016-olympicpavilion-in-brazil/
Plastic
Movable Adapative
Quick
Temporary
Public Space
Cinema
Art
Cheap
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5.1.2 Case Study – Canopy at the Olympic Games
REST
SERVICE
SHOW
PUBLIC SPACE
CHEAP
SYMBOL CINEMA
CATCHY
Canopy for Olympic Games ADAPTIVE
SUSTAIN -ABLE
QUICK TEMPORARY
COMMERICAL
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TEMPORARY
ADAPTIVE CHEAP PUBLIC
CATCHY
QUICK
Due to the short-term, high-consumption nature of the Olympics, service canopies during this period will need to be cheap, temporary, quickly constructed, and also able to offer an adaptive and catchy public space for visitors. Because little time and energy are required for construction, the canopy meets these needs.
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5.1.3 Urbanism at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games The cheap fabrication and less-time-consuming characteristics of this system make it suitable for mass production and temporary use. The adaptability of the system offers various spatial configurations for outdoor application. A water ferry kiosk for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics was chosen as the background for the canopy application due to its short duration, booming needs, and changeable spatial requirements. These canopies are not only expected to act as a supporting service center for ferry stations on the Tokyo riverfront area, but also as adhesives to fill the gaps between the main flow of people. The eye-catching ferry stations will aid in management of public circulation.
Waterfront revitalization
TEMPORARY
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ADAPTIVE CHEAP PUBLIC
CATCHY
QUICK
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"As the table indicates, the transport demand is likely to reach a maximum of 920,000 passengers a day, with an estimated total of approximately 10.1 million during the Games." -From <Candidature File volume 3> by 2020 Tokyo Olympic Comittee
Revitalize the application of a water bus as an alternative transportation method on the Tokyo riverfront.
-Left From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Himiko_Cruise_Ship.jpg -Middle fromhttp://cdn1.vtourist.com/4/7063521-Sumida_River_Line_Water_Bus_Tokyo. jpg?version=2 -Right From http://cdn4.vtourist.com/4/7063520-Sumida_River_Line_Water_Bus_Tokyo.jpg?version=2
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5.1.3 Urbanism at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DaiRokuDaiba.jpg
東京湾の開発は徳川家康の江戸開府から始まりました。当時、世界最大都市のひと つだった江戸の生活を支えた江戸湊の整備や近代化の幕開けを担った横浜港の建 設。そして明治後期から始まり昭和 30 年代以降急激に進んだ臨海工業地帯の建設 などが東京湾を舞台に展開され、今また国際競争力強化を命題にコンテナ物流港湾 （スーパー中枢港湾）の形成が進んでいます。
こうした東京湾の海辺を眺めてみ
ると、大部分が人工の構造物で覆われていることに気づきます。土地利用は物流機 能、生産機能が中心となっていますが、昭和 60 年代からの都市再開発の一環とし てのウォーターフロント開発によって、人々が海辺で楽しむ 空間も数々出現しています。ただ、何か違和感があります。海辺に建つ建物は海に 背を向け、休日は賑わうお台場の浜も平日は閑散としています。海に客船やクルー ザー・ヨットが見えず、東京湾で泳ぎたいと考える人はほとんどいないでしょう。 諸外国の海辺・水辺との差はあきらかです。 -関東地方整備局 <東京湾魅力発見創造プログラム＞
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CHAPTER FIVE: URBANISM AND CANOPY DESIGN Tokyo governor Shun'ichi Suzuki began a major development plan in the early 1990s to redevelop Odaiba as Tokyo Teleport Town.
It was not until the late 1990s that Odaiba began to become a tourist and leisure of of
the the
zone
because
development economy
and
transportation systems in Tokyo.
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5.1.3 Urbanism at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games
There are currently six water bus stations around the Odaiba area, however, all of them are simple, small, and lack basic services.
-関東地方整備局 <東京湾魅力発見創造プログラム＞
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http://www.map.google.com
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5.2 Canopy Design 5.2.1 Site Analysis
SITE
OPTIONAL
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OPTIONAL
OPTIONAL
http://www.map.google.com
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5.2.1 Site Analysis
This site is just between the Olympic village and the island with a large amount of newly-built stadiums. The area is expected to welcome a great number of visitors, and the waterbus will be a busy spot both for city-viewing and transportation.
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OLYMPIC VILLAGE
CHAPTER FIVE: URBANISM AND CANOPY DESIGN
SHOPPING MALL
SITE
OLYMPIC STADIUM
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5.2.1 Site Analysis
SITE
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SHOPPING MALL
Scale of Site: 43mx35m Width of water bus station: 20m
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5.2.2 Fractal â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Kiosk Cluster Organized Logic Fractals were used to organize scales and connections between each canopy. A hierarchy can be created in the cluster of canopies. Also, by controlling the numbers of canopies, different scales of kiosks can be organized to accommodate different site conditions.
