AALU MA Thesis

Landscape as Infrastructure MA Thesis Architectural Association

Tom van de Bospoort, 1 Far Row, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS21 1ES T-07531776247 E-tom@tavdbdesign.com

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

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LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE Dholera, Gujarat, India Tom van de Bospoort Jingtong Tan Landscape Urbanism Architectural Association 2012-2013

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

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ABSTRACT Overview Landscape as Infrastructure looks at the current trend in the Indian Region and asks what a city need to cater for and what aspects the city should include. This Thesis looks at creating an urban language on a plot of land which is rife with problems, These problems of water scarcity, pollution, sedimentation and surge, pose very difficult questions, but the outcome uses them as their founding blocks to guide urban development.

The title Landscape as Infrastructure, describes that the landscape is the infrastructure and that the landscape also dominates over any infrastructures posed.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

Contents INTRODUCTION AND SITE RESEARCH-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 INTRODUCTION- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 DHOLERA MASTERPLAN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 DHOLERA MASTERPLAN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 DHOLERA MASTERPLAN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 SURGE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 SAN SAROVAR- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -17 THE KALPASAR DAM- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 THE KALPASAR DAM SCENARIOS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19 WATER ISSUES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 POLS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 MASTERPLAN DIAGRAM & STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 WATER LOOP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 DELTA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27 SEA SURGE FLOODING SIMULATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 SEA FLOODING DAMAGE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 SEDIMENT TRAPPING TECHNOLOGY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 SIMULATIONS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 TESTS ON SITE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -31 MASTERPLAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33 EXISTING WATER QUANTITIES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 EFFICIENCY PATH - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 36 MEXICO- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38 EXISTING VEGETATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42 PROPOSED AGRICULTURE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44 Urban Massing- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46 Phasing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48 AXO- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50 EXISTING WATER QUANTITIES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 URBAN PROTOTYPE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 URBAN PROTOTYPE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 56 SOLAR STUDY- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 56 URBAN PROTOTYPE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 DELTA MASTERPLAN-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 ISLANDS GROWTH STAGES- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 ISLANDS GROWTH STAGES- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 WHOLE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 70 SMALL MASTERPLAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75 SMALL MASTERPLAN - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 76 AGRICULTURE PHASING- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77 WETLANDS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 TOPOGRAPHICAL ADDITIONS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 79 BUILT LANDSCAPE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 BUILDING FORMING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81 AXO- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82 PHASING- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84 URBAN USES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 86

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LAND VALUE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87 LANDSCAPE CONNECTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88 SECTION AND WORKINGS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 URBAN TYPOLOGY- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 SOLAR STUDIES- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 LANDSCAPE-URBAN- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 92 ROOF CONNECTION SECTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93 RENDER- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94 RENDER SECTION- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 95 SOCIALIZING SPACES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 96 WATERWAY HIERARCHY’S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98 TECHNICAL REPORT (INLAND)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 WATERWAY HIERARCHY’S - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 102 WATERWAY DIRECTION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103 TREATMENT WETLANDS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 104 TREATMENT WETLANDS DETAILED- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 104 EFFLUENTS- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 TREATMENT WETLANDS PLANTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106 WATER LOOP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107 DETAIL WATER LOOP- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108 DETAIL WATER LOOP- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 109 TECHNICAL REPORT (DELTA)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111 SEDIMENT TRAPPING TECHNOLOGY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 SEA WATER FARMING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114 REFERENCES- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 116

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INTRODUCTION AND SITE RESEARCH

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

Figure 1 10

INTRODUCTION Gujarat Overview Gujarat is one of the most prosperous states in India with an inhabitant number more than 60 million and a growth rate of 21%, which is higher than that of China.

DMIC-Gujarat

of the total human excreta generated in urban India, is unsafely disposed. This imposes significant public health and environmental costs to urban areas that could contribute more than 60% of the country’s GDP. (Government of India, 2012)

Pakistan

Rajasthan

The DMIC runs through 62% of Gujarat, which includes Palanpur, Mahesana, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Bharuch and Valsad.

Gujarat runs for 1600km, and the area that the DMIC influence offers some key industrial sectors including Engineering, Chemicals & Petrochemicals, Oil& Gas, Textiles & Apparels and Food processing. The emerging sectors include IT/ITES, Auto/Automobile, ship repairing/ building, tourism and Knowledge Hubs.

13 12

Madhya Pradesh

14 The proposed Developments along this corridor, are as follows: . Node No.12: Ahmedabad-Dholera Investment Region . Node No.13: Vadodara-Ankleshwar Industrial Area . Node No.14: Bharuch-Dahej Investment Region . Node No.15: Surat-Navsari Industrial Area . Node No.16: Valsad-Umbergaon Industrial Area.

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Maharashtra

DMIC DMIC Influence

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SEZ’s Greenfield Ports Existing Ports

Node 12, Dholera is approximately 100km from the freight corridor, and to add to that, has proposals for a Port and Airport. This city is denoted as a SIR(special Investment Region) and has at its heart an industrial network.

Water safety in Gujarat According to Census 2001, 27.8% of Indians, i.e. 286 million people or 55 million households live in urban areas-projections indicate that urban population would have grown to 368 million people by 2012. 12.04 million (7.87%) urban households do not have access to latrines and defecate in the open. 5.48 million (8.13%) urban households use community latrines and 13.4 million households (19.49%) use shared latrines. 12.47 million (18.5%) households do not have access to a drainage network. 26.83 million (39.8%) households are connected to open drains. The status in respect of the urban poor is even worse. The percentage of notified and non notified slums without latrines is 17% and 51% respectively. In respect of septic latrines the availability is 66% and 35%. In respect of underground sewage, the availability is 30% and 15% respectively. More than 37%

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

Sites Overview Dholera

Jingtong Tan Tom Van de Bospoort

Dahej

Ayumi Chang Liu

Hazira Port

Gujan Rustagi Yujun Zou

Surat

Xiao Gong Zhiyun He Fusang Ren Shaodong Yang

Vasai

Dighi Port

Gabriela Pulido Shruti Dabir

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DHOLERA MASTERPLAN

GOVERNMENT PLAN Water pollution

villages

masterplan

Sediment Deposition

Water scarcity

2 Million Inhabitants gulf dam

Water scarcity

The government plan forWater the Khambhat Delta looks at Water pollution Surge scarcity Flooding creating a regional masterplan for the area. The diagram line above details the problem, in the area, of the water more industries PROPOSAL start-up industries basic infrastructure scarcity and the unlikelihood of finding a good source & urbanisation without creating one. Its also looks at the other problems which are the sediment transportation, which is at drainage a high canals & ponds localised water collection marshes & wetlands & micro dams level in the delta, and with the delta connected to some of the main Rivers of Gujarat and Maharashtra, it inflows 0.15 million Inhabitants pollutants. In particular the pollutants flowing next to the proposed masterplan, which originates high in India culminating in the delta through the cultural capital and Water scarcity metropolis of Ahmedabad.

The masterplan to two million and a timescale of two thousand and forty, this scheme looks unprobable.

The next section looks at the problems and solutions to the masterplan and its aspects that are both good and problematic, which leads to this proposal for a city of seven hundred and fifty thousand.

port

basic infrastructure

industries

0.75 Million Inhabitants

more industries & urbanisation

1.5 Million Inhabitan

canals by government

0.3 Million Inhabitants

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

DHOLERA MASTERPLAN Research The Dholera masterplan, is a regional masterplan proposed at the tip of the town of Dholera. This masterplan is proposed for two million inhabitants, but doesn’t really have the grounding to become that size.

Its placement is within the development corridor of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial corridor, and is proposed enroute from the major highway proposed in the area to connect through from Ahmedabad, through Dhandhuka, towards the new port in the south of Gujarat.

The Scheme looks loosely at the water problems within Gujarat and India as a whole, but only briefly tries to overcome these looking to bring water from either the San Sarovar Reservoir in Maharashtra or the proposed thirty kilometer wide Kalpasar Dam project, which is only an unrealistic proposal at the moment.

The first loosely described aspect and one that doesn’t really incorporate the existing beautiful but harsh landscape, is to apply a bund round the river and stream network to channel the water through the city development, and it also bunds off the sea surge, but doesn’t look at how this area shown in the drawing below in blue, how it reacts to the masterplan and how this biodiverse landscape can be harnaced to create a touristicly viable area and an area with the potential for urban and agricultural development whilst still retaining the important mangrove areas along the sea front.

These mangroves have been damaged by the pollution and regular surge, but this plan looks at leaving them untouched rather than helping rigidify them.

The Next problem is the waterways proposed which treat the water in a loop, but discount the value of the existing river course. This could be problematic as doing this causes a naturally flowing process of the river to run at angles unnatural, this raises the likelihood of the areas denoted for urban development, for these to break and flood with fresh or effluent water. This scheme also looks at the use of only humanistic water treatment facilities and doesn’t utilize the gravity and flow of the water to treat it naturally. This can be done through simple treatment wetlands.

The next problematic element is the area denoted as strong landscape strategy, which is a weak attempt at incorporating green roots into the areas, and looks at large passive areas of urban open space, that would not work for the Indian culture as their culture relies on closely packed urban spaces for socializing.

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Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

DHOLERA MASTERPLAN Research The other elements of the masterplan, have some merit, so long as they stay away from ecological aspects they seem good.

The first of these is the incorporation of the industry into a masterplan, and their theory works well, incorporating General manufacturing, IT/ITES, Electronics, High Tech and emerging Technologies/value adding Industries, Automobile and auto ancillary, agro and food processing, heavy engineering, metals and metallurgical products, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, and logistics. therefore these have been taken forward into this study, looking at how these can be incorporated into this model to fully work and make a feasible city.

About twenty percent of the land is allocated for lower income families and fifty seven percent to medium income families, with thirteen percent of the area used by high income families, making this a factory family and office family masterplan. This can also be taken forward as a useful guideline, but not in the form drawn up by Halcrow. These drawings incorporate a mess of urban elements put together in a polycentric model, to create the city. The diagram to the right details the masterplan with its unusual placement of elements. where the center of the city has a road system dominating the area, with the traditional placement of the housing placed to the outer reaches and the touristic areas overlooking the Delta. This also looks at centralizing the Factories, which has a level of naivety, as to do so allows for the chemical to leech into the urban areas and any air borne pollutants to blow into ecological and urban areas, causing problems later on.

Figure 5

98 Dwellings per Hectare Industry Sector

Area Required (HA)

General Manufacturing IT/ITES Electronics Automobile Agro & Food Processing Heavy Engineering Metals Pharmaceuticals Logistics

440 20 1,360 1,990 340 2,250 480 1,120 200

Total Total Land Prevision

8200 11,661

Employment Density (HA) 96 365 64 22 81 20 24 44 -

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SURGE

+8

+7

+6

+5

+4

+3

+2

+1

Site map The diagrams show the likelihood of surge over the land with the heavy monsoon rain and water surge from the river delta. This surge causes high levels of salt water as well as effluents to permeate the soil and causes an infertility to the soil.

The regular surge level is between the +4 and +5 level, but the water has the possibility of flowing further up the watercourse flooding the higher

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areas of land used for agriculture. The diagrams also show where the water accumulates which give a possibility for flood water storage and reservoir water collection.

The present situation of the Delta edge is deteriorating, but there is a healthy vegetation barrier, which stops the lesser surges flooding the land. This area also allows for a healthy ecosystem and the large amounts of effluents

that flow over the area allows for certain cleaning vegetation and certain effluent thriving crabs to sustain, thus relieving the effluent levels of the Delta.

SAN SAROVAR Reservoir Sardar Sarovar Canal Based Drinking Water Supply Project is being implemented in Saurashtra, Kachchh & North Gujarat region of the State including Panchmahal.

Total 3.40 crore beneficiaries will get 3571 Mld Narmada water. The water demand has been adopted taking into consideration the water available from the local sources viz., The existing ground water and surface water sources in the project area.

(GWSSB, 2012) A problem with this scheme is that the canal system does not allow for the use of Dholera, and with the Narmada Dam being overly exploited, there is no scope for water from that reservoir. Another factor in water sourcing is that due to the well depth being 300 meters and a high contaminance level existing, there is no supply existing scheme, that will provide for Dholera.

-The Gulf of Khambat (Cambay) has three main estuaries, the Namada, the Mahi and the Sabarmati.

The sabarmati coming from the capital of Gujarat, Ahmedabad.

-The sabarmati has the highest nutrient load, with the Namada being the lowest -The 3 rivers discharge a large amount of sediment into the gulf. The average water load is 2,000m^3/sec.

-The concentrations of sediment in the water are greater than 4mg/liter, and at the bottom of the gulf reaches 8mg/liter.

-The salinity of the rivers are:

Mahi Estuary 16.33ppt Sabarmati Estuary 18.93ppt

Namada Estuary 21.06ppt -Water treatment is important as the three main rivers flow high levels of nitrates due to fertilizers, effluents and chemicals being deposited in them.

-The Dholera Masterplan is in the Dhanduka area, where the land is saline.

-The soil is 45% clay and has a PH of 8.5-9.2 -Almost all rainfall is in the 4 monsoon months, June, July, August and September -7 to 8m msl suffers from flooding due to slow drainage -6.5 to 7m msl is almost bare with high salinity. The msl is 2 meters lower than the monsoon water level -<6.5msl has good drainage due to well developed dentritic drainage.

-5 remains flooded when water is sitting on it, this is due to a lack of dentritic drainage.

-4msl is the masterplan

Narmada Reservoir and Canal System

Map of Water supply to the Gulf of Khambat, with reservoirs and dam schemes.

Map of the Canal Systems through Gujarat

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Diagram of sediment percentages 33% THE KALPASAR DAM Reservoir The Kalpasar Dam, proposes a 30km 10 lane dam, spanning the Gulf of Khambat. The Dam will create a reservoir capacity for up to 25% of Gujaratâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water needs, and at present about 10,000 million cubic meters of water flows down the 7 rivers into the sea. The main rivers include, The Mahi, The Narmada, Dhadhar, The Sabarmati and some of the Saurashtra.

The other side of the Reservoir, the tidal zone, will generate power to supply the surrounding cities and villages. This will allow for the through movement of tidal salt water from the sea, to the delta to generate power. A problem with this is it will change the delta bed drastically adding silt build-ups and sediment buildup along its sides and also causing a flux of particles to settle in the basin center. This will adversely affect the masterplan, splitting it in two, creating land on one side, with clean surge free water, and on the other side salt surge water permeating the masterplan structure.

The overall process will allow for a sediment build-up over the whole upstream delta area, and will be flushed with salt water. This build-up will effect the diversity and character of the delta areas.

The other main problem with the dam is the pollution that is being discharged by the rivers, directly into the fresh, drinkable water. This means that the water entering will have to be cleaned prior to its entering the dam. This is unreasonable as a whole river network of water cannot be treated, prior to storage.

The Last problem is that the Dam is delayed due to planning problems, this is predominantly due to the likelihood of earthquakes in the area. The per-feasibility studies, reported that the dam would fall under zone iii of the seismic legislation, but after further analysis, this was found to be too low, so had to increase to seismic zone v, which will prevent against tsunamis and earthquake activities.

23% 11% 6%

28%

Area of reservoir:

2070 km2 (fresh water lake) sediment 11%

872 km2 (Tidal Basin) percentages Possible of storage water: 28%

Live storage of reservoir: 12247 Mm3

Gross storage of reservoir: 16791 Mm3 6%

Dead storage of reservoir: 4544 Mm3 33% Tidal power to be gained: fromSingle basin - of 5880 (Installed) Average Yearly Sediment Rates Derived the Results Silt MW Surveys Reproduced

Double basin 1680 MW (Installed) 28% from Pre-feasbaility Reports

Diagram of 33%

23% 6%

Sabarmati 0.65mm/yr total 21.1% Sed Load 07.6Mm^3/yr total 22.69% Average Yearly Sediment Rates Derived from the Results of Silt Surveys Reproduced Mahi 0.40mm/yr total 13.0% Sed Load 03.6Mm^3/Yr total 10.74% from Pre-feasbaility Reports total 18.18% Sed Load 09.5Mm^3/yr Narmada 0.56mm/yr total 28.36%

Dhadhar 0.40mm/yr total 13.0% Sed Load 01.7Mm^3/yr total 05.07% Sabarmati 21.1% Load 07.6Mm^3/yr total 22.69% Saurashtra 0.65mm/yr 1.07mm/yr total total 34.74% Sed Sed Load 11.1Mm^3/yr total 33.13% Mahi 0.40mm/yr total 13.0% Sed Load 03.6Mm^3/Yr total 10.74% Narmada 0.56mm/yr total 18.18% Sed Load 09.5Mm^3/yr total 28.36% Dhadhar 0.40mm/yr total 13.0% Sed Load 01.7Mm^3/yr total 05.07% Average Yearly Sediment Rates Derived from the Results of Silt Surveys Reproduced Saurashtra 1.07mm/yr total 34.74% Sed Load 11.1Mm^3/yr total 33.13% from Pre-feasbaility Reports Sabarmati Mahi Narmada Sediment Dhadhar transport Saurashtra

(origin) Sediment transport (origin)

Sediment transport (origin)

Bed Load

0.65mm/yr total 21.1% Sed Load 07.6Mm^3/yr total 22.69% 0.40mm/yr total 13.0% Sed Load 03.6Mm^3/Yr Sediment total 10.74% Bed Material 0.56mm/yr total 18.18% Sed Load 09.5Mm^3/yr total 28.36% Bed Load 0.40mm/yr total 13.0% Sed Load 01.7Mm^3/yr Transport total 05.07% 1.07mm/yr total 34.74% Sed Load 11.1Mm^3/yr total 33.13%

Bed Material

Suspended Load

Wash Load Wash Load Bed Material

Suspended Load Bed Load

(Mechanism) Sediment

Transport (Mechanism)

Sediment

Suspended Load

Transport (Mechanism)

Wash Load

The diagrams show the sediment build-up process and the direct levels. The majority of the sediment and silts forming into the delta is coming from the land, which is the masterplan area. The masterplan is an important preventative measure to the land inflow.

Pollution Diagram for the Gulf of Khambat

18

THE KALPASAR DAM SCENARIOS Reservoir There is two Dam scenario schemes, the first of which has a single basin, which has a freshwater basin, and a tidal basin to generate power. The other Scheme is a two tidal basin scheme, with an upper and lower basin.

The main problem of this scheme is that it will cause more sediment build-up than the single basin scheme.

Both schemes are however flawed, changing the ecosystem of the vicinity.

Water Usages by area: Low Industry (M1) 1.4 million M^3 water per Km^2 Day. Medium Industry (M2) 2.4 million M^3 water per Km^2 Day. Low Industry (M3) 3.4 million M^3 water per Km^2 Day. Residential (R2) 1.2 million M^3 water per Km^2 Day. Water Usage for Residential: Towns with piped water supply but without sewerage system:70 lpcd Cities with piped water supply where sewerage system is existing/ contemplated: 135 lpcd Metropolitan and Mega cities with piped water supply where sewerage system is existing/ contemplated: 150 lpcd

Figure 6

Figure 7

150 liters per capita per day x 2 million = 300,000,000 liters per day x 365 days = 109,500,000,000 liters per year or 109,500,000 M^3.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

WATER ISSUES Research Whilst on the research trip to the site in India, the following articles were selected from the newspapers, at that point. They show that important to the people is the water scarcity countrywide as well as their relationship to water and land.

Figure 8

Figure 9

20

POLS Intro “The ‘Pols of Ahmedabad In the most crowded areas of the old textile city of Ahmedabad, we find these pols. They are a legacy of Gujarat’s history of successive invasions. To ensure security, the point of entry to each pol is through restricted gates. Within the pol, the tightly-packed conglomeration of houses is articulated by a complex system of open spaces- sensitively reflecting the cultural and religious needs of the community” The Pols also act to cool the area by giving shade with buildings that have multiple courtyards to maximize the cooling, whilst offering open spaces that are used for socializing and the collection or rain water.

The pols deep history and their urban change has formed them into overhanging cantilevering buildings that are both cooling but also add maximum amounts of ground space both outside and inside. They have also been furtherly developed over time to create the tightly packed mass they are today. These built forms, in plan, are impossible to distinguish plot boundaries and road formations.

Figure 10

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

MASTERPLAN DIAGRAM & STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT

GOVERNMENT PLAN Water pollution

villages

Sediment Deposition

Water scarcity

masterplan

2 Million Inhabitants gulf dam

Water scarcity Water scarcity

PROPOSAL

start-up industries localised water collection

Water pollution

Flooding

Surge

more industries & urbanisation

basic infrastructure

drainage canals & ponds

0.75 Million Inhabitants

marshes & wetlands & micro dams

0.15 million Inhabitants

Water scarcity

port

basic infrastructure

industries

more industries & urbanisation

1.5 Million Inhabitants

canals by government

0.3 Million Inhabitants

The Scenario taken, (gray band), uses localized water collection which act as reservoirs. These would be lined and feed the close vicinity Factories, Residential, or Agricultural areas.

The next essential process is setup industries, which bring in the work and therefore insinuate the city. Then the problem of flooding needs to be resolved, in this case drainage canals are used. and finally, preventing salt water surge into the land, using wetlands and microdams, all with the purpose of creating a city for three quarters of a million inhabitants.

22

The strategy for development shown opposite is the stages in which the masterplan should be developed.

First the problem of surge and water scarcity must be solved to create a city on the site,therefore the first process is to add barrier islands to protect the land from regular surge, secondly localized water collection is set up, and canals, that transport water whilst minimizing flooding, then the urban and industrial sectors is set up, creating more industrial developments further from the reservoirs, minimizing cross contamination. Then coastal tourism is set up, in both the inland and barrier areas and finally a port, to transport the goods produced.

STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT

Surge and Water Scarcity

Barrier Islands

Localised Water Collection

Canals for Drainage

Time Agriculture on Barrier Islands

First Urban and Light Industry

More Urban and Medium Industry

Heavy Industry and Coastal Tourism

Port

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

WATER LOOP Reservoir The water in its existing conditions floods the land regularly in the monsoon season, as well as that the land surges with salt water. This part of the scheme looks at the treatment and flood prevention measures using dentritic drainage to reduce the likelihood of flooding.

During Monsoon Season

Rain water

Existing Depressions

Large Quantity (water)

Agriculture is killed and water is contaminated

Small Quantity (water)

Agriculture is fed through existing canals

Sea (contaminated)

During Monsoon Season

Rain water

Existing Depressions (Reservoirs)

Large Quantity (water)

Fresh Water Canals

Existing Depressions (Reservoirs Second)

Small Quantity (water)

Treated Water Canals

Agriculture

24

Treatment Wetlands

Treatment Wetlands

Factories

Treated Water Canals

Treatment Wetlands

Sea (Water Treated)

Mixed Use Development

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

26

DELTA By using minimum manual interventions to trap sediment and interact with nature, the barrier constructions guide the nature to create the infrastructure to protect and land, make the site a safer place to develop and provide opportunities to utilize sea water resources.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

SEA SURGE FLOODING SIMULATION

The coastal areas are suffering from sea surges during the monsoon season every year. It only lasts a month apart from the dry seasons of the rest of the year, but the surges are strong enough to affected a large scale of the lands.

SEA FLOODING DAMAGE

Without more fresh water resource, the only way to make more production is to use the sea water to grow aquaculture or salt crops.

The local people tried to develop the coastal areas, but all failed because of the sea surge every year. All the facilities are destroyed and abandoned.

28

SEDIMENT TRAPPING TECHNOLOGY Marsh Terracing Marsh Terracing, is used in particular parts of the world where there is a flooding problem or to prevent surge from entering into the land. In Louisiana, this technique has been used regularly and tests have been carried out to formulate the most effective shapes and water flow scenarios to take place.

The Terracing technique harvests the existing sediment present in the water and particularly bottom forming sediment to create natural ridge barriers, that in certain forms can reduce the flow of sediment thus allowing the settlement of this sediment forming new marsh land.

In places where there is successful marsh terracing, or harvesting techniques, the new plant life to some extent creates a larger wetland buffer, protecting the land. This technique can increase the wildlife usage in the area and diversifying the space.

In Dholera a problem occurs with surge pushing up into the land, this is causing large amounts of saline water to enter the land. This is causing salination of the land and rendering it not very useful for crops. This land does however act as a green buffer to prevent the surge from reaching the profitable land, in doing so it allows for certain species, such as certain crabs, which can eat the vegetation present, and these can actually help in reducing the pollution in the area. This natural green buffer control, wetland system can be seen as an important part of the ecosystem, but is also using up a large amount of possibly usable land. The use of wetland terracing would reduce the amount of surge entering the land by breaking the surge and raising the land level.

This would also use the large levels of sediment entering the delta, harvesting it, to make a sustainable flood defense. In doing so other techniques that allow surge to penetrate the land can be useful as a part of water treatment system that uses plants to create vegetation and create a more diverse land use.

Louisiana Marsh Terracing

Planting Marshes

Figure 19

Figure 20

Growth Stage 1 Figure 20

Growth Stage 2 Figure 20

Growth Stage 3

Figure 20

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

SIMULATIONS

30

TESTS ON SITE

By implementing barier islands step by step this allows for them to adapt to the change in the water flow and the fluctuations in nature. Also they reflect each other, as adding one more changes the previous adding more sedimentation, this allows for the minimum amount of intervention to take place, with the maximum amount of sedimentation.

barriers sediment growth

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

32

MASTERPLAN

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

EXISTING WATER QUANTITIES Reservoir The existing water quantities and qualities are a big problem for the realization of a masterplan on this site.

The first of the problems being that there is a lack of fresh flowing or collected water in the vicinity. However there is a river to the North East which brings water from a large reservoir away from the site, This is a possibility to help fill and refill the existing depressions on site.

The drawing opposite details the existing depressions, which are currently unconnected, but are in the water flood plain. These have the potential of becoming a reservoir facility for the inhabitants of the masterplan.

The current depth of the depressions is five meters so therefore to maximize the reservoirs holding capacity these will be increased to twenty meters, and through Metal and Metallurgical Products Logistics Agro and Food Processing the large dam and river processing of water these General Manufacturing 0.0028MM^3 IT/ITES depressions would remain filled.

Water Usage By Industry Metal and Metallurgical Products Agro and Food Processing General Manufacturing

Logistics

Metal and Metallurgical Products

0.0028MM^3 IT/ITES

The second main problem is the water pollution, this would be counteracted by the creation of wetland systems, which would treat the water.

General Manufacturing Electronics, High-Tech and Emerging Technologies

Automobile and Auto Ancilliary Industries Heavy Engineering

Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology

Hea

Employees By Industry Metal and Metallurgical Products

IT/ITES

Agro and Food Processing

General Manufacturing

Automobile and Auto Ancilliary Industries

Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology

Heavy Engineering

Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology

710 mm Annual Rainfall

800,000 Inhabitants @ 1 Liter Per Day 800,000 Liters of Water

200,000 Employees @ 9 Liters of Water Per Day 1,800,000 Liters of Water 67,740,959 m^3 of Depressions 149,688256 m^3 Proposed Reservoirs

34

Agro and Food Processing

Automobile and Auto Ancilliary Industries

Electronics, High-Tech and Emerging Technologies

The soil removed the creation of the reservoirs Automobile and Autofrom Ancilliary Industries would serve the masterplan later, when there is need for Electronics, High-Tech and Emerging Technologies topographical features creation.

I

Heavy Engineering

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

EFFICIENCY PATH Canals The purpose of creating an efficiency path is to take the existing square and rectilinear form and make it more efficient for the flow of water.

The existing water canals are taken as the route basis, from which the junctions are taken, through these junctions the shortest path is taken, which minimizes the amount of canals, whilst also giving a branched, more efficient route.

The path then is simplified using angles, as the angles determine the speed and flow of the water. An angle of 60 degrees is given as a maximum, so that the water will flow freely down the route, and all that fall out of this criteria are taken out of the mesh.

Existing Canal Structure

60°

Shortest Route

55°

50°

45°

40°

35°

The mesh is then simplified giving hierarchy’s to the waterways and is given the function of either effluent or fresh canals, and the plot boundaries are now reformed into more diverse and better flowing cells.

Primary Canals

width 3m

depth 6m Secondary Canals

width 1.5m

depth 3m Tertiary Canals

width 0.75m

depth 1.5m Inner Cell Canals

width 0.75m

depth 1.5m

36

Refined Network

Fresh or Effluent Water Division

30°

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

MEXICO Canals The canals present in this small area of mexico are similar to that in the proposed masterplan. The agricultural plots work around the canals and the canals feed into the basin or sea at a point where the surge and backflow of water is controlled.

The main difference is the distance between the canals and this example the canal distance is four times that of the masterplan, but where this factor is important is in the masterplan, the incorporation of urban sprawl, means that the distance needs to be shorter to maximize the contact between areas and reduce other infrastructure.

In the examples below the first is of the existing structure and to the left of that is the structure that would be present if an urban project was undertaken.

Existing Network

38

Proposed Urban Network

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

CANAL WATER MOVEMENT Canals The main canals carry the maximum amount of water collected in the reservoirs through to the development areas of the masterplan, En-route the main canals turn to secondary and eventually to the inner cell canals, which directly feed water to industries and residential areas.

The predominant movement direction of the water is from the West to the east, but in some areas the water moves in a different direction round the twists and turns of the watercourse. At points en-route the water reaches secondary reservoirs which hold the water for later use.

40

Primary canal Network

Secondary canal Network

Inner cell canal Network

Canal Network

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

EXISTING VEGETATION Agriculture The Existing agriculture is a complex mix of wet and dry season crops mixed with naturally forming vegetation and wetlands.

Summer: The crops are those which are grown in the month of March to June.

The sea edge is taken over by mangrove swamps which help to reduce surge from hitting the main land, but problems with recent effluent and chemical infiltration from the delta rivers has reduced its efficiency.

Kharif: The crops that are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops.

Bajari Pennisetum Typhodeum, L

Guar (V) Cymopsis tetragonaloba, Taub

Paddy Oryza sativa, L

Guar (F) Cymopsis tetragonalba, Taub

Sesamum Sesamum orientale

Cowpea Vigna catjang, walp

Castor Ricinus communis

Nagali Eleusine coracene, G

Urid Vigna mungo, L

Paddy Oryza sativa, L

Hy.Cotton Gossypium hirsutum, L

Chilly Capsicum frutescens, L

Moong Vigna Radiate, L

Ground Nut Arachis hypogaea, L

Cotton Gossypium hybaceum, L

Jowar Sorghum vulgare, Pers

Sesamum Sesamum Orientale

Math Phaseolus ascantifolius, Facq

Soyabean Glycine hispida, Merr

Maize Zea mays, L

Urid Vigna mungo, L

Bajri Pennisetum typhoideum, L

Arhar Cajanus cajan, Millsp

Moong (Kharif)

Ground Nut Arachis hypogaea,L

Ground Nut (Kernel)

Ladis Finger Hibiscus esculentus, Moench

42

Rabi: The crops that are sown in the winter season are called Rabi crops.

Maize Ziea mays,L

Lucerne Hedicago sativa

Cumin Cuminum cyminmum,L

Coriander Coriandrum sativum, L

Wheat Triticum vulgare, Vill

Fenugreek Trigonella Foenumgrascum, L

Gram Cicer arientinum

Onion Alium cepa, L

Mustard Brassica juncea, L

Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill

Fennel Foeniculum Vulgare, Miller

Potato Solanum tubersum

Isabgol Pilantiago ovata, Fors

Oat Avena sativa

Fennel Foeniculum vulgare, Miller

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

PROPOSED AGRICULTURE Agriculture The land and the masterplan will be infiltrated with agriculture, this helps for the production of food within the boundaries of the city and helps to regulate the built to land value. The formation of the agriculture is along the effluent canals so as to give the maximum value areas of the fresh canal vicinity to the urban development.

44

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

Urban Massing Massing The Urban massing forms where there is a large concentration of water. The metaball drawing shows where the main area of density would fall, round the main canals, existing agricultural plots and the secondary reservoirs. This guides the development of the masterplan.

The drawings below and opposite show the density of urban sprawl to open space based around the water content, these follow the main water spines out from the main reservoirs to the estuary.

49% of the built up areas are building, where 51% is taken up of open spaces, such as gardens, parks, markets and other outdoor activities and amenities.

Metaball

Urbanized area

46

Open Space

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

Phasing Urban The masterplan is phased to allow for the necessary development in each area. It is also important that the build able ecological wetlands are set up early to prevent the land from surging, thus allowing for phase four to be realized.

48

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

AXO

Built Form

Infrastructure

Existing Base

50

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

EXISTING WATER QUANTITIES Reservoir This image is a development strip detailing the density of urban development and the overall connection between the sea and the barrier islands and the factory areas and then the urban sprawl of the metropolitan areas of the city.

2

urge and Water Scarcity urge and Water Scarcity

urge and Water Scarcity

1

urge and Water Scarcity Barrier Islands urge and Barrier Water Scarcity Islands

Barrier Islands urge and Water Scarcity

Islands urge and Barrier Water Scarcity calised Water Collection Barrier Islands calised Water Collection rge and Water Scarcity

2

calised Collection rge andWater Water Scarcity Barrier Islands

5

calised Water Collection Barrier Islands Canals for Drainage calised Water Canals forCollection Drainage Barrier Islands

3

Canals for Drainage Barrier Islands calised Water Collection

Canals forCollection Drainage calised Water ulture on Barrier Islands Canals for Drainage ulture on Barrier Islands alised Water Collection

ultureWater on Barrier Islands alised Collection Canals for Drainage

4

ulture on Barrier Islands Canals for Drainage Urban and Light Industry ultureand on Barrier Islands Urban Light Industry Canals for Drainage

Urban and for Light Industry Canals Drainage ulture on Barrier Islands

Urban Light Industry ultureand on Barrier Islands an and Medium Industry Urban Light Industry an andand Medium ture on Barrier Islands

5

an and Medium Industry ture on Barrier Urban and Light Islands Industry

an andand Medium Industry Urban Light Industry try and Coastal Tourism an tryand andMedium Coastal Industry Tourism ban and Light Industry

6

try and Coastal Tourism ban and Light Industry an and Medium Industry

tryand andMedium Coastal Industry Tourism an Port try and Coastal Tourism Port and Medium Industry

Port and Medium try and CoastalIndustry Tourism

Port try and Coastal Tourism

7

8

Port y and Coastal Tourism

y and Coastal Tourism Port Port Port Port

52

9

6

7

1, 4, 8,9

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

54

URBAN PROTOTYPE

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

URBAN PROTOTYPE Urban The urban prototype is based on passive cooling techniques, and typology studies based around the existing and long stretching back techniques used in ahmedabad. Squares and cantilevering buildings help cool public spaces as well as acting as a public realm that both creates community and serves as housing open space.

SOLAR STUDY Urban The urban type of Ahmedabads Pols means that the area is cooled whilst maximizing open space on the ground.

This allows for a good urban connection, and when compared to the block form the cooling to open space is at a much better ratio.

Simple Block Building

Cantilevering Block Building

Figure 11

Maximum house floor space

Simple Block Buildings

Buildings cantilever

Maximum cooled open space

56

Cantilevering Block Buildings

Figure 12 LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

URBAN PROTOTYPE Research This study by Almudena Cano Pi単eiro at the Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid, looks at the city of Ahmedabad and how the new and old are having to merge to become one. The premise to incorporate existing culture in the changing environment of the city, using simple techniques of building to create similar spaces to that of the existing Ahmedabad. This study details the cantilevering buildings and the social activities found, these all have the use in the masterplan of this thesis.

Figure 13

Urban Situations: identification of five case studies

1

2

3

4

1 New Building Blocks

2 Covers

4 Vacant Lots

5 Pol Entrance

5

3 Community Playgrounds

Figure 14

58

Prepare the Food

Parking

Storage

Wash the Dishes

Dry the Clothes in the sun

Gathering

Celebrations & Festivals

Playing

Religious Activities

Wash

Street Vending

Sleeping

Animals

Farming

Lighting

Figure 15

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

60

DELTA MASTERPLAN

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

ISLANDS GROWTH STAGES

layer 1

layer 2

layer 3

layer 4

layer 5

62

The early stage of an island growth would only be constructing the barriers and trapping the sediment.

When sediment formed an area of mudflat, it can be enclosed by sub barriers for floodable oyster farming. The mangrove plantation helps to consolidate the sediment.

When more lands are available, more stable aquaculture farm can be constructed. By moving the unnecessary sediment in the waterways to the oyster farm, the land is heightened to a safer level for production.

After more consolidation and shrimp farms construction, the integrated aquaculture system can be introduced to make it more efficient, more sustainable and make more products.

With the growth of other islands, they would attract visitors. The development of tourism could emerge.

surge level high tide level new sediment

surge level high tide level oyster farm

mangrove plantation

shrimp farm

mangrove plantation

surge level high tide level

surge level high tide level integrated farm

mangrove plantation

surge level high tide level tourist development

mangrove plantation

new sediment

oyster farm

mangrove plantation

shrimp farm

mangrove plantation

oyster farm

mangrove plantation

new sediment

mangrove plantation

shrimp farm

mangrove plantation

oyster farm

tourist development

new sediment

new sediment

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

ISLANDS GROWTH STAGES

layer 1

layer 2

layer 3

The potentials of those islands are not only for sea surge prevention, but also for using the resource from the sea.

That is to use sea water to develop aquaculture. The process of the development could be gradually from low-cost and simple productions to integrated system.

sediment &marshes

layer 1

oyster

sediment & marshes

layer 2

Oyster farms take over sediment and marshes.

layer 1

oyster shrimp

Shrimp farms take over oyster farms.

64

layer 3

sediment & marshes Oyster farms shift to the next layer.

layer 2

layer 1

layer 1

layer 2

layer 3

layer 4

When more islands are developed, there would be opportunities for visitors to tour these islands, and the tourism activities would emerge.

restaurant

seafood & market seafood market

buildings development according to the frequency of the usage of the structure

gradient of the frequency of the usage of the structure

simulation of the movements of tourists according to attraction points oyster layer 4 algae & mangroves &

shrimp

sediment & marshes

layer 3

fish

layer 2 &

shrimp

layer 1

Integrated system is added to layer 1.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

layer 1

layer 2

layer 3

layer 4

cafe

restaurant

&

&

&

As the growth of the island, the demands to use the structure would increase according to new attracting points like new piers, so buildings would be upgraded and new programs would come.

Red programs suggest that the demands of the usage increase when the new trends of tourists overlapped the old ones, so that the buildings along those paths should be upgraded.

seafood market

gradient of the frequency of the usage of the structure

simulation of the movements of tourists according to attraction points oyster layer 4 & algae &

& layer 3

mangroves &

&

layer 2

fish & shrimp

66

layer 1

layer 1

layer 2

layer 3

hostel

&

layer 4

When the whole island has been constructed, some of the old buildings are not frequently used anymore, so they would chage into other functions for local worker and farmers to use.

retails

workshop

& cafe

& restaurant

&

&

&

&

&

Yellow programs suggest that the local people take over the old buildings which are not frequently used by tourists and change them into their houses and workshops.

seafood market Programs for local people to use take over the old, less visited buildings.

gradient of the frequency of the usage of the structure

simulation of the movements of tourists according to attraction points & layer 4 &

&

&

&

algae &

layer 3

mangroves &

&

layer 2

fish &

layer 1

shrimp

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

The weather in this region is usually very hot every year.

Indian people create narrow streets and small courtyards to reduce the heat around buildings.

In the diagrams below the Red programs suggest that the demand of the usage increase when the new trends of tourists overlaped the old ones, so that the buildings along those paths should be upgraded.

hostel fishing restaurant seafood market

68

Yellow programs suggest that the local people take over the old buildings which are not frequently used by tourists and change them into their houses and workshops.

Bridging the upper floors helps to create more shade in the courtyard and frames it more so it becomes a more intimate space.

retail cafe pier

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

WHOLE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

berms contours canals waterways

70

tourists movements canals waterways

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

usage frequency canals waterways

72

For further development of those islands, they could be grouped into different communities.

Some of them are mainly for aquaculture, some are for tourism, some are for goods delivering, some are for local settlements, some are preserved as marshlands. The potentials of this proposal is about diversity and land uses shifting through time.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

74

SMALL MASTERPLAN

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

SMALL MASTERPLAN

76

AGRICULTURE PHASING Agriculture The Agriculture in the masterplan begins as a mat that covers the whole site. This is derived from the existing agriculture and the created waterways. The agriculture acts as a source of food as well as increasing the value of the land. The connection to the agriculture is at the end of the built forms, where the major effluent canals run. The water that runs into the agriculture is treated from either the urban developments or the industrial developments.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

WETLANDS Treatment Wetlands are areas of specific plant material, that help to treat effluent water and hold a biodiverse mix of plants and animals. These wetlands can have many forms but the important type in this study is the treatment wetlands. These have only a few types, first of which is the horizontal flow and the second is the vertical flow.

78

TOPOGRAPHICAL ADDITIONS Topo The land is a very much flat area, even when the good system of water networks interlaced with wetlands, the problem of flooding is still a big one, therefore the buildings and open spaces are raised up on topographical features. These features use the soil left over from digging the canals as well as the reservoirs.

In raising the buildings the opportunity of creating passive cooling using the breeze and the shadows to cool the public areas in the direct vicinity to the buildings, thus forming the buildings around these features.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

BUILT LANDSCAPE Urban The development of the buildings comes from their vicinity to the major amenities, when the built form reaches close to the main canals the building will have more density, which is evident in its height. This helps with the merging of the agricultural land to the built areas, as the building will gently flow up from the agricultural plots up to the maximum height of the canal.

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BUILDING FORMING Urban This image details how the building forms around the topographical features of the cell, with the addition of a path network that feeds through the topographical landscape, this is then, in certain spaces covered to minimize the solar radiation whilst also creating the maximum amount of build able land and maximizing the urban population.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

AXO Built Form

Ground Form

Infrastructure and agriculture Form

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LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

PHASING Phase 1 starts with the creation of canals and the main road and infrastructure.

Phase 1 Roads Paths Canals Buildings Wetlands Agriculture

0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 100% Phase 1 - 125,000m^2 or 0 people

Phase 2 moves into the built landscape, forming the topography and the buildings, as well as creating new connections around the major connections set up in phase 1.

Phase 2 Roads Paths Canals Buildings Wetlands Agriculture

100% 30% 0% 56% 30% 30% Phase 2 - 70,000m^2 or 1,400 people

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Phase 3 looks at rigidifying the overall structure adding areas of development around secondary canals and away from main roads.

Phase 3 Roads Paths Canals Buildings Wetlands Agriculture

0% 50% 0% 36% 50% 50% Phase 3 - 45,000m^2 or 900 people.

Phase 4 adds the lowest value areas where there is little amenities creating the final makeup for this area of the city.

Phase 4 Roads Paths Canals Buildings Wetlands Agriculture

0% 20% 0% 8% 20% 20%

Total area - 125,000m^2 or 2,500 people.

Phase 4 - 10,000m^2 or 200 people

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

URBAN USES

Agriculture ---- 145,000m^2 Housing ------- 90,000m^2 Recreation ---- 60,000m^2 Office --------- 55,000m^2 Total area - 405,000m^2 or 2,500 People 22% of the land use is Housing Total Masterplan - 750,000 people

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Mixed use is all at the end

Mixed use is all In the center

Mixed use is all pushed out

Open space is added

Mixed use is all aligned at the end

Mixed use is all aligned at the end

LAND VALUE Urban The land value is an important factor to take into account when planning a city, the values for different aspects are very important. In this case the land values most important in taking consideration are the vicinity to the infrastructure, namely the main feed canals, and the roads. This is important as the built forms feed water from the main canals and rely on the roads for transportation. The least important is the agricultural value as it looks at giving the highest value near to effluent canals.

Main canal value

Note. The highest value is represented as the smaller circles, where the large circles are the lowest value

All canal value

Road value

Path and Road value

Agriculture value

Overall Value

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

LANDSCAPE CONNECTION Urban In this render the landscape and the connection to the land is evident, as well as its movement flows.

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SECTION AND WORKINGS Urban The section and smaller section detail how the connection between the floor plain and the topography works. The floor level is raised by one step above the topography to allow for easy access and gives good connection to the open space. The buildings also have good connections to the topography and work over and around them to maximize areas of cooling.

Open Space shaded by the building

Floor plains connect to open space with a 30cm step

Floor-plan spans the gap to connect the buildings over the canal Path

Topo flows under building

Path leads under to next cell

Building connects to the canal

The topo steps down to meet the canal, with a wetland in-between

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

URBAN TYPOLOGY

The Typology can be seen in this image above, where the cantilevering of the building acts as a passive cooling technique. This allows for the flow of air through the cavernous like structure as well as acting as a shading for this area. These cantilevers are careful put in place where the maximum amount of cooling is needed, where the main flow of people move and where there is the possibility of human interactions in the plazas.

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SOLAR STUDIES

Normal

1m East

Normal

1m West

Normal

Before the cantilevers

2m East

2m West

3m West

3m East

3m West

3m East

With the cantilevers

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

LANDSCAPE-URBAN

In these renders the detail of the ground and the connection to the road and canals is emphasized, where the building dramatically angles from multiple floors down to the ground in a matter of a few buildings.

The connection to the agriculture is at its most obvious when the building reaches the topography and becomes no longer a building, but becomes a canopy area that follows the slope of the buildings, and fully harnesses the idea of cooling the open spaces.

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ROOF CONNECTION SECTION

This section detail looks at the area detailed opposite, showing how the cut through of the land reveals its connection to the agriculture and to the built structure, and how it all acts as an element of the landscape.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

RENDER

In this render the built form becomes much more compact than any other area, this allows for the cooling to take place very efficiently. Also the connection to the agriculture can be observed on the left top.

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RENDER SECTION

This section details how the smaller area works and how the need for the building to cantilever is not as important.

This is due to the area being a tightly packed form where the landscape and the building slightly juxtapose each other in a way that still creates a harmony between their important components.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIALIZING SPACES Urban The areas have been split into two for the differentiation between socializing in the public realm or areas of private gardens or courtyards.

The areas will fulfill the following; prepare food, wash the dishes, dry the clothes in the sun, wash, street vending, gathering, Playing, sleeping, farming, storage, celebrations and festivals, religious activities, animals.

Closed Areas Public Areas

Public Right of Way Private Paths

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Process Food Preparation Dish Washing Drying Clothes Wash Street Vendor Gathering Play Sleep Storage Celebration/Festivals Religious Activity

Sunlight/Solar Low Low V.High Med Low/Med Low Low/Med Low Low/Med Med/High Med/High

Water Vicinity Med High Low V. High Low Low Low Low Low Med Med/High

Size of Open Space Low Low Med Med Low High V.High Low/Med Med/High High High

Road Vicinity NA NA NA NA High Med NA NA High NA NA

Field Vicinity NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

WATERWAY HIERARCHYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Water The drawing shows the waterways present in the masterplan. It details the differentiation in size and therefore the amount of water movement through the cell, This is important as a maximum amounts of water means for maximum amounts of urban development.

Main Fresh Canals Main Effluent Canals 2nd Fresh Canal 2nd Effluent Canal 3rd Fresh Canal 3rd Effluent Canal Inner Fresh Canal Inner Effluent canal

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LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

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TECHNICAL REPORT (INLAND)

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

WATERWAY HIERARCHYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Water The drawing shows the waterways present in the masterplan. It details the differentiation in size and therefore the amount of water movement through the cell, This is important as a maximum amounts of water means for maximum amounts of urban development.

Main Fresh Canals Main Effluent Canals 2nd Fresh Canal 2nd Effluent Canal 3rd Fresh Canal 3rd Effluent Canal Inner Fresh Canal Inner Effluent canal

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WATERWAY DIRECTION Water The flow of water always moves away from the main fresh canals towards the main effluent canals, on this journey the water moves through the hierarchyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s of water systems and feeds the urban sprawl, factories and the agriculture.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

TREATMENT WETLANDS Treatment Wetlands are areas of specific plant material, that help to treat effluent water and hold a biodiverse mix of plants and animals. These wetlands can have many forms but the important type in this study is the treatment wetlands. These have only a few types, first of which is the horizontal flow and the second is the vertical flow.

TREATMENT WETLANDS DETAILED Treatment -The shallow water depth, low flow velocity, and presence of the plant stalks and litter regulate water flow, especially in long, narrow channels, ensure plug flow conditions.

-The major removal mechanisms are sedimentation, aggregate and surface adhesion.

-The heaviest particles will predominantly settle out in the inlet open water zone, while slightly smaller, lighter particles may only settle out after flowing into wetland vegetation.

-Wetland vegetation promotes this enriched sediment by reducing water column mixing and re-suspension of particles from the sediment.

-Attached and suspended microbial(algae) growth is responsible for removal of soluble organic compounds which are digested aerobically as well as anaerobically.

-Oxygen is supplied to the wetland water column by diffusion through the air-water interface and via the photosynthetic activity of plants in the water column, namely Periphyton and Benthic algae.

-Periphyton- a complex mixture of algae, Cyanobacteria, Heterotropic microbes and detritus.

-Benthic Algae- Algae that is not attached and is normally found in sandy bottomed water.

-Nitrogen is mostly effectively removed in constructed wetlands by nitrification/denitrification. They use aerated zones near the water surface because of atmospheric diffusion, and anoxic and aerobic zones in and around the sediments.

-Ammonia is oxidised by nitrifying bacteria in aerobic zones.

The horizontal flow wetland uses the flow of water to help disperse the particles and clean the water, over the substrate layers. This is the type chosen for this project as it requires no pipes and uses natural water flows to treat the water.

The Vertical flow Wetland is where the effluent water is pumped onto the wetland surface and then sinks and through the particle base treats the water where it exits via pipes.

The plant types used vary around the world, but always consist of reed materials that have the effect of through their algae film layer trap the effluents, where they can be absorbed into the root membranes of the reeds and are then cleaned using the plants.

The plants alone cannot clean the water and multiple processes of filtration must take place to ensure that the plants are not bombarded with chemicals or high levels of effluents that would kill them. Therefore the solid screening and sand filtration takes place to reduce the high levels of nitrogen, fertilizers and other harmful elements.

Figure 16

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Figure 17

EFFLUENTS

Figure 18 Recent research has shown that the use of urine can be a beneficial as a fertiliser along with Feces to help feed crops. In the future when there is little fertilizers, which are bad for the environment as well, the abundance of human excrement can be used. And with the rapid urbanization of the world, there is increasing amounts, Also in a country which has over a billion inhabitants and many of these are poor, the free fertilizers is a key aspect to their continuation of agricultural processes.

The next key factor is that there is no need to transport the effluent, like with fertilizers and this can be used in the agricultural plots.

Of course this is not a key factor, and would only take place in this masterplan if there was a failure in the wetlands.

The diagram below shows the horizontal flow constructed wetland as detailed opposite, with its many layered processes. These processes can be shortened to allow for a process that can be used on a smaller area, but this is less efficient, this case the most efficient is the full process and there is space to accommodate the process in full over most of the effluent canals, treating them to a reasonable level, but a level that cannot be entered back into the drinking water cycle, but can be entered back into the factory and agricultural cycle.

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

TREATMENT WETLANDS PLANTS Treatment The specialized plants that make up the wetlands are detailed on this page.

Villisneria Americana (Eel Grass) Potomogeton Pectinatus Elodea Canadensis (Common Waterweed) Myriophyllum Spicatum (European Watermilfoil) World

Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranae (Frogâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bit)

Sagittaria Latifolia (Arrowhead)

Floating unattached

Scirpus SPP. (Bulrush) Floating attached North America

Types

Submerged

Typha SPP. (Cattail) Scirpus (Schoenoplectus) Lacustris

Emergent

Europe

Phragmites Australis (Common Reed)

Australia & New Zealand

Macrophytes

Scirpus Tubernaemontani (Scirpus Validus, Soft-stem Bulrush) Bolboschoenus (Scirpus) Fluviatilis (Marsh Clubrush)

Areal

-Eleochoenus Sphacelata (Tall Spikerush)

Floating Leaf types

Submerged Heterophylly

Phragmites Australis

Sagittaria Latifolia

Typha SPP.

Bolboschoenus Fluviatilis

Scirpus SPP.

Eleochoenus Spahacelata

Scirpus Tubernaemontani

Elodea Canadensis

Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranae

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Potomogeton Pectinatus

Myriophyllum Spicatum

Villisneria Americana

WATER LOOP Treatment These water loops detail the existing and problematic process, when there is a large surge of water, this causes contaminated water to leak onto the land. But with the incorporation of new canals and wetlands the untreated water becomes treated and is looped back into the water system, as can be seen in the gray box.

The main factors being to reduce flooding whilst also creating a city that only disperses treated water into the sea.

During Monsoon Season

Rain water

Existing Depressions

Large Quantity (water)

Agriculture is killed and water is contaminated

Small Quantity (water)

Agriculture is fed through existing canals

Sea (contaminated)

During Monsoon Season

Rain water

Existing Depressions (Reservoirs)

Large Quantity (water)

Existing Depressions (Reservoirs Second)

Fresh Water Canals

Small Quantity (water)

Treated Water Canals

Agriculture

Treatment Wetlands

Treatment Wetlands

Factories

Treated Water Canals

Treatment Wetlands

Mixed Use Development

Sea (Water Treated)

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

DETAIL WATER LOOP

Fresh Canals Effluent Canals Primary Treatment Wetland Secondary Treatment Wetland Tertiary Treatment Wetland

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DETAIL WATER LOOP Treatment The water loop is show below, in this the main process of the water cycle is detailed as the water moving from residences to factories and then to agriculture, culminating in the sea as treated water, enroute the water is treated.

Rainfall Runoff

Rainfall Runoff

Building

Water From Reservoir via Canal

Factory

Effluent Exits from Building into Effluent Canal

Treatment Wetland

Treatment Wetland Treated Water

Agriculture

Treated Water

Treated Water

Sea

In this process the water loop is slightly different, where the water from both residential and light industry enter the same canal and are treated together and then the processed water is used in the agriculture. This bypasses one of the treatment facilities.

Treatment 1 Treatment 2

Treatment 3 Agriculture

Water Exits Towards sea

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

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TECHNICAL REPORT (DELTA)

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

SEDIMENT TRAPPING TECHNOLOGY Marsh Terracing Marsh Terracing, is used in particular parts of the world where there is a flooding problem or to prevent surge from entering into the land. In Louisiana, this technique has been used regularly and tests have been carried out to formulate the most effective shapes and water flow scenarios to take place.

The Terracing technique harvests the existing sediment present in the water and particularly bottom forming sediment to create natural ridge barriers, that in certain forms can reduce the flow of sediment thus allowing the settlement of this sediment forming new marsh land.

In places where there is successful marsh terracing, or harvesting techniques, the new plant life to some extent creates a larger wetland buffer, protecting the land. This technique can increase the wildlife usage in the area and diversifying the space.

In Dholera a problem occurs with surge pushing up into the land, this is causing large amounts of saline water to enter the land. This is causing salination of the land and rendering it not very useful for crops. This land does however act as a green buffer to prevent the surge from reaching the profitable land, in doing so it allows for certain species, such as certain crabs, which can eat the vegetation present, and these can actually help in reducing the pollution in the area. This natural green buffer control, wetland system can be seen as an important part of the ecosystem, but is also using up a large amount of possibly usable land. The use of wetland terracing would reduce the amount of surge entering the land by breaking the surge and raising the land level.

This would also use the large levels of sediment entering the delta, harvesting it, to make a sustainable flood defense. In doing so other techniques that allow surge to penetrate the land can be useful as a part of water treatment system that uses plants to create vegetation and create a more diverse land use.

Louisiana Marsh Terracing

Planting Marshes

Figure 19

Figure 20

Growth Stage 1 Figure 20

Growth Stage 2 Figure 20

Growth Stage 3

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Figure 20

Instead of putting barriers in one goal, I try to use minimum constructions to guide the sediment to generate larger barriers with the process of nature itself. But as the sediment keeps growing northward, it may be too long for a barrier and may block or distort the water ways too much.

So by putting another barrier ahead to guide the water to wash faster in some area, a flexible pattern of keeping the balance emerges.

Every step of putting a group of barriers adapt to previous ones. This process of interaction with nature gives highly flexibility through time. The whole pattern can be changed in any time to fit in the ever changing environment. With the minimum human intervention, the nature will finish the rest of the work, generate a variety of barrier islands and water ways.

Figure 21

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

SEA WATER FARMING â&#x20AC;&#x153;Under the auspices of the Sustainable Biofuels Research Consortium (SBRC) the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, the Boeing Company, Etihad Airways, UOP (a Honeywell Company), SAFRAN and the Government of Abu Dhabi are embarking on a five year project to investigate a novel integrated agriculture aquaculture system for producing biofuels and electricity as well as fish and shrimp on marginal desert land using seawater in Abu Dhabi.

Preliminary studies show that the project would be provide a net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions when compared to fossil fuel processes.

By recycling the water among the project components, nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus will be removed by the fish and plants, thus the water quality of the project effluent should be high, and should not degrade the water quality of the receiving water body (the Arabian Gulf).

Figure 22

The project will be sited on marginal lands, with high soil salinity that could not otherwise be used for conventional agriculture. Therefore, this project will not salinize high quality agricultural soils that could be irrigated with freshwater to produce conventional grains or vegetables.

The creation of a mangrove wetland should aid local fisheries by providing additionalâ&#x20AC;?

New Nile Co, 2012

Figure 23

Figure 24

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“In a generic ISAS™ operation, seawater is pumped from the sea via canals (and ultimately new seawater rivers), flowing through an aquaculture system in which fish and other seafood are produced using quality assured and monitored procedures. The seawater effluent from this operation is high in nutrients and is used to irrigate and fertilize mangrove forests and meadows of salicornia, a valuable oil seed and straw crop. The salicornia is harvested as an annual crop and oil pressed from its seed. The oil is transformed into liquid fuels, while the seed meal becomes feed for the aquaculture crops and other animals. The straw may be used for fiberboard, ruminant feed, liquid biofuel or as a solid biofuel for

power generation or cement production. The mangrove trees clean and stabilize the marine / terrestrial interface, restore critical habitat, provide long term carbon sequestration and contribute to animal feeds and solid biofuels. This nutrient-flow system also can provide revenue generating co-products such as sea-cucumbers, bi-valves, macro-algae, artemia and salt. “ New Nile Co, 2012

Figure 25

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE

REFERENCES New Nile Co, 2012. ISAS in detail. [Online] Available at:< http://www.newnileco.com/en/understanding-isas/ isas-in-detail.html> [Acessed 10 September 2013]

ahmedabad> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Images

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Figure 1: [image online] Available at: <https://maps. google.co.uk/> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 2: [image online] Available at: <http://dholerasir. com> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 3: [image online] Available at: <http://dholerasir. com> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 16: [image online] Available at: < http://iati-test. akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Vertical_Flow_Constructed_ Wetland> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 4: [image online] Available at: <http://dholerasir. com> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 17: [image online] Available at: <http://www. sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewatertreatment/hardware/semi-centralised-wastewatertreatments/f> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 5: [image online] Available at: <http://dholerasir. com> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 18: McGuinnss, R., 2013. Coming to a Fan (or Field) near you soon. The Metro, 24 July. p.12

Figure 6: [image online] Available at: <http://www. kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/mainpage.htm> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 19: [image online] Available at: <https://maps. google.co.uk/> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 7: [image online] Available at: <http://www. kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/mainpage.htm> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 8: Parmae, V., 2013. Water Starved crocodiles crowd junagdh. The Times of india, 8 Jan. p.5 Figure 9: Nawn, N., 2013. Weighing in on Water. The Indian Express, 8 Jan. p.8 Figure 10: [image online] Available at: <https://maps. google.co.uk/> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 11: [image online] Available at: <https://maps. google.co.uk/> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 12: [image online] Available at: <https://maps. google.co.uk/> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 13: [image online] Available at: < http:// hicarquitectura.com/2012/05/almudena-canoestrategias-de-regeneracion-del-espacio-publico-

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Figure 14: [image online] Available at: < http:// hicarquitectura.com/2012/05/almudena-canoestrategias-de-regeneracion-del-espacio-publicoahmedabad> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

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Figure 21: [image online] Available at: <https://maps. google.co.uk/> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 22: [image online] Available at: <http://www. masdar.ac.ae> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 23: [image online] Available at: <http:// islandbreath.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/sea-waterfarming.html> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 24: [image online] Available at: <http:// newenergyandfuel.com/http:/newenergyandfuel/ com/2010/01/20/seawaterfed-bio-jet-fuel-researchunderway> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

Figure 25: [image online] Available at: <http://www. newnileco.com/en/understanding-isas/isas-in-detail. html> [Accessed 10 September 2013].

LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE