Aware_GK_Grade_8

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About This Book Aware empowers learners with general knowledge, awareness of global developments, functional competencies and the 21st-century skills essential for life today. The book covers learning across eight key themes:

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Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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About Uolo Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-based learning programs. We believe pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 10,000 schools across India, South East Asia, and the Middle East.

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General Knowledge Textbook

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21st Century Skills

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AWARE Navigate the Rapidly Changing World

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Fo re wo rd

In the dynamic and ever-changing world of the 21st century, knowledge is a beacon that guides us through the myriad challenges and opportunities that come our way. In this age of information, possessing a keen sense of general knowledge and awareness has become more critical than ever before. This awareness becomes a compass that helps us navigate through the complexities of our modern existence, allowing us to make informed decisions, think critically, and appreciate the world’s diversity.

On that note, we are delighted to present to you this comprehensive and engaging General Knowledge book, designed specifically for learners in grades 1 to 8. This book, which spans eight thoughtfully curated themes, will serve as your constant companion in your quest for knowledge and awareness.

The world is evolving at an unprecedented pace, and it’s crucial that young minds are well-informed about the happenings around them. Topics in The Year Gone By theme offer insights into the significant events and milestones of the current year.

In Science and Technology, learners explore groundbreaking innovations and discoveries that are actively defining and shaping our future.

In Earth and Environment, learners explore topics related to sustainability and environmental conservation.

Recognising the delicate balance in our planet’s ecosystem and the paramount importance of preserving it are vital 21st-century skills.

In International Affairs, learners explore landmark global events of the past and the present, and developments across the world.

The theme Incredible India will help learners to explore the rich tapestry of our nation’s history, culture and heritage.

In Sports, Entertainment and Culture, we explore human creativity and athleticism that transcend borders.

Life Skills and Financial Literacy provide learners with valuable practical skills essential for navigating through their lives with confidence and competence.

This book is crafted to offer informative and enjoyable learning experiences; incorporating clear explanations, visuals, and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

QR codes in each topic facilitate digital learning, ensuring compatibility with smart classrooms. The digital resources include topic-specific videos for classroom playback and at-home viewing, enhancing the learning environment with engaging audio-visual experiences.

Welcome to the world of General Knowledge! We wish everything of the best to all the teachers and learners!

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K ey El emen t s o f a To pi c — a Q u i c k G lanc e

Topic Number

Topic Title

QR Code

Social Media

3

Explore More

Social media platforms are digital platforms where we can create, share and interact with online content. These platforms are reshaping modern communication.

Facebook is a social networking platform that operates under Meta, a technology company earlier known as Facebook Inc. It was launched on 4 February, 2004 as The Facebook, which was later changed to Facebook in August 2005. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his team and now operates under Meta Inc. Facebook allows users to create profiles, and connect with friends and family. The first photo to be uploaded on the platform was that of Al Pacino, an American actor. As of 2023, it has around 2 billion users.

YouTube is a popular online video platform that allows its users to upload, view and share videos.

It was originally launched as a website in February 2005.

In October 2006, Google purchased YouTube.

As of September 2023, YouTube has more than 2.7 billion active users. However, its access is blocked in China, Iran, North Korea, South Sudan and Turkmenistan.

LinkedIn is a platform for professional networking. People use LinkedIn to find the right job, connect and strengthen professional relationships, and learn the skills they need to succeed in their career. It was officially launched on 5 May, 2003, by Reid Hoffman, an American entrepreneur.

As of 2023, the platform has more than 950 million members in more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. In 2023, #India was the most followed hashtag with 6.7 Cr followers.

WhatsApp, is an instant messaging platform owned by Meta Inc launched on November, 2009. It allows users to share texts, voice messages, images, documents and locations. We can also make voice and video calls, one-on-one or with a group of contacts.

As of 2023, WhatsApp has more than 2 billion active users worldwide. It is ranked as the most used mobile messenger application in the world.

Explore More QR Code

Science and Technology

Scan this QR code to learn about the social media trends from 2005 to 2023. Also, learn about the Meta company that owns and operates multiple social media platforms.

Instagram is a popular photo and video-sharing platform launched on October 2010. It allows users to interact with content by liking, commenting, sending private messages and sharing common interests with the #tag feature.

Let’s Practise ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

As of January 2023, India had around 22.9 crore Instagram users, the world’s largest Instagram audience. Pizza is the most shared food on the platform.

The most popular hashtag is #love, with 210 Cr posts.

Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed person on Instagram, as of September 2023.

X (formerly called Twitter) was launched on July 2006. It is a platform for sharing short messages called tweets. These tweets (now called posts) can contain text, images, videos, links, and more with a maximum length of 280 characters. As of October 2023, the average number of posts worldwide is 3.5 lakhs per minute.

1 Write the year in which these social media applications were launched? a YouTube

b Instagram

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LinkedIn

d Facebook

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Snapchat

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g X

WhatsApp

h Telegram

2 Read the feature, guess the application that it belongs to, and write its name. a It was the first platform co-founded by the CEO of Meta Inc. b Pizza is the most shared photo on this platform. c

Google purchased this video/making/sharing platform in October 2006.

d #India is the most followed hashtag on it, as of 2023.

In July 2023, the famous blue Larry the Bird logo of Twitter was changed to a new ‘X’ logo.

e

Its logo is a white ghost.

f

It changed its logo from a bird to ‘X’.

On Snapchat, content is not permanently stored. Once viewed, it disappears and cannot be recovered. It was first released on July 2011 by Snap Inc., formerly known as Snapchat Inc. Its logo is a white ghost called Ghostface Chillah.

g This application has gained popularity as an alternative to WhatsApp. h As of 2023, Cristiano Ronaldo was the most followed person on it. i

A photo of Al Pacino, an American actor, was the first picture to be uploaded

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#love, is the most popular hashtag on it, as of 2023.

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As of October 2023, the longest streak on it was of 2,390 days.

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This application is primarily used for professional networking

on this platform.

A Snapchat streak shows how many days in a row you have exchanged snaps with a particular friend. As of October 2023, the longest streak was of 2,390 days.

Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging application. It is known for its focus on privacy and security features.

Launched on August 2013, this platform has gained popularity as an alternative to WhatsApp.

and career-related activities. m It allows users to share short messages called posts. n It is banned in many countries including China and Iran.

As of 2023, this platform has more than 550 million monthly active users. With 70.48 million downloads, India is the country with the most Telegram downloads.

Topic 3 • Social Media

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Themes 11

The Year Gone Discoveries andByInventions

Explore More A discovery is finding something that already exists for the first time. An invention is creating something new with a new idea. Let’s read about some recent discoveries and inventions around the world.

Scan this QR code to find out more about Khelo India Youth Games 2023 and watch its opening ceremony. Also, find out all events in Athletics.

Earth and Environment Exoplanets Webb Telescope Wonders of the James World 22 The Discovery7of New In 2015, The National In December 2021, Let’s Practice

Aeronautics and Space NASA launched events took place in 2023.

1 Name the place where the given Administration (NASA) the James Webb Explore Morethe New 7 Wonders all. They are home to a large On 7-07-2007, Foundation (an official partner of the UN now) declared the new 7 wonders of the confirmed the discovery of Telescope (JWST) Australia from 8 to 29 a ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup: world. These wonders are chosen by the votesplanet of more than 10 crore people across the world. a near-Earth-sized to conduct space nis title for a record tenth Scan this QR code to explore more about the amazing animals of the named Kepler-22b that research. JWST Special Olympic World Games: b tropical rainforests. exists beyond our solar and Space Launch Toucans are found The Taj Mahal The Colosseum c Asian Athletics Championship: system and is therefore, System (SLS) in the rainforests of Incredible India Agra, India Rome, of Italy an exoplanet. By August 2023, NASA scientists have rocket NASA America. They do not fly India Youth Games: d Khelo Let’s Practice

declared the discovery over 5,500 were named TIME Inventions of theItYear It isexoplanets. made of white much but spend most is the2022. largest ary, marble and is located of their time living high amphitheatre ever e inFIFA World Cup: number. theWomen’s box with the correct 1 Fill on the banks of the in the forests. They take built. It could host Explore More f Hockey Men’s World Cup: sportriver is a widely popular in India.

It is played by Sloths Hockey have about inches longmain claws.

Yamuna.

The shelter in hollowed-out about 80,000 people a two QR teams ofto 11 learn players each.

The playersclassical use four J-shaped structure has pillars forms. trees, usually created by at once. It was built by Scan this code more about Indian dance The Australian Open Tournament: Anacondas grow as big as g sticks b to hit acan ball intoTennis the opposite team’s goal. it. It metres (minars) around was have largeManipuri bills that can be the Romans to be an Agricultural Robots World’s Largest Waterlily dance is from Manipur. builtof byup Emperor Shah ir This head! entertainment venue c Orangutans can have an armspan to metres.

Robots for agriculture In 2022, scientists at the Name the player or countries that won these events.

2 m It10shows to 26 February 2023. dramas based Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. So, it is and for hosting human fights and animal hunts.

Life but Skills were first thought Royal Botanic Gardens, Okapi sleep for about minutes many times in a day. d viewed cup. on love between Radha a symbol of love.

ICC T20as Women’s Cricket World Cup: Kingdom a Practice Let’s

of in the year 1920.

United and Krishna using calm, e Sloths can swim times than they move on land.

Since then, many declared the faster discovery Slow lorises are found in Single inGreat Wimbledon Championship: graceful movements b Women’s the classical dance formWall of the following The of Chinastates.

1 Name Christ the Redeemer robots have been of the world’s largest the rainforests of Southeast and often includes story f Money The bills of toucans can be part in fulfilling our day-to-day times the size of their Explore More plays an important needs.

So,heads. it is important to know howinvented to manage it. by various waterlily Asia. They walk slowly, FIFA Women’s World Cup: China species. It Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ac Kerala chanting and chorus companies to is named Victoria making almost no noise.

Scan this QR code to learn more about yoga and its popularity in India.

Also, rfirst wears a crown adorned with mentioned in the Hindu Where do I live?

This about 21,196 km This 30 m tall statue 2 d Odisha Men’s Hockey World Cup: b perform nearly all Boliviana.

Its huge, They sleep during the day Earning Money explore the yoga poses that you can do easily practice male dancers wear a dolla Sutra of Patanjali. long walland is the largestevery day. of Jesus Christ with Major Dhyan Chand Singh is known as the father activities of disc-shaped pads can and walk at night. They have Orangutans are found in rainforests of a Men’s Arun‘s dad got hisinsalary today. He is happy and so is Arun. farming i, worn by a Manipuri bride.

Single in Australian Open Tennis Tournament: human-made thing openOlympic arms stands ce Assam Indian hockey. irrigation He was a and three-time gold on such as sowing, harvesting. grow up to 3 m in diameter. large eyes and an excellent theArun: world.Dad, Itofspreads the top of Corcovado why is it that only you get a salary but I don’t? b Slow lorises are mostly found in rainforests medallist.

On 29 August every year, his birthday is Asanas vision for their nightly walks.

Andhra Pradesh d Practice a reason for this statement.

Let’s

3 Give from the(laughed eastern and explained): You need to earn it, Arun! We work Mountain.

It is viewed Dad to earn the celebrated as the National Sports Day. Malaysian Hockey Team Indian Hockey Team mals.Kuchipudi They produce venom (a c Toucans are mostly found in rainforests of seaside to we theget western a or symbol of run money as salary. When you grow up, you can work, like as I do, you can ondon, UK. It is the oldest ea West Athletes with a sentences special disability compete with each other in this event: the Bengal following and write if it is for Yoga or Meditation.

1 Read eir armpits, so their bite can kill. desert northern hope for yourinown business, like your mother. Doing these things will help you and earnpeace money. ce is from Andhra h Republic won thePradesh. title in d Sloths are mostly found in the rainforests of China.Pradesh The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang ordered humanity after World fa Uttar was performed only by Arun: Oh, I see!

All these are different ways to earn money.

It has different asanas.

New Species World’s first Wireless Television India has 4Octopus National Hockey TeamsIt construction to protect people from War I. e its Okapi are only found in thehis rainforests of nomads. ow it is mainly performed by The Hockey Team Dad: That is right. Now, let us get ready.

WeMen’s have toNational go to the market, remember lifemen’s is vast and time in 2023: Scientists are Water were in •Ocean this event for the team first over 2,000included yearsthoughts. ago. this, you monitor your b was •In Men’s team Junior dobuilt I sports live?

The male dancers wear a 2 Where Dhanurasana Natarajasana Virikshasana Nickname: Men in Blue Okapi are found only inwear thePose) every year, scientists innovating many (Tree features.team Write the names the animals of the tropical rainforests.

3 Read le the female dancers • the Women’s • of Junior women’s team Some International Achievements It is quite time for the mind. dance is performed by men for female roles.

Rainforest of Ituri, includes Democratic areeven making discoveries advanced machines ac This The performance •the It istrees: the most successful team in the Olympics with It is a slow-moving animal that spends most of the time clinging to a Spending Money Republic of The the Congo, about it. On 28 June Machu Picchu each year.

In August dian Machu Picchu Machu Picchu h dancing. dance also c This Germany won and Belgium played in the finals in which Germany won the event: nternational Yoga Day. 8 gold, 1 silver and 3 bronze medals. After 6 gold It is the union of body andmany mind. dance includes songs sung in Sanskrit and bd Arun and his dad bought things.

They payMalayalam. for those Africa. have holy stripes like researchers of 2023, LG launched with large eyes: b It is a small, venomous animal2023, uch asThey sprinkling water, medals in the ‘Golden Era’, the team won again in things at the billing counter.

Arun is surprised. zebra on their legs, body like the Schmidt Ocean the world’s first c in nd praying to God. This dance includes wearing bells around the ankles. the blanks.

1964 and 1980.

A Golden Era in Hockey 2 Fill c It is the most poisonous poisonInstitute, dart frog: a horse but they actually wireless television. This Arun: Dad, why are we paying so much California money? The salary From 1928 to 1956, the Indian hockey team6won 6medals in this event: • They won medals in many other events: Indian athletes won 27 medals, including belong to Giraffe family.

(US) announced the television can be taken dance isdo performed by male monks. dd that you had earned finish, in this way.in gold The first text in which yoga was mentioned. a These birds not flywill much but live high the rainforest. d This consecutive medals atof the Olympics.

- World Cup: Gold in 1975 silver in attach 1973. to s long enough to clean its discovery of gold a new species octopus in a rare anywhere and has a part thatand allows it to Dad: Oh, don’t worry, Arun!

We have to pay when we buy 00_U24GK_G8_FM.indd 3areinnursery’ Kathakali 023. It was jointly hosted by eb of this dance includes a headgear and e The Theymake-up the largest non-venomous snakes: The text which the earliest record of meditation wasmask. found.

- Asian Games: Gold in 1966, 1998 and 2014. eck. ‘octopus in Costa Rica.

The discovery of this almost any things. Mostly, this is how we spend our earned money. Do not

a

Theme Title

26

35

Hockey in India

Manage Your Money

Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more discoveries and innovations.

International Affairs Let’s Practice 1 Is it a Discovery or an Invention?

Explore More

a A new species of catfish was found in January 2023.

Scan this QR code to learn more about the selection campaign of A robotic Also, drone built tomore understand voice commands. theb7 wonders. explore about Chichen Itza.

c Thomas Edison built the very first bulb.

Sports, Entertainment and Culture Let’s Practice

July 2023, the most distant supermassive black hole was seen for the first time with JWST. d In CITIES new wonders located?that store heat energy.

1 Ine which Finland builtare thethese world’s first sand batteries

Explore More a Taj Mahal

b The Colosseum f Scientists first identified the coronavirus in 1965.

Scan QRthe code to learn more about the hockey field and the c this Christ Redeemer In this 2011,game.

Google created the first smart glasses. g of rules

2 In which COUNTRIES are these new wonders located?

Financial Literacy Picchu a Chichen Itza b Machu Let’s Practice 2 Write the names of these inventions/discoveries. h In 1900, Karl Landsteiner identified three groups of human blood. c Petra

in the boxes with the correct answer.

1 Fill a The world’s largest waterlily: Fill the blank with the correct name of the wonder of the world.

More 3 Explore a The number of players in a hockey team:

b The first near-Earth-sized exoplanet: a 30-metre-tall statue. and ways to a this QR code to learnismore Scan about importance teams: b The number of Indian hockey c money. save The telescope launched

by NASA in around December has four pillars it. 2021: b c The shape of a hockey stick is like this letter: c in the blanks. has a famous temple pyramid.

3 Fill d The only side of the hockey stick that should touch the ball: is the largest amphitheatre ever built. d Practice Let’s The only idea shoot of robots in agriculture dates to the the knee: year . a in which the ball can goback above e The e the longest of all the wonders the brackets and7fill in the blank.

1 Choose the correct wordisfrom of years which TIME the men’s national hockey team won consecutive .

NASA’s JWST wasin named Inventions in the Year of f The number b f is made with white marble.

Olympic gold medals: money as salary. (spend/earn) a When we work, we c World’s largest waterlily’s disc-shaped pad can grow up to metres. was a part of Maya City. g g The number of times Major Dhyan Chand won Olympic gold medals: money. (save/spend) b When we buy grocery, we h In , 2023 company launched the world’s first wireless television. was built over 2000 years ago. d h The number of Olympic gold medals won by the men’s national hockey team: c Keeping money aside for future needs is money. (saving/lending) was part scientists of an Arabdeclared kingdom. ei By , NASA the discovery of over exoplanets.

YEAR did Indian National Teamsinachieve this?

2 Indwhat at home a . (gullak/bank account) j Children can save money was built by an emperor in the memory of his late wife. f In 2022, scientists at the , UK declared the discovery of the world’s largest waterlily. a India won its first Olympic gold. e k You when your of parents give you pocket money (lend/earn) is a ruined stone money city in the middle the forest.

June 28, 2023, researchers at the , US declared the discovery of a new species of octopus. g Men’s national hockey team won the Asian Games. b On is half-built and half-carved into rock.who need and repay it. (lend/borrow) fl A bank can money tothe people c Women’s national hockey team won the Asian Games. is located on the bank of a river. m 31/10/23 for the shopkeepers when they sell things. (earning/lending) g It is d Women’s national hockey team won the Asian Championship Trophy.

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C o nt e nt s

1 Powerful Politicians, 2023 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 2 World’s Forest Ecosystems �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 3 Social Media �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 4 Indian Tribes ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 5 G20 Summits �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 6 Olympics ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 7 First-aid Emergencies ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 8 Natural Disasters of 2023 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 16 9 Extinct and Endangered Animals ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 10 Cybercrime and the Law ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20 11 Indian Railways ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 12 World War II ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24 13 FIFA World Cup ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 14 Body Mass Index �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 28 15 Global Conflicts, 2023 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 30 16 Environmental Protection ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32 17 International Space Station ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 18 Business Tycoons of India ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 36 iv

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19 BRICS Nations �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 20 Types of Theatre ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 21 Healthy Body, Healthy Mind �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 22 Space Missions, 2023 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 44 23 SDGs: Goals and Achievements ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46 24 Machine Learning ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 25 India in Global Production ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 26 Landmark Conferences and Treaties ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 52 27 Famous Paintings in the World ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 28 National Schemes for Entrepreneurs ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56 29 Sports Events, 2023 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58 30 Human-made Disasters ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 31 Biomedical Research and Engineering ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 32 Migration �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64 33 Oscars �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 34 India at the Oscars ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 68 35 Budgeting �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 70 Answers ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 72

Contents

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1

Powerful Politicians, 2023

Each year the Forbes Magazine presents a list called the World’s Most Powerful People. The people included in the list are considered on different factors such as their financial wealth and global influence. Here are the most powerful global politicians from the list of 2023.

Xi Jinping is the president of the people’s Republic of China since March 2013. He is considered the most powerful leader in the world. He has also been the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, China, since 2012.

Vladimir Putin is the president of Russia since May 2012. He was re-elected as the President after securing 76% of the vote in the 2018 presidential election. As of 2023, he has been voted the world’s most powerful person four times.

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., popularly known as Joe Biden, is the 46th president of the United States of America, elected in January 2021. Earlier, he served as the 47th vice-president from 2009 to 2017, under the presidency of Barak Obama.

Olaf Scholz is the chancellor of Germany since December 2021. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party. He previously served as the Vice-Chancellor under Angela Merkel.

He also served as the Federal Minister of Finance from 2018 to 2021.

Mohammed bin Salman Al Soud is the crown prince as well as the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia since September 2022. He is well-recognised for his anti-corruption campaign in 2017. He is also appreciated for working towards the equality of women in his country by lifting the ban against women driving vehicles and promoting women entrepreneurs.

Narendra Damodardas Modi is the prime minister of India since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014. Over the years, he has become hugely popular globally. In his 9 years of tenure by 2023, he has introduced many policies and programs such as the ‘Make in India’ initiative and the ‘Swacch Bharat’ mission.

Emmanuel Macron is the president of France since May 2017. He is also one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra. Before he became the president, he worked as an investment banker and served as the Minister of Economics, Industry and Digital Affairs from 2014 to 2016, under the Presidency of François Hollande.

Rishi Sunak is the prime minister of the United Kingdom since October 2022. He is the leader of the Conservative Party. Previously, he was on two cabinet positions under Boris Johnson.

He became the popular face globally when he provided economic help to businesses and employees during COVID-19 times.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about other powerful personalities in the world. Also, learn about another study listing the most popular political leaders of the world.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table for each leader.

Leaders

Are they the President or the Prime Minister?

When were they appointed at their respective positions?

a Emmanuel Macron b Narendra Modi c Rishi Sunak d Joe Biden e Mohammed bin Salman f

Vladimir Putin

g Xi Jinping h Benjamin Netanyahu

2 Which political leader is he? a I have launched the Make in India initiative. b I am the first Indian-origin Prime Minister of UK. c I have uplifted the ban against women driving in my country. d I have been voted the most powerful person four times. e I am the former 47th Vice-President and 46th President of my country. f

I am the leader of the most populous country in the world.

g I was an investment banker, have been a Minister of Economy and now serving as the president of my country.

Topic 1 • Powerful Politicians, 2023

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2

World’s Forest Ecosystems

Forests cover about one-third of the Earth’s land. A forest ecosystem provides natural habitat to millions of plant and animal species. The world’s forest ecosystems have been majorly divided into three types based on their distance from the equator and the climate they are in. Let us learn about them.

Tropical

Boreal

Temperate

Tropical Forest Ecosystems make up more than 45% of the global forest cover. These are found in the regions near the equator such as Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Thus, the temperature in these forests are maintained around 21 °C to 30 °C. These regions receive a high amount of rainfall that often exceeds 200 cm annually. So, the humidity in these forests is extremely high.

The trees are typically tall and evergreen, with broad leaves to capture sunlight. They are home to many animals such as snakes, frogs, lizards, monkeys, anacondas, jaguars, and small mammals and birds.

Boreal Forest Ecosystems, also called Taiga, make up about 31% of the global forest cover. These are found across North America, Europe, and Asia, towards the Northern latitudes and the Poles. Winters in this region are long, dark, cold and dry while summers are short, moist and mildly warm. The average temperature in these forests ranges from -20 °C to 30 °C. Precipitation is low, ranging from 200 to 600 mm annually and mostly as snow.

Boreal forests consist of evergreen trees with needles-like leaves like pine, fir and spruce. Animals like wolves, deer, moose have thick fur to endure the cold.

Temperate Forest Ecosystems cover about 25% of the global forest cover. These forests are located between the tropical and the boreal and found in North America, North-Eastern Asia, and Western and Central Europe. They experience all four seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter with average temperatures between 10 °C to 21 °C. These areas experience an average annual rainfall of around 200 cm and snow in the winter.

These forests contain trees like pine, fir, oak and maple. These are home to various birds and animals such as squirrels, deer, wolves, foxes, bears and owls.

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about some largest forest areas on the Earth. Also, learn about mangrove forests.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Number the forests (1–3) from least to the most, based on the global forest area they cover.

Temperate

Tropical

Boreal

2 Fill in the table with the climatic conditions of these forest regions.

Forests

Temperature Range

Annual Rainfall

a Temperate b Tropical c Boreal

3 Write the forest type(s) found in the following regions. a Sub-Saharan Africa: b North America: c North-Eastern Asia: d Western and Central Europe: e Southeast Asia:

4 Fill in the table with 2 examples of flora (trees/plant) and fauna (animals) found in the given forest types.

Forests

2 flora found here

2 fauna found here

a Temperate b Tropical c Boreal

Topic 2 • World’s Forest Ecosystems

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Social Media

3

Social media platforms are digital platforms where we can create, share and interact with online content. These platforms are reshaping modern communication.

Facebook is a social networking platform that operates under Meta, a technology company earlier known as Facebook Inc. It was launched on 4 February, 2004 as The Facebook, which was later changed to Facebook in August 2005. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg and his team and now operates under Meta Inc. Facebook allows users to create profiles, and connect with friends and family. The first photo to be uploaded on the platform was that of Al Pacino, an American actor. As of 2023, it has around 2 billion users.

YouTube is a popular online video platform that allows its users to upload, view and share videos.

It was originally launched as a website in February 2005.

In October 2006, Google purchased YouTube.

As of September 2023, YouTube has more than 2.7 billion active users. However, its access is blocked in China, Iran, North Korea, South Sudan and Turkmenistan.

LinkedIn is a platform for professional networking. People use LinkedIn to find the right job, connect and strengthen professional relationships, and learn the skills they need to succeed in their career. It was officially launched on 5 May, 2003, by Reid Hoffman, an American entrepreneur.

As of 2023, the platform has more than 950 million members in more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. In 2023, #India was the most followed hashtag with 6.7 Cr followers.

WhatsApp, is an instant messaging platform owned by Meta Inc launched on November, 2009. It allows users to share texts, voice messages, images, documents and locations. We can also make voice and video calls, one-on-one or with a group of contacts.

As of 2023, WhatsApp has more than 2 billion active users worldwide. It is ranked as the most used mobile messenger application in the world.

Instagram is a popular photo and video-sharing platform launched on October 2010. It allows users to interact with content by liking, commenting, sending private messages and sharing common interests with the #tag feature.

As of January 2023, India had around 22.9 crore Instagram users, the world’s largest Instagram audience. Pizza is the most shared food on the platform.

The most popular hashtag is #love, with 210 Cr posts.

Cristiano Ronaldo is the most followed person on Instagram, as of September 2023.

X (formerly called Twitter) was launched on July 2006. It is a platform for sharing short messages called tweets. These tweets (now called posts) can contain text, images, videos, links, and more with a maximum length of 280 characters. As of October 2023, the average number of posts worldwide is 3.5 lakhs per minute.

In July 2023, the famous blue Larry the Bird logo of Twitter was changed to a new ‘X’ logo.

On Snapchat, content is not permanently stored. Once viewed, it disappears and cannot be recovered. It was first released on July 2011 by Snap Inc., formerly known as Snapchat Inc. Its logo is a white ghost called Ghostface Chillah.

A Snapchat streak shows how many days in a row you have exchanged snaps with a particular friend. As of October 2023, the longest streak was of 2,390 days.

Telegram is a cloud-based instant messaging application. It is known for its focus on privacy and security features.

Launched on August 2013, this platform has gained popularity as an alternative to WhatsApp. As of 2023, this platform has more than 550 million monthly active users. With 70.48 million downloads, India is the country with the most Telegram downloads.

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Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the social media trends from 2005 to 2023. Also, learn about the Meta company that owns and operates multiple social media platforms.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the year in which these social media applications were launched? a YouTube

b Instagram

c LinkedIn

d Facebook

e Snapchat

f

g X

h Telegram

WhatsApp

2 Read the feature, guess the application that it belongs to, and write its name. a It was the first platform co-founded by the CEO of Meta Inc. b Pizza is the most shared photo on this platform. c Google purchased this video/making/sharing platform in October 2006. d #India is the most followed hashtag on it, as of 2023. e Its logo is a white ghost. f

It changed its logo from a bird to ‘X’.

g This application has gained popularity as an alternative to WhatsApp. h As of 2023, Cristiano Ronaldo was the most followed person on it. i

A photo of Al Pacino, an American actor, was the first picture to be uploaded on this platform.

j

#love, is the most popular hashtag on it, as of 2023.

k As of October 2023, the longest streak on it was of 2,390 days. l

This application is primarily used for professional networking and career-related activities.

m It allows users to share short messages called posts. n It is banned in many countries including China and Iran.

Topic 3 • Social Media

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4

Indian Tribes

India has the second largest tribal population in the world. The Indian tribes are rich in culture and traditions, with unique lifestyles, languages, cuisines and customs.

Santhal Tribes

They reside mostly in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Assam. They are the largest and the oldest tribes in India. The men wear handloom loin cloth and shirts. The women wear green or blue chequered sarees. Their food habits include rice with potato gravy or pulses. Their houses are built using thin poles, white clay and cow-dung. Their work revolves around the forests they live in.

Great Andamanese Tribes

They are the original inhabitants of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The men wear narrow belts of hibiscus fibre and tuck weapons into the belts for hunting.

The women wear a tribal dress with leaves held by a belt. Their food habits mainly include rice, dal, chappati and other modern food items. At times, they still go hunting and gathering. There are four kinds of huts which form their villages, each for a specific use like living, eating and bathing.

Khasi Tribes

They are mostly spotted in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya. Their staple food is rice, fish and meat. Jainsem is a traditional costume of the Khasi women while the men wear a long, unstitched cloth around their waist. Their houses are built on raised platforms using mud and stone walls to protect from heavy rainfall.

They are known for playing musical instruments like drums and flutes.

Garo Tribes

They are mainly found living in the Garo hills in western Meghalaya. Dakmanda is the traditional womenswear, whereas traditional outfit of men is pandra, gando, kotip, and a wrap-around. Dry fish is an integral part of their cuisine. A Garo house is built on wooden posts from locally grown bamboo, timber and dried palm leaves.

Angami Tribes

They are one of the major tribes of Nagaland. In their dressing styles, men wear white wrap-around and women wear a blue and white skirt along with beads, mask pendants and bangles. They are known for their unique meat dishes.

Their villages are situated on hilltops. Each house has an open space in front of it. They are known for intricate artwork, and woodcraft like bamboo work, cane furniture and shawls. They are famous for the Hornbill Festival.

Warli Tribes

They live mainly in Maharashtra and Gujarat. Their main food is dry fish mixed with dal (pulses) or vegetable and rotlas (thick breads of wheat, jowar or rice). The men wear a loincloth, waistcoat, and turban, while women wear a one-yard saree. They build their square bamboo huts coated with mud and cow dung and paint them later-on. They display a unique form of art and painting resembling pre-historic cave paintings with scenes of human figures hunting, dancing, sowing or harvesting.

Bhutia Tribes

They are a community of people living in Sikkim. They are known for their rich tradition of dances, songs and folktales. They wear Kho—a traditional loose, cloak-style garment. They live in rectangular shaped homes which usually have a stone structure outside, used for burning incense. Their diet include dishes like dumplings, momo and thukpa.

Toda Tribes

They are known to inhabit parts of the Nilgiri Mountains in southern India. They are known to wear a black, red, and white shawl. Their diet mainly has products of milk like butter, buttermilk, yogurt, cheese and plain rice. They live in oval-shaped huts made of bamboo canes with a thatched roof. They are dependent on cattle herding and dairy work. They are skilled in works of art and known for their embroidery, pukhoor, products like shawls, mats and bags.

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Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the Santhal Tribes of India and the unique body art of the Baiga Tribes in India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the location where these Indian tribes are found. a Garo Tribes b Angami Tribes c Bhutia Tribes d

Warli Tribes

e Toda Tribes f

Khasi Tribes

g Santhal Tribes h Andamanese Tribes

2 Read the descriptions and name the tribes. a The men wear belts of hibiscus fibre and women wear dresses with leaves on them. b The men wear handloom loincloths and shirts and women wear green and blue chequered sarees. c The men wear white wrap-arounds and women wear blue and white skirts. d The men wear loincloths, waistcoats and turbans while women wear one-yard sarees. e They live in huts built in an oval shape, made of bamboo canes with thatched roofs. f

They live in rectangular-shaped homes with stone structures outside for burning incense.

g Their houses are built on raised platforms using mud and stone walls. h Their houses are built on wooden posts using bamboo, timber and dried palm leaves. i

They have four kinds of huts in villages, each used for a different purpose.

Topic 4 • Indian Tribes

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G20 Summits

5

Australia

Argentina

Turkey

Japan

Canada

Germany

Brazil

UK

South Africa

France

Italy

Saudi Arabia

India

Indonesia

China

Mexico

Russia

EU

South Korea

USA

The G20 stands for ‘Group of Twenty’–19 countries and the European Union. It was formed in 1999 as a gathering of the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the member countries, in the wake of the global financial and economic crisis of 2007. It was established with the motive to address global financial and economic issues.

The G20 Summit is where the leaders of different nations cooperate to economically strengthen the world for everyone. In this annual event, all the member nations come together to address financial and economic issues such as taxes, financial aid, schemes for climate change, poverty and healthcare.

As of 2023, there have been 18 G20 Summits. These are in a different country every year under the leadership of a presidency.

In 2023, India became the president of the 18th G20 Summit. It was held in New Delhi from 9 to 10 September 2023.

The 1st G20 Summit was held in 2008 in Washington DC, USA.

Brazil is the host of G20 in 2024, followed by South Africa in 2025.

The G20 Agenda In each summit, G20 members address the G20 agenda–a list of priorities of the most pressing global challenges.

Some of the key areas of focus in the G20 agenda include: • Global Economic Growth and Stability: The G20 works to develop economic policies and promote financial stability at the global level.

• Trade and Investment: The G20 promotes open and fair trade and investment as an important way of bringing about economic growth.

• Sustainable Development: The G20 promotes sustainable development by including everyone from different sections of society.

• Climate Change: The G20 works to combat climate change to build a more sustainable global economy.

• Health: The G20 works to strengthen the global health systems.

• Education: The G20 promotes quality education for all in order to build a more inclusive world.

• Employment: The G20 works to create more global jobs and promote inclusive job spaces.

• Digital Transformation: The G20 promotes digital transformation to benefit everyone.

Important G20 agendas in summits so far: • The 2008 Summit in Washington, D.C. tackled the global financial crisis.

• The 2009 Summit in London focused on strengthening the economy and financial system reforms.

• The 2015 Summit in Turkey addressed climate change and sustainable development.

• The 2020 Summit in Saudi Arabia dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic and digital taxation.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the roles of different G20 members in strengthening the global economy. Also, learn about some key takeaways of the G20 Summit, 2023.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a The G20 stands for b G20 includes

. countries and the European Union.

c The G20 was founded in the year

.

d As of 2023, there have been

G20 summits held in different countries.

e The first G20 Summit was held in f

in 2008.

India had the Presidency of the G20 in the year

g The 18th G20 was held in 9th to 10th

. , the capital of India, from the

.

h

is the host of G20 in 2024.

i

will be the host of G20 in 2025.

j

The G20 was established as a forum for the

.

k The motto of the G20 Summit, 2023 was “ .’’

2 Write any 6 key focus areas of the G20 agenda.

3 Write the important G20 agendas included in the following summits. a The 2008 G20 Summit: b The 2009 G20 Summit: c The 2015 G20 Summit: d The 2020 G20 Summit: e The 2023 G20 Summit:

Topic 5 • G20 Summits

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Olympics

6

The Olympics or the Olympic Games is a famous global sports event that is held every four years.

A diverse range of sports competitions are part of this event.

Olympia, Greece Europe

Africa

Asia

America

Australia

The 5 interconnected rings of the Olympics symbolise the unity of the five inhabited continents— the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, joined together by the spirit of games. The colours of the rings and the white background came from national flags. At least one of the colours appears in every country’s flag.

The Olympic torch, lit in Olympia, Greece, symbolises the link between the ancient and the modern Olympics. From there, it is passed on throughout the world, and finally to the host city. The relay run ends at the opening ceremony. This relay announces the beginning of the games, with a message of unity and peace among the continents.

The first Olympics, known as the ancient Greek Olympic Games were held in Olympia (Athens) around the 8th century BCE and ended around the 4th century CE. The modern Olympics was restarted by Pierre de Coubertin to promote global sportsmanship. The first Olympic games of the modern era was held in April 1896 in Athens, Greece.

Types of Olympics • The Summer Olympics are held in the warm months in every four years. It features 30 to 40 types of sports.

• The Winter Olympics are held every four years in the cold season of snow and ice. These games usually range from 15 to 20 sports such as ice hockey, skating and skiing. The first Winter Olympics began in 1924 in France.

• Youth Olympic Games (YOG) is the Olympics for athletes between 14 to 18 years of age. The first Summer YOG were held in Singapore, in August 2010.

• Paralympics involves athletes with a range of physical disabilities. The first Paralympics were organised in Rome, Italy in 1960.

Gold, Silver and Bronze Olympic medals are given for first, second and third positions, respectively. Some participants receive participation or special honorary medals as well.

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Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about all 45 games in the sports list of the Paris Olympic Games, 2024. Also, watch Neeraj Chopra create history as an Indian athelete at the Tokyo, 2020 Olympics, by winning the gold medal.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which continent does each of the coloured rings represent?

Yellow ring:

Blue ring:

Red ring:

Green ring:

Black ring:

2 Fill in the correct answer. a The Summer Olympic Games are held every

years.

b The first ancient Olympics were held in the city of

, Greece.

c The modern Olympics were revived by

in

.

d The first modern Olympics were held in the city of e The Olympic torch is lit in f

. and carried worldwide.

The relay of the Olympic torch through various nations ends at the host city.

g There are

types of Olympics.

h The first Paralympics were held in i

The first Summer YOG were held in

j

The Summer Olympics feature around

k The l

spot of the

, Italy in the year

.

, in the year

.

sports.

Olympics highlight sports on snow and ice.

The YOG is the Olympics for the youth between the ages of

m n The venue of Olympic, 2024 is

.

won the first-ever gold medal for India at the Tokyo Olympics, 2020. , France.

3 Write the three types of medals given to Olympic winners and the positions they represent.

Type of Medal Winning position it shows

Topic 6 • Olympics

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First-aid Emergencies

7

First-aid emergencies refer to situations that require immediate medical attention. This is done to prevent further harm or injury. Organisations in the healthcare field, such as the Red Cross Society, have established rules and principles for first aid, which are used as important guidelines that help us learn how to assist someone in need.

The Principles of First Aid The main principles of first aid are represented by the 3 P’s: • Prevent additional injuries • Preserve life • Promote recovery

Consent of the Injured It is important to obtain the consent of the injured, if they are conscious, before providing first aid in a public place. If the person is unconscious or unable to give consent due to their condition, it is generally considered implied consent to provide necessary assistance.

Important Things to Remember • First, look at the situation where the accident or injury has taken place and act accordingly.

• Move the injured person away from danger. You should also remove the object causing harm to the injured person as soon as possible.

• If there are people around you, ask them to help you treat the injured person.

• Loosen any tight clothing that the injured person may be wearing.

• Try to stop bleeding from cuts by applying a bandage. Cover a wounded area after washing it with clean water to prevent infection.

• Prevent crowds from gathering and move the injured person only if necessary.

• Get the person to the nearest hospital or clinic as soon as possible.

Keeping First-aid Boxes Ready First-aid boxes should always be kept in offices, schools, public places like the mall, and in vehicles. Keeping a small first-aid box/kit in cars, buses and autos is important as it can be used in case there is an accident or injury.

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Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the rules of first-aid emergencies and CPR—a life-saving first-aid technique.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the correct answer. a A

box placed in a vehicle can help in case of medical emergencies. should be applied to stop the bleeding from a wound.

b

c A person who gets injured is called a

.

d Use the

in the first-aid box to measure the sick person’s temperature.

e Use the

in the first-aid box to measure the sick person’s heartbeat.

f

A rescue breaths effectively.

course teaches individuals how to perform chest compressions and

g Rules for first-aid emergencies are important to do when someone needs help.

that help people know what

h Tight clothing or materials around the victim’s neck, waist or wrists should be

.

2 Write the answers. a The immediate medical help given to an injured or sick individual: b Full form of CPR: c Things we should wear on our hands before applying first aid: d The dates to be checked on the first-aid box items: e The place we should visit if the wound is serious:

3 Write the 3 principles of first aid.

Topic 7 • First-aid Emergencies

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Natural Disasters of 2023

The year 2023 witnessed several natural disasters that caused large-scale damage to infrastructure and the loss of several lives.

Forest Fires Chile Wildfires: On 30 January 2023, a series of wildfires began in Chile, a country in South America. By early February, these fires had grown into a large outbreak. It included at least 406 individual fires out of which dozens were classified as “red alert fires.” These fires burned more than 430,000 hectares of land and resulted in the loss of more than 20 lives.

Earthquakes Turkey-Syria Earthquakes: On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and 7.8 struck near the Turkey-Syria border. There was widespread damage and more than 50,000 people were killed. The epicentre of the first earthquake was near a place called Nurdagi while the second one was near Ekinozu.

Marrakesh–Safi Earthquake: On 8 September 2023, an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 struck Morocco’s Marrakesh–Safi region. Its epicentre was southwest of Marrakesh, in the Atlas Mountain ranges. Over 2800 people lost their lives in this disaster. Several buildings in the Medina area of Marrakesh, including a 12th-century mosque UNESCO World Heritage site, were destroyed.

Storms, Cyclones and Floods Cyclone Freddy: In February and March 2023, this long, powerful and deadly storm raged across the southern Indian Ocean for more than five weeks. It has broken record of being the longest tropical cyclone. It also affected Mananjary in Madagascar, Mozambique and Malawi in Africa. It caused flash floods and killed more than 1400 people.

Cyclone Mocha: On 14 May 2023, this extremely severe cyclone with a wind speed of about 280 kilometres per hour struck parts of Myanmar and Bangladesh. It caused massive damage to property and infrastructure. At least 460 people were reported to be dead and hundreds went missing.

North India Floods: On 9 July 2023, the northern part of India was hit by flash floods and landslides caused by heavy rainfall. The landslides and flash floods submerged roads, washed away buildings and caused hundreds of deaths. Red alerts were issued for Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Delhi and Haryana.

Storm Daniel: On 10 September 2023, the Mediterranean storm Daniel struck Libya, Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria. Strong winds and sudden heavy rainfall caused a lot of infrastructural damage and flooding. Libya was the most affected where two dams and four bridges collapsed leading to the loss of thousands of lives.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to find out about more disasters of 2023 and how climate change is responsible for many of them.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the correct date and month of the occurrence of these natural disasters in 2023. a Turkey-Syria earthquakes b Marrakesh-Safi earthquake c Storm Daniel d Cyclone Mocha e North India floods f

Chile wildfires

2 Name the following natural disasters of 2023. a It took more than 50,000 lives in Turkey and Syria. b It destroyed buildings of the UNSECO world heritage site. c It destroyed two dams in Libya and caused large-scale flooding. d These burnt about 430,000 hectares of land in South America. e This caused winds of speed 280 kilometres per hour in Myanmar. f

These occurred in India in July and caused landslides due to heavy rainfall.

g It was an intense storm in the Indian Ocean that broke the record of being the longest.

3 Fill the correct details. a Magnitude of Marrakesh-Safi Earthquake in Morocco: b Speed of winds caused by cyclone Mocha: c Magnitudes of Turkey-Syria earthquakes:

and

d Mountains that were the epicentre of the Morocco earthquake: e 3 countries affected by storm Daniel: f

,

3 states affected by North India floods:

and ,

g 3 countries affected by cyclone Mocha:

and ,

h Places that were the epicentre of the Turkey-Syria earthquakes:

and and

4 Name 4 floods that occurred in the year 2023 and caused several deaths.

Topic 8 • Natural Disasters of 2023

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Extinct and Endangered Animals

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Many species of animals have disappeared from the Earth forever. They are called extinct animals. There are many animal species that are on the verge of becoming extinct. They are called endangered animals and they must be protected and conserved.

What causes animals to become extinct or endangered?

The destruction of habitats due to deforestation and natural or humanmade disasters.

Extinct Animals The dodo bird was found in Mauritius.

It became extinct in the 1680s, mainly due to hunting.

The Tasmanian tigers were found in Australia. They became extinct by 1936 due to hunting and loss of habitat.

The giant Pinta Island tortoise was native to the Galapagos Islands.

The last surviving member of this species, Lonesome George, passed away in June 2012 due to the loss of habitat.

Pollution and climate change make it difficult for animals to survive.

The exploitation and hunting of animals decrease their populations.

Endangered Animals Orangutans are found only in the forests of Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia. They are critically endangered due to loss of habitat by deforestation, illegal hunting and illegal pet trade.

The Blue whale is the largest animal in the world. They have been hunted a lot in the past and now only a few thousand exist. Recently, they have been facing danger from ship collisions.

The tiger population has been drastically reduced in the past century. They were hunted on a large scale for their body parts. They were declared endangered in 1986 by IUCN. The Great Indian Bustards are native to India and Pakistan. However, only a few of them are left. The decrease in their population is due to widespread hunting and habitat loss due to agriculture. IUCN declared them as endangered in 1994.

Asian elephants are found in 13 Asian countries. They have been on the endangered list since 1968. The drastic decline in their population is due to the loss of habitat and being hunted for their ivory tusks.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was established in October 1948 in Switzerland. It is an international organisation dedicated to the conservation of nature and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources. Additionally, IUCN publishes a Red List, often called the Red Data Book, which contains information about endangered animals facing extinction.

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about extinct animals. Also, find out how scientists are exploring the possibilities to revive some extinct species.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the location where the following animals are/were found. a Dodo: b Tasmanian tiger: c Orangutan: d The Great Indian Bustard: e Giant Pinta Island Tortoise:

2 Who am/was I? a I was a flightless bird that became extinct in the 1680s. b I was a marsupial with stripes that became extinct in 1936. c I was called Lonesome George and I died in June 2012. d Once commonly found in Africa, I was declared extinct in 2011 by the IUCN. e I once lived in Morocco, Egypt and was lastly seen in the Atlas Mountains. f

I was a bright, yellow toad that became extinct by 1990s.

g I am the largest animal in the world. h I am endangered due to excessive hunting for my ivory tusks. i

I am an endangered orange ape found in the forests of Sumatra.

j

I am found in 13 Asian countries and was declared endangered in 1968.

k I am a bird native to both India and Pakistan and was declared endangered in 1994. l

I am a royal wild animal, hunted excessively in the past and declared endangered in 1986.

3 Write any 2 causes of animals becoming endangered and extinct.

Topic 9 • Extinct and Endangered Animals

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10

Cybercrime and the Law

Cybercrime is a type of crime involving a computer or the internet. Various types of criminal activities are performed by cybercriminals. Let us learn about them.

Types of Cybercrime Hacking It is the process of breaking into a computer system, a website or an online account without permission. A person who breaks into the computer is called a hacker. Commonly, there are two types of hackers: • Black Hat hackers who want to steal information, spread viruses or create problems.

• White Hat hackers, also known as ‘Ethical Hackers’, who use their skills for government.

In August 2018 in Pune, hackers stole around 94 crores from Cosmos Cooperative Bank Ltd. by gaining access to the data of a lot of cardholders.

In 1999, 15-year-old Jonathan James hacked into the Department of Defense and NASA computers.

The Conscience of a Hacker, also known as The Hacker Manifesto is a famous essay written by hacker Loyd Blankenship in 1986.

Phishing It is an act in which someone tricks you into revealing personal information like passwords, credit card numbers or other sensitive data by pretending to be a trustworthy person or organisation.

In 2017, a hacker from Lithuania posing as an Asian hardware company scammed Google and Facebook into paying over 10 crores for fake computer-related invoices through phishing emails.

Cyberbullying It is when someone uses the internet or digital platforms to hurt, target, threaten or harass others. It can happen through social media, SMS or emails.

The top 3 countries where cyberbullying is the most widespread are India, Brazil and the United States.

The lowest rate is in Greece, where only 5% of the adolescents report having been victims of cyberbullying.

Online Scams These are dishonest schemes occurring on the internet where people try to trick others into giving away money, personal information or valuable things. Scammers create fake online shops that seem real, using stolen logos and copied designs.

Nigerian money transfer scams ask for your help in moving money. If you share your bank information, scammers steal your money. It is also known as the 419 scam.

Efforts to Tackle Cybercrimes in India • Information Technology Act, 2000: This act addresses cybercrimes in India.

• National Cyber Security Policy, 2013: Under this, the government sets the standards to boost cybersecurity in India.

• Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): It is a government effort to fight cybercrime and make sure that different law enforcement groups work together better.

• Indian Penal Code (IPC): Several sections of the IPC address cybercrimes including hacking and online fraud.

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Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the types of cybercrime, especially about ‘Spam’.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name any 4 types of cybercrimes.

2 Which type of cybercrime is it? a In this crime, someone tricks you into revealing personal information by pretending to be trustworthy.

b In this crime, people create fake charity sites to ask for money.

c This cybercrime includes unwanted and repetitive messages sent to a large number of people over the internet.

d In this cybercrime someone tricks you into revealing information like passwords or credit card numbers.

e This crime involves breaking into a computer system or website without permission.

f

This crime occurs when someone uses the internet or digital platforms to threaten or harass others.

3 Fill in the blanks. act, 2000 addresses cybercrime in India.

a

policy, the government of India set the standards to boost cybersecurity.

b c

hackers are also known as ethical hackers.

d

hacker is a common type of hacker who aims to steal information.

e

is a famous essay written by a hacker in 1986.

f

The top three countries where cyberbullying is the most widespread are , .

g In the year

.

Topic 10 • Cybercrime and the Law

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, a Lithuanian hacker, posing as an

, , scammed Google and

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11

Indian Railways

Indian Railways is the largest rail network in Asia and the second largest in the world. It functions under one management—Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited (IRCTC). It is a railway governing body under the Ministry of Railways, Government of India.

Zones and Divisions IRCTC divides its operations into zones that are further sub-divided into divisions, each having a zonal headquarter.

Kolkata and Mumbai have the most zonal headquarters—three in each city.

Zones

Zonal Headquarters

1. Northern

Delhi

2. North Eastern

Gorakhpur

3. Northeast Frontier

Maligaon, Guwahati

4. Eastern

Kolkata

5. South Eastern

Garden Reach, Kolkata

6. South Central

Secunderabad Junction

7. Southern

Chennai Central

8. Central

Mumbai CSMT

9. Western

Mumbai (Churchgate)

10. South Western

Hubli

11. West Central

Jaipur

12. West Central

Jabalpur

13. South East Central

Prayagraj

14. South East Central

Bilaspur

15. East Coast

Bhubaneswar

16. East Central

Hajipur

17. Konkan Railway

Navi Mumbai

Learn These Facts Too! Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of British-ruled India, is said to have introduced railways in India around the 1850s. Thus, he is regarded as the Father of Indian Railways.

Kalka Mail is one of the oldest running trains in the history of Indian Railways. It completed more than 150 years of journey by the year 2023.

Howrah Junction in Kolkata, West Bengal is the oldest, largest and busiest railway station in India. It was built in 1952 but came into operation in 1954.

The Maharaja Express was started in March 2010 and is considered the world’s leading luxury train. It has won the World Travel Awards for seven years from 2012 to 2018.

The Kanyakumari-Dibrugarh Vivek Superfast Express is a special train that travels all the way from Dibrugarh in Assam to Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. It is the longest train route in India.

The Vande Bharat Express is the fastest train in India today, also known as Train 18.

It started on 15 February 2019 and first ran between New Delhi and Varanasi. It is the first train that was manufactured entirely in India.

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Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the zones and divisions of the Indian Railways. Also, find out some more interesting facts about the Indian Railways.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the name of the zone based on the following zonal headquarters. a Delhi:

b Gorakhpur:

c Jaipur:

d Secunderabad Junction:

e Jabalpur:

f

g Chennai Central:

h Hubli:

i

Prayagraj:

j

Maligaon, Guwahati:

k Bhubaneswar:

l

Bilaspur:

Hajipur:

2 Which are the two cities with the most zonal headquarters of Indian Railways? Also, name the zones. a City:

Zones:

,

,

b City:

Zones:

,

,

3 Fill in the blanks. a Lord Dalhousie is regarded as the

of the Indian Railways.

is currently the oldest running train in India, completing over 150 years.

b

c India has the largest railway network in

and the second largest in the world. is the oldest and largest railway station in Kolkata city.

d e The Kanyakumari.

trains travel all the way from Dibrugarh to is a luxury train in India, started in

f g The

is the fastest train in India and started

on

. covers the longest train route in India.

h

train won the World Travel Awards from 2012 to 2018.

i j

Topic 11 • Indian Railways

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.

in the state of

is the shortest station name in India.

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World War II

12

World War II (WW II) or the Second World War was a global conflict that started in 1939 and ended in 1945. It is the deadliest conflict in history with around 85 million people dead, which included mostly civilians.

Major Powers in WW II The countries that fought in World War II were divided into two groups—the Axis powers and the Allies. The Axis included Germany, Italy and Japan. France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and to a lesser extent, China, were the Allied powers. World War II was won by the Allies.

Major Events in WW II 1939 World War II began when Germany, dictated by Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. Two days later, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany.

1941 The Blitz continued against Britain’s major cities. Hitler started Operation Barbarossa— the invasion of Soviet Union (Russia). Germans occupied a large area but failed to take Moscow, the capital city.

The US entered the war when the Japanese attacked the US Navy Base at Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941. More than 2,400 American troops were killed in this surprise attack.

1943 Germany surrendered at Stalingrad, Soviet Union. It was the first major defeat of Germany in the War.

1944 Paris was liberated from Germany on August 1944, after 4 years.

1940 Germans captured Belgium, Netherlands, and Paris. After that, the German air force attacked Britain. This event came to be known as The Blitz. It took place between 7 September 1940 and 11 May 1941. London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights. More than 43,000 civilians were killed in this attack.

1942 Singapore fell to the Japanese in February with around 25,000 prisoners captured. They also captured Hong Kong, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Malaya, and the Philippines. Meanwhile, Germany suffered defeat at Stalingrad.

Meanwhile, the Germans started the mass murder of Jewish people in concentration camps. This tragic event came to be known as ‘The Holocaust’.

Around 6 million jews lost their lives in those concentration camps.

1945 On 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered.

8 May 1945 was proclaimed as Victory in Europe Day (VE Day).

The European war came to an end.

On 6 and 9 August, 1945 the US dropped two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing lakhs of people. Japan surrendered on 14 August, 1945 and World War II came to an end.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about World War II. Also, find out about the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan by the US.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the correct dates. a Start of World War II: b Adolf Hitler committed suicide: c Pearl Harbor was attacked: d Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima: e Victory in Europe Day: f

World War II came to an end:

2 Fill in the blanks. a The person who dictated Germany in World War II. b The operation started by Hitler to capture the Soviet Union. c The mass murder of people in the concentration camps. d The city where the first major defeat of Germany took place in 1943.

3 Name the countries that belonged to these groups. a The Axis Powers

b The Allies

4 Write the date and place of these events. a The Blitz

b Attack of Pearl Harbor c The first atomic bombing

Topic 12 • World War II

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FIFA World Cup

13

Football is a sport that millions of people love and play around the globe. One of the most famous international tournament of football is The World Cup which is organised by FIFA.

Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) FIFA was founded on 21 May 1904 in Paris, France, with the intention to organise and develop the game around the world.

It is the global authority for football. The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich, Switzerland.

FIFA’s most significant role is hosting the FIFA World Cup every four years. This event is the premier international football tournament.

FIFA World Cup Tournament The first FIFA World Cup Tournament took place in Uruguay in 1930. The tournament was played for 17 days in which only 13 teams participated.

Uruguay became the first team to win the FIFA World Cup after beating Argentina with 4-2 goals in the final match.

FIFA Women’s World Cup started in 1991 with 12 teams. The number of teams will have extended to 32 by 2024. The Spain women’s national football team won the 4th Women’s World Cup tournament in 2023 after beating England by 1-0 in the final. The USA Football Team has won a record 4 Women’s World Cups.

Spanish national football team

Brazil has won the FIFA Men’s World Cup a record 5 times. It won its first title in 1958.

At the FIFA World Cup, three individual awards are awarded.

• The Golden Ball for the best player • The Golden Boot for the top goal scorer • The Golden Glove for the best goalkeeper

The 23rd FIFA Men’s World Cup is scheduled to happen in June-July, 2026. It will feature 48 teams and be hosted jointly by Mexico, Canada and the United States.

FIFA World Cup was not held in the years of 1942 and 1946 due to World War II.

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Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the detailed format and list of stadiums of FIFA Men’s World Cup, 2026.

Let’s practise. ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a FIFA stands for

.

b FIFA’s headquarters are located in

.

c The current president of FIFA is

.

d The Golden Ball award is given for the

.

e The Golden Boot award is given for the

.

The Golden Glove award is given for the

.

f

g The first FIFA world cup tournament was held in

.

h The 4th edition of FIFA Women’s World cup was won by the team of year . i

FIFA 2026 World Cup will be hosted jointly in

in the

,

and

.

2 Write the correct number/date. a FIFA was founded in this year: b The number of years after which a FIFA World Cup is held: c The years in which FIFA World Cup was cancelled:

,

d Total number of cities which will host FIFA World Cup 2026: e The years in which the first FIFA World Cup took place: f

The years in which the first Women’s World Cup took place:

g The number of times Brazil has won the FIFA World Cup: h The number of times USA Women’s Football team has won the FIFA World Cup: i

The years in which Brazil won the first title of FIFA World Cup champion:

j

The year in which the 23rd FIFA Men’s World Cup is set to happen:

k The total number of teams that will be featured in the 2026 FIFA World Cup:

Topic 13 • FIFA World Cup

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Body Mass Index

14

On your journey to better health, knowing your Body Mass Index (BMI) is a helpful guide. BMI is a tool that tells you about your body and helps you make smart decisions about food and exercise. Let us learn more about BMI. BMI measures body fat using your height and weight, regardless of your age or gender.

BMI was created by Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet in the early 19th century to easily assess the health of the people.

Even if two people have the same BMI, their level of body fat may differ.

• At the same BMI, women tend to have more body fat than men.

• At the same BMI, older people on average tend to have more body fat than younger adults.

BMI Calculator for Adults BMI is calculated for people aged 20 years and older, by taking a person’s weight in kilograms and dividing it by their height in meters squared (m2).

BMI =

weight (in kilograms)

• An athlete can have a higher BMI because of the person’s higher muscle mass.

BMI Calculation for Kids and Teens

height (in metres)2

For example, if the weight of a 36-year-old male is 70 kg, and his height is 168 cm, his BMI =

70

1.682

= 24.80

According to the BMI category, his weight is Normal.

BMI Categories

BMI for children and teens aged 2 to 19 years is calculated differently. It is age and sex-specific because body fat changes with age and varies between girls and boys.

Instead of using fixed numbers to decide if they are underweight or overweight, BMI is compared to the percentiles for children of the same sex and age.

Underweight: BMI < 5th percentile Healthy: BMI ≥ 5th and < 85th percentile Overweight: BMI ≤ 85th percentile and < 95th percentile There are different categories in BMI. The value you get determines the category you fall into.

Underweight ≤ 18.5 Normal weight = 18.5 to 24.9 Overweight ≥ 25 to 29.9 Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater

Obese: BMI ≥ 95th percentile The BMI Calculator is a user-friendly online tool that helps estimate your body fat based on your height and weight.

The higher the BMI, the greater the risk of health problems associated with excess body weight.

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Life Skills Explore More!

Scan this QR code to explore more about BMI.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a BMI is also known as

.

b BMI can measure

according to height and weight.

c BMI was found in

.

d Women can have

body fat than men even with the same BMI.

e Weight will be taken in f

to calculate BMI.

Height will be taken into

to calculate BMI.

g BMI can be calculated by

weight in kg with height in metre square.

h The higher the BMI, i

risk of obesity-related problems.

BMI is calculated to check whether the individual is

,

, j

BMI is calculated in a

k An athlete will have l

,

. for children and teens.

BMI because of his muscle mass.

BMI was created by

.

2 Write the correct BMI category for an adult with the following BMI. a < 18.5: b 18.5 to 24.9: c 25 to 29.9: d 30 or greater:

3 Write the correct BMI category for children with the following BMI. a < 5th percentile: b ≥ 5th or < 85th percentile: c > 85th percentile < 95th percentile: d ≥ 95th percentile:

4 Write down the correct BMI category for the following cases. a Riya has a height of 155 cm and a weight of 65 kg. Riya’s BMI is 27.08. b Amit’s height is 180 cm height and his weight is 78 kg. Amit’s BMI is 24.07. c Aman is 10 years old. His BMI is in the 60th percentile. d Disha is 18 years old. Her BMI is in the 90th percentile.

Topic 14 • Body Mass Index

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15

Global Conflicts, 2023

Conflicts such as wars and riots cause widespread human suffering, leading to injuries, deaths and lack of essential resources like food and medicine. As a result, people are being forced to leave their homes. The year 2023 has seen many such events.

On 6 July 2023, the military overthrew President Mohamed Bazoum, and General Abdourahamane Tiani became the new leader. The coup leaders justified their actions by accusing Bazoum of corruption, economic mismanagement, and neglecting security challenges. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), which comprises 15 member countries, has warned General Tiani to reconsider his military actions and focus on preserving peace in the country.

France, the United States, and ECOWAS are against the coup, and countries outside ECOWAS might get involved. In this war-like situation, General Tiani is seeking the assistance of the Wagner Group, a Russian state-funded private military company.

On 27 June 2023, Nahel Merzouk, a 17-year-old unarmed French citizen of Algerian and Moroccan origin, was allegedly shot and killed by police during a traffic roadblock in Nanterre, a western suburb of Paris. At first, the police said the shooting was for safety reasons, but different stories started to come out. A video showed officers pointing a gun at the stopped car, which then sped away and crashed. On June 28, a peaceful “White March” protest occurred, but the tension escalated as the protest spread to other cities. France experienced widespread violence despite the fact that the police officer in question was being detained. In five consecutive nights, there were over 3,000 arrests, around 700 officers injured, more than 5000 vehicles destroyed, and approximately 1500 buildings attacked or looted nationwide due to widespread riots.

The conflict between these two neighbouring countries began around February 2014. Before 1991, Ukraine was under Russian rule. Although they were historically united, Russia now claims Ukraine based on colonial history, a claim not accepted

by Ukraine. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) which has 31 members (countries from Europe and North America), also supports Ukraine. Ukraine seeks independence from Russia, while Russia is believed to desire Ukraine’s resources, such as coal, fertile land, and iron. This led to the invasion of Crimea by Russia, sparking a war. The conflict has resulted in immense suffering, with over 1 lakh soldiers killed and 4 lakh wounded on both sides over the past seven years. Many civilians have also lost their lives, and many have been displaced from their homes.

This conflict between the government and citizens of the country began in March 2011 in the Middle Eastern country of Syria, and continues to this day. It is a result of the government’s harsh response to demands for rights and improved economic conditions. This started a long-lasting war that involved many countries and areas. The United States, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey help rebel groups, while Russia and Iran support the Syrian government. Many people are forced to leave their homes because of this conflict, creating the world’s largest refugee crisis. As of October 2023, the Syrian government controls most of the country, but rebel groups still hold some territory in the north and south. More than 2 lakh people have lost their lives in this war as of 2023.

Coup in Niger

French Riots

The Ukraine-Russia War

The Syrian Civil War

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The Year Gone By Explore More!

Scan this QR code to know about some other major conflicts between different countries.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table with correct details.

Conflicts

Countries/Cities involved

Date on/around which it started

a Russian-Ukraine War b French Riots c Syrian Civil War d Nigeria Coup

2 Read and name the conflict. a A civil war between government and citizens: b A war began when Russia invaded Crimea: c A 17-year-old French citizen was killed by police: d The President was overthrown by a coup leader: e This decade-long conflict between the government of a Middle Eastern country and its citizens:

f

The tension escalated and clashes erupted between the police and protesters within a day when a boy was killed:

g Members of NATO support the invaded country:

3 What organisations do these acronyms stand for? Write their full name. a NATO b ECOWAS

Topic 15 • Global Conflicts, 2023

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Environmental Protection

16

Several individuals, groups and governments across the world are working to safeguard the natural environment.

Let’s read about some of the environmental protection laws and programs that are contributing to it.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The UNFCCC came into force on 21 March 1994. The UNFCCC is the main worldwide treaty for combating climate change, with the aim of keeping greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere in check to protect the climate. By 2022, the UNFCCC had a membership of 198 countries.

The Environment Protection Act 1986 This is an Indian law created with an aim to enforce rules of environmental protection and human safety.

In this order, it emphasises controlling pollution by regulating the location of industries in certain areas. It also states strict actions against those who harm the environment.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) CITES, effective since 1 July 1975, is an international agreement involving 183 countries and the European Union. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species.

The Paris Agreement Adopted on 12 December 2015, the Paris Agreement is an international treaty aimed at limiting global warming to well below 2 °C and striving to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. As of 2023, 196 Parties (193 States and the European Union) have joined the Paris Agreement.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The CBD is an international treaty that became effective on 29 December 1993. Its primary goals are conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components. By 2022, the UNFCCC had 196 parties (195 countries and the European Union).

How Can We Help?

• Use public transport, or walk instead of driving. It helps to reduce carbon emission •

Plant more trees

•

Conserve water and electricity

• Recycle, reduce and reuse rather than producing waste

The World Environment Day is celebrated annually on June 5. The day was established in 1972 at the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment. It was celebrated for the first time with the slogan “Only One Earth” in 1973. The slogan of the 2023 World Environment Day was “#Beat Plastic Pollution”.

• Choose reusable alternatives for plastic bags, bottles, and utensils

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the life cycle of a plastic bottle and various environmental laws.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the full form of the following. a UNFCC b CITES c CBD

2 What happened on these dates in order to protect the environment? a 29 December 1993 b 1 July 1975

. .

c 12 December 2015 d 5 June 1972 e 21 March 1994

. . .

3 Write the number of the parties involved in the following treaties. a Paris Agreement b UNFCC c CITES d CBD

4 Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. a UNFCCC came into force on

.

b The Paris Agreement was adopted in

.

c The main goal of the Paris agreement is d Primary goal of CBD is e The theme for the World Environment Day 2023 f

. . .

The theme for the World Environment Day 1973

.

g Aim of the UNFCCC is h Aim of Environment Protection Act is

Topic 16 • Environmental Protection

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. .

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International Space Station

17

The International Space Station (ISS) program is a collaborative effort by multiple space agencies from different countries. It serves as a space-based scientific research and experimentation laboratory. Let us read more about it.

In 1984, the President of the United States, Ronald Reagan approved the Space Station Freedom program. It planned to build a large space station in the Earth’s orbit. It was designed between 1984 and 1993, and its construction began in the late 1980s across the US, Canada, Japan and Europe. In 1993, Russia was invited to join the program, and its name was changed to the International Space Station.

Some Interesting Facts About the ISS

Five space agencies collectively operate the ISS: • Canadian Space Agency (CSA) • The European Space Agency (ESA) • The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) • The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • The State Space Corporation of Russia—(Roscosmos)

The ISS is about the size of a football field, with a length of approximately 109 m. It orbits the Earth at an altitude of about 400 km in the Low Earth Orbit while travelling at a speed of approximately 28,000 km/hr. The ISS orbits the Earth in roughly 90 minutes, giving astronauts the experience of 16 sunrises and sunsets every day.

The ISS is designed to accommodate a crew of six astronauts at a time, who can stay inside. On the ISS, astronauts have living quarters, a kitchen, a gym, a lab and more. The ISS has the Veggie Plant Growth system, enabling astronauts to grow plants with the help of LED lights and a watering system. This provides fresh food and improves the air quality in the station. They also go outside the ISS for spacewalks. As of 30 May 2023, the space station has been visited by more than 260 individuals from 21 different countries, with many of them making multiple visits.

Researches by the ISS The Expedition 68 was launched on 29 September, 2022 and landed at the ISS on 28 March, 2023. The crew studied heart health, experimented with 3D printing for knee cartilage and heart tissue, grew red dwarf tomatoes, and observed how liquids behaved in artificial gravity to help future missions to the Moon, Mars and other heavenly bodies.

Expedition 69 was launched on 28 March 2023 and it landed at the ISS on 27 September 2023. It conducted research in biology, Earth science, human studies, physical sciences and technology development. This research helped us prepare for future space travel to the Moon and Mars.

The Expedition 70 was launched on 27 September 2023, with a crew of 7 members, and they are expected to land at the ISS in the spring of 2024. Astronauts and cosmonauts will conduct research on microgravity phenomena with applications for both Earth and space including heart health, cancer treatment and space manufacturing techniques during their long-term stay in Earth’s orbit.

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Science and Technology Explore More!

Scan this QR code to learn the way astronauts live at the ISS.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the full names of the five partner agencies of ISS.

2 Fill in the table with the details of each expedition listed below.

Expedition

Launch Date

2 Related Researches

a Expedition 68 b Expedition 69 c Expedition 70

3 Fill in the blanks. a President Reagan approved the Space Station in

.

b Design work of ISS occurred from the year c In 1993,

to

was invited to join the ISS program.

d The ISS orbits Earth in roughly

minutes.

e By May 2023, the space station had been visited by more than countries. f

The ISS has the

g The 70th Expedition started in h To grow plants, i

ISS orbits Earth at an altitude of about

Topic 17 • International Space Station

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.

individuals from

different

system, enabling astronauts to grow plants. , with a crew of

members.

and a watering system are used. km in

.

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18

Business Tycoons of India

There are many business tycoons in India that have contributed to the growth of our country by providing employment, generating revenue and exporting Indian products to other parts of the world. Let us read about some of them.

Dhirubhai Ambani (1932-2002) is the founder of Reliance Industries, established in 1958. He was considered to be the most successful businessman in India’s history. This industry has businesses in almost every sector—energy, petrochemicals, natural gas, retail, telecommunication, mass media and textiles. Reliance is the first privately owned Indian company on the Fortune 500 list of the world’s largest companies by revenue. He was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan posthumously, in 2016 by the Government of India for his contributions to trade and industry.

Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (1904-1993) or J.R.D. Tata was the founder of several industries under the Tata Group, including Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors, Titan Industries, Tata Salt and Voltas. He created India’s first airline—Air India. As of 2023, the Tata Group empire generates around INR 12 trillion revenue annually. J. R. D. Tata received the Bharat Ratna in 1992, and Padma Vibhushan posthumously in 1955 for his contribution to the development of the industries in India.

He was also the first licensed pilot in India.

Shiv Nadar is the founder and chairman of the IT company HCL Technologies (the 3rd largest IT company of India), and Shiv Nadar Foundation. According to the Forbes World’s Billionaires 2023 list, he is the 3rd richest person in India and the 50th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $29 billion, as of June 2023. In 2008, he received the Padma Bhushan from the Government of India for his contribution to the IT industry.

N. R. Narayana Murthy is one of the co-founders of the IT company Infosys which is the 2nd largest IT company in India, and was established in 1981. He is described as the ‘Father of Indian IT sector’. As of 2023, His net worth is estimated to be around $4 billion, making him the 711th richest person in the world according to the Forbes World’s Billionaires 2023 list. He was honoured with the Padma Vibhushan in 2008 and the Padma Shri in 2000.

Mukesh Ambani is the chairman and the managing director of Reliance Industries Limited, which has businesses in petrochemicals, oil and gas, oil refining, chemicals, telecom, retail and many other sectors. As of August 2023, he has a net worth of $91.2 billion. He is the richest person in Asia and the 13th richest in the world. As of 2023, Reliance Industries is India’s most valuable company with around 3,43,000 employees. Some of the subsidiaries of Reliance are Jio Platforms, Reliance Retail, Network 18 Group and Indiawin Sports.

Cyrus S. Poonawalla is the chairman and the managing director of the Cyrus Poonawalla Group, which includes the Serum Institute of India, which is the largest vaccine manufacturer in the world. It also includes the Poonawalla Fincorp, a leading non-banking finance company (NBFC) in India. He is ranked as the 4th richest person in India on the Forbes India list with a net worth of $20.6 billion, as of 2023.

Azim Hashim Premji is the founder and the former chairman of the IT company Wipro Limited. It is the 4th largest IT company in India. He is known as the ‘Czar of the Indian IT Industry’. He also serves as the chancellor of the Azim Premji University. As of 2023, his net worth is estimated at about $11.5 billion according to Forbes. In 2019, he dropped from the 2nd position in the Forbes India Rich list to the 17th position after giving away a huge amount to charity. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2005 for his outstanding work in trade and commerce. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2011.

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Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the life and work of Dhirubhai Ambani and J.R.D. Tata.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the companies founded by the following people. a Shiv Nadar:

b Dhirubhai Ambani:

c N.R. Narayana Murty:

d Cyrus. S. Poonawalla:

e Azim Hashim Premji:

2 Read the following descriptions and name the business tycoon. a He is the richest man in India. b He is called the ‘Father of Indian IT sector’. c He was honoured posthumously with the Padma Vibhushan in 1955. d He donated a huge amount of his income to charity in 2019. e His company is the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer.

He was the first licensed pilot in India.

f

g He is known as the ‘Czar of the Indian IT Industry’. h According to the Forbes World’s Billionaires 2023 list, he is the 50th richest person in the world.

3 Write any one honour given to these people by the government of India and the year in which they got it.

Business Tycoon

Honour

Year

a N.R. Narayana Murty b Azim Hashim Premji c Shiv Nadar d J.R.D. Tata e

Dhirubhai Ambani

4 Write the correct answer. a The first privately owned Indian company to be on the Fortune 500 list: b The third largest IT company in India: c An NBFC owned by Cyrus S. Poonawalla: d Airline owned by the Tata Group: e The university whose chairperson is former Wipro’s chairman: f

2 sectors in which Reliance Industries have their businesses:

,

g 2 companies whose founder was J.R.D. Tata: h 2 subsidiaries of Reliance Industries: Topic 18 • Business Tycoons of India

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BRICS Nations

19

Russia

BRICS is a group of five countries. Working together as an organisation.

BRICS nations seek economic cooperation among themselves. They also aim to enhance their political standing in the world. They work together to relax trade barriers and the use of resources.

Brazil

China

India

South Africa

The Beginning of BRICS Jim O’Neill, the chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, coined the concept of BRIC in 2001.

Formed in 2006, initially it was BRIC, and later changed to BRICS with inclusion of South Africa in 2010.

The first official summit of the BRIC nations was held on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg, Russia.

Global Significance of BRICS The BRICS nations make up a big part of the world population and economy. They are leading in global trades with more than 16% shares. Rich in resources, they export things like oil, gas, and agriculture. They are among the world’s fastest-growing and emerging markets of the 21st century. China is a manufacturing giant, while India excels in IT and software services.

Key Development • The BRICS Parliamentary Forum was established in 2011 to strengthen contacts at the leadership level of BRICS. This body is also responsible for the development of new ways of cooperating among BRICS nations.

• The New Development Bank was established in 2015 to provide funding to emerging markets and developing countries for infrastructure and sustainable development projects.

BRICS Summits BRICS holds an annual summit in which the leader of each member nation must be the attendee.

The 15th BRICS Summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa from 22 to 24 August, 2023.

The theme of the summit was “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development, and Inclusive Multilateralism”.

India hosted the 4th BRICS Summit on 29 March 2012 in New Delhi. Its theme was “BRICS Partnership for Global Stability, Security and Prosperity.”

On 1 January 2024, Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) officially joined the BRICS group.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about the original BRICS and the new member nations who have joined the BRICS recently.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 What does BRICS stands for?

B R I C S

2 Name 6 nations that officially join the BRICS group in 2024.

3 Fill in the blanks. a The concept of ‘BRIC’ was first introduced by Jim O’Neill in

.

b South Africa became the fifth member of BRICS in the year

.

c The The New Development Bank was created by BRICS in the year

.

d The BRICS Parliamentary Forum came into existence in the year

.

e The first official summit of BRICS was held in

on .

f

The Fourth BRICS Summit took place in

g The 15th BRICS Summit was hosted in h Among BRICS, Among BRICS, India is leading in

j

and

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.

on

.

is known for being a manufacturing giant.

i

Topic 19 • BRICS Nations

, India on

services. accounts for the most population among BRICS.

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Types of Theatre

20

The word theatre refers to the performance of a play in front of an audience. There are many different types of theatre performances.

Tragedy

Melodrama

It is a genre of drama based on human suffering, or often the sorrowful events faced by the main character in a play.

Antigone by Sophocles and Hamlet by Shakespeare are two popular tragedies.

Comedy and Farce A comedy is a dramatic performance with a light and humorous tone that presents amusing events. The characters usually triumph over problems in the end. A Midsummer’s Night Dream is a well-known Shakespearean comedy.

A farce is a comedy with physical humour, bawdy jokes, funny characters, and absurd or exaggerated situations. Farces are intended to be great fun for the audience. Some popular farces include The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde and Noises Off by Michael Frayn.

This form of drama emphasises the emotions of its characters to generate a response from the audience. Many Morality plays of the Middle Ages, Shakespeare’s plays, and operas are melodramatic.

Opera and Musical Theatre These plays are set to music, and the actors sing some or all of the dialogue.

Opera is more classical in style, with overly emotive voices and lavish sets or costumes. Verdi’s La Traviata is a worldfamous opera. The Sydney Opera House is one of the most famous stages in the world.

Musical theatre has a generally lighter tone but is still impressive with fun and engaging plotlines. Les Misérables is an example of modern classical musical theatre.

Broadway Theatre Broadway is a street in the entertainment district of New York, where there are many theatres. Broadway musicals use live dialogue, music, singing, and dancing to tell stories.

Ballet Ballet involves grace and beauty, communicating a wide range of emotions in light, poetic, yet technical movements. Both classical and modern ballets are popular due to their unique storytelling structure. The Swan Lake is one of the best-known ballets worldwide.

Recently, the NMACC (Nita Mukesh Ambani Cultural Centre) brought an award-winning Broadway musical, The Sound of Music, to India for the first time.

Importance of Theatre or Plays World Theatre Day is celebrated on 27 March. It serves as a reminder of the important role that theatre plays in our lives.

•

Plays are a vehicle for inspiration, humour, critical thought, and transformation.

• Plays introduce audiences to different characters, settings, and situations and allow them to connect directly with the characters on stage. In this manner, plays can produce genuine and life-changing experiences.

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Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about theatre performances.

Also, watch a ballet being performed.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Which form of drama is it? a It has a humorous tone that depicts amusing incidents. b It is based on the sorrowful events faced by the main character in a play. c It overemphasises the emotions of its characters. d It has a ridiculous plot, funny characters, and absurd or exaggerated situations. e It is musical in nature, with a lighter tone and engaging plotline. f

It is light, poetic, and involves grace and beauty, yet it has technical movements.

g It is from New York and uses live dialogue, music, singing, and dancing to tell stories. h It is classical, with lavish sets and costumes and the actors sing all of the dialogue.

2 Fill in the blanks with the correct theatre performances. a b

Many

c d e f g h

and

are two popular tragedies.

and

plays of the Middle Ages are melodramatic. is a famous Shakespearean comedy.

and

are two popular farces. is one of the most famous operas.

is a modern classical musical theatre. is an award-winning Broadway musical brought to India by the NMACC. is one of the most well-known ballets worldwide.

3 Why are plays important? Write any 2 reasons in 1 or 2 sentences.

Topic 20 • Types of Theatre

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21

Healthy Body, Healthy Mind

A healthy body leads to a healthy mind, and a healthy mind leads to a healthy body. Let’s explore this connection between the two.

Our minds and bodies are constantly in conversation with each other. Studies have shown that mental health can have a significant impact on physical health. For example, people with depression are more likely to experience physical issues such as headaches, stomachaches and tiredness. People with anxiety are more likely to experience physical issues such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Thus, it’s very important that we focus on our mental health along with our physical health.

A healthy mind is often characterised by clear thinking, continuous learning, resilience in the face of stress, and the ability to thrive in life’s ups and downs. A healthy mind enhances our capacity to navigate challenges.

How to Live Healthily Eating Healthy: A healthy diet includes plenty of fruit, vegetables, and whole grains. It is also important to limit processed foods, sugary drinks and unhealthy fats. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day is also important, along with food.

Getting Enough Good Sleep: It is essential for physical and mental health. Most adults need 7–9 hours of sleep per night. We also need to prioritise quality sleep that includes a consistent sleep schedule, and a comfortable sleeping environment.

Regular Exercise: Engage in regular physical activities, such as dancing, running, cycling, and yoga to not only boost our body’s health but also our mind’s health. We must be physically active for at least 30 minutes each day.

Stress Stress is a feeling of emotional tension that has a negative impact on both physical and mental health.

How to Manage Stress There are quite a few ways to manage stress, such as exercise, yoga, meditation, or spending time with loved ones.

Deep breathing, meditation and taking a walk also help to reduce stress. We can also take part in recreational activities such as swimming, painting, dancing or doing anything that makes us happy and relaxed.

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Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the secret of a healthy mind and the importance of healthy food to keep the body and mind healthy.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a A healthy body leads to a healthy mind, and a healthy mind leads to a healthy

.

b Mental health can significantly impact physical health, as people with depression are more likely to experience physical problems like

and

.

c To live healthily, it’s important to include plenty of fruit, vegetables, and grains in your d Adults typically need

hours of quality sleep per night.

e We must aim for at least f

.

minutes of exercise on most days.

Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical

.

g Exercise is an effective way to reduce

and improve

.

h People with anxiety are more likely to experience physical problems like heart palpitations, and

.

2 Write 4 signs of a healthy mind.

3 Write 4 ways by which you can live a healthy life.

4 Write 4 ways to effectively manage stress.

Topic 21 • Healthy Body, Healthy Mind

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22

Space Missions, 2023

Space is a vast, mysterious place with many unexplored objects. Every year, space agencies across the world plan missions to study space. The year 2023 saw some ground-breaking space missions.

Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE)

Launch: 14 April 2023; Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana Space Agency: European Space Agency (ESA)

This mission aims to study Jupiter’s environment in depth, and also study its three major ocean-bearing icy moons: Ganymede, Callisto and Europa. It will take around eight years to reach Jupiter’s orbit.

Euclid Mission

Launch: 1 July 2023; Florida, USA Space Agency: ESA

This mission is designed to explore the composition and evolution of the dark space. The Euclid telescope will travel approximately 1.5 million km far in the universe. From there it will create a detailed map covering more than a third of the space, allowing it to study the dark universe in greater detail by observing billions of galaxies.

Chandrayaan-3

Launch: 14 July 2023, Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota), Andhra Pradesh Space Agency: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

It is ISRO’s third lunar mission where the lander was sent to the moon. The lander landed safely near the south pole of the Moon on 23 August, 2023. It conducted many experiments on the lunar surface, one of which confirmed the present of Sulphur (S).

Aditya-L1

Launch: 2 September 2023; (Sriharikota), Andhra Pradesh Space Agency: ISRO

This mission is dedicated to exploring and studying the sun. In Sanskrit ‘Aditya’ means the Sun. L1 is a location in space where the gravitational forces of Sun and Earth are balanced. This mission is crucial as it will help to understand and predict space weather which impacts on Earth.

Smart Lander for Investigating the Moon (SLIM)

and X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)

Launch: 6 September 2023; Yoshinobu Launch Complex, Japan

Space Agency: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), partnered with NASA

SLIM is Japan’s first lunar lander. It is designed for precise Moon landings. XRISM is an X-ray space telescope. Its aim is to study the structure and evolution of the universe by observing black holes, neutron stars, and galaxy clusters.

Failed Missions of 2023 On 20 April 2023, SpaceX’s Starship had its first test flight. However, some of the engines on the rocket did not work correctly, so they had to end the flight early using a safety system.

On 30 May 2023, North Korea tried to send a satellite called Malligyong-1 into space using a rocket called Chollima-1. Unfortunately, the rocket did not work as planned and crashed into the Yellow Sea. On 10 August 2023, Russia’s space agency Roscosmos sent a spaceship named Luna 25 to the Moon with a rocket called Soyuz-2.1b. Sadly, Luna 25 had some technical issues and crashed into the Moon on 19 August 2023.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to explore more about the space missions of 2023.

Also watch the highlights of Axiom-2, a private crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the launch dates of these space missions of 2023. a Luna 25:

b Chandrayaan-3:

c Aditya L1:

d XRISM:

e Starship:

f

g Euclid:

h Malligyong-1:

JUICE:

2 Fill in the table.

Space Mission, 2023

Space agency that launched the mission

The location from where it is launched

a SLIM b Aditya L1 c Euclid d Chandrayaan-3 e JUICE f

XRISM

3 Read these details. Then, write the names of these space missions. a The mission faced a technical issues and the lander crashed on 19 August 2023. b The mission where a lander landed near the south pole of the Moon. c The mission with the aim of reaching a location in the gravitational system of sun and Earth.

d The mission where North Korea attempted to send a satellite into space using a rocket.

e This mission is in partnership with NASA where an X-ray telescope is placed on the Moon.

f

The mission which will survey three icy moons of Jupiter.

g The private crew mission to the International Space Station.

Topic 22 • Space Missions, 2023

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SDGs: Goals and Achievements

23

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations (UN) in 2015 for all UN member nations. The SDGs aim to achieve a more sustainable future for the world.

Many actions have been taken to achieve these goals. Some of them are: Climate Action (SDG 13) The Paris Agreement, which was adopted under SDG 13, and signed by 198 countries, aims to limit global warming to well below 2 °C. It has seen significant progress in terms of international cooperation to combat climate change. Many countries have set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and have taken steps to transition to renewable energy sources.

Life on Land (SDG 15)

Life Below Water (SDG 14)

Various initiatives have been implemented to protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems.

Forest restoration programs, such as the Bonn Challenge, have been successful in bringing degraded lands back under forest cover. Efforts to combat illegal wildlife trade and promote sustainable land use have also been implemented.

Efforts to protect and restore marine ecosystems have been successful in many regions. For example, several countries have established protected marine areas to conserve biodiversity and prevent overfishing. Additionally, the implementation of measures to combat marine pollution has led to cleaner oceans.

Progress Reports on SGD Goals According to the latest Global Sustainable Development Report 2023, only a small fraction, specifically 12%, of the SDGs are currently being successfully achieved or are on track.

•

he report states the progress of all 193 UN Member States on the SDGs: Across all 17 goals, Sweden tops the list T of countries surveyed. It is, on average, 84.5% of the way to achieving the targets envisioned for 2030.

•

he Asia-Pacific region has made gradual progress towards achieving all 17 SDGs, with an increase from 4.4% in T 2017 to 14.4% in 2022.

•

I n 2022, the Asia-Pacific region made significant advancements in achieving affordable and clean energy (SDG 7) and developing industry, innovation, and infrastructure (SDG 9), but showed a decline in efforts towards climate action (SDG 13).

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the progress of SDGs and what we can contribute to achieve them.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 What is the goal of the following SDGs? SDG 1:

SDG 2:

SDG 4:

SDG 5:

SDG 14:

SDG 15:

2 Read the goal. Which number of SDG goal is it? a This SDG is about ensuring good health and wellbeing. b This SDG is about ensuring clean water and sanitation for all. c This SDG is promoting equality among genders. d This SDG is focusing on quality in education. e This SDG is trying to protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems. f

This SDG is trying to conserve, protect and restore marine ecosystems.

g This SDG is aiming to reduce inequality within and among countries.

3 Fill in the blanks. a The Paris Agreement was adopted under SDG b SDG

.

, 198 countries aim to limit global warming to well below

c According to the track.

Report 2023, about

percent of the SDGs are currently on

, forest restoration programs, such as the d Under SDG improving forest cover. e The effort of SDGs has increased about 10% from region. f

In 2022, the

g In and SDG

, have been successful in to

in the Asia-Pacific

region showed a decline in efforts towards SDG

.

, the Asia-Pacific region made significant advancements in achieving in SDG .

Topic 23 • SDGs: Goals and Achievements

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°C.

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Machine Learning

24

Machine Learning (ML) is a part of Artificial Intelligence (AI). In the programs of ML, the computer learns to make decisions and predictions on its own, based on the data that has been put into it.

But, it makes these predictions without needing explicit instructions for each action.

Arthur Samuel, a computer scientist at IBM and a pioneer in AI and computer gaming, coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1952.

7 Steps of ML Programmes Step 1: Data Collection: Data is gathered based on the features needed in the program.

It determines the accuracy of the model through data.

Step 2: Data Preparation: It is when we load our data in random order into the system and prepare it for use in the program.

Step 3: Choose a Model: Many models/designs are created by scientists for different types of data and feature needs. Some are suited for images while others are used for music. Some are for numerical data, others for text-based data.

Step 4: Train the Model: In this step, we use data to improve the ability of the model to predict and make decisions. It helps to improve its accuracy.

Step 5: Evaluate the Model: Once trained, we test how well the model will perform in the real world.

Step 6: Parameter Tuning: It is adjusting settings to further improve the model.

Step 7: Predictions: In this step, weuse the ML to get answers for a new data set or questions. This is the point, where the value of ML is realised.

Applications of ML Currently, ML is used to solve the simplest to the most complex real-world problems. It is used to develop new ways to combat climate change, improve education, prevent disease and much more. Let’s see some applications of ML:

Healthcare

Manufacturing

ML is used for creating medicines, treatments, and for predicting patient ‘s health.

ML is used to improve product quality, forecast machine failures, and optimise production lines.

Entertainment ML is used in advertising and recommendation system of various online shows, movies and music platforms.

Finance ML is used to detect fraud, predict stock market trends, and make investment decisions.

Retail ML is employed for product suggestion, inventory improving, and personalised shopping.

Transportation ML is used to develop self-driving cars, optimise traffic flow, and predict travel delays.

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Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about machine learning and its real-life applications.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a Machine Learning is a subset of

. , a computer scientist, first used the term “Machine Learning”.

b

c The term ‘Machine Learning’ was first used in the year

.

2 Sequence the steps (1–7) of machine learning in the correct order. a We test how well the model will perform in reality. b We load and randomise data. c We improve the ability of the chosen design to predict with accuracy. d We gather data from various sources. e We use ML to get the answers to new questions. f

We adjust settings to further improve the chosen design.

g We choose a design for the type of collected data.

3 Write any 7 applications of machine learning in our day-to-day lives.

Topic 24 • Machine Learning

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25

India in Global Production

India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. Let’s read about India’s contribution to different economic sectors of the world.

Agriculture India is the largest producer of cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric, pulses, and black pepper in the world. India is the second largest producer of fruit and vegetables, rice, wheat, and groundnuts. Our country accounts for 10% of the world’s fruit production, with the first rank in the production of bananas and sapota (chiku). India produced 330.5 million tonnes of food grains in 2022–2023, which is higher by 150 million tonnes than the year 2021–22.

Animal Husbandry India is the largest producer of milk. It contributed about 24% of the global milk production in the year of 2021–22. According to Food and Agriculture Organisation Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) data of 2023, India is 3rd in egg production and 8th in meat production in the world.

Automobiles India has the world’s 3rd largest automobile market. It is the largest manufacturer of 3-wheelers, passenger vehicles and tractors. It is the 2nd largest manufacturer of 2-wheelers like motorbikes. It is the world’s 3rd largest heavy truck manufacturer and 4th largest car manufacturer.

Leather India ranks 4th in the world for exports of leather goods.

During 2021–22, footwear exports alone contributed to about 52% share in the Indian leather industry.

Oil and Gas India has been the largest exporter of petroleum products in Asia since 2009. It is the 4th largest global refiner.

Textile India is one of the world’s largest producers of cotton and jute. It is the 2nd largest producer of silk. 95% of the world’s hand-woven fabric comes from India. It is the 2nd largest producer of both polyester and rayon.

Pharmaceutical and Ayush The Indian pharma industry ranks 3rd globally in pharmaceutical production by volume.

It is the world’s largest manufacturer of vaccines.

India stands as the world’s 2nd leading exporter of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) medicines and herbal products.

Metals and Mining India is the 2nd largest producer of crude steel and coal and ranked the 4th in iron ore production in the world. India produces as many as 95 minerals, which include 4 types of fuel, 10 types metallic and 23 non-metallic ores and minerals, 3 types of radioactive and 55 types of minor minerals.

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Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about Indian manufacturing and production in different sectors. Also, learn how India became the world’s top milk-producing country.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Write the rank of India in the following production/manufacturing. a Tea:

c Meat:

e Black pepper: g Rice: i

d Eggs: f

Turmeric:

h 2-wheelers:

j

Vaccine:

l

Heavy truck:

Leather goods:

k Iron ore:

b Wheat:

m Refining capacity:

2 Fill in the blanks. a India ranks first in the production of these types of fruit. b India ranks second in the production of these textiles. c India ranks first in manufacturing of these automobiles.

3 Write the correct number/percentage. a Number of minerals produced in India. b Contribution of India to global milk production for the year 2021–22. c Contribution of India to the world’s hand-woven fabric. d Contribution of India to the world’s fruit production. e Amount of food grains produced in India in 2022–2023.

4 Write the full form of AYUSH.

Topic 25 • India in Global Production

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26

Landmark Conferences and Treaties

During the 19th and 20th centuries, our world experienced many conflicts like the World Wars that affected many people. Today, we are dealing with many global challenges like climate change. To come up with solutions to such crises, leaders from different countries gather to talk about these problems and find possible solutions for them. These meetings are called ‘conferences’. When many nations agree on solutions and turn them into international laws, they are called ‘treaties’. Let’s learn about some of the important conferences and treaties in history.

The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in Paris. It officially ended World War I between Germany and the victorious Allies. It held Germany responsible for starting the war and imposed heavy penalties on it to make up for the loss of territory, military and finance.

Bretton Woods Conference was a gathering of 44 nations in the United States of America (USA) in July 1944. It led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Their aim was to bring stability and reconstruct the economy after World War II.

The Charter of the United Nations is the basic agreement that created the United Nations (UN) signed on 26 June 1945 in California, USA. It was signed after the United Nations Conference on International Organisation. It lists the major principles of international relations after World War II. It also prohibits the use of force in international relations. 50 nations signed the UN Charter, as a means of preventing “succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”

On 1 December, 1959 the Antarctic Treaty (1959) was signed by 12 nations, including the USA and the Soviet Union in Washington, USA. It established Antarctica as a zone of peace and banned all military activities and weapons testing on its land. It was the first arms control agreement signed in the post-world war period. Now, this date of the signing of the treaty is celebrated as the Antarctica Day every year.

On 1 July 1968 the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed by the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and 59 other states in Geneva, Switzerland. This treaty aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote the idea eliminating nuclear power for the purposes of war. The countries that signed the treaty agreed not to develop or acquire nuclear weapons. India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea have not signed the treaty.

On 12 December 2015, the Paris Climate Agreement was signed by 196 nations at the UN Climate Change Conference. It came into effect on 4 November, 2016. This treaty aimed to limit the emission of greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about treaties. Also, learn about the importance of the Paris Climate Agreement.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table.

Treaties

When was the treaty signed?

Where was its conference held?

a The Antarctic Treaty b The Charter of the United Nations c The Treaty of Versailles d The Paris Climate Agreement e The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

2 Read the feature and name the treaty. a It created the World Bank for the stability of the world economy, post-World War II. b It officially ended World War I. c It aimed to prevent the development of nuclear weapons. d It was the first arms control agreement signed after World War II. e It aimed to limit the emission of greenhouse gases. f

It was signed by 50 nations to prevent “succeeding generations from the scourge of war.”

g It led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund. h It held Germany responsible for starting World War I. i

It created a zone of peace in the world by banning all military activities in that zone.

j

India and Pakistan did not sign this treaty in order to develop their weaponry.

k It aims to tackle the problems of climate change by making nations responsible for global warming.

Topic 26 • Landmark Conferences and Treaties

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27

Famous Paintings in the World

There are a few paintings that have captured the imagination of the people in entire world. Let us learn about some of them.

The Last Supper

It was painted by Leonardo da Vinci between 1495 and 1498. It is one of the most famous artworks in the world. It depicts the dramatic scene of the last meal Jesus is said to have had with his followers, where he declared that one of them would betray him. The painting shows a complex study of human emotions, painted as seemingly simple. It is in the Santa Maria delle Grazie monastery in Milan, Italy.

Mona Lisa

The famous painting by Leonardo Da Vinci was created between 1503 and 1519. The mysterious quality of Mona Lisa’s smile has made people curious about it for centuries. Mona Lisa’s calm look and the landscape behind her fading into the distance show Leonardo’s mastery of technique. It now hangs in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. The painting cannot be bought or sold according to French heritage law.

Girl with a Pearl Earring

This is an oil painting on canvas painted by Johannes Vermeer in 1665. His study of a young woman is startlingly real and modern, almost as if it were a photograph. The woman is unknown. He portrays her with a pearl earring, looking over her shoulder, locking eyes with the viewer as if she is trying to make a connection. It is an example of the Dutch genre called a tronie (a Dutch word for a character).

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

It was painted by Caspar David Friedrich by 1818. In this image, we see a hiker pausing on a rocky ridge to take in the beauty of the landscape. The worship of nature and the awe it inspires are features of this Romantic style of art. The landscape represents Friedrich’s personal feeling of depression. This painting doesn’t show any actual view but includes details of the various places he visited.

Impression, Sunrise

It is an oil painting by Claude Monet in 1873. This is a painting of daybreak over the port of Le Havre, the artist’s hometown. Monet was known for his studies of light and colour, and this canvas depicts the sun as an orange ball breaking through a hazy blue melding of water and sky.

The Starry Night

This oil painting on canvas was painted by Vincent Van Gogh in 1889. It is in the impressionist style of painting for which the painter was known. It was created by Van Gogh in an asylum, where he’d admitted himself. It is inspired by the view from the window of the room where he lived. In the painting, the night sky comes alive with swirls and orbs created by brush marks springing from his awe of nature. It is kept at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, USA.

The Blue Dancers

This oil painting on canvas was created by Edgar Degas in 1897. He was a great fan of a dance called ballet. That is why he was called ‘the artist of the ballerinas’. In the Blue Dancers, he uses the Impressionist style with large spots of colour, giving more importance to the decorative look of the surface. Today, the painting is in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow.

Shakuntala

It was created by Raja Ravi Varma in 1898. It is a realist presentation of a mythological painting.

It depicts Shakuntala, from Mahabharat, eagerly looking back for Dushyanth, her husband, and pretending to remove a thorn from her foot. It captures the expressions and body language of Shakuntala and her companions in detail.

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Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn what the impressionist style of painting is.

Also, learn more about the The Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table.

Painting

Painter

When was it painted?

a The Starry Night b Girl with a Pearl Earring c Shakuntala d Impression, Sunrise e The Blue Dancers

2 Which painting is it? a This painting of an unknown woman portrayed with an earring. b This is a painting of daybreak over a port at the artist’s hometown. c The night sky comes alive with swirls and orbs in this painting. d This painting depicts a complex study of human emotions at a supper table. e It’s famous for the mysterious quality of the smile of the woman in the painting. f

This painting depicts ballerinas in blue costumes.

g This painting captures the expressions of a woman and her companions. h In this painting, we see an image of a hiker in the mountains.

3 Which 2 artists have used the Impressionist style of painting in their art?

4 Where are these paintings kept today? a The Last Supper: b The Blue Dancers: c Mona Lisa: d The Starry Night:

Topic 27 • Famous Paintings in the World

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28

National Schemes for Entrepreneurs

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

Atal Innovation Mission (AIM)

It was launched on 8 April 2015 by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi. The scheme was developed under the guidance of the members of the Union Ministry for Finance and Corporate Affairs. The term Mudra stands for Micro-Units Development and Refinance Agency. This scheme aims to help small businesses and entrepreneurs by offering loans in three categories based on the size of their businesses – Shishu (up to ₹50,000), Kishor (₹50,000 to ₹5 lakh), and Tarun (₹5 lakh to ₹10 lakh)

It operates under the guidance of the NITI Aayog and was launched in 2016.

This initiative was launched to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship among the Indian youth. It is part of the Make in India and Startup India campaigns. It was named after the former prime minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee.

AIM has also launched the Atal Tinkering Lab (ATL) program for grades 6 to 12.

Startup India Initiative It was launched on 16 January 2016 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Its aim is to promote and support startups by providing them with financial assistance from banks. It helps startups to secure their ideas and provides legal help to make sure no one steals their ideas.

India had nine unicorns just in 2019, such as Big Basket, Ola Electric, Lenskart and Zoho.

National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) It was established in 1955 by the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME). NSIC focuses on helping small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in India.

NSIC provides financial and technical support for purchasing and storing raw materials in a large amount.

Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme (DEDS) It was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare in September 2010. Its goal is to enhance dairy businesses and milk production, benefiting farmers, entrepreneurs and dairy groups. This program also aimed to establish modern dairy farms to upgrade milk quality and technology for dailry management.

Stree Shakti Scheme: The Karnataka government partnered with the State Bank of India (SBI) and introduced a program that offers discounted loans to help Indian women entrepreneurs fulfil their business dreams. It was launched during 2000-01.

Streeshakti Groups, consisting of 15 to 20 women from economically weak backgrounds are created to promote savings and empower women economically. This scheme is typically taken up by anaganwadi workers.

Multiplier Grants Scheme (MGS): The Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY) launched MGS to connect business and academic research, benefiting startups and advancing academic research in the industry. The scheme’s primary goal is to establish and enhance connections between industry and educational institutions.

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Life Skills Explore More Scan this QR code to discover the top government schemes for startups in India.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 What do these scheme names/words stand for? Write their full forms. a PMMY: b Mudra in PMMY: c NSIC: d DEDS: e AIM:

2 Name the departments/governing bodies that launched/provided guidelines for these schemes. a AIM: b PMMY: c NSIC: d MSG: e DEDS: f

Startup India Initiative:

3 Which scheme is it? a It aims to boost dairy-related businesses and increase milk production in India. b It started as a part of the Make in India and Startup India campaigns. c Launched by the Government of Karnataka, it supports Indian women entrepreneurs. d It provides financial and technical support for purchasing and storing raw materials. e It aims to help small businesses and entrepreneurs by offering loans in three categories. f

Its main aim is to connect the industry and educational institutions.

g It is named after a former prime minister of India. h It is in collaboration with the State Bank of India.

Topic 28 • National Schemes for Entrepreneurs

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29

Sports Events, 2023

The year 2023 was a big year for sports, with a number of major sporting events taking place around the world. Here are some of them: Khelo India Youth Games were held from 30 January to 11 February, 2023. This event was established by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in 2018. It aims to encourage and nurture sporting talent among the Indian youth. 2023 was the 5th edition of this event. It was hosted by the state of Madhya Pradesh. There were over 5,000 athletes from 36 states and Union Territories competing in a total of 27 sports like badminton, boxing and wrestling. Maharashtra won the KIYG 2023 title with 56 gold medals, 55 silver medals and 50 bronze medals.

The 8th edition of ICC T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup was held in South Africa from 10 February to 26 February 2023. Australia won the cup in 2023. In every two years, International Cricket Council (ICC) organises championships of Twenty20. These cricket matches are limited to 20 overs of gameplay, thus the name T20.

The 2023 All England Open Championship is the world’s oldest annual badminton tournament that was started in 1899. In 2023, its 113th edition was held in England, from 14 to 19 March, 2023.

The main competitions of the championship are men’s singles and doubles, women’s singles & doubles and mixed doubles.

A total of 16 Indians competed in the event. The women’s doubles pair of Gayatri Gopichand and Treesa Jolly for India made it to the semi-finals.

The 13th edition of the IBA Women’s World Boxing Championship was held from 15 to 26 March, 2023 in New Delhi, India. This event is organised by the International Boxing Association (IBA) every two years for both men and women. India won 4 gold medals in different weight categories. India topped the medal tally for the first time since 2006.

The 2023 World Aquatics Championships was held in Fukuoka, Japan from 14 to 30 July, 2023. This championship is held every two years. 2023 was the 20th edition of this event. The world’s top divers took part in 13 different events at the Fukuoka Prefectural Pool. China dominated the event with a record number of medals—20 gold, 8 silver and 12 bronze.

Men’s One-Day International (ODI) or Cricket World Cup (CWC), organised by the ICC. It is one of the world’s most viewed sporting event. This event is held every four years. In 2023, its 13th edition was held from 5 October to 19 November in India. India is hosting the CWC for the fourth time. The first match kicked off in Narendra Modi Stadium, the biggest cricket stadium of the world. A total of 10 countries qualified for the event—India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, England and the Netherlands.

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The Year Gone By Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the Asian Games, 2023. Also watch the highlights of the opening ceremony of the Khelo India Youth Games, 2023.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table for each sporting event of 2023.

Sports Event, 2023

The location at which it was held

Which edition of the sport was it?

a All England Open Badminton Championship b Men's Cricket World Cup c Asian Games d T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup e World Aquatics Championships f Women’s World Boxing Championship g Khelo India Youth Games

2 Write the duration of these events that were held in 2023. a All England Open Badminton Championship: b

Men’s Cricket World Cup:

c

T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup:

d

World Aquatics Championships:

e

Women’s World Boxing Championship:

f

Khelo India Youth Games:

3 Who organised these sporting events in 2023? a

Men’s Cricket World Cup:

b

T20 Women’s Cricket World Cup:

c

Women’s world boxing championship:

d

Khelo India Youth Games:

e

Asian Games:

Topic 29 • Sports Events, 2023

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30

Human-made Disasters

As the name suggests, human-made disasters are caused by harmful human activities and negligence. These disasters are not natural like earthquakes or cyclones.

A nuclear disaster is an incident that releases dangerous levels of radioactive materials into the environment. It may occur in a nuclear power plant or anywhere where radioactive materials are used or stored. It can occur due to equipment failure, human error, transportation accidents or natural disasters like earthquakes or tsunamis.

In Japan, on 11 March 2011, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster after a massive earthquake followed by a tsunami damaged the power plant.

The Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986 in Ukraine is the largest nuclear disaster in history. In the incident, a sudden surge of power during a test destroyed a unit of the nuclear power station.

A chemical disaster means the accidental release of hazardous chemicals which severely harm the environment and humans. These incidents can happen in industrial plants and during transportation of chemicals due to equipment failure or human error. They can also be caused by natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions.

The Bhopal Gas Disaster in India happened on the night of 2 December 1984. It was one of the largest chemical disasters in the world. The tragedy claimed over 2,500 lives due to the leak of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC)—a toxic gas that impacts the health of generations of humans in the affected area.

Oil spill is the accidental release of liquid petroleum oil in oceans and seas due to human error or transportation accidents. It damages the marine ecosystem very much, often killing an extremely large number of birds, fish and other aquatic plants and animals.

The largest oil spill disaster is the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that happened on 20 April 2010. In this disaster, the oil drilling rig exploded and sank, leaking millions of barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico, traces of which were detectable until 2020.

A pandemic is when a contagious disease has spread worldwide and affects a large number of populations over a span of time. The pandemic becomes a significant problem as it affects not just human health but also impacts the global economies and trades.

The Spanish flu or influenza was the first recorded pandemic that spread around the world in 1918 and 1919. It affected more than 50 million people worldwide. The first few cases were reported in Kansas, USA where U.S. troops were deployed during World War I, leading to the spread of the virus.

The outbreak of the SARS CoV-2 virus caused the COVID-19 pandemic. It is believed that it first started in the city of Wuhan, China in late 2019. The virus is highly contagious and the disease spread quickly to other continents, affecting more than 650 million people over a span of two years.

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Earth and Environment Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some of the worst human-made environmental disasters. Also, find out in detail about human-made disasters caused by the construction of a dam.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the table with one incident for each kind of human-made disaster.

Human-made disaster

Name of the disaster

When did it occur?

a Oil Spill b Chemical Disaster c Nuclear Disaster

2 Fill in the blanks. a A nuclear disaster releases dangerous levels of b Natural disasters like disasters.

materials into the environment. and

c An oil spill releases

can lead to nuclear into the environment.

d The largest nuclear disaster in history occurred in 1986 in

and is known as the

disaster. e The world’s history. f

, 1984, in India was one of the largest chemical leaks in the

The toxic gas released in Bhopal Tragedy was

.

g When a contagious disease spreads worldwide and affects a large number of people, it is called a . h The COVID-19 is a global outbreak disease caused by the i

The

virus.

oil spill in April 2010 led to the release of millions of barrels of oil into the .

j

spread around 1918-1919 was one of the first reported pandemics. Its first case was reported in

, USA.

k At the end of 1952, a mix of weather conditions and air pollution caused disaster in London. l

In an operation called

the US military spread a chemical named to destroy forests in Vietnam, leading to a disaster.

Topic 30 • Human-made Disasters

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31

Biomedical Research and Engineering

Biomedical research and engineering are the fields of studies that work together to help us improve our lives by keeping us healthy.

Biomedical Research focuses on understanding life processes in our bodies function and finding ways to treat or prevent diseases.

Biomedical Engineering focuses on designing medical devices, artificial organs, and other healthcare technologies to make the jobs of healthcare professionals easier.

Vaccines

Medical Imaging •

Vaccines have been developed to prevent many diseases.

• Smallpox was once a deadly virus. It was eradicated in 1980 with the help of vaccines.

• The spread of the COVID-19 virus is under control now, thanks to the development of vaccines.

• Around 75% drop in Measles cases were noted worldwide by 2020 since its vaccine came in 1960s.

I maging technologies like X-rays, MRI and CT scans allow doctors to see inside the body to diagnose and treat illnesses.

• Biomedical researchers and engineers constantly aim to improve these technologies. For example, in 2022, an ultrasound sticker was developed by the engineers of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). It can stick on the skin to provide live ultrasound images.

Artificial Organs and Body Parts They can replace or support damaged organs in the human body.

Artificial kidney: Hemodialysis Machine

Artificial ear (hearing aid): Cochlear Implant

Artificial Leg: Prosthetic Leg

Artificial Lungs: ECMO Machine

Biomechanics It involves the study of how our bodies move. Some its inventions are: Sports Equipment: These include shoes, helmets and special gear that help maintain posture and aid movement in the best possible way.

Ergonomic Furniture: These are chairs and desks that are comfortable to sit in and help maintain the correct posture.

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Science and Technology Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about biomedical engineering inventions.

Also, learn about ultrasound stickers and how they have been developed.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a Vaccines helped eradicate smallpox from the world by the year

.

b MIT researchers have developed a small sticky patch called the the

to provide live

. It can be stuck on .

c A haemodialysis machine works as an artificial d An ECMO machine works as an artificial e A f

A

. .

allows pacemaker batteries to last longer. implant is usually used as a hearing aid for people with difficulty in hearing.

g A

is an artificial leg for people who have lost a leg to an injury.

2 Answer the following. a Name any 3 diseases for which vaccines have been developed.

b Name any 3 medical imaging techniques that allow doctors to see inside the body.

c Name any 4 artificial organs that can replace or support damaged organs in the human body.

3 In 1 or 2 sentences, write the focus of the following fields of science and technology. a Biomedical Research:

b Biomedical Engineering:

Topic 31 • Biomedical Research and Engineering

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Migration

32

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another for permanent or temporary settlement. Archaeological studies show that early humans began migrating some 60,000 years ago when Homo erectus (extinct species of early human ancestors) expanded out of Africa.

In modern times, some people migrate for work opportunities, to stay with family or to study. Others migrate to escape problems such as war or poverty.

Types of Migration • Internal Migration: When migration is within a state, country or continent • International Migration: When the migration is to a different country or continent.

People who migrate can be classified as: • Legal immigrants: People who migrate by following all legal laws of the host country.

• Illegal immigrants: People who migrate by not following all the laws of the new country.

• Refugees: People who move to a new country because of a conflict or disaster in their own country.

When it comes to legal migrations, some important documents that you need are: • Passport: It is a proof of identity and citizenship issued by the government of the home country.

• Visa: It is a document issued by the government of country of migration. It states the specific duration and purpose of migration. Its types include tourist, work, student, and permanent visas.

• Some countries also require you to clear test to show your proficiency in the language spoken in the new country. IELTS or TOEFL are some of the popular tests.

Advantages of Migration

Disadvantages of Migration

• It creates a richer and more diverse culture.

• It Increases the cost of services such as health care and education.

• Migrants can help to boost the economy and reduce any labour shortages.

• It may overpopulate a place.

• Migrants usually contribute more in taxes.

• It may lead to disagreements between different faiths and cultures.

The International Migrants Day falls every year on 18 December.

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International Affairs Explore More Scan this QR code to learn about some important events related to migration and the 10 different types of migration.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Fill in the blanks. a The movement of people from one place to another is called

.

b Early humans’ migration began when our ancestors moved out of c People who migrate can be divided into three groups: immigrants, and .

immigrants,

d

refers to a change of place within a country.

e

refers to a change of place outside of a country.

f

Early human migration started some

g Each year, International Migrants Day falls on h A i j

.

years ago .

is a government-issued proof of identify and citizenship that we need for migration.

A is a document that allow an individual to legally enter, reside, or work in a country for a specific duration and purpose. country.

is a person who has moved to a new country because of a problem in their former home

k Some countries require passing of language proficiency exams such as

and

.

2 Name the four types of visas issued by the government of different countries.

3 Write the difference in 1 or 2 sentences. a Internal and international migration:

b Legal and illegal migrants:

4 Write 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of migration.

Topic 32 • Migration

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Oscars

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The Academy Awards, or ‘Oscars’, are the prestigious awards given for outstanding performances in the film industry.

Let us read more about them.

About the Awards

They are presented by a professional non-profit organisation, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science, established in the year 1927. The awards are presented every year in the United States of America (USA). The Oscars are the world’s oldest award ceremony. They are given in 24 different categories. There were 3,140 awards presented up to 2023.

History

First Oscar Awards: 16 May, 1929

Place: Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, Los Angeles, USA

People Attended: 270

Time of Ceremony: 15 minutes

First Oscar Award: Best Actor - Emil Jannings (Film - The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh) Charlie Chaplin and Warner Bros. received the Honorary Awards, then called Special Awards, for their outstanding work

Height: 13½ inches

Weight: 8½ pounds

Oscar Statuette

Material Used: Solid bronze and plated in 24-karat gold

Designer: Cedric Gibbons, chief art director at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) motion-picture studio.

Sculptor: Los Angeles artist George Stanley

The statuette shows a figure of a knight holding a crusader’s sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes, signifying the five original branches of the Academy (actors, directors, producers, technicians, and writers).

Youngest Oscar Award Winner Tatum O’Neal won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in 1973 in the movie Paper Moon. She was 10 years old.

Role for Which Two Separate Actors Won the Oscar Vito Corleone was the first role for which two separate actors won an Academy Award. He was portrayed by Marlon Brando in the 1972 film, The Godfather and by Robert De Niro in The Godfather: Part II (1973). Marlon won the Oscar for Best Actor, while Robert De Niro won the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.

First African-American to Win the Oscar Hattie McDaniel won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in 1939 in the movie Gone with the Wind.

Films with Most Oscars Three films have won 11 Oscars.

• Ben-Hur (1959) • Titanic (1997) • The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)

Winners of 95th Academy Awards, 2023

Best Picture - Everything Everywhere All at Once Best Actor - Brendan Fraser (The Whale) Best Actress - Michelle Yeoh (Everything Everywhere All at Once) Best Director - Daniel Kwan with Daniel Scheinert (Everything Everywhere All at Once) Best International Feature Film - All Quiet on the Western Front Best Documentary (Short) - The Elephant Whisperers

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Sports, Entertainment and Culture Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more interesting facts about Oscar awards. Also, learn more about the Oscar statuette.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the correct person. a He designed the Academy statuette. b She won an Oscar at the age of 10. c She was the first African American to win an Oscar. d He was the first person to win an Oscar for Best Actor. e She won Best Actress at the 95th Academy Awards. f

He was given a special award at the first Academy Awards.

2 Fill in the blanks. a The Academy Awards are presented by a non-profit organisation called b The first Academy Awards were given on

.

.

c Hattie McDaniel won the Oscar for the movie

.

d Academy Award for Best Picture in 2023 was won by e The weight of the Oscar Statuette is f

Number of categories for which Academy Awards are given is

g Academy Award for Best International Feature Film in 2023 was won by

. . . .

3 Write the correct answers for each. a 2 Movies that won the greatest number of Academy Awards.

b 2 Actors who won Oscars for the same role in different films. c 2 Materials used for making the Oscar Statuette.

Topic 33 • Oscars

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India at the Oscars

34

The Academy Awards or ‘Oscars’ are the most prestigious awards in the world of Western cinema. The year 2023 was a milestone year for India at the Academy Awards. Let’s read more about India’s achievements at the Oscars.

In 2023, The Elephant Whisperers won the Oscar in the category of the Best Documentary Short Film. The director Kartiki Gonsalves and the producer Guneet Monga received the award.

Nominations of Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars Film

Year

Director

Mother India

1958

Mehboob Khan

Salaam Bombay!

1989

Mira Nair

Lagaan

2002

Ashutosh Gowarikar

Nomination of Indian Documentaries at the Oscars Film

Year

Director

The House that Ananda Built

1968

Fali Bilimoria

An Encounter with Faces

1979

Vidhu Vinod Chopra

Writing With Fire

2022

Sushmit Ghosh and Rintu Thomas

All that Breathes

2023

Shaunak Sen

Nomination of Indian Music at the Oscars Film

Year

Composer/Writer

Gandhi

1982

Ravi Shankar

127 Hours

2011

A.R. Rehman

Life of Pi

2013

Bombay Jayashri

In 2023, Naatu Naatu, a song from the Telugu movie RRR won the Oscar for the Best Original Song. It is the first-ever Indian song to receive this award. The composer of the song MM Keeravani and lyricist Chandrabose received the award.

Bhanu Athaiya was the first Indian to receive an Oscar in 1983. She won it in the Best Costume Design category for the film Gandhi.

Satyajit Ray, a famous Indian director, screenwriter, and documentary filmmaker, was given an Honorary Academy Award in 1992 for his work in cinema.

A.R. Rahman won two Oscar awards in the year 2009 for the Best Original Score and Best Original Song Jai Ho. He shared the Best Original Song with Gulzar, an Indian poet and lyricist. Resul Pookutty, an India sound designer, editor and mixer, also won the award for the Best Sound Mixing. All three awards were won for the film Slumdog Millionaire.

Indian Presenter of the Oscars • Persis Khambatta was the first Indian to present an Oscar in the year 1980.

• Priyanka Chopra was the second Indian to present the award in 2016.

• Deepika Padukone was the third Indian who presented the award in 2023.

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Incredible India Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the work of Satyajit Ray. Also, watch the win of the documentary The Elephant Whisperers at the 95th Oscar, 2023.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Name the correct Oscar winner. a The first Indian to win an Oscar: b The Indian music composer who won two Oscar awards in the same year: c The composer who won the Oscar for the song Naatu Naatu: d The Indian filmmaker won an Honorary Academy Award: e The first Indian who present an Oscar: f

Indian who won an Oscar award for the Best Sound Mixing in the year 2009:

2 Fill in the blanks. a Bhanu Athaiya won an Oscar in the b In the year

category in the year

.

, A.R. Rehman received Oscar awards for the song from the movie Slumdog Millionaire.

c A.R. Rehman shared the Best Original Song award with writer.

, an Indian poet and

d In 2023, the documentary Subject). Its director received the award.

won the Oscar for Best Documentary (Short and producer

e Film actress Priyanka Chopra presented an Oscar in the year

.

3 Answer the questions. a Name any 2 Indian movies that were nominated in the Best Foreign Language Film at Oscars, along with the year of nomination.

b Name any 2 Indian documentaries that were nominated for the Oscars, along with the years of their nomination.

Topic 34 • India at the Oscars

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35

Budgeting

A budget is a spending plan based on our income and expenses. Let’s learn more about budgeting.

Why Make a Budget?

Mina‘s mother was making the monthly budget.

Mina: Mom, what are you doing?

Mom: I’m making our monthly budget, Mina.

Mina: Oh, I see! Why do you need to make a budget?

Mom: Well, you see Mina, making a budget can help us keep enough money for our day-to-day expenses. It can also help us save money to do other things like going on holiday, buying a new car or home, and for any health and other emergencies.

Mina: Can we save money to buy a new bicycle for me this month, Mom? Mom: That depends on how much money we have left after I make the budget.

How to Make a Budget Mina is surprised that so much planning goes into how they spend their money.

Mina: How do you make a budget, Mom? Mom: First, we write down our income which is the money we earn each month.

Next, we list our important expenses. An expense is the money we spend on things like groceries, clothes, housing rent, bills, transportation, entertainment, etc. We subtract our expenses from our income.

Mina: What if you are not left with any money after subtracting our expenses from our income?

Mom: Well, then we need to look for things in our budget that we can change so that we spend less. For example, we can avoid buying something we do not really need. This helps us save some money for the future.

Mina: Oh, then it is fine, Mom. I don’t really need a new bicycle right now if it cannot be in our budget plan.

Government Budget That evening, Mina’s mother was watching the news on the TV about the national budget. She called Mina to watch it with her.

Mom: Watch this news, Mina. The government also needs to make a budget.

Mina: Doesn’t the government have a lot of money to spend? Why do they need a budget, Mom? Mom: Oh, it’s very important for the government to have a budget. A government’s budget explains the income and expenses of a country. A well-planned budget ensures the stability and growth of the country. The government makes a budget so that different sectors such as health, education, housing, transport, defence and other sectors have enough money to serve the citizens better. The budget is also needed so that the government can help uplift poor people to a better life.

Mina: That’s interesting, Mom! I want to know more about the national budget.

Budgeting Facts!

The next day, Mina and her mother researched the Indian Union Budget. This is what they found: • The Union Budget of India is presented every year on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India, in the Parliament.

• The Finance Minister RK Shanmukham Chetty presented the first union budget of Independent India on 26 November 1947.

• Nirmala Sitharaman has been India’s first full-time female Finance Minister since 2019. In 2022, under her leadership, India has become the fifth largest economy in the world.

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Financial Literacy Explore More Scan this QR code to learn more about the importance of budgeting and how to plan a budget.

Let’s Practise ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blanks. a An

is an amount of money we spend on things. (income/expense)

b An

is an amount of money we make or earn. (expense/income)

c A budget helps us to decide how to

our money wisely. (earn/spend)

d Making a budget helps us save or keep

money for our expenses. (enough/less)

e A budget allows us to save money for our f

If we want to

. (earnings/goals) money, we must find ways to spend less. (save/earn)

g A government’s budget explains the income and expense of a h The i

. (person/nation)

Minister presents the Union Budget of India. (Finance/Defence)

The budget of India is presented in the

, each year. (White House/Parliament)

2 Complete the following using the correct time, period or name. a The Union Budget of India is presented each year on the last working day of the month of . b The Finance Minister

presented the first budget of independent India on .

c d In the year

has been India’s first full-time female Finance Minister since 2019. , India became the fifth largest economy in the world.

3 Write 2 reasons why making a budget for household expenses is important for a family.

Topic 35 • Budgeting

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A n swe rs 1: Powerful Politicians, 2023

2. a. four b. Olympia c. Pierre de Coubertin, April 1896 d. Athens e. Olympia, Greece f. opening ceremony g. four h. Rome, 1960 i. Singapore, August 2010 j. 30–40 sports k. winter l. 14–18 m. Neeraj Chopra n. Paris

2. a. Narendra Modi b. Rishi Sunak c. Mohammed bin Salman d. Vladimir Putin e. Joe Biden f. Narendra Modi g. Emmanuel Macron

3. Gold: First position Silver: Second position Bronze: Third position

2: World’s Forest Ecosystems

1. a. First aid b. bandage e. stethoscope f. CPR

1. a. President, May 2017 b. Prime Minister, May 2014 c. Prime Minister, October 2022 d. President, January 2021 e. Prime Minister, September 2022 f. President, May 2012 g. President, March 2013 h. Prime Minister, 29 December 2022

1. 1, 2, 3

2. a. 10 °C to 21 °C, 200 cm b. 21°C to 30°C, more than 200 cm c. –20 °C to 30°C, 200–600 mm 3. a. Tropical Forest ecosystem b. Tropical: Boreal Forest ecosystem c. Temperate Forest ecosystem d. Temperate Forest ecosystem e. Tropical Forest ecosystem 4. The Answers may vary. Sample answers: Temperate: oak, maple-foxes, bears Tropical: Rubber, rosewood-snakes, frogs Boreal: Pine, fir-wolves, deer

3: Social Media 1. a. 2005 g. 2006

b. 2010 h. 2013

c. 2003

d. 2004

e. 2011

f. 2009

2. a. Facebook b. Instagram c. YouTube d. LinkedIn e. Snapchat f. X g. Telegram h. Instagram i. Facebook j. Instagram k. Snapchat l. LinkedIn m. X n. YouTube

4: Indian Tribes

1. a. Western Meghalaya b. Nagaland c. Sikkim d. Maharashtra and Gujarat e. Southern India f. Meghalaya g. Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam h. Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2. a. Great Andamanese tribes b. Santhal tribes c. Angami tribes d. Warli tribes e. Toda Tribes f. Bhutia tribes g. Khasi tribes h. Garo tribes i. Great Andamanese tribes

5: G20 Summits

1. a. Group of twenty b. 19 c. 1999 d. 18 e. Washington DC, USA f. 2023 g. New Delhi, September 2023 h. Brazil i. South Africa j. global financial and economic issues k. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam 2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: health, education, employment, digital transformation, climate change, and trade.

3. a. Tackled the global financial crisis b. Strengthening the economy and financial system c. Climate change and sustainable development d. COVID-19 pandemic and digital taxation e. green development

6: Olympics

1. Yellow ring: Asia Red ring: America

Blue ring: Europe Black ring: Africa Green ring: Australia

7: First-aid Emergencies

2. a. First aid d. expiry

c. patient d. thermometer g. guidelines h. loosens

b. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation e. hospital

c. gloves

3. Prevent additional injuries, preserve life and promote recovery

8: Natural Disasters of 2023

1. a. 6 February 2023 b. 8 September 2023 c. 10 September 2023 d. 14 May 2023 e. 9 July 2023 f. 30 January 2023 2. a. Turkey–Syria earthquakes b. Marrakesh–Safi earthquake c. Storm Daniel d. Chile wildfires e. Cyclone Mocha f. North India floods g. Cyclone Freddy 3. a. 6.8 b. 280 km per hour c. 7.5 and 7.8 d. Atlas e. Libya, Turkey, Greece f. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Punjab g. Myanmar, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka h. Nurdagi and Ekinozu 4. Answers may vary. Sample answers: North India floods. Thailand floods, Libya floods, Saudi Arabia floods

9: Extinct and Endangered Animals

1. a. Mauritius b. Australia c. Southeast Asia d. India and Pakistan e. Galapagos Islands 2. a. The Dodo b. The Tasmanian tiger c. The giant Pinta Island tortoise d. The Western black rhinoceros e. The Barbary lion f. The golden toad g. The Blue whale h. The Asian elephants i. Orangutans j. The Asian elephants k. The Great Indian bustards l. Tiger 3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: The exploitation and hunting of animals decrease their populations. Pollution and climate change make it difficult for animals to survive.

10: Cybercrime and the Law

1. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Hacking, Phishing, Cyberbullying, Online scams 2. a. Phishing e. Hacking

b. Online scams f. Cyberbullying

c. Spam

d. Phishing

3. a. Information Technology Act b. National Cyber Security c. White hat d. Black hate e. The conscience of a hacker f. India, Brazil, The United States of America g. 2017, Asian hardware company, Facebook

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11: Indian Railways

16: Environmental Protection

2. a. Kolkata, Eastern, South Eastern, Metro Railway b. Mumbai, Central, Western, Konkan railway

2. a. CBD became effective b. CITES came into effect c. Paris Agreement was adopted d. World Environment Day was established e. UNFCCC entered into force

1. a. Northern b. North Eastern c. North Western d. South Central e. West Central f. East Central g. Southern h. South Western i. North Central j. North East Frontier k. East Coast l. South East Central

3. a. father b. Kalka Mail c. Asia d. Howrah junction e. The Kanyakumari-Dibrugarh Vivek superfast express f. The Maharaja express, March 2010 g. Vande Bharat expresses, 15 February 2019 h. The Kanyakumari-Dibrugarh Vivek superfast express i. The Maharaja express j. IB, Odisha

12: World War II

1. a. 1939 b. 30 April 1945 c. 7 December 1941 d. 6 and 9 August 1945 e. 8 May 1945 f. 14 August 1945 2. a. Adolf Hitler d. Stalingrad

b. operation Barbarossa

3. a. Germany, Italy, Japan The United States

c. The holocaust

b. France, Great Britain,

4. a. 1940, London b. 1941, US Navy base, Island of Oahu, Hawaii c. Hiroshima, Japan, 6 August 1945

13: FIFA World Cup

1. a. Federation International de Football Association b. Zurich, Switzerland c. Gianni Infantino d. best player e. top goal scorer f. best goalkeeper g. 1930 h. Spain, 2023 i. Mexico, Canada and The United States 2. a. 21 May 1904 f. 1991 g. 5

b. four c. 1942, 1946 h. 4 i. 1958 j. 2026

d. 3 e. 1930 k. 48

14: Body Mass Index

1. a. Body mass index b. body fat c. the 19th century d. more e. kilograms f. meters square g. dividing h. greater i. underweight, healthy, overweight, obese j. percentile k. higher l. Adolphe Quetelet 2. a. underweight

b. normal

c. overweight

d. obese

3. a. underweight

b. healthy

c. overweight

d. obese

4. a. overweight

b. normal

c. healthy

d. overweight

15: Global Conflicts, 2023

1. a. Russia and Ukraine, February 2014 b. France, 27 June 2023. c. Syria, March 2011 d. Nigeria, 6 July 2023 2. a. The Syrian Civil War b. The Ukraine–Russian war c. French riots d. Coup in Niger e. The Syrian Civil War f. French g. Europe and North America 3. a. The North-Atlantic Treaty Organisation b. The Economic Community of West African States

Answers

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1. a. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change b. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild Fauna and Flora c. Convention on Biological Diversity

3. a. 196

b. 198

c. 183

d. 196

4. a. 21 March 1994 b. 12 December 2015 c. limiting global warming d. conservation of bio-diversity and sustainable use of components e. #Beat plastic pollution. f. Only one earth. g. keeping greenhouse gas levels in check to protect the climate h. to enforce rules of environmental protection and human safety

17: International Space Station

1. Canadian Space Agency, The European Space Agency, The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, The State Space Corporation of Russia (Ros Cosmos) 2. The answers for research may vary: a. 29 September 2022, Experimented with 3D printing for knee cartilage and heart tissue, grew red dwarf tomatoes. b. 28 March 2023, Biology and Earth Science. c. 27 September 2023, cancer treatment and space manufacturing technique.

3. a. 1984 b. 1984, 1993 c. Russia d. 90 f. Veggie Plant Growth g. September 2023, 7 i. 400 km, 90 minutes

18: Business Tycoons of India

e. 260, 21 h. LED lights

1. a. HCL Technologies. b. Reliance industries d. Serum Institute of India/Poonawala Fincorp

c. Infosys e. Wipro Limited

2. a. Mukesh Ambani b. N. R. Narayana Murthy d. Azim Hashim Premji e. Cyrus S. Poonawala g. Azim Hashim Premji h. Shiv Nadar

c. J. R. D. Tata f. J. R. D. Tata

3. The answer may vary. Sample answers: a. Padma Shri, 2000 b. Padma Bhushan, 2005 c. Padma Bhushan, 2008 d. Bharat Ratna, 1992 e. Padma Vibhushan, 2016 4. a. Reliance b. HCL c. Poonawalla Fincorp d. Air India e. Azim Premji University The answers may vary for f, g and h.

Sample answer: f. petrochemicals, natural gas g. Titan industries, Tata salt h. Jio platforms, Reliance retail

19: BRICS Nations 1. B-Brazil

R-Russia

I-India

C-China

S-South Africa

2. Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (UAE)

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3. a. 2001 b. 2010 c. 2015 d. 2011 e. Yekaterinburg, Russia, 16 June 2009 f. New Delhi, 29 March 2012 g. Johannesburg, South Africa, 22–24 August 2023 h. manufacturing i. IT and Software j. China, India

20: Types of Theatre

1. a. Comedy b. Tragedy c. Melodrama d. Farce e. Musical theatre f. Ballet g. Broadway theatre h. Opera

3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: It is used in healthcare for creating medicines.

It is used in manufacturing, to improve product quality.

It is used in retail, for product suggestions.

It is used in entertainment, for advertising.

It is used in finance to detect fraud. It is used in transportation to develop self-driving cars.

It helps in online security and highlights spam.

2. Answers may vary for some parts: a. Sophocles, Hamlet b. Morality, Shakespeare c. A midsummer’s night dream d. The importance of being earnest, noises off e. La Traviata f. Les miserable g. The Sound of Music h. The Swan Lake

25: India in Global Production

3. The answers may vary, sample answers - Plays inspire us.

They introduce us to different characters on the stage.

3. a. 95%

21: Healthy Body, Healthy Mind

26: Landmark Conferences and Treaties

1. a. body b. The answers may vary. Sample answers - headache, tiredness c. diet d. 7–9 e. 30 f. tension g. stress, physical health h. The answers may vary. Sample answers: shortness of breath, dizziness 2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Clear thinking, continuous learning, ability to adapt to difficult situations, ability to thrive in life’s ups and downs

1. a. 1 j. 1

b. 2 k. 4

c. 8 l. 3

d. 3 m. 4

e. 1

f. 1

g. 2

h. 2

i. 4

2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. banana, sapota (Chiku) b. Silk, rayon c. 3-wheelers, tractors b. 24%

c. 95%

d. 10%

e. 5 million tonnes

4. Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy.

1. a. 1 December 1959, Washington USA b. 26 June 1945, California USA c. 1919, Palace of Versailles in Paris d. 12 December 2015, Paris, France e. 1 July 1968, Geneva, Switzerland

4. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Deep breathing, meditation, walking, swimming

2. a. Bretton Woods Conference b. Treaty of Versailles c. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty d. Antarctic Treaty e. Paris Climate Agreement f. The Charter of the United Nations g. Bretton Woods Conference h. The Treaty of Versailles i. Antarctic Treaty j. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty k. The Paris Climate Agreement

22: Space Missions, 2023

27: Famous Paintings in the World

1. a. 10 August 2023 b. 14 July 2023 c. 2 September 2023 d. 6 September 2023 e. 20 April 2023 f. 14 April 2023 g. 1 July 2023 h. 30 May 2023

1. a. Vincent van Gogh, 1889 c. Raja Ravi Verma, 1898 e. Edgar Degas, 1897

2. a. JAXA, Yoshinobu Launch Complex, Japan b. ISRO, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh c. ESA, Florida (USA) d. ISRO, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh e. ESA, Europe’s Spaceport, French Guiana F. JAXA, Yoshinobu Launch Complex, Japan

2. a. Girl with a Pearl Earring b. Impression, Sunrise c. The Starry Night d. Last Supper e. Mona Lisa f. The Blue Dancers g. Shakuntala h. Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 3. The answers may vary: Vincent Van Gogh, Edgar Degas

3. a. Luna25 b. Chandrayaan-3 c. - Aditya-L1 d. Malligyong-1 e. XRISM f. JUICE g. AXIOM-2

4. a. Santa Maria delle Grazie monastery in Milan, Italy b. Pushkin Museum in Moscow c. The Louvre Museum in Paris, France d. Museum of Modern Art in New York, USA

3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Eat healthy, good sleep, regular exercise, managing stress.

23: SDGs: Goals and Achievements

1. SDG 1: No poverty.

SDG 2: Zero hunger.

SDG 4: Quality education.

SDG 5: Gender equality.

SDG 14: Life below water.

SDG 15: Life on land.

2. a. SDG 3 f. SDG 14

b. SDG 6 g. SDG 10

c. SDG 5

d. SDG 4

e. SDG 15

3. a. SDG 13 b. SDG 13, 2. c. Global Sustainable Development, 12 d. 15, Bonn Challenge e. 4. 4%, 14.4% f. Asia-Pacific, 13 g. 2022, 7, 9

24: Machine Learning 1. a. artificial intelligence 2. a. 5

b. 2

c. 4

b. Arthur Samuel d. 1

e. 7

f. 6

c. 1952 g. 3

b. Johannes Vermeer, 1665 d. Claude Monet, 1873

28: National Schemes for Entrepreneurs

1. a. Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana b. Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency c. National Small Industries Corporation d. Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme e. Atal Innovation Mission 2. a. Niti Ayog b. Union Ministry c. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises d. Department of Electronics and Information Technology e. Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare f. Ministry of Commerce and Industry

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3. a. dairy entrepreneurship development scheme b. Atal innovation mission c. Stree Shakti scheme d. National Small Industries Corporation e. Pradhan mantra mudra yojna f. Multiplier grants schemes g. Atal innovation mission h. Stree Shakti scheme

29: Sports Events, 2023

1. a. England, 113th b. India, 13th c. China, 19th d. South Africa, 8th e. Fukuoka, Japan, 20th f. New Delhi, India, 13th g. Madhya Pradesh, India, 5th 2. a. 14–19 March b. 5 October–19 November c. 10–26 February d. 14–30 July e. 15–26 March f. 30 January–11 February 3. a. International Cricket Council (ICC) b. International Cricket Council (ICC) c. International Boxing Association (IBA) d. Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports e. Olympic Council of Asia (OCA)

30: Human-made Disasters

2. Answers may vary: Tourist, work, student, permanent 3. a. Internal migration is when migration is within a state, country, or continent and International Migration is when the migration is in a different country or continent. b. People who migrate by following all legal laws of the host country are known as legal immigrants, and people who migrate by not following all the laws of the new country are known as illegal immigrants.

4. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Advantage – Migrants usually contribute more in taxes. Disadvantage – It may overpopulate a place.

33: Oscars

1. a. Cedric Gibbons d. Emil Jannings

b. Tatum O’Neal e. Michelle Yeoh

c. Hattie McDaniel f. Charlie Chaplin

2. a. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science b. 16 May 1929 c. Gone with the Wind d. Everything Everything Everywhere All at Once e. 8½ pounds f. 24 g. All Quiet on the Western Front

1. a. Oil Spill: Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 20 April 2010 b. Chemical Disaster Bhopal Gas tragedy, 2 December 1984 c. Fukushima Daiichi, 11 March 2011

3. Answers may vary. Sample answers: a. Titanic, Ben-Hur b. Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro c. Bronze and Gold

2. a. radioactive materials b. earthquakes, tsunamis c. liquid petroleum oil d. Ukraine, Chernobyl e. Bhopal gas disaster f. methyl isocyanate g. pandemic h. SARS CoV-2 i. Deepwater horizon, Gulf of Mexico j. Spanish flu, Kansas k. Great smog of London l. Ranch hand, Agent Orange

1. a. Bhanu Athiya d. Satyajit Ray

31: Biomedical Research and Engineering

1. a. 1980 b. Ultrasound sticker, skin, ultrasound images c. kidney d. lungs e. heart energy harvester f. cochlear g. prosthetic 2. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. Smallpox, Covid-19, Measles b. X-ray, MRI, CT scan c. artificial kidney, artificial ear, prosthetic leg, artificial lungs 3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: a. It focuses on finding ways to prevent or treat diseases. b. I focuses on designing healthcare technologies to make the job of healthcare professionals easier.

34: India at the Oscars

b. A. R. Rehman c. MM Keeravani e. Persis Khambatta f. Resul Pookutty

2. a. Best costume design, 1983 b. 2009, Jai Ho c. Gulzar d. The Elephant Whisperers, Kartiki Gonsalves, Guneet Monga e. 2016 3. The answer may vary. Sample answers: a. Mother India in 1958; Lagaan in 2002. b. An encounter with faces, 1979; All that breathes, 2023

35: Budgeting

1. a. expense b. income c. spends d. enough f. save g. nation h. Finance i. Parliament

e. goals

2. a. February b. R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, 26 November 1947 c. Nirmala Sitharaman d. 2022 3. The answers may vary. Sample answers: Budget is important to keep enough money for daily expenditures. It helps in saving money for the future.

32: Migration

1. a. migration b. Africa c. legal, illegal, refugees d. internal migration e. international migration f. 60,000 g. 18 December h. passport i. visa j. refugee k. IELTS, TOEFL.

Answers

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