1. http://www.talismancoins.com/catalog/Honey_Bee_and_Honeycomb_Hive_2.jpg 2. 3.http://s2.hubimg.com/u/3800595_f260.jpg
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5.2.3 Design Proposal
Widest Part of Overall Geometry: 40 m Biggest Unit: 8 m Smallest: 2.5 m Number of Kiosks: 40
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SERVICE
COMMERCIAL
STATION
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REST
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
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This kinetic kiosk not only offers a public space to visitors, but it also builds up a creative image and provides a good chance for companies.
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Conclusion This integrated research explores a kinetic system which takes advantage of the properties of wood both as a highly differentiated and hygroscopic material. It consists of three aspects of design: material study and digitalization, kinetic prototype development, and urban canopy design. This research provides a digital tool to predict wood deformations by scanning and digitizing results in a virtual environment. It also offers a kinetic prototype with material-based joints designed to optimize the subtle and individual deformations of single wood pieces into the motion of an overall geometry. Following the quantitative change to qualitative change concept, this prototype can not only be applied to the background of the Olympics, but can also show possibilities in different urban contexts for developing an efficient, adaptive, changeable space that benefits from the properties of natural wood.
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References 1.“Data Book: Material and Carbon Flow of Harvested Wood in Japan”, Center for Global Environmental Research and National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. 2.“Annual Report on Forest and Forestry in Japan”, fiscal year 2012, Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and fisheries, Japan. 3.“Annual Report on Trends in Forest and Forestry in Japan” fiscal year 2009 (summary), Forestry Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and fisheries, Japan. 4.“Market Situation Report-summer 2011: Realizing the value of recovered wood” 5.“X-ray Measurement of Lattice Strain of Cellulose Crystals during the Shrinkage of Wood in the Longitudinal Direction”, Nobuo SOBUE, Yoshitaka SHIBATA and Takeshi MIZUSAWA, 木材学 会Vol.38, N0.4,p.336-341 (1992) 6.“The Dynamic of Shrinkage/Moisture Content Behavior Determined during Drying of Microsamples for Different Kinds of Wood”, G. Almeida, C. Assor and P. Perre, 2008, An international Journal, 26:9, 1118-1124 7.“Free Shrinkage of Wood Determined at the Cellular Level Using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope”, Giana Almeida, Francoise Huber, Patrik Perre, Maderas, Ciencia y tecnologia 16(2): 187-198, 2014 8.“木材架空に関する研究：主要なスギ品種の材質特性の評価” 前田健彦, 平成3年度-5年度（国庫） 9.“Wood Material Behavior in Severe Environments” Christopher A. Lenth, Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Wood Science and Forest Products. 10. 1.Intelligent Kinetic Systems in Architecture. Michael A.Fox, Bryant P. Yeh. Kinetic Design Group. MIT. 11. Reuben Margolin Kinetic sculptures http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_x0lgolh1a4E/SeX-9A9DnJI/AAAAAAAAAew/XyoNbqI8xpY/ s1600-h/picture-36.png 12. Achimmenges Kinetic sculptures <hygroscope> http://fishtnk.com/responsivearchitecture/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/hygroscope_01_ dsc7738_crop.jpg 13.facade of the Kiefer Technic Showroom http://cdn.trendhunterstatic.com/thumbs/dancing-kinetic-architecture.jpeg 14. HYPOSURFACE Installation - by dECOi http://www.paulsteenhuisen.org/uploads/2/7/5/8/27581511/7446235_orig.jpg 15. Wood Picture https://www.canadianwoodworking.com/get-more/wood-cuts-shrinkage 16. Shosoin http://www.roof-net.jp/swfu/d/20121001-1.jpg 17. Loading and grain direction http://www.brianboggschairmakers.com/grain-orientation-and-wood-movement/ 18. 地獄くさび
http://www.haburikobo.com/knowledge/image/k0022-2b.jpg 19.<The Art of Japanese Joints> 20. BMW Pavilion http://c1038.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/group5/building43278/media/tatv_bmw_01_night_view. jpg
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21. Volkswagen Showcase on the “Olympic Green” : http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2008/07/31/094967.1-lg.jpg 22. Mobilizing Things : http://homedezigner.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Mobilizing-things-Grimshaw-wonthe-competition-for-2016-Olympic-Pavilion-in-Brazil.jpg 23. Number of Tourists: General adminstration of Sports of China 24. Mobilizing Things 8211 Grimshaw Won The Competition For 2016 Olympic Pavilion In Brazil 25. Cocal-Cola Beat Box for Olympic Park Pavilion designed by Pernilla&Asif 26. <Candidature File volume3> by 2020 Tokyo Olympic Comitte 27. 関東地方整備局 <東京湾魅力発見創造プログラム＞
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