ŠØÐflm اﻟﻤﺠﻠــﺪ )(10
)(2
اﻟﻌــﺪد
)2010م 1431/هـ (
@ @åí‰b’n½a@ò÷îç ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /إﺑﺮاهـ ـﻴﻢ أﺣﻤـــــــ ـﺪ ﻋﻤ ـﺮ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /أﺣﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠـــــــــــ ـﻲ اﻹ ﻣـــــ ـﺎم ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /زآــ ـﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺸــــ ـﻴﺮ إﻣـــــ ـﺎم ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /ﻣﺒـ ـﺎرك ﻣ ـﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠ ـﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺬوب ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /اﻟﺰﺑﻴ ـﺮ ﺑﺸـ ـﻴﺮ ﻃـــــــــــــ ـﻪ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴﻮر /ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻮهﺎب ﺳــــــﺮ اﻟﺨﺘـﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /ﻃـ ـﻪ ﺟــ ـﺎﺑﺮ اﻟـﻌﻠـــــ ـﻮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /ﺗﺠ ﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺴــ ـﻦ اﻷﻣﻴـــــــــ ـﻦ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴ ـﺴﻮر /أﺣﻤ ـﺪ اﻟﻄﻴـــ ـﺐ ﻣﺤﻤـــ ـﺪ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /اﻟﻄﻴ ﺐ زﻳـ ـﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺑــــــــــ ـﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﻋﺒ ـﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳ ـﺰ ﻣﻮﺳ ﻰ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻟﻄﺎه ـﺮ ﺷـ ـﺮف اﻟﺪﻳـــ ـﻦ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /إﺳ ﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺴ ﻦ ﺣﺴــﻴــ ـﻦ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /اﻟﺘﺠـﺎﻧ ـﻲ ﻋﺒ ـﺪ اﻟﻘ ـﺎدر ﺣﺎﻣـ ـﺪ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /إﺑﺮاهـﻴ ـﻢ ﻣـﺤﻤـ ـﺪ زﻳـــــ ـﻦ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /ﺣﺴـ ـﻦ ﻣﺤ ـﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳـــــــ ـﻦ د .ﻓﺘــﺤــــ د .زآـــ
ـﻲ اﻟﻤﻠــﻜــــ ـﻲ اﻟﻤﻴـــــــــــــ
ـﺎوي ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر /أﺣﻤ ﺪ ﻣﺤﻤ ﺪ اﻟﺤﺴ ﻦ ﺷﻨـــــ ـﺎن ـﻼد د .ﻟــــــ
ـﺆي ﺻــــ
ـﺎﻓﻲ
– 9595 A4
א
Kאא–א J526 JEFא 00249 J511L843399 J20428W
00 249 -511 /0120880278 -0120881390 -0120887135:
E-mail : tafakkur2009@gmail.com
آﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ
6 J1
اﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ وﻣﺪﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ )دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻴﺔ (
Nد.ﺟﻤﺎل اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ
ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻗﺮاءة وﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺣﺎج ﺣﻤﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺮﺁن
42 -7
Nد .ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﺑﻜﺮ اﻟﻌﻮض ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ
66 - 43
ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰات اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮر ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﺔ
Nأ .ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﻤﺪ
100 - 67 128 -101
اﻟﺴﻼم واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ :هﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻴﺔ؟ Nد .ﺿﺮار اﻟﻤﺎﺣﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ Nد .ﻧﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ اﻟﻤﺆهﻼت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ )دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي واﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ( Nد/اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﻴﻤﺎن إدرﻳﺲ Nأ.ﻋﻤﺎر ﻣﻴﺮﻏﻨﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ
162 - 129
172 -163 Nد.ﺿﺮار اﻟﻤﺎﺣﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ
184 -173
526 2490154945808
E-mail : tafakkur2009 @gmail.com
2
1
21 2
1
ŠíŠznÛa@òàÜ× ?Science and the spiritual Quest??אא?א א א 2002 א א א א א א א ??אא?א אאא ،א א אאאאא 120 אאא ،א אא א אא،א א ،א א א K א א א א א EFאאKאאאאאא א אא א א ،א א ? ? א א EאFאאאאא אא א א ،א א א אאאאאאאאK1 ? Wא Kאאאאא א א אא א א ؟א א אאאא؟אא אK1990EFא
262007א?אאאW 1
1430 / 2010 ، (2)
א، (10)
،
א א א J J א K אאאאא Kאא אאאא ? ? אא א
אא אא?אאא אא ،אאאא KKאאא אאK ،א א א א ،א א א K א ،אאאאאאא א אאא א א א א א אא Kא K?אאאאאא EFאאאא א אאא ،אא א،אאאא אאאאאא אאאאאאאא Kא א א א א א א KK א ،א א א ،א א אא 2
א אאאא KKאאאאא א א אאאאאאאא א אא א א א א א אאאא،אאאא אאאאאאא א א א KK אא א ،אא אאאאא א Kאאא אאאאאאא אKאאא Kאא، א א א א א א א אא א،אאא ،א א א א א א א א Kא אא Kא
? َﻭﹺﺇﺫﹶﺍאאאאאאKK ْ ﺤﻦُ ُﻣ ْ ﺽ ﻗﹶﺎﻟﹸﻮﹾﺍ ﹺﺇﱠﻧﻤَﺎ َﻧ ﺴﺪُﻭﹾﺍ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ْﺭ ﹺ ِ ﻗِﻴ ﹶﻞ ﹶﻟ ُﻬ ْﻢ ﹶﻻ ُﺗ ﹾﻔ 11:ﺼِﻠﺤُﻮ ﹶﻥ" ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ אאאאEאFאאאKK א א ،א א אאא א א א ،? ? א א א א א Kאא 3
1430 / 2010 ، (2)
א، (10)
،
אאא ،אאא א ?א אאא K? א א א א א א א EאאFאא אא א א א א ،אאאאאאא Kא EאFאאאאKK EאFאאFאא א א F א א א א אא א א א א Eא אאאאאא אא ، א א א אא א א א אא א א א א א Kאא א א א אF א א א א KK אאאאKEאאאא אאEאFאאא Kאאאא א א א א א א א א א אא אא K א א א אא אאאא 4
א אאאא אאאא אF א א א א KKKא א אאאאE؟אWאאא אא אאאאאאאא אא א א א א אאאאא אא א א א א אא Kאאאא אאאאאאFאא א،K אK Eאא Kא א א א א א א א א א א א א Kאאאא א??אאא Kאאא אא F א א א א א ،אאאEא EFא אאא אא אאאאא Kאאא אאאאאאאא אאאאאאאא ، א א אאא א ،א 5
1430 / 2010 ، (2)
א، (10)
،
،אא אא ،אאא א J א א א א אאאאאא Jא א א א א Kא א א ،א א א א ،א א ،א א،אאאאא א א א אא א א א Jאא Jאאאא،א אא א ،א א א אא אאאאא Kאא ،אאא؛אאא א א א א א א Kאאא
6
bènîã†ßë@bènîØß@¿@ÑÜn‚½a@pbíŁa @ @H@òîzîuŠm@òa‰…I
א؛אאאאאאא אאאאאא ؛אאאא א،א،אא ،אאאאאא، Kא אאא Jאאא
؛אאא Kאא אאאא אאאאאWא،אא א،אאאא Wאאאא،א א؛אאא J אא
Kא،אאאאG
14312010210
אאאא؛ Kא ؛א J אאא K אאאאאא אאאאא אא،א אאאאאא א،אאא אא،א––אא Kאאא??א אKאאא אאאא אאאאאאא Kאא Kאאאא Jא Jאאא א،אאאאא ؛אאWאאאאאא אאאאא 8
אאאאא 1 ،א אאאאאא אאאא، אא،2 א אאFאא؛אא א،3 Eאא אFא،א אאאWEאא Kאאאאאאא אאא؛אא א J–אא אאאאא4 אאא Kאאא ،אא3L،אאא،א،אWא1 339L13،2005 ،אאL،אאWאWאא2 4،EKF 1997،،אאL،אאWאWא 3 370L29، א Jא؛א 4 אW ؛ א א א J א א א א ،אאx6Wאz אא ، א א א אאאא
9
14312010210
אאא אאא، K אא?א?א אא،אאאא W،א 1 ،אאא א W א א א א א אא א אא א אא ، א א א 1 אא –Wאאאא אאא Jא אאאאאא א א،אאKKKKK א אא،א אא،א א 3L،א، א،36L 1אא 1 54،2000،א
10
א1 אאאאאאא אא،אא אאאא Kאא،אאא 2 א א א Wאא א א،אאא،2 אאאאאאא، אאאאW،3 א Wאא،אא،אא אאאא،אא 4 אא אאאאאא 1 ?109L1א?אא אL،אאWאWאא،48L1אא2 אא،אWאא، 412L 3، 1993،،א Wא 164L 3 1404 Jאא 3L،א L 2، 1979 J 1399،،אאL،אאWא ،אאאאL،אאאאאWאE208 268L1،EKF، 74L8א 3 Wא א אא א א א א 4 ،?94W? א א א ،? 43W?א א א Wאא א אאא ?45W?א
11
14312010210 3
א Wאא אאאאא،א א ،אא؛EFאא W؛אאאא אEאF אאאא J ؛????؛אא FאE א ، F KEא EFאאאאאFWא J א?Wאא??אא א،??Wאא،?א ،אאאאא Wאאאא א؛1 EFW?א?EFא Kאאאא א ؛ א א EFא J ،אאא ?W،אאא אא،אא?א،א ،אאאאא 182L12אא1
12
א،אא ?א ،אאא ،א??אKא ،אאא אEFא؛??אאא F W א א ؛ א א א אא K1 Eאא J4 א Wאאא 2 א، Wא ،אאEFאא J אא،אא א؛אאא אאאא،א ?א?W? ?א، אאאא א،אאאא
،،אאL،אאWWאא1 356L8،1379
122אא2
13
14312010210
אEFא،،אא Kא אEFא J אFW؛אא אאאאאאאאאאE א1 א،א ،2 אאאא Kאאאא4 א3 א ?Wאאא J אאא?א Jא-EFא،EFאאא K אאאאאאא J Jא؛א، ?א،? 1 396L4אאא?א? ، א א א ?א א ? ? א ? ? ? אא 2 א،א?،א?א، 391،30L5 ?א، 88، 1986 J 1406،אאL،אא א ?א א א ? א ?? אא א ?א אאאL،אא،אא،אWא ?111L2،1406،، ، אא א א W א W א 3 304،1411،א،אאL،אא ?27L2،א،EKF،א،אא،אא4
14
W?194W?א א א א W W?41W?א א ? א W?126Wא? א אא?40Wא אא؛אא،א EFא؛אאאא אא ،אא J אאא؛א אאKאא KאאאWא אא J ?אא،אאא אWאא،?אא K1 אא FWאא אL،א،אאWWא 1 א W W א 201L10 ، 2003 L 1423 ، א ، א ،אאא،אאא،EאFא ،אאWאWא ، 221L3،EKF، 52L6،2002 J1422،،אאאא1L،
15
14312010210
،אאא،1 E، 2 אאא؛א א3 אאאאאא J א،א،א א אFWאא אE FWאE א ، א W K4 אא אאא J אא ،א Wא5 אאא،אאאא Jאאא––א אא א –א ،אאא،אאא KKK ،E FWא א،אאEFאא،א א،אאL،א،אWאאא1 13551א،EKF
1423،،אאא2L،אאWאWאא2
96L4،2002 אאWאWאא،335L14،326L4אא 3 ،אאא1L، אא،אא ،439L3،19931413 K167L8אא4 אא5
16
،אא K 5 א Wאאאא ؛א؛אאאא א W אWאEFאא،א J א،אא ؛אאאא، אאא،א ، אא W W א ?W W א ؛א W ،א Wא ؛אא אא 1 אEFא؛EFא ؛אא2 אא،א Kא،3 א ،אא،אWאWא1 33228L3،EKFאL
אא1LאאאאWWאא2
אWWא، 447 41419אאא 1L1419א
א א1L، א ، א א א א
28،1426א،א
329L9،EKF،אאL،אאWאWאא3
17
14312010210
؛אאאא J אWאאאאאאא א EF א ?W W ،אW ؛ א W ؛ W ، א ؛ W ؛ ؟ א، א W ؛ א–אא? א א ? ??א? W ?אא J א،EFWE FWא1 א ؛אא Jא J אאאאאא ? ?Wאא K? א ?WEFא J–EFאא J א2 ?? אEFאא אאא،EFא אאEF،א ؛אא، אאא?Wא 403L8א1 אא2
18
אאאK1 ? אאאא ،אאא؛ EFאאא אאEFא؛، ؛אאא، א،אאEFאא Kאאאא ؛אEFא J W? ، ?W EFא؛א א אK? ? J Jא EFא א W א W،אK،א WאK? ?W؟ ،א?WEFא>؟،אא K2 ?א א Wא J W FWאא؛ 180L16אא1
א 2L،،אאWWא 2 114L5،1999 J1420א
19
14312010210
؛א W ،אWא ؛ אא א אא W א א א א א ،א א،א Wא? אK א אא א W ؛ אא؛אאא Jאא J ؛אא،אא אאאא، אא؛ K אאאEFאאא ؛אא؛א אאאאא؛אאא א؛אאא،אאא אאאEFאא אאKאאאאא؛ Kא 6 W1 אאאא W2 א،א 50LL1אא1
L 2، 2003 J 1424،،אאאL،W 2 306
20
א א א Wאא J א א א א ? ?אא א א א א،אאא ؛אאFWאא؛ K1 Eאא אא J אא،2 אא FW אא אא3 Eאאא אאאא K 7 Wאא Wא،א4 Wא Jאאאאאא J א א 57L16אא1 א،אאWWא2 56L16א،163L62001،،אאאL،
316L23 50L1אא4
21
14312010210
FWא؛אאא אא אאאWאאא،E Kאאאא،אא אא Jא Jא J ،אא؛אאא ،א؛אאEFא א א א א א Wא א א Wאאא א אאאא א א א Wאא א אאW Wאא א א א א אאא، א א אא א אאאא א Wא K א א אא 8 Wאאא א אאאא1 א א ،אאא؛ ،2 אא،אאאא W 51L1אא1 171L13אא2
22
א،אאאא J א א W א א W Kאאא ،אאאא J א Jאא J W א א אא؛אאW א ،אא،، אאא1 אא K2 א Jאא Jאא J א א 9 א W3 אאא א אא א א א אאאא?77 J64W?א
א،אאא،אWא1 667L4אא،524L1،2000 J1420א1L،א 472L4א2 51L1אא3
23
14312010210
א،1 ?אא? W אאאאאא J K2 אאאאא J אא?אWEFא אאאאאא? K3 אאא،א א––אאאאאא J אאא؛אאאאאא؛ אא، א א א א א א 10 אWאאא א א א א א4 א א א אאאאא، א،EFא؟W 99L1א1 אא2
135L12אא3 51L1אא4
24
،1 EFאאא،א אא،2 א ،؛אאא אאאא؛ אEFא W אאE؟אאא ؛אאאא،א אא،אא אאEFאאאאאאא א א KKKKKKKK א א א 11 א אWאאאא אאאאאא3 א א אאEFאא، Wא4 אא،אאאא J K5 אאא 235L7אא1 442L22 51L1אא3 89L19אא4 89L19אא5
25
14312010210
EFאאאא J א א א א א א א ؛אאא؛ ،אאאאאאEFא אאא؛אא א א א W ،א א א FWא א א א א W ،א א א ،א Wא ، EF KE Eא אF אא א אW א א א؛א? א ? א א אEF؛ Kאא W J12 א Wאא א א א אא א א א א א א א א א אא1 Wאאא،אאא؛ אא،؛א؛אאא 51L1אא1
26
،אאא1 Kאא2 אאא 13 א א Wאא ?53Wא? א א א א א א ،3 אEFא W،אאאאאא ،EFאא J א؛א J– ؛ א אFWאא؛א א EFא א א א א א א א אW א W א א א א Wאא؛ א א א א K4 ?אאא? אא،אWאWא،349L6א1 292L6،1997،אא4L، 461L15א2 227א3 311L23אא4
27
14312010210 14
א א W א א א א א ?א 14 W א ? W؛1 אאא אאאאא J Kא אא؛אאא J K אאאא J K2 אא אאא Wא؛ ،אאאאWאא، 254א 1 1996 J 1416 JL Jאאא 1L،אא Wאא،360L8אא،161L16אא،112L6 אא 1L،א،אא، 354L171998 J1419א א،73L5 א א א א ،339L25א א
(1)
156L16א א،73L5 א א א א ،339L25א א Jא J؛אאא،156L16א
28
2
1 א א אWא א،?281Wא? א؛،1 אאא؛א ،אא؛،א אאאאא K 2 אא א W א
؛אא؛?58אא? 2 אאEFאא אKאאאא Kא3 א 3 א Wאאא ،EFאא،
אא،אאWאאWא 1 K187L1،1957،אאאאא1L،
K188L1אא2 K1L5אא3
29
14312010210
??א؛אאא1 W؛ א??؛אאאאא KאאאאW א،EFאאאאא א א W א א א א אא א א אא א א א א א א א ?32 J30W?א אאא Kא א א אאאW א،א א Kאאאאא א א א،EFא؛א K 4 Wאא א א 48L1אא1
30
א?129 J128Wא? א א Wא،1 א אאא2 אאאאאא J W3 ، א??؛א אא Wא،אאאא4 W،אא5 א ،אFWא؛W א،،אא אא6 Eאאאאא 7 א؛א –،EFאאאא Kאאאא– אאאאא אEFאא 48L1אא1 48L1אא2 ،אWאWא،419L2אא3 K97L10אא303L8אא،37L2،EKF،אאL، K80L24 K121L5אא،301L8אא185L3אא5 K121L5אא6
K303L8אא7
31
14312010210
،אאא אא؛א Kאא، W Jא–אאא א א א א א 1 א?113Wא? Wאאאא،א ؛אא J ،אא؛אFWאא אEFאא2 EEFאאא אאאא Kא EFאא J EF א א FWא؛ EF א ، א א ؛ א ؛א א W EF א > א W ، א W א א
، א א L ، א W W אא 113 א 1 K177،1968
K99L5אא2
32
א WEF א ؛א K(KKKK W א ؛ FWא J א א א W EF א אאאאK א א א אאEFא אאFא J K1
E ، א א
א؛אאא J ؛אאEFאאא ، אFWאאאא،א؛ ، א EF א EKKKKKK ، א א W ، ، א א FWאא EKKKKKK EF א א EFא אא3 אא2 א ،אאאאאא، 211L11א1 1971 J 1396،،אאLאא،אאWא 2 ، –אאL ، אאWאא، 3L4، 249 אאא1L،א،אא،אא3 135L3،1993
33
14312010210
،1 אאא EFא،אאאא2 אFWא،אא?א?א K3 E ،،אFWאא J אאא،אאא، ؛א،אEF K4 Eאא،א 5 א Wא ،5 א אאא?13Wא?א W א אאא J K K6 אאא J K7 א J 332L3א1 508L2א2 508L8א3 WאWWא4 347L91413אאL،אא 258،213L26אא5 213L26אא6 213L26אא7
34
אא Jאא Jא J ؛א،אא אEFאאא ؛א،אאאא Kא אאאא J WEFאא،אאEFא א1 אא>؟א Kא، 6 FWאאא אא2 אאE א3 אאא אאאא،4 341L16אא1 E54L1F Jאא2 ، 230 L 8 א א ، 513 L 18 א א 5 L 28 א א 3 ،154L 4 ،EKF،אאאL،אאאWWא 180L8אא א ، א א 146 א א 4 ،אא؛Wא، אא،אא،W אא، אא אאאאאF ، 27L7אא Eאא אאא אא 102L10א
35
14312010210
א א א א ؛א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א ?8 J6Wא? W7 Wאאא א،אKKKKKK א א אאאאאאא1 אא אEFא א א W א א א W، ؛אאא א؛אאF K2 Eאא אEFא؛ F؛א 54L1אא1 54L1אא2
36
אא،אאEאא אEFאא،א ؛EFאא، א1 א ،אאאאEFאאאא Kאא
אא،36،34L 19אא، 279، 258L 29אא 1 496L3אאאא،458L19
37
14312010210
אאאא אאא؛אא אא،אאאאאאאא אאאאאאא، אאאאאאאא،א ،אא،א Kאאא
38
Wאאא
،אא،אא،א א J1 KEKF
אL،אאאאאWא
J2
אא،אWאWא
J3
،אאL،אאWאWאא
J4
א،אאWא
J5
،אאWאWא
J6
KEKF،،אאא
K1997،אא4L،
KEKF
K2005،אא3L،אא
K2002 J1422،،אאאא1L،
،אאא،אWאא J7 K1404 Jאא3L
،אא،אWאא J
K1406،،אאאL،אא
،א،אWאאא
J8
،אאWWאא
J9
KEKFא،אאL
K1379،،אאL
–אאL،אאאא J10 K
39
14312010210
،אאWWא J11
،،אאאL،א K2001
אL،אאWאWא J12 1979 J1399،،א ،אWאWא J13 KEKFאL،אא ،אאWאאWא J14
אאאאא1L،אא .1957،
אא،אW א J15 א1L، אא،א 2000 J1420
،אWאWא J16 KEKF،אאL، אWאWאא J17 KEKF،אאL،א אאL،אאWאWאא J18 K1993،، אאאL،אאאWWא J19 KEKF، 40
אא،אא،אא J20 1993אאא1L، ،א1L،אW א J21 K2000 ،אא،Wאא J22
1419אאא1L،א K1998 J
،אאL،אאWאW א J23 1997، אWWא J24 K1413אאL،אאW ،אאא2L،אאWאW א J25 K20021423، אאאWאWא א J26
אאא1L، אא،א 19931413،
אאWאWא J27
אL،אא،אא 1411،א،א
،אאWW א J28 K2003L1423،א،אאL،א 41
14312010210
אא3L،א،W א J29 K2000، אאאWאא J30 L Jאאא1L،אא،א 1996 J1416 J
،אאWWא J31 K1999 J1420אא2L، ،EאFאאWWא J32 KEKF،،אאא،אאא ،،אאאL،W J33 K2003 J1424 ،אא،W א J34 1408،א،א1L،א ،אאL،אWWאא J35 K1968
42
@æeŠÔÛa@Éß@ÝßbÈnÛa@¿@†»@xby@òîvèä½@òîÐîÃë@ñõaŠÓ@òÛëbª א א אא א א א א א א KKאאאאאאא אKKKK?א? אFאאאאאKKK1 א LאאאאאאE אאא אאאא،אא Kאאא אאאאאא א ، א Eא א F א Kאאא אאאאאא א א א א א א {אאאאאאא Kא،אאאG 1L א א א ، W K W KK 1
K2005،
14312010210
אאאא א אF א א א א אא KEאאא א א Jאאאאאאאא אאאאאא J אאאאאאאא Kאאאאא א א א א Wאא אאאאא J1 א א א א א א Kאאאאאא אאאא א J2 א אא א א Kא – אא אא א א א א J3 א ، א א א א א אא א א א Kאאאא
44
Kא Wא Kא K1 א א אא K2 א א א א K1
אאאאאא
אאא אFאאKאאא KאאאE : אאאאW אK1 KEאאFאאא א א א א Wאא אK2 Kאאאאא אאאאאW אK3 Kאאא א א EF א א א א Eאא،אאF1
45
14312010210
אאאא،א EאאאFאאא א א ،א א א א א אא א א Kאאאא KKאאאאאאאא א א F א א אF א Eא א א F א Eא א א،Eא א ، א אא א K1 אאאא אאאאאאאKK א א Eא F א Eא אF אא א א א א Kא ?אאאאא א א ، אא 2 ? א א א Wאא1 א W א א E א א א אF 2 82003אאאאא
46
Kאאאאא א אא אא J–אא א אא א אא J–?אאא ،א א א ،א א אאאאא א،א ،א א א א א ،אאאא K?א אאאאאא אאאאאאאא ،אאא אאא،??א??א Kאא אאאא אEאFEאF אאאאאא،אא א KK א א א א א J א אא א EאF א א א 47
14312010210
J –א א א אא J א א א א א א א EאאFאEאאF א א א א Kאאאאאא،א אאאאאאא EאאL אF א א א،אאאאאא، א،אאאא אאא Eא F א Eא F א א א א א אאאאאאא אא EF אא א KEאאאאFאאאאאאא אאאאא אאאאאא א א א א אא K1 א א ? א א א א א א א א ؟ W ? אא א ? 1
? א
48
Jאאאאאא א ،אא Jא אF א ،א א א .1Eאא EאFאאWאאא א א א א Eאא אF K א Eא אF EאF Eא אאאF א א א KאאאKאאא J א א א א א אאא?א?Kאא אאאKKאאאא ،אאאKא Kא א א ? ? א א א א 2 KKא
L2001 ، E2F ، E3F ، א א א א W 1
א1422 15 J14אאW2
49
14312010210
F ? א א א א אאאEא K א א א ،א א אא א א،א א Kאאאאא EאאFאEFאא،אE F EF א EאF Eא F אFEאאF EאאFא ،א EאF א א Eא EאFא –א – א אEאאFאE48.5FאEאF א א – –א،א ، אאאאאאא،א א KאEאF א א א אא א א א א אא א א א א א א א א EGulileo GalileiFאאKאא K א א א א א א א
50
1
אאאא
א אאא א א א EאLאLאFא אF א אאא K KEאא،א،א،א،אא، א?אאאאא א * א א W א א * * א א אאא ،א א א א א א א א א א ، א אא א א א EF ،א אא א א ،אKאאא EF אאא،אא אא K?אא א א א א א א א א א א א א KאאEאFEאFEאFEאF אאEFאאא אF 1 א א ، א א W K K 1
E1996
51
14312010210
K?אא?EFאא אEאאFאאא אאאא Kאאאא?א? אאאא אאא K א ؟אאא؟אא א EאF א אאא،EאFאאאאאא אא א א א א א אאEאאF אFאאאאאELLF EאFאאאאאEא EאLאFאאאא Eא F א א א א א KאEאFאאא א א א א א EאאF א אא אאא אאאאאKא Kאאאאא 52
אאאא אWאאא א א א Eא א א F Kאאאא،1 E1967F א א EאאF א א א אאKK2 אא א א אאאאאא אאאKאאא Fאא،אאאא?W א،אא ،Eאאא אאאאא אKאא ؛،אא א،א אא،אא، אאא ،אאא א،א ،אאאאא 3 ?. א א EאאאFאא 1 א א א א א 2
א א ،א KאאWאאאW3
53
14312010210
א ، ? א א א א K אאא א א،אאא אאEאFאא Kא، אא Jא א א Jא אאא،א K?، א א 1 אא Kאאאאאא אאאאאאאא א א א א אאאאאKא א אא Kא אאאKאא א א אא א ، ?אא?א،אאא אאאאאKאאאא E אאאא WאאFאא1
54
1 ?Kאאאא א א א א א א אEאא،Fאאאא אאאאאאאאא אאאאא،א אאאKאאא א א א א א ،אאאא אאאאא ،אא א א אאאEFא אאא א א א א Eא F א Kא אאא אאWאאא אאאאא אאאאא אאאאאאא
אא،א
א א א Wא א W א 1 K אאE6Fאאא
55
14312010210
א Kאא Wאאאא א א א א א א א א א א א א Kא א א א א ، א אאאאאא אKאאאא אאאא K1 א אאאא אאאאאא ؛א אא ، אא،א אאאאא{{אא،א K2 אא א א א אא אאא EאאאאF א א א אא א אא א ? 2051426L2005،E1F،E7F،Wא1 1561426L2005،E2F،E6FW2
56
אא؟אאא א – א א אא – אא א אאאאאאאא 1 ?אאאאאא אאאFא א א א Eא אE Fאאא אKKKKE K F א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א E F ، F א אא א אא א א א K (Objective Correlation2 א א Kאאא א א א א אאאאא א F א א אא אאאאאאאא KEאא E8FE7F ، א א אא W א א 1
E74 J73F1427L2006 אKאאאאWא 2 K83 J82א
57
14312010210
א א Wא א J1 אאא א ? E F ،אאאאא ? א ? א א Eא אF אא אKא אאאאאאא –Kאאאא،א א،אא א ?א א א אאאאאאאא EאLאFאאאא Kאאא א א J2 א א א K א א ،א א ? א ? א אאאKאאא א?א?אא 58
אאא א א א א K א Kא א א ?א א ،א א א ،א א אא אאאא؛א א א א ،א א אאKאאא א אאKא אאאאא א??אאאא?א א א א ? Kאאאאא א J3 א F א א א א אא א E אאאאאא Kאאא אא א א א א א א א אאא،אא אאאא אKא 59
14312010210
אא אאLא Kאאאא אאאאא، KEאLאFא א א EאLא F א א א אא א א א א אא ، א א א א א א א אאאאא אאאא אאאא א Kא א א Kאאאא א אאאאאאאאאא Kאאאאא אאאאא א אאא אא א،אאא،אאאא אאאאאא Kאאאאא אאא א 60
אאאאא ،א א א א Kאאאאא
1
אאאאא W אא אא אא א אא א א א א Kא א א א א א א א א אאא אאKאאא אאאאאא א ? א א א א ?{אKK א E אאF א א א א 1 א Kא Z א א אא Z א Wא
אWאאEאאFאאKאאא אא א EF א א
א א אא אא א א אEאFE،،،Fא F א א א א א Kא
KאאאאEא
61
14312010210
א א אאאאא אאא Kאאאאאאאאא א א א אאאאאאא אאא?אאאא א א א אא א א –אא –אא א 1 ?KKKאא א א א א א א א אא א א Kאא אאאא Wא ؛ א א א א J ، א א ?אאאא אאWאאKאאאWאאאWא1
K644،1996،אא،
62
אאאאאא Wאאאא KאאאL1 ،אאאL2 K KאאאאL3 ،אL4 Kאאא KL5 1 KאאאL6 אאאאאK א א א א א א א א א א א א אאFאא EאאF KEאאאאאא א א א א K אWאאWא א א K אא א א א א א א ، א א א א א Wא א 1
Kאא
63
14312010210
א א אF א א EאF א אא אאאKאEא K1 אאאEאאאאF אF א אא א ،EאאL אאEאFאאאאא אאEאFאאאאא אאאEאF 2 אא אאאא EאFא א א EאF אאאאKEאאFאא א ، א א א א א Kאאאא ??אאאאאEאF J אא?אאאאא ? W EאF E א אF א א א א
1
EאF א א א א א א א א Kא אא ،א א EF ، א א א א Eא F– Eא אF א ،א ?.אא א אא א אא 2 F א א א ،א א ،–– אא EאFEא )F
64
אאאא? אאאאאא א א א א א א א ،אאאאא אאאאאאא א א א א א א א א אאאאאאא Kא אאאאאאא J א א א א א א א אא א א א א א א F א א א א א אא א E F ،א א E אאאאא EFK1 EאאFאאאא אאאאEאאF א E א F א Kאא
1990،אאאW 1
65
14312010210
א ، א א W K K ، K1 KE1996אF1א
KאאאWאאאWא، K2 K1996،אא،אאWאא
K2003אאאאאאW K3
אא،WKWKK، K4 K2005،1Lא
אאאW،א K5 K2007א،אאKא
א א א א W א ،א K6 Kאאא،א
، א א א W ، K7 1990
א א א א Wא א ، K8 Kא1422L2001،E2F،E3F،
K1426L2005،E2F،E6FW، K9
א א Wא א W א ، K10 אE6F א א א אא، אא
K א
، א א אא Wא ،א K11 K1427L2006E8FE7F
K1426L2005،E1F،E7F،W، אK12 66
@ @ ‰ì‘bÇ@åia@†äÇ@ïãbã⁄a@Êbànuüa@paŒØmŠß @ @
א אאאא א { א א א א א א א א א א א א א א א אא א Kא א א א א {א א א א א אא א א אאKא א ؛ א { א א אא؛אאאא א،א،אאא א א א ؛ א א א א א א Kאאא אאאאא אא א א ،א א ،אא א א،א،א Kאא
א–א– *
14312010210 Wא
אאאאאאא א K אאאאאאא KEאאאF א א א א א א א א אא א א א Kאא 1 א א א א א א אאאאאאאא א ،א אא א א א א אאאאאאKא אאאא،אאאא K אאאKא אאאאאאא אאאאאאא א –אאאא،אא אאא ،א J אאKאאאאא
68
،אאאאאאאא Kאאאאאא א Jא Jאא ،אאאאאאאאא אאאאאאא א אא א א א א W Kאא אאאא Kאא{אא{אא 1.1 ؛אאאאא א، Kא אא،אאאאא FWא؛אאאאאא א א א א א K1 Eא א א א א א אאאאאW،א אאאאאאאא א 1،אאא،אאאWא 1 K1712001،א،אא
69
14312010210
א،אאאאא،אאא א ، א F W א K1 Eא אאאא ،א،אא א א א א א ، אא אא، Kאא Jא Jאא ؛ א א א א אא ،2 א ؛אא؛א א א א א א אאאאא،אאאא א ، א א ، א Kאאא؛א { א {א א{אאאא{אא Jאאאא، Kאאא ، א א אא J א K171KאKא1 K2001،א،אאKאאאKא2
70
א א א א ، א K1 א א א א א א אא؛אא אאאאאאאKאא Kאאאאא א { א א א א E א F ، א אאאאא ، אאאאKאא א א 2E א א Kאאאא אאא א אאאאא 3
אאאאא،א
א א א א א א Kאא،אאא אאאא Kאא K،אאאKא1 ،אאאKא2 ،אאאKא3
71
14312010210
א א א { א א א אאאאאאאאאFא K1 Eאאאאאא،א א א א א א א א {אא א אא،אאא אאא א،. אאאא א؛א א אאא א ؛ א א אאא،אא אאאא،א אאאאE –FאאK אאאא Kאאאאא א א א א א Kאאאא 21
אאאאאאא אאאאאא{א {{2 א{ 425{3{אא{ אאא1 34،אאאKא2
72
אאאאאאא 1 א 3.1 א،אאאא ،2 א א א א א אאאא،אא א א ،א א א אאאא 3 אאא {א{אא{Wאאאאא Kא{אאאאאאא{א 4.1 א א א ،אאאא א א א א א א Kאאאא
{א א א Eא א F Kא 1 16020001{{אאאא K9121{אא{אא Jא2 ،אאא،אאאKאא 3 19951
73
14312010210
אא،،אא אאאאאא 1 Eאאא א F א א א א א אא אאאא K2 Eאאא אאאאאאא א א א א ، א א،אאאא אאאEאא Kאאאאא 5.1 172אאאאאאא א K3 KKKKK אאאאאא 4 KEאאאאא
303{2{אא{אא1 303{2{אא{אא2 302{2{אא{אא3 425{3{אא{אא4
74
،אא ،א ،א،אאא א א א א א א אא،אאא، 1 אא אאאאאא א אאא،א אא،אא Kאא אאאEAchimdtFא א،אא،אאא Kאאא א ، אא א א א א א א א Kא א א א،אא א א 2 Eאא،א
{2K {א א {{א אKא א {א 1 K27{2008 {2{אאא{א אאאא{אא 2 K101996
75
14312010210
אאאאא א،אאא؛ 1 א א א אא א א א אא 6.1 אאאא،אאא אא،אאאאא א א א א F א א ، א א א א E א א א א .30Wא א אא א ،אאאא ،אא،א Fאאאאא א א א א א א א א א 2אאאאא
،אאא،אאאKאא 1 19951 92{21{אאKאא2
76
א א א א א א א א א א א אאאFאא א،א K1 Eא ، א Kאאאא،א {אאאא א،א אא، 2 Kאא 71 א،אאאא 3 אאאאא אאאWאאא ،אאאאאא אאאאאא،
91{21{אאKא1 ،אאא،אאאKאא 2 19951 ،אאא،אאאKאא 3 19951
77
14312010210
Kא Jא Jא Kאאא אF،אאאא אאאאEאא א،אאאאא K1 אא 8.1 אאאאאאאא אאאא אאא،א، אKאאאא אא ، א א א א אאא،א K2 E א אא א א ، א א א אאא אאאא ،א،א،א،א،א Jאאא
K{אאאא{א1 169{אאאא{א2
78
אאאאFאאאאא،א،א K1 Eאאא ،אא Jא Jא Jאאאאא אאאא אאאא،אא Kאא א א א א ، א א ، א ، א אאאאאאא 9.1 אא،אאא אאא؛אאאא{א א FW،אאא،א E א א א א א K58אא אאאאKאאא א،א،אא א ، א א Macro level א א Kאא ،אאא،אאאKאא 1 K3831
79
14312010210
؛،אא אאאאאא Kאאא א א א א א א א א،אאא،אאא א אאאאWא ، ، א א ، א א א א א K1 א،אא אאא،אא אFא،א،אא 2 Eא،א 10.1 א{אאאאאאאאא Kאאאאאאאאאאאא Kא א אא א א א א א א ،א א {א א ،אאא،אאאKאא 1 1 K{אאאא{א2
80
אא؛אאא אK1 אאאאאא אאאאאאאאא Kאא 2 א؛אאא אאא،אאאאא אאאאא א؛אאאא،א ؛אKאא אא؛אאאא א،א،אאא אאא؛אא אאאאKאא א א ،א א א א،א ،אאא א ، א א אא א א אKא א ،אאאא،א א א א א אא K א،אאאKא1
81
14312010210
،אאאאאא Kאא،א אאאא؛אא א א א ، א אאאאא Kאא אאEאF אאאאאא אא،א،א אא א א א א א ، א א א Kאאאאא אאא{אאא אאאאFWאKאא K1 Eאאאא אא א א א אא א א ، א א א א א א א א א { ،אאאאKאא א א א א א אא،אא،2 א א،אאאאא ،אאאKא1 K91{21{אאאא Jא2
82
א א א א Kאאאא אאאאאא Wא א א א אאFא א א א Eא ،אאאאא א ، אא א א א ، א א א א،אאאאא א אא א אא .1 Eאאא אא א א א אא،אא، ،אאא،אא ،אאאEאאFא א א Kא אא א א אא א ؛ א Kאא 1.2
K،אאאKא1
83
14312010210
؛אא ،אE،Fאא א א אא א א א א א א א א אא א א .1 אא א אא {א א אאאאאאא،אאאא Kאאא א،אאא ،EאאF؛אא ؛،אא ، ،א א אא א א א ،אאאא ، א א א א .2 אאאא א ، א אא א א א א ، א א א ،אאאא،א
2000،א،אא،אK1 K2004Kא،אאK،אאאK2
84
אאאא .1 אא ،א א אא א –،אאא א،אאWא،א Jא Kא ؛ אאאאא אאא،א Kאא ،אאאאאא Kאאאא א א א א א אאאא،אא ،אאא،א Kאאאא א א א א ، א א א א א א א ، א א א א אאאא،אאא א{אאא،א
K،אK1
85
14312010210
א א א ، א א א א Kאאאאאאא א אא א א א א ،אאאאאאא،אא אאאאאאא א J א –אאא ،אאאא،א אאא .א א ، א א א א K אאאא،אאא א،אאאאאאא Kאאא،א אאאאאא אאאאא אאא ،אא، –אאאא،1 אא אא،אאאא Jא א א א א א א א א א א Kא
،אאאKא1
86
א א א א אא Kא Kאאאאא אאאאאאא א؛אאאא א אאאא 1 א אאאא אאא J J؛ א א א א א א ، א ؛א א א א א א אא א א א א א K2 א؛אאאא אאאאא،אא،א Kאאא אאא{אאא KEאאאאFא ؛אאאאאאא ،אאאא Kא{אאאא1 ،1989،א،אאKא،אK2 E102F
87
14312010210
אאאאאאא אא؛א K1 א 2.2 ،אאאאאWא אאא،אאא Kא א א א אא א Kאאאא 1.2.2 אא א אא א אא אא،אאאאאא ؛אאא ؛ א א א א א Kאא א א א א א Kאאאאאא א א א א א אאאאא،אאא 2 אא א א א א א ؛ א ،3 אא אא א א א א
KאאאKאא1 ،אאאKא2 KאאאKא3
88
אאאאא Kאאא אאאאאא א א א א א א א Kא؛אא א،אאא K אאא אאאא،אאא א،אא ؛ א א א א ، א Kאאאא אאאא،א אאא ؛ ؛א א א K1 אאאאאאא EאFאאא Kאאאא 2.2.2 א א א א א ،א، Kאאא K{אאאKא1
89
14312010210
א א א א،אאא{א א ،אא אא אא J א J א Kא א א אאא א א אאאא א א א א א א א،אאאאאאKא Kאאאאא 3.2.2 א،אא אאאאאאאאא א א א א א .1 אאאאא،א אאא?אא .2 ?אאא אאא Wאא אאאאאאא ،אאאאFא ،א،א،א، 3 ،אאאKא1 K189{2{אא{אא{א2 K79{15{אא{אא{א3
90
אא،א א א אא א ، א אאאא KאאאאאאK אאאא 1 אאא אאWאא אא{אאא{א Kאאא{א Kאא، ?אWאא א،אאאאאאא .אא،אא אאאא אא،אאא،א א א א Kא Kאא{אאאא אאאא אאאא،אא אאאאא، א א א א ، א Kאאא 4523{،אאאKא1
91
14312010210
א א א א א א א א1 אאאאא Kאא אאא،אאא אאאא ،אWא،אא،אא אא ،א ، א א א א ، א א ، א K2 אאאא אא א אאא אאא،אאאאא E א א ، א א א،א، אאא 3
א
אאאאאא א א ، א א א א א 4 אאאאא א א א א א א א ، א א א א אאאאאא 1862אאא{אא1 187{2אאא{אא2 K86{3{אאאאא3 K78{4{אאאאא4
92
א א א א א ،،א،אא،א،אא، א א א א א K Kאא אאאא אאאא אאא א א א א א א ،אאאא،אא א א א אא א א א א ، א א א א 1 א Fא،אאא ،א،א،אFאאאא 2 EאKKKא،אא،אא،א،אא אאאאאאאאאאא K3 אאאא ، א ، א ، אF א א א EאKKKא،אא،אא،א،אא Wא 1.3.2.2 174{אאאKאא1 85{5{אאאא{א2 1753{،אאאKא3
93
14312010210
אאאאאאאאא אאאאאא אאאאא K1 א {אאאאאאאאא Kאאאאאאא אא א אאאאא אא {אאא،אאא ،אאFאא אאאאא אאאאא، אאאא،אא אא،אאאאאאא 2 א אאאאאא אא،אאאאאאאא، אא א Kאאא א Kאאאאא ،א א،אאא،א
28928אאאא{א1 E845{אאא{אא2
94
א א א K 1 א 2.3.2.2 אאאאאא 8אאא א א ، א א 19 א אא J א א א אא א א א א א، א א א א Kאאאאאאא ،אא אא 3.3.2.2 א א א א א א א אאאאאאאאאא .2א א א א א א Wאא
אאא J1
א J2 3
אאאאא J3
E8415{אאאאא1 K983אא{א{א2 3{،אאאKא3
95
14312010210 3
אאאאאא אאאאא 1 א אאא א א א ؛ א א א ، א א א א א א،א אאאאאאאאא אאא א א אא ،אאאאאא א א א ،אאאאאאא אאא،אא Kאאאאא אאאאאאא W،א KEאאFא J KEאאFאאא J EאאFאא J ،אא،אאאKאא،א 1 1996Kא
96
א אWא א א אF א J KEאא EאאאאFא J KEאאFאאא J KEאאאאWאאFא J אא א א אא אאאאא א א א אא א ؛ א א אאאאא אא،אאא،– א؛אאאא Kאאאא،אא ،אאאאאא אאWאא אאאאאKא א א ، א א א א אאאאא W،אאאאאא،אאא Kאאאאא
97
14312010210
אאאאאאאאא אאאאא، Kאאאאא א א FW א א א א א א אא א א א אאאאאא،אאא K1 E א،אאאאאאא K1 אא א א א K א א א א K2 Kאא Kאאאאא K3 Kאאאאא K4 א א א א א א K5 Kא אאאא،אאאא K6 Kאאאא
،אאKאאאK א1 19841 Jא
98
אאא،א J1 ،1995،،אאא، אאאKאאאK، J2 2002،אא،،1 אא،אאאKא J3 19951،א א،אא ،אא، J4 311،1996،א،אא א K א א א Kא J5 1 Jא،א ،אאKאאאKא J6 2001،א 2005Kאא،א،אKא J7 א א،א א א K א J8 12001KאKאאאKא Kאאאא Jא J9 ،א א Kא ،א K J10 E102F،1989،א ،א אK ،א א אK J11 K2004Kא
99
14312010210
א א Kאא ،א J12 1996Kא،אא،א א א ،א א א K J13 1992،،א אאאKאא J14 אא א א א א K J15 1991אא א ، א ، אא א א א ، J16 111،1990،66،א،אא KאאאאK J17 2005،1Kאא،אKאא K ،א א K א א Kא א J18 ،2009 ،אאאWאא،א J19 K88،1984،א،אאא،אא
100
@ @_òîbjm‰a@òÓýÇ@åß@Ýç@Zòßa†n½a@òîàänÛaë@âýÛa
א ?sustainable development?אאא אאאאאאא א א Kא א א ، א אא ، ،א אKאאא Our א ? א א א א אא א
א א ? אא א 1 ?1987 ،Common Future K?אאאאא אאא،אאא א א א א Kא אא Kא אא א،אאא אאאKא Kאאאאאאא א א א א אKG אKGG World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1
14312010210
אאאאא א א א א אא Kאאאאאא א אא ،א ،א א א א א א א א Kא א א א א אא א א ، Kאאאאאאא אאאא ،אאאאאאא א אא א point of reference אKא،אא אא אא א א אא ،אאאKאאא אאKאאאא Kאאאא Kא אא human security א א א א א א א א אאאאאאאאKאא אא א א א אא אא אאKאאאא Kאאאאא 102
Kאאאא א א Kאא א אא א א אאאא אאאאאאK א א א א א א ،אא א Kאאא Kא א א א Kאאאאאאא אאא אאא אאאKאאא א،אאאאא א א א Kא א אאאאא Kאא א א א אאאאאאא ،אאאאאאKאא אאאאאאאא Kאאא אאאאאאא אאKאאאאאא אאאאא 103
14312010210
"Peace, ?א א א א?W א development and environmental protection are interdependent and
אאאא indivisible".1 א،אאא א ، Kאא ،אאאאא،אא אאא،א،א 2 K אאאאאאא Kא א א א אא א א א Kאאאא א א ?א א E2008F Regional Cooperation for Peace and Sustainable ??אאא
אאאא Development in Africa" א א 2005 א Kא אאא human development indicatorsאאא א א אא א Kא אא אא א
K1992EUNDP)،אאWאא1 ،،אא،אא،א، 2 K40K،2006،E2Fא،אא
104
א א א א א א 1 Kאאא Wאא ? א E2003F Paul Collier "Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil Wars and ?א א א אאאאאאא Development Policy” אאאאא 2 K א א E1995F א אאא،א 3 K٪24אא א אא Debidatta Awrobinda א א א א K א א א Kא א א אא א א א א א ،א א אא 4 Kאאא א א א אא אאא،אאאאא 1
http//www.eoearth.org/article/Regional_Cooperation_for_Peace_and_sustainable_ Development_in_Africa. 19.11.2008 Collier, Paul, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil Wars and Development Policy. 2 Washington D.C. World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003, P.53. Collier, Paul, Civil Wars and the Economics of the Peace Dividend. Centre for the 3 Study of African Economics, University of Oxford, 1995, P.3 4 Debidatta Awrobinda, The Peace Process and Prospects for Economic Reconstruction in Kashmir. The Peace Conflict Review, Vol.3, Issue,1, University of Peace, P.7.
105
14312010210
،א Kא אאאאאאא א?אא ?א א א א א א א א ، ، ،א א א א א،אאKאא Kאא ،אאאאאא א א ،א אאאאאאאא א Kא א א אא א א א א א א א א א א Kאאאאא אאאאאא אאאאאאא א אא Kא Kאאאאאאאאאאא
106
אאאאאא corporate ?א א א ،א א ،א א א
אאאK?governance K1 אאאא אאאא א א א א אא א א ، א ،א ،א ،א א אא א ،א א ،א א א Kאא א א א ، א א אא א אא א א א א ،אאאאאKאא Kאאאאאא ? אא א א א א א ?Our Common Future א אא ?א ? K1987 אאאאאאא א א א א Kא א א Robert I. Tricker, Governance since Cadbury and Current Trends. Corporate Governance International, Vo.2, Issue,2, June 1999
107
1
14312010210
،אאאא Kאאא אאאאא אאאאאא ?Wא אאאK?אאא א א א א א אא K1 אאאא 178א1992אא א،אאאאא[Yא، אאא،א،א א א א אא א K א א א א ، ? ? א K2 אאאאא?? אאאאא?א?אא אאאאא،א אאאאא Kא א א א א א אאא ،אאאאא،א World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1
K1992EUNDP)،אאWאא2
108
א א א אא א א א Kאא אאא،אאאאא אאאאאא 1 Kאאאא אא א אא א Kא א א א א א א א א א א א א Kא א א א אאאאאא א Kא א א אאאאאא 2 Kאאאאא אא،?אא?אא א א א א א א א 3 Kאא ،אא،אא،Wא،אא1 K7K،،2001 ،אאWאאאא،א 2 K65K،2007،،אאא،אא ،?א א? א א א א ،א 3 24K،K2005،،אאא،אא،
109
14312010210
،אא א א א אKאאאאא אKאאא Kאאאאאאא ،אאאאאא אאאאא אאאKאאאא אאאאאאא Wאאאאאאא،אא "…we know all too well that the biggest security threats we face now, and in the decades ahead go far beyond states waging aggressive war. They
extend
to
poverty,
infectious
diseases
and
environmental
degradation…"1
1945אאא،א ?Wאאא،Kא א ،א א ، א אא،אאא،א،אא K2 ? אא Human Development Report, 2004, Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World, (UNDP), P.57.
1
אאאWאאW2005 (UNDPF،אא2
110
1.3 א א אא א א אאאKאאא אאאאאאאא א1 K?אא אאאאK א א א א Kא א א א א ،אא א א א Wא "Renewable resource scarcities of the next 50 years will probably occur with a speed, complexity and magnitude unprecedented in history...We have come to understand that scarcities of renewable resources often produce insidious and cumulative social effects, such as population displacement and economic disruption. These events can, in turn, lead to clashes between ethnic groups as well as to civil strife and insurgency." 2 "Possible destruction of the environment during warfare is a threat to every human...The Science for Peace Institute at the University of Toronto
290K،1987،אאאא1 2 Homer-Dixon, Thomas, "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases," International Security, vol. 19, no. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 5 - 40.
111
14312010210
estimates that 10 to 30 percent of all environmental degradation in the world is a direct result of the various militaries.1
א א א אא א? אאאאאאKא אא א Kא אא א א א א Kא א א א א א ?א?אאKאאא א٪3010אאאאא K?אא א אא אא א א א אא אK1956אאאאאא אאאאאאא Kא א א א א א אאאאאא Kא א א א א Kאאאאאאאאאא Wאאאאאא א א אא ، א א א א א א 1955 א א א אאKאאאאאאא 2005 Lanier-Graham, The Ecology of War: Environmental Impacts of Weaponry and 1 Warfare. New York: Walker and Company, 1993, P. 31.
112
אאאאאאאאא א אא א אא א א א Kא Kאאא،אאא אאאא 2005אא א אא א אא،אא،א אא،אאא 1 K، ،א א א אא א ، א א ،א א א ?אא?אאא 32Kא 2 K1990אא22،אא 2005 א ،א א א 7 ، 23א 36אאאאאאאא אאK1،א5،אאL 3 Kאאאאאאא א א א אאאאאאא אאאאאאאאאKא אאאWאאW2005E UNDPF،אא 1 27K، 28K،א2 א W2005L5L2623 ، Kא א א ،?א אא א ? 3 http//www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/j4968a/j4968a00- Kא אא 2008L7L15אאאhtm
113
14312010210
אKאאא א א א אא אא א א א א א א א אא אא אאKאאאא אאא،אאאאאאא 1 Kאאאאאא אאאא،אא א א א אא אא א א א א א א א אא א אא א אאאאKאא א א א אא אאאKאאאא K19981988אאא E1F W19981988אאאא אא
א
א
א
26.4
6.8
28.8
1988
6.6
1.7
25.6
1993
14.3
4.3
29.5
1998
2003 2008L7L15אאא،א1
114
E2F אאאא אא
א
א
א
85.3
7.8
2.1
1988
21.4
750.000
3.5
1993
21
920.000
4.4
1998
2003 United Nations Environment אאא
אא2007אאProgramme (UNEP) אא1 Kאאאאאא Kאאאאאאאא ،א אאאאאא אאאא K2006אאאאאאאאא אאאאאא אKאאאאאא א א א אא 2 Kאאאאאא United Nations Environment Programme, 2007. Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. P.6
1
K7،א2
115
14312010210
אאא אאא،א ،אאאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאאא 1 Kאאא אאאאאאאאאא infant mortality אא life expectancyא
א אא א Krates א א א א א א א אא א א א א Kא אא،אא،א،אא Kא אא،،אא Kאאאאא Kאאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאא א א אא K א א Kאאאאאאאאאאא 2.3 א ، א א א א ، א א א א[ אא،אא،אא 10K،א1
116
، א،אאאא אא[ ،א א א אא Kאא אא א א א א א א א א אא אKאאא،אא אKאאאא א human security א א א אא א אאאKאא The א א א א א א א
KאאאUniversal Declaration of Human Rights אאאא K1994 א א ،א א א א ، א ،א א Kא א א א א א א א א ،א א ،א א ،א א ،אא א ،א א Kאאא א א א א א אאאאאא אאאאא Kאאא אאKאאאא،،א 117
14312010210
א א א human security א א אאאאא point of reference א א א אא Kא Kאאאאא אא אאאאאא Kאא ،אאאאאא،א אא א א א א א א א א א ،א א א א א א Kא אא אא א א א א א א אאאאאא Kאאאאא א ? א 2000 א א א א א א א א 1 ?א א אא،א אאאאא،אאא אאאא Kאא א א ،א א ،א אא א א אאאאKאא ،אאאUSAאאא،2000אא1 K2000
118
א א אא אא א ،א א א Kאא Kאא א א א א א ،אאאאאאאא אאא 1 Kא אאאאאא 2 Kאאא Kאאאאא Kאאאא אKאאאאאא אאאאא אאאא ،א א א א Kא א K א ،א א אאאא Kאא ،א א אא א א א א Kא א א א
8K،אא1 8K،אא2
119
14312010210
Wא،אא אא 4 J3WKEא א،אאאF
،، [אא אאאא 1 K?א، אKאא אאא،א א א W א א אא א א 55Wא א א א א W
55Wא W82Wא
א ،א א א א אאאא א א א א א א א א א אאאKאאא Kאאאאאאאא אאאאאא Kאאאאאאא א א א א א א א א א א א א אאאאאאאא אאא אאאאKאאאא א1
120
א א א א א א K א Kאאאאא א אא ،א،אא אא،א א،אא ،א א א א א א א א .. Kא א،א א א א א א א א Kאא א א א ،אא א אאאאאאא Kאאאאא א Kאאאאא א א א א א אא א אא אא א א א א א א א א א א Kאאא א א א א אאאאאאא אאאאא אאא א، אאא Kא א א אא 121
14312010210
א א א א א א א א א Kאאאאא אאאאאאאא אאKא א Kאאא אאאאאא ،א א א א א א אאאאאKאאאא א א א א א א Kאאאאא אאא אאאאאא א Kאא א א א א ، א א א א ،א ، א אאאאאאאא אאאאKאא א Kא א א א אא אאא،אאאאא، א א א א 2006 2005 Kאאאא 122
א א א א א אאKא،אאא אKאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאאKאאא Kאאאאא אאאאאא، אא א Kא א א אא א א א א א א אא א א א אאאאאא Kאאאא אאאאאאאא אאאאאאאא אא א אא א א א א א Kא א Kאא אאאאאאא אKאאאאאא אאאאאא אאאאא א א אKאאאאא אאא אאאא 123
14312010210
אא א א אא א א א א א א א א א،אאאאKאא אא א א א א אא Kאא אאאאאא אא א א א א אא Kאאאאא،אאKאא
124
אא אאא א،אא،א، J1 K2006،E2Fא،אא،،א אWאאאא،א J2 ،אאא،אא،א 2007K، א?אאאא،א J3 ،אאא،אא،،?א K2005، א،Wא،אא J4 K،2001،،אא،א 1992،אאא،אאWאא J5 אאWאאW2005:אא J6 KאאאKא
125
14312010210 WאאL
1 - Brown, Lester R. and Kane, Hal. Full House. Reassessing the Earth's Population Carrying Capacity. W.W. Northon & Company. New York, 1994. 2 JBrzezinski, Zbigniew. Out of Control. Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century.. Collier Books. New York, 1993. 3 JCarter, Jimmy. Talking Peace. A Vision for the Next Generation. Puffin Books. USA. 1993. 4/ J Clinton, Bill. "The National Security Science and Technology Strategy". In: National Security- Science and Technology Strategy. The White House, Washington, DC, 1995. 5/ J Collier, Paul, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil Wars and Development Policy. Washington D.C. World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003, P.53. 6/ J Collier, Paul, Civil Wars and the Economics of the Peace Dividend. Centre for the Study of African Economics, University of Oxford, 1995, P.3 7/ J Committee for National Security. National Security- Science and Technology Strategy. The White House, Washington, DC, 1995. 8/ JDebidatta Awrobinda, The Peace Process and Prospects for Economic Reconstruction in Kashmir. The Peace Conflict Review, Vol.3, Issue,1, University of Peace,. 9/ JHomer-Dixon, Thomas, Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evident from Cases. International Security, Vol. 19, No.1, Summer 1994.
126
10/ J Gore, Al. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Penguin Books. New York, 1993. 11/ J Homer-Dixon, Thomas F., Boutwell, Jeffrey H., and Rathjens, George W. "Environmental Change and Violent Conflict". In: Scientific American, February, 1993. 12/ J Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy". In: Atlantic Monthly, February, 1994. 13/ J Kohác, Erazim. "The Faces of Democracy - Looking to the Twentyfirst Century", In Kettering Review, Fall 1995. 14/ JLanier-Graham, Susan D. The Ecology of War. Environmental Impacts of Weapons and Warfare. Walker and Company. New York, 1993. 15/ J Michener, James A. Texas. Fawcet Crest. New York, 1985. 16/ Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action.. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, New York, 1990. 17/ JRedclift, Michael. "Sustainable Development and Popular Participation: A Framework for Analysis". In: Grassroots Environmental Action. People's Participation in Sustainable Development, Dharam Ghai and Jessica M. Vivian (Eds.). Routledge. London, 1992. 18/ J Robert I. Tricker, Governance since Cadbury and Current Trends. Corporate Governance International, Vo.2, Issue,2, June 1999. 19 JSerageldin, Ismail, Cohen, Michael A., and Leitmann, Josef (Eds.). Enabling Sustainable Community Development. World Bank, Washington, DC, 1994.
127
14312010210
20/ J Human Development Report, 2004, Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World, (UNDP) 21- United Nations Environment Programme, 2007. Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. 22 -World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), “Our Common Future”. Oxford: Oxford University Press
WאאאL W2005L5L2623،Kאאא،?אאאא J1 Kאאאא http//www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/j4968a/j4968a00-h
128
@ @ ÑîÃìnÛa@¿@òiìÜݽa@pýçû½a @ @ïßý⁄a@âbÄäÛaë@ð†îÜÔnÛa@âbÄäÛa@´i@òã‰bÔß@òa‰… @ @ אאאאאא Kאא אאאאאא Kאאאאא אאאאאא Kאאאאאאא Kאאאא Kאאאא
א–אG אא **
14312010210
،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא אאאא،אאאא אאאאאאא Kאא، אאאא אאא،אא Kאאא אאאאאאא א،אאא،אאא אאאא،אא Kאא אאאא Kאא אאאא אאאא،אאאא Kאאאאא אאאאאא אאאאאאאאאא Kאאאאאאא
130
אאאאאאאא א אא،אא אא Kאאאאאאא אאא אאאאאאא אאאאא،אאא Kאאא אאאא،אאא
Kאאא אאאאאא Kאאאאא אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא אא אאא،א Kא،אא אאאאאאא אאאKKKאאאאא Kא אאאא،א אא،אאאאא،א
131
14312010210
אאאאאאK אא Kאאא،אאאאאKאא אאאאאאא אאאאאא، אא،אאKאא אאאאאא 1 Kא אאא Wאאאא Kאאא J Kאאאאא J Kאאאא J Kאאאא J אאאאאא J Kא אאאאא Kאאאא א ،אא – Jא–א–אאאאא–אאאK1 K175 J2007
132
،אאאאא 1 Kא אאאאא
Kאאאאא W א א א א א א א א אא Kx247Wאz אאFWא 2 אKKK،א، ؟ א W Kא KאאאW אאWא אא،אאאא Kאא אאFW() א KKKאא، א،אאאא Wא K243 J2003 Jא––אא،אאאאK1 –3–79– J–אאא،אא،אא2 K235–234
133
14312010210
אGGGאא אאGGGא 1 אGGGא W א א E55–54FאKK א א א ،אא،א א،אאאא،א KKKKK אW EאFאאא KK ، א א א KאאאKWא 2 אWאאW א،אאא אא א،א،אא Kאא אאאא W()אWWאFW –אאא–אאאא–אא1 K179–9 J2008 J– K236 J235–3–2003،אא،אא،אא2
134
אא K1 Eא ()אאWא ()אאאא،א אWW؟א؟W אWKא، KאWK אאEFWא אאאא אא،אאא، ،אא Kאא KEאFWEFא אאאא א،אא ،אEFWEF KKK2 EFאא אאא،אאF،EF Wאא،
Kאא،،א،א،1 K236–235–3–2003،אאK–אא–א2
135
14312010210
אאאאא אא،אאא،א א،אאאאאאאא א،()אאאאאא אאא،א אא،، אאFW()א؟א WK א،א()אא()א ،אאא אWאא א،אא1 K()א Kא، אאKKKKFWא()א 2 EKKK אא אאאEF ،אאאאEF Kאאאא אאא 3 K()אאא K89–1989–––אא Jא JאK1 –א–אא–א2 K79–2001אא––אא–א אא–1––א Jאא–א Jאא3 2001–343–
136
אאאא Wאאא K4EאאאאאאF J1 ،אאאאאאאא KKKאא،אא Kאאאאאא Kאאאאא ،1 EKKKKFW()א א،،א אאאאא אאFW()אאאאא Kאאאאא2 E אאאאאא EאFאא אאאאאא K אאא אא،אאאא אאאאא،א K
K106 J61972–אא–––אא–א Jא1 K286 J2 J1972אא–––אא–א Jא2
137
14312010210
1 EאאאFW() Kאאאאא אאא אא א،אא אאאאKאא Kאא אאאאאאאא אאאאאאא אFWא،א אאא אא אWאאאK2 E ،אאKE282F אאאאא،א Kא א،אא،אאא אאKאא אאאא א،א()אאFא 40–3––––אא–אא–אא1 Kאא אאאא–אא2 –2 J1352 Jא–א––אאאאא Jא K265
138
1 Eאאא Kא אא אאא، Kא אאא،אא K אאאאא Kאא אאא
אאKאאאאאא אאKEInternational LanguageF Kאא אאאאאא Kאאא Kאאאא אאWא ،אאא E)א K2 אאא –אאאאאאא Jאאאא1 –2001–אא–––אאא–א Kאא240 –אאאאאאא Jאאאא2 –2001–אא–––אאא–א Kאא J239
139
14312010210
()א K א()אWא 1 K ،WKW؟ אאאאאא אאא؟א Kאאאאאא אאאאא אאאאEFא Kאא אאאאאא אאאאW()אא אאאאאאא K2 אאאא אאאאאא אאEFאא אאאEFW אאאא
–אאאאאאא Jאאאא1 –2001–אא–––אאא–א Kא J241 –אא–א–א–אא–אא2 K79–2000 Jאא––
140
אאאאאאKא Kאאאאא אאאאאאא Kאאאא אאאאאאFאאא EאF،1 Eא אא،אאאא K א،אאא אאאאאא אאא،אאא אאא،א Kאאאאא אאאאאא אאאאאא Kאאאאא אאאאא אאאאאא –––אא–א–א–אא1 K21–1
141
14312010210
אאאאאאאא אאא א אאאאאאאא Kאאא ،אאאאא אFW()אאא،אא K1 Eאאא אאאאאא א،אא Kאאאאאאאא אאא() א אא،אאא K2 אאאאאא 3 EKאFW()، אאאא אKאאאאK Kא،א –א–אא–א–אאא1 K277–3–2007 Jא–א–א –א–אא–א–אא2 K31 J1980– אאאא–אא3 –1 J1352 Jא–א––אאאאא Jא Kאא343
142
()אFW ، EאאאFWאאא K1 א אא،אאאא אא،אאאאאאאא אאאאאא K אאאאאא K2 אאאאאאא אאאאאא Kאא אאא אאאאא אא،אאאאאא אKאאאאאאא אאאאא ()א،אאאאא
،א،אא،א،אא،،א1 K،א،אא، K2007 Jאא–אאא2
143
14312010210
אאאא1 Eאא ) : Kאא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאא אאאאאאא KאאאאאKאאאא Kאאאאאאא אאא אאאאא א،אאאאKא ،אKאאא،א،א K Kאאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאא א אאאא אאאאאאאKאאאא K2 אאאאאא אאאא–אא1 –1 J1352 Jא–א––אאאאא Jא Kאא343 אא––אK Jאאא–א2 K207 J205 J2005–אא Jא J
144
אאאאאאאאא אאא،אאאא،א ،אאאאאאא אאאאאאא 1 Kאאאא אאאאא אא،אאאא אאאא،אאאא אKאא،אא אאאאאאא אאאאאאאאאא ،א אאאאא Wאאאאא KאאL1 KאאאאL2 KאאL3 KאL4 K2 אאL5
–2003 J–א Jא–אאא JK1 K408 J407 J–א–אא–אאאא–אאאK2 K188 J185K2007
145
14312010210
אאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאאא Kאאאא KאאKאא א א א א א W KאאאK26אא 1 EאאאWאFW()א א()אאא،אא Wאא،אאא ،אאאאא Kאאאאא EFאאא אא ،،אW، K2 א،، ،אאאאא אEאאF אאא،א Kאאאאא Kאאא1 א،אאKא Jאאא2 K861 J2–1425––א
146
אא()אא אאאאאא א،אאאא אאאאאאאאא Kא ،אאאאאא() ، ، ،א،،،א، א، אKא K1 אאא ،אאאאFW()אא K2 Eאא ،אאא،אאאא()א אא،אא אא()אא، WE؟FW()אאא KEF
א،אאKא Jאאא1 K868 J2–1425––א Kאאאאאאא2
147
14312010210
א،אאא א،אאW()א، K1 א אא()אא אאאא אאאא Kאא אאאאאאאא א א א Wא א א א K17אא אאאאאא אאאאאאא אאאאKא אKKאאאאאאא Kא،אא Wאאא()א ؟ K،אWא >>אאאWEF
א،אאKא Jאאא1 K871 J2–1425––א
148
אאא،אא KKא () ()אאאא ،?אא Kא אאא Kאאאא()א W()אא אKKאאא K1 א אא،אאא،אאא KKKאא()אאאא אאאאאאאא אאאאא Kאאאאא אאאא ()אאEFאFאKאא א،אאWא אאW،،() K2 EאW،W؟ –––אא–אא–1 K2005–117 Kא–א2
149
14312010210
()אאאאאא K1 EFא אא،אאא אאאאא אאא Kאאאא א،אאאאא Kאאאא א،אאאא ،אEאFאאאאאא ،אFW2 א K א،אא אא אאאאאאא K3 EאFW אאאאא Kאאא אאא?11?א1998אאאא אאאאאאאFWאא אא––אא1 –א Jא Jאא–אאאא2 K300 J2000– K121 J1980–א––א–א Jא3
150
אאאאאא אא אאאא K1 Eא אא אאאאKא K אאאאFא K2 אא אאאאאא אאאאאא Kאאאא אאאא אאאאאאא Kאא אאאאאא Kאאאאאא KEאאאאאFWK אK247אא א א W Kאא א Jאאאאאאא Jאא1 א –2000– J–אא–1990–אא2 K65
151
14312010210
א()א אא،אאאא אאאא K אאK1 אאאא א،אא،א،א א،2 אא،K אאאא،אאא Kאאא ،EFאאאאאא ()א،א،א אאאאאאא، אK()א،()א K()אאא K3 EFW ()אא K4 אאאאאא אאאא() WאאאKא –אא–אאאא،אא1 K120 J1990 Jאא א–א Jא Jאא–אא2 K219–218–EF–א K129–1–– Jאא–אא–אאא3 Kאאאאא4
152
Kאאאא FWאאא()א EK Kא10אאאאאאאא אאאאאא Kאאא א() אאאא ،אאאאאאא ،א()אאא אאאא()א Kא אאא،אאא אאאאאאאא Kא ،אאאאאאאא Kאאא،אאאאא אאאאאאאאא 1 KBinet & simonא1905אאא אא––אK Jאאא–א1 K227 J2262005–
153
14312010210
אאאאאאא ،אאא אאאא אאאאאאא،א K1 א אאאא Kאאאאאא אא2 אא אאKאאאא Kאא؟אאא אאאאאא KKאא אK3 EאאF() א Wאא 4 EאאFW()K7אא א א אאא Kאא K240 J2003 J–א Jא–אאא JK1 JEF– J Jאא–אאאאא2 K448 J1 Kאא3 Kאא4
154
אאFא () א Jא Jאאאאאא אאאאאאא אאאא،אא א،אא،אא K1 Eאאא Wא()א אWאאWאא אאאאא WאאאK א،אאא אאאאאא Kאאאאא אאאאאFWא KEאאא אאאאאאא אאאאאאא Kאאאא אאאאאא Kאאא
Kאא1
155
14312010210
א،א() K()א אאא() K אאא KאKאא אF()W K1 Eאא אאאWWא WKWWאW אא،אאאא K2 א F()אWא אאאאאא אאאאאא אאאאאא אאאאא K3 אאא Kא–אא1 Kאאאא2 Kא–אא3
156
א אאאאאא Kאאאאא אאאאאא א،אאאאא، אאאאא אאא،אאאאא Kאאאאא ،אא Wאאאאא אאא KE38Fאא א א،1 EאFW()אא،א K2 א()א KאEFאאאא אאאאאא אאאאאאאאא Kאאאא K2–43–אאא–אא Jא1 –2001–אא–––א–א2 K420
157
14312010210 Wא
אאאאK1 אאאאאא،אא אא،א אא Kאאא،א אאאאאאאאאאK2 אאאאאאאא Kאאאא אאאאאאK3 א،אא،א،א،،، ،אאאא אאאא אאאאאאאא אאKKK،،א،،א אאאאאא Kאאא KאאאאאK4 Kאאאאאאאאאאא
158
אאאאK5 Kאאאא ،אאאאאK6 אאאאאא אאאאאאאא Kאא אאK7 Kאאא
159
14312010210 Kאא- 1
א–אא–אאא J2 K2008––אא –––אא–א Jאא J3 K1990 J––אא–אא–א J4 K2001 K2001 J–––אא––אא J5 K2003––––אא Jא J J6 K2003 J J Jאא Jא J7 א J J Jאא Jאא Jאא J8 K2001 Jא K2001–––אא Jא J9 K2001–– Jאא Jא J10 K2000 J J،אא،،אא J11 אאא J12 ،א،א،א،،א J13 ،א،אא،،א K K2001––אא Jא Jא J14
160
،אאאKאא J15 K1425––אא K2003،אא،אאאא J J J16 Jאא–אאאא J17 K2000،א K1990––א Jא Jא J18 –אא Jאאאאאאא J19 Jא Jא Jאאא K2007 Jאא J Jאא––א J J20 K1990 –אאאא،אא J21 K1990 J– Jאא J Jאא–א Jא J22 K1987 1991 J Jא––א J J23 K1995 J––אא–אא Jאא J24 1990 J––אא Jאאא J25 K1987 Jאא–אאאא J26 אאאא Jאאא J27 K1985 J––אא Jאא
161
14312010210
––אK Jאאא–א J28 K2005 Jאא Jא Jא –א Jא Jאאא JK J29 K2003 Jאא Jאאאא JאאאK J30 K2007 Jא Jא––אא،אאאאK J31 K2003 א J––אא Jא JאK J32 K2002–א K2001––א–א Jאא J33 אאא Jאאאא J34 ––אאא–א–אאאא K2001–אא– אאא–אא J35 –א––אאאאא Jאא K1352 Jא
162
@ @ @ @¿ŠÈ½a@ÝßbØnÛa@wßbãŠiZÞìy@ŠíŠÔm @ @Bïßýg@ðŠØÏ@Õã@ì−@B@ZæaìäÇ@o¤@μëþa@òîa‰†Ûa@òÔܧa Hâ2009@Šiìn×c@O@9@@7I@âì Š¨a@òÈßbu@@òÓ‰b’Ûa@òÇbÓ @ @
،אאאאא ، א א א א א ،אאאא Kאאאאאאא ، ،א א אא א א א ، ، ،א ، א K
אG
14312010210
א א א א א،אא؛א א א א א א א אאאאKא א ، א א א א א א Fאאאאאאא אא،אאאE ، EF א K אאאאא אאאא אאאאא،אאאא ؛אאאאאאאא،א אאאWאאאF KE אאאא א א א F א א א אאאאא،Eא Kאאא 164
א א א א א א،א אאאא،אא אאאאא Kאאא Kאאאא ? ،א א א ،א א א ?א Kאאאאא אאא אאא Kאאאא א א א א א א Kא Kאאאאא Kא א،אאאאא א א א א א Kא Kאא 165
14312010210
א א א א א אא Kאאא Kאאאאא Kאאאאאאא א א K אא،אאא،אאא
-
א ، א א אא א Kאאא Kאאאאאאא
-
א א א א א א א א
-
Kאאא אF؛אאאא
-
א،אא،אא،אא א א א א א KKאאאא،אאאא KEKKKא Kאא אא،אא Kא 166
א א א אF א א א אEאאאאFEא Kאאאאא ،אאאאאאאאא Kאאאאא Kאאאאאאא א א א א א א א א א א KEFאאאאא א ،2009 7 א ? ? א א א א א א ،אאאאא א א K א א א א א א א א א Kאאאא א א א א א א Kאאאאאאאאאא אאאאא Kאא
167
14312010210
א א א א א אאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאא א א א Kא א אאאאאאא Kא א א א א א Kאאאאאאא א אא א א א א א א א אאKאאאא א א א א א אאEFאKאא ?א?אאאא Kא א ?א א ? א ،א א א א א אאאא אאKא Kאאאא ،א א א א א א אאאא אאאKאא 168
א א א א ،Kאא א א א א א א א אאאKא אאאא Kאא א א א א א ،א א א א א א א א א א א א א אא א א א אא Kאאאאאאא Wאאאא א،אאאא א א ،א א א א א Kאאאא אאאאאא אאאאKאא אא א א א א ، אא Kאאאא אאאאאא א א K א א א אאא،אא Kאאאאא 169
14312010210
، א א א א א אא א אאאא Kאאאאאא אאאאאאאא אאאאא אאאאא Kאאאאאא אאא?אא?אא ، א א א א Kאאאאאאאא אאא אאאKאאא Kאאא Wא،אאאא אאא .1 אאEFאאאאאא ??Kאאאא אא א א א אא Kאאא EFאאא .2 Kאאאא א א אא א .3 170
אאאאאאא אא אא ،א א א א א Kא א،?אאא? .4 א א א Kא א א א א .5 א א א ؛ א א Kאאאא אאאאאאאא .6 א א א א א א ، אא ،א א א אאאאא،אא Kא אאאא א.7 א אאא Kאאאאאאא א א א א א אאאאאEFאא K2010א אאאאאאאאאא .8 171
14312010210
א א א K א א א א Kאאא Kאאאאאא א ?א ? א א א K?אא?????א20098 אאאאאאא אאאאא?א?אא Kא
172
ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ: ""ﻧﺤﻮ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
2009198
2005
14312010210
2005 174
ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ
2009144
1 2 3
175
14312010210
4 5 –
176
ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ:
200980
177
14312010210
178
ﺃﺳﺲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ: "" ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ
2009190
179
14312010210
180
ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ:
2009422
–––– –– 181
14312010210
– – – – – – – –– –– – – – –––
182
183
14312010210
ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ:
2009128
184
Submission Guidlines "Tafakkur" is a refereed biannual journal issued by the Institute for Islamization of knowledge (IMAM), Gezira University, Sudan. The main focus of the journal is on issues concerning Islamization of knowledge, both theoretical and empirical. Contributors are kindly requested to take note of the following points when submitting their manuscripts: 1. The submitted paper should focus on issues of Islamization of knowledge. 2. The paper should at least contribute to a better understanding of its subject matter. 3. The research methodology and style should suit the modern reader. 4. Whenever verses from the Holy Qur’an are quoted, reference should be made to their chapters and numbers. Sayings from Sunnah should be authenticated. 5. Detailed mathematical derivations should be supplied separately and will not be published. 6. References should be listed at the end of the paper. References in English should be written in the standard format, e.g, for essays: Biraima, M. H., (1999): "Social Reality."Tafakkur, Vol. 1, No. 1, Sudan, And for books: Biraima, M.H., (1999): A Quranic View..., (International Centre for Faith Studies), Sudan. References in Arabic should be written as shown in the Arabic section. 7. All manuscripts should be submitted in a typewritten copy plus an electronic copy (MS Word format). 8. The manuscript should not exceed 35 typewritten pages (A4 size), with a separately supplied abstract of no more than 200 words. 9. Papers submitted publication should be original, and are not expected to have been submitted for publication elsewhere. 10. The author's name his postal and electronic address as well as his phone and fax numbers should be supplied separately from the text of the paper. 11. The paper would be subjected to a double blind refereeing. 12. The editorial board reserves the right to make nonsubstantial changes in the paper, as well as not returning the original manuscripts to their authors. 13. Authors of accepted refereed papers will be paid a financial reward.
B
Editorial Board Chairperson confidants Prof .Mohammed El.Hassan B.Ibrahim
Chairperson Dr. Dirar Elmahi Elobeid Ahmed
Editor-in-Chief Dr .Mohammed Babiker EL-Awad
Manager of Editing Mohammed Hamed Mohammed Ahmed Members * Prof.Abdalla M.AL.Amin *Dr. Gamal AL- Shareef *Dr.Mohammed Alhasan Salih *Dr.Mohammed Awad –ALKareem * Dr.Awad Ibrahim Awad *Gasim Omer Abu Elkhair * Elzein A.Yousif Ahmed
Correspondence Editor- in – Chief: IMAM, P.O. Box 526, Wad Medani, Sudan. Fax: 00249-511/ 843399- 820428 Tel: 00249 - 511 / 0120880278- 0120881390- 0120887135 E-mail : tafakkur2009@gmail. com
A