Kayseri 2015 Prep Kit by Tamer Özgen

Delegateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Preparation Kit 1-

Committee Topics

Committee Topic Preparation

Special Eurobarometer 397, Corruption, February 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_397_en.pdf 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Ponta to be tried for corruption, Euractiv, Sept. 18 2015, http://www.euractiv.com/sections/justicehome-affairs/ponta-be-tried-corruption-317763 5 EU health commissioner John Dalli quits over fraud inquiry, BBC, Oct. 16 2012, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19964248 6 The EU Anti-corruption Report, 3 Feb. 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/elibrary/documents/policies/organized-crime-and-human-trafficking/corruption/docs/acr_2014_en.pdf 7 Identifying and reducing corruption in public procurement in the EU, June 30 2013, http://ec.europa.eu/anti_fraud/documents/anti-fraud-policy/research-andstudies/identifying_reducing_corruption_in_public_procurement_en.pdf 8 The EU Integrity System in figures, Transparency International, April 24 2014, http://www.transparencyinternational.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/EUIS_By_Numbers.pdf

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Andrew Byrne, Romania in top-level graft crackdown as paper tiger bares teeth, The Financial Times, 26 July, http://on.ft.com/1JHUXrP 10 Chapter 3 A. of the EU Anti-corruption Report, 3 Feb. 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/elibrary/documents/policies/organized-crime-and-human-trafficking/corruption/docs/acr_2014_en.pdf

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Transparency International, 4 page summary of the EUIS Report, 2015, http://www.transparencyinternational.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/2015-03-24-TI-EU-4-pagesummary-of-EUIS-report.pdf

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European Commission, Communication on the European Agenda on Security, 28 April 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/basicdocuments/docs/eu_agenda_on_security_en.pdf 13 EU Transparency Register, http://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/homePage.do 14 Transparency International, 4 page summary of the EUIS Report, 2015, http://www.transparencyinternational.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/2015-03-24-TI-EU-4-pagesummary-of-EUIS-report.pdf 15 Daniel Freund, ”EU institutions drag their feet and still fail to protect whistleblowers”, Transparency International, 4 March, http://www.transparencyinternational.eu/2015/03/eu-institutions-drag-their-feetand-still-fail-to-protect-whistleblowers/

Macfarquhar, Neil. "Russia and 2 Neighbors Form Economic Union That Has a Ukraine-Size Hole." The New York Times. The New York Times, 29 May 2014.

Roberts, James M., Ariel Cohen, and Jonathan Blaisdell. "The Eurasian Union: Undermining Economic Freedom and Prosperity in the South Caucasus." The Heritage Foundation. 18 "Trade in Energy Products." Eurostat, 8 June 2015. 19 Kasčiūnas, Laurynas, Dovilė Šukytė. “Creation of the Eurasian Union and Its Implications for the European Neighbourhood Policy.”

In a NATO resolution on 18 November 2008, Russia was urged to withdraw its military presence from the "Transdnestrian region of Moldova". On 21 May 2015, the Ukraine parliament passed a law terminating five cooperation agreements with Russia. This law effectively terminates the "Agreement on transit of Russian military units temporarily located on the territory of the Republic of Moldova through the territory of Ukraine" dated 4 Dec 1998. 21 "Russia Threatens Moldova over Its EU Relations." EurActiv. 5 September 2013. 22 "European Parliament Adopts Tough Resolution on Russia." EurActiv. 15 June 2015. 23 The EEAS is the European Union's diplomatic service. It helps the EU's foreign affairs chief â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; carry out the Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy.

"The European Neighbourhood Policy." The European Parliament. "European External Action Service." European Union. 26 “EU sanctions against Russia.” European Union External Action Service. 16 October 2015. 25

Casinge, Ecaterina. "Europe Struggles With Digital Education." EurActiv.com, 27 October 2014. http://www.euractiv.com/sections/eu-priorities-2020/europe-struggles-digital-education-309474 28 "The European Commission's Opening Up Education Initiative In A Nutshell." Openeducationeuropa.eu, European Commission, http://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/initiative 29 Neil Butcher, ICT, Education, Development and Knowledge Society, GeSCI Thematic Paper, December 2011, http://www.gesci.org/assets/files/ICT,%20Education,%20Development,%20and%20the%20Knowledg e%20Society(1).pdf 30 Innovation and Growth. Rationale for an Innovation strategy, OECD, 2007, http://www.oecd.org/science/inno/39374789.pdf 31 Coding - the 21st century skill. European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/digitalagenda/en/coding-21st-century-skill

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Trends in Global Higher Education: Tracking Academic Revolution, UNESCO Report, 2009, http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/trends-global-higher-education-2009-world-conferenceen.pdf 33 ICT in schools survey – many children not getting what they need; teachers need more training and support. European Commission, 19.04.2013, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13341_en.htm?locale=FR 34 The Horizon Report Europe, European Commission, 2014, https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/2014-nmc-horizon-report-eu-en_online.pdf

Key Competences, Ec.europa.eu, http://ec.europa.eu/education/policy/school/competences_en.htm The Horizon Report Europe, European Commission, 2014, https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/2014-nmc-horizon-report-eu-en_online.pdf 37 Legal Aspects of Open Educational Resources, Openeducationalresorces.pbworks.com, https://openeducationalresources.pbworks.com/w/page/25308415/Legal%20Aspects%20of%20OER 38 Opening up Education â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a proposal for an European Initiative to enhance education and skills development through new technologies, European Commission, 04.2013, http://ec.europa.eu/smartregulation/impact/planned_ia/docs/2013_eac_003_opening_up_education_en.pdf 36

The Horizon Report Europe, European Commission, 2014, https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/2014-nmc-horizon-report-eu-en_online.pdf 40 "Press Release: Commission Launches 'Opening up Education' to Boost Innovation and Digital Skills in Schools and Universities." Europa.eu. European Commission, 25 September 2013, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-859_en.htm

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"Press Release: Commission Launches 'Opening up Education' to Boost Innovation and Digital Skills in Schools and Universities." Europa.eu. European Commission, 25 September 2013, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-859_en.htm 42 "Opening Up Education: Innovative Teaching and Learning For All Through New Technologies and Open Educational Resources." EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52013DC0654

“Shai Reshef: An ultra-low-cost college degree” Ted.com, TED2014, March 2014, https://www.ted.com/talks/shai_reshef_a_tuition_free_college_degree/transcript?language=en 43

The austerity measures included cutting salaries and bonuses, increasing the VAT, rising excise taxes on petrol, alcohol and cigarettes, cutting education, health and defense spending and other tough measures. 45

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32332221 - Greece debt crisis: Has Grexit been avoided? http://business.time.com/2013/04/23/europeans-are-thinking-the-unthinkable-that-debt-defaultsmight-make-sense/ 47 http://247wallst.com/special-report/2014/07/31/11-countries-near-bankruptcy/4/ 46

http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/assistance_eu_ms/index_en.htm - Financial Assistane in EU Members States 49 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33403665

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/09/eurozone-fiscal-union-europe - The Guardion on the necessity of Fiscal Union

http://www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2015/apr/29/the-austerity-delusion - The Guardian on the effects of austerity measures 52 http://econperspectives.blogspot.com/2008/05/increase-in-supply-demand_19.html - The causes of decreas in demand 53 https://muddywatermacro.wustl.edu/demand-supply-unemployment

http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/adoption/who_can_join/index_en.htm - How can a member state join eurozone. 55 https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/about/thessm/html/index.en.html

“EU’s outlook on food waste” ec.europa.eu. European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/food_waste/index_en.htm 57 “UN hunger report on food insecurity” ba.one.un.org. United Nations in Bosnia and Herzegovina http://ba.one.un.org/content/unct/bosnia_and_herzegovina/en/home/presscenter/un-hunger-report-showschanging-face-of-food-insecurity-in-europ.html 58 “Food waste facts” www.unep.org. United Nations Environment Programme http://www.unep.org/wed/2013/quickfacts/ 59 “Almost half of the world's food thrown away, report finds” www.theguardian. The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jan/10/half-world-food-waste 60 “Basic information on methane gas” www.bbc.co.uk. BBC Weather Center http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/evidence/methane.shtml 61 “General information on methane gas” www.gov.uk. Upload by Health Protection Agency https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/318336/hpa_Methane__Ge neral_Information_v1.pdf 62 “Example of how waste-to-energy procedure works in Sweden” www.avfallsverige.se. Swedish Waste Management and Recycling Association http://www.avfallsverige.se/fileadmin/uploads/forbranning_eng.pdf p.10 63 “Waste from households in Norway” www.ssb.no. Statistics Norway https://www.ssb.no/en/natur-ogmiljo/statistikker/avfkomm 64 ”Worldbank statistics on countries’ methane emissions” databank.worldbank.org. World Bank World Development Indicators http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=&series=EN.ATM.METH.KT.CE&period= 65 ”A PDF on waste-to-energy’s contribution to resource and energy efficiency” www. cewep.eu. Conferderation of European Waste-To-Energy Plants http://www.cewep.eu/m_1040 p.35

See footnote 8 http://www.cewep.eu/m_1040 p.13

“Trash to cash: Norway leads the way in turning waste into energy” www.theguardian.com. The Guardian http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jun/14/norway-waste-energy 68 “Importers and exporters of food waste and animal feed” atlas.media.mit.edu. Observatory of Economic Complexity Project created by MIT http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/sitc/0819/#Importers

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Good practices in food waste prevention and reductionâ&#x20AC;? ec.europa.eu. European Commission http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/food_waste/good_practices/research_innovation/index_en.htm

“Summary of EU energy strategies” europa.eu European Union http://europa.eu/pol/ener/index_en.htm “EU Commission press release on food waste” europa.eu. European Union http://europa.eu/rapid/pressrelease_IP-14-1165_en.htm 71

El-Erian, Mohamed. "Creative Self-disruption (or How to Adapt to Rapid Business Change)." The

Guardian. N.p., 7 Apr. 2015. Web. 28 Oct. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/business/blog/2015/apr/07/creative-self-disruption-or-how-to-adapt-torapid-business-change>. 73

Uber is a ride-hailing smartphone application, connecting available drivers (professional or not) with customers in demand of a ride. 74 AirBnB is an online platform for listing and renting apartments and housing, mainly addressed towards people with spare apartments and property who are keen in renting it for a short-period of time. 75 TaskRabbit is an online platform for finding people to do house chores for you for an hourly charge.

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“The Sharing Economy - “ Sizing the Revenue Opportunity.” PwC. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <http://www.pwc.co.uk/issues/megatrends/collisions/sharingeconomy/the-sharing-economy-sizingthe-revenue-opportunity.html> 76

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“Uber Driver Arrested on Sexual Assault Charges in Paris.” The Verge. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <http://www.theverge.com/2015/3/25/8287519/uber-driver-arrested-sexual-assault-paris> 77

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Arthur, Charles. "Uber Backlash: Taxi Drivers' Protests in Paris Part of Global Revolt." The Guardian. 26 June 2015. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/26/uber-backlash-taxi-drivers-protests-paris-globalrevolt>.

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“The Parliament Magazine.”The EU and US share concerns on regulating new business models. Web. 28 Oct. 2015. <https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/feature/eu-and-us-shareconcerns-regulating-new-business-models> 79

Minder, Raphael, and Mark Scott. “Sharing Economy Faces Patchwork Of Guidelines in European Countries.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 2014. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/technology/sharing-economy-faces-patchwork-of-guidelines-ineuropean-countries.html?_r=1> 81 Coldwell, Will. "Airbnb's Legal Troubles: What Are the Issues?" Guardian.com. 8 July 2014. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/jul/08/airbnb-legal-troubles-what-are-theissues>. 82 “Two Uber Executives Arrested in France.” Fortune Two Uber executives arrested in France Comments. N.p., 2015. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. <http://fortune.com/2015/06/29/uber-executivesarrested/> 83 “Berlin Court Upholds Ban on Uber Ride-Share Service.”Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 2015. Web. 28 Oct. 2015. <http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/16/us-uber-germany-iduskbn0n71wn20150416> 84 “City Of Amsterdam &Amp; Airbnb Agreement | I Amsterdam.” City of Amsterdam & Airbnb agreement | I amsterdam. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. <http://www.iamsterdam.com/en/media-centre/cityhall/press-releases/2014-press-room/amsterdam-airbnb-agreement> 85 “The Parliament Magazine.”EU Commission launches study on Uber. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. <https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/news/eu-commission-launches-study-uber> 80

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“The Parliament Magazine.”Missing a trick? The EU's digital single market strategy needs to embrace the promise of the 'sharing economy'. Web. 21 Oct. 2015. <https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/articles/opinion/missing-trick-eus-digital-single-marketstrategy-needs-embrace-promise-sharing> 86

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UDHR is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948. It arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ 88 Article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union, EU Charter of Fundamental Rights 89 The Report by Mr. MR ALVARO GIL-ROBLES (Commissioner for Human Rights) for the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly.https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=846655 90 Human Rightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Watch World Report: 2014 https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/countrychapters/russia 91 Russia: Mass Detention of Migrants https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/08/08/russia-mass-detentionmigrants 92 Human Rightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Watch World Report:2009 http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/wr2009_web.pdf

Footnote 2 Client and Supplier Countries of the EU28 in the Merchandise Trade (value %) (2014, excluding intra-EU trade) http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/september/tradoc_122530.pdf 95 Human Right’s Watch World Report: 2015 https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/countrychapters/china-and-tibet 96 China's Hukou system is a family registration program that serves as a domestic passport, regulating population distribution and rural-to-urban migration. It is a tool for social and geographic control that enforces an apartheid structure that denies farmers the same rights and benefits enjoyed by urban residents. 97 According to the Chinese constitution, people enjoy religious freedom however religious practices are limited to “normal religious activities,” though “normal” is left undefined and can be broadly interpreted. http://www.cfr.org/china/religion-china/p16272 94

The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and Russia has been the framework of the EU-Russia relations since 1997 and regulates the political and economic relations between the two parties. http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2003/november/tradoc_114138.pdf 99 It is estimated that up to 75% of Foreign Direct Investment stocks in Russia come from EU Member States (including Cyprus). http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/russia/ 100 CIA World Factbook, List of the biggest exporters in the world. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html 101 China Trade Picture http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/china/ 102 During the Summit the two sides exchanged views on the strategic partnership, domestic developments and the economy, trade and investment relations, bilateral cooperation, international and global issues, in full and frank discussions regarding all matters of concern to either side. http://eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2013/131123_01_en.pdf 103 Chinese Government Issues 2015 Foreign Investment Catalogue http://www.globalpolicywatch.com/2015/03/chinese-government-issues-2015-foreign-investmentcatalogue-effective-april-10-2015/ 104 Doing Business in China: Foreign Direct Investment http://files.dorsey.com/files/Upload/Shanghai_FDI.pdf 105 Roles of the Government and the Party http://countrystudies.us/china/93.htm 106 A growing share of European companies say China's policies toward foreign businesses in the country are becoming more discriminatory http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304066504576344222233947258 107 WTO: China discriminates against foreign card companies http://www.bbc.com/news/business18866467

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The purpose of the present Joint Communication by the European Commission and the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy is to contribute to the elaboration of a new Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy for the period 2015-2019. https://ec.europa.eu/antitrafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/joint_communication_on_human_rights_and_democracy_en.pdf 109 The European Parliamentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Role in Relation to Human Rights in Trade and Investment Agreements http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2014/433751/EXPOJOIN_ET(2014)433751_EN.pdf

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A Power Audit of EU-Russia Relations Mark Leonard & Nicu Popescu http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_containment_and_economic_interdependence312 112 The Impact of International Economic Sanctions on Trade An empirical Analysis http://econwpa.repec.org/eps/it/papers/0306/0306001.pdf 113 The politics and economics of sanctions against Russia http://www.cer.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/pdf/2015/frozen_sanctions-10787.pdf 111

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Human Rights, European Union Official Website http://europa.eu/pol/rights/index_en.htm

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A trade and aid agreement between the European Economic Community (EEC) and 71 African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries. http://www.eurostudium.uniroma1.it/documenti/cooperazione/Lome_convention.pdf 116 A mid-term strategic agreement which is the guiding document of the relationship between the two parties. http://eeas.europa.eu/china/docs/20131123_agenda_2020__en.pdf 117 An action plan, aims to develop the EUâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foreign policy based on human rights and democracy https://ec.europa.eu/antitrafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/joint_communication_on_human_rights_and_democracy_en.pdf 118 Member Statesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Common Foreign Security Policy for the European Union http://eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/index_en.htm

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An international agreement which amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:12012E/TXT 120 The framework of the EU-Russia relations since 1997 http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2003/november/tradoc_114138.pdf 121 The Helsinki Final Act was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Finlandia Hall of Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1, 1975. Thirty-five states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania, signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. https://www.osce.org/mc/39501?download=true 122 The Charter was one of many attempts to seize the opportunity of the fall of Communism by actively inviting the former Eastern bloc-countries into the ideological framework of the West. http://www.osce.org/mc/39516?download=true

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UNHCR | The Convention relating to the status of refugees http://www.unhcr.org/4ec262df9.html 124

The Syrian Civil War and key events in Syria http://www.britannica.com/event/Syrian-Civil-War , BBC | Syria, the story of the conflict http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middleeast-26116868 125

BBC | A graphic explanation of the migration in Europe http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911 126

BBC | The Islamic State http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29052144

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Telegraph | The situation on the Greek islands in pictures http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/11796432/Migrants-and-refugees-arrive-on-the-Greek-island-ofKos-in-pictures.html 128 DW | Hungary to build anti-immigrant fence on Romanian border http://www.dw.com/en/hungary-to-build-anti-immigrant-fence-on-romanian-border/a-18716031

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The Guardian, Tuesday 22 September 2015 “Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania vote against decision to impose quotas, as lack of consensus threatens to feed resentment” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/22/eu-governments-divisive-quotas-deal-share-120000-refugees 130

The Guardian, Sunday 13 September 2015 “Refugee crisis: Germany reinstates controls at Austrian border” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/13/germany-to-close-borders-exit-schengen-emergency-measures 131

The Guardian, Monday 15 June “ Scathing Amnesty report says leaders guilty of neglect as millions face misery in ‘worst refugee crisis of our era’” 2015http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/15/worst-refugee-crisis-since-second-world-warreport-middle-east-africa-syria 132

Summaries of EU legislation: Schengen Borders Code http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV:l14514 133

The Economist | Why the Schengen agreement might be under threat http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2015/08/economist-explains-18

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BBC | Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum? http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24583286 135

UNHCR | Data on refugee inflows in the EU http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php 136

Euractiv | Article on ECJ’s rule over Greece http://www.euractiv.com/justice/court-justice-amits-greece-infli-news-531682 137

The Washington Post | Europe’s refugee crisis strengthens far-right parties https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/10/13/europes-refugee-crisis-strengthens-far-right-parties/

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European Commission’s official web-site http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm , The European Commission explained Functioning and Tasks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWpgO1EPO_Y 139 The official web-site of FRONTEX http://frontex.europa.eu/ 140

The official web-site of EASO https://easo.europa.eu/

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The European Council’s official web-site http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/european-council/

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European Commission | Fact Sheet, 9 Sept 2015 | Agenda on Migration http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-5597_en.htm 143 Under Article 1(A)2 of the 1951 Refugee Convention, refugees (person in clear need of International protection) are defined by three basic characteristics: ● they are outside their country of origin or outside the country of their former habitual residence; ● they are unable or unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted; and ● the persecution feared is based on at least one of five grounds: race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/international_refugee_law.php 144

European Commission | Press release | 25 Oct 2015 | Meeting on the Western Balkans Migration Route http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5904_en.htm 145 146

EU Civil Protection Mechanism: http://ec.europa.eu/news/2015/docs/factsheet_the_eu_civil_protection_mechanism.pdf UNHCR: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c2.html

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such as the European Investment Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Development Bank of the Council of Europe 148 European Commission | Press release, 27 May 2015 | Agenda on Migration http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-15-5039_en.htm 149

The European Unionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s law enforcement agency https://www.europol.europa.eu/content/page/about-us

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The Commission’s opinion on the reintroduction of border controls in Germany and Austria http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/homeaffairs/e-library/documents/policies/borders-andvisas/general/docs/commission_opinion_necessity_proportionality_controls_internal_borders_germany_austria_en.pdf

151 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31796337 152 http://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Defense-Community 153 http://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/2015/150627_eu_global_strategy_en.htm

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http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11460088/Why-a-European-army-couldntwork.html 155 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/08/jean-claude-juncker-calls-for-eu-army-europeancommission-miltary 156 http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/10/us-eu-foreign-analysis-idUSKBN0NV08A20150510 157 Jones: The extraordinary foolishness of building an EU army, The Week, 5.11.2015, see http://theweek.com/articles/553888/extraordinary-foolishness-building-eu-army 158 Janning: A pragmatic approach to building a European Army, ECFR, 1.4.2015, see http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_a_pragmatic_approach_to_building_a_european_army311571 159 In Defence of Europe, European Political Strategy Centre, EPSC Strategic Notes 15.06.2015, p.3 160 Defence Data 2013, European Defence Agency, p. 21, see https://www.eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/eda-publications/eda-defence-data-2013_web 161

In Defence of Europe, European Political Strategy Centre, EPSC Strategic Notes 15.06.2015, p.5 81

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http://eeas.europa.eu/csdp/structures-instruments-agencies/eumc/index_en.htm

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http://www.euractiv.com/sections/global-europe/uk-central-europe-frown-junckers-european-army313221 164 http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2010/Lisbon-Summit/NATO-EDA/EN/index.htm

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http://eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/index_en.htm http://www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/ 167 http://www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/about-csdp/petersberg/index_en.htm 166

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http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf

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Shared competence means that both the EU and its Member States may adopt legally binding acts in the area concerned. However, the Member States can do so only where the EU has not exercised its competence or has explicitly ceased to do so. 196 List of contracting Parties to the Convention on Road Traffic, Vienna, Nov. 8 1968, last update Feb. 1 2007, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/CP_Vienna_convention.pdf 197 Report of the sixty-eighth session of the Working Party on Road Traffic Safety, Geneva, March 2426 2014, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2014/wp1/ECE-TRANS-WP1-145e.pdf 198 World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29), UNECE, http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/meeting_docs_wp29.html

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