WIS_G04_EMEG_SEM1_SS_AY25_CC by Uolo

4 Wisdom

Unlock Learning Across Subjects Semester 1

4

ControlCopy Wisdom

Semester 1

English Mathematics

General Knowledge Science

Social Science

Acknowledgements

Academic Authors: Melanie Grobler, Chandani Goyal, Neena Aul, Animesh Mittal, Muskan Panjwani, Sneha Sharma, Anuj Gupta

Creative Directors: Bhavna Tripathi, Mangal Singh Rana, Satish

Book Production: Sanjay Kumar Goel, Tauheed Danish, Amisha Gupta

Project Lead: Chandani Goyal

VP, Learning: Abhishek Bhatnagar

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All products and brand names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners.

First impression 2025

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book.

Book Title: Wisdom 2 Semester 1

ISBN: 978-81-980824-1-1

Published by Uolo EdTech Private Limited

Corporate Office Address: 85, Sector 44, Gurugram, Haryana 122003

CIN: U74999DL2017PTC322986

Illustrations and images: www.shutterstock.com, www.stock.adobe.com and www.freepik.com

All suggested use of the internet should be under adult supervision.

Preface

In this 21st–century world, just “knowing” is not enough. Our dynamic and ever-changing world demands “thinking” skills. Learners need to be able to not just consume knowledge but also acquire higher-order thinking skills in various domains—be it in language, mathematics or general awareness—to apply that knowledge. This is the spirit and the recommendation of the NEP (National Education Policy) 2020.

It is in this context that UOLO has designed WISDOM, a 21st–century product for primary grade learners (grades 1 to 5) that includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. WISDOM strongly aligns with NEP 2020 in terms of its design principles and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF (National Curriculum Framework) 2022–23.

English: This section not only focuses in listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar and vocabulary, but also hones the ability to interpret, analyse and communicate confidently. The task-based approach and frequent opportunities for collaborative learning provided in this section encourage learners to express ethical views, interact constructively, solve problems creatively, apply their knowledge in new situations, and take responsibility for their own learning.

Mathematics: This section introduces mathematical concepts through real-life situations and storytelling, connecting them to children’s experiences and transitioning smoothly from the abstract to the concrete. Clear explanations and simple steps are provided for problem-solving. This section supports learners at all learning levels. It includes extensive practice aligned to the levels in Bloom’s Taxonomy—from basic practice questions to thought-provoking and higher order thinking questions.

Science: This section focuses on conceptual understanding, critical thinking, application, and problem-solving skills, making science learning highly relevant in the context of the 21st century. Each chapter is filled with vibrant illustrations, relatable examples, interactive activities, hands-on experiments and stimulating exercises. All of these instil a scientific temper in young learners and make learning a joyous experience.

Social Science: This section is designed to fascinate students about social science, both as a subject and as a practical experience, in their everyday lives, while also making them well-rounded individuals. Observations, inquiries and community-based learning experiences have been embedded throughout the book to develop an evaluative mindset and make learning a relatable and enjoyable journey for them.

General Knowledge: This section focuses on enabling the learners to be well-informed individuals so as to navigate through the complexities of the modern existence, make informed decisions, think critically and appreciate the world’s diversity. This section is crafted in keeping with the principles of NEP 2020, emphasizing the need to develop in learners the respect towards fundamental duties and constitutional values, generating awareness on one’s roles and responsibilities in a dynamic world, and fostering a sense of national pride and global citizenship. It offers an informative and enjoyable learning experience, incorporating clear explanations, captivating visuals and abundant questions for interactive classroom engagement.

Key NEP Recommendations

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, introduced by the Government of India, represents a transformative shift in the country’s education system. It aims to create a more holistic, dynamic and multidisciplinary approach to education. NEP 2020 focuses on fostering conceptual understanding, skills, values, and competencies that align with the demands of the 21st–century, while also preserving India’s rich cultural heritage. UOLO is fully committed to actualising the vision of NEP 2020 by meticulously adhering to its outlined recommendations.

1. Focus on conceptual understanding

2. 21st-century skills values, and dispositions

3. Critical thinking and problem-solving

4. Application in real life

5. Holistic and integrated learning

6. Experiential learning

7. Enjoyable and engaging

8. Inquiry- and discovery-based approach

9. Technology-based solutions

10. Knowledge of India

Competency-based Education

NEP Pages 12, 17, and 22

Teaching and Learning Pedagogy

NEP Pages 3, 11, 12, and 27

National Pride

NEP Pages 15, 16, and 43

11. Assessment of core concepts and application skills Assessments

NEP Pages 12, 18, and 22

Our Key Features: Aligning with NEP 2020

Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking

Intellectually stimulating questions designed to encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

1 2 3 11

Digital Aids

Talking books with animations, interactive quizzes for additional practice, and curated learning videos to make learning fun and engaging

1 2 3 7 9 11

Experiential and Applicative Learning

Projects and activities are set in real-life context, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11

Rootedness to India

Examples from India’s unique culture and history have been linked to each topic to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation

5 7 10

Model Assessments

Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and application of skills in learners

1 2 3 11

The NEP Tags

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 outlines essential skills, values, dispositions and learning approaches necessary for learners to thrive in the 21st century. Wisdom incorporates these elements throughout its content, tasks and projects. Referred to as ‘NEP Tags,’ they are defined as follows:

Art Integration & Creativity

Bringing creativity and fun into learning by combining music, drama and art with other subjects

GAMES

Sports Integration

Using physical activities, sports and games to make learning active and fun

INTEGRATED

BHARAT

Cross-curricular

Cross-curricular linkages to make the learning experience more holistic, joyful and meaningful

Indianness

Texts and tasks are rooted in the Indian context and culture to develop a sense of national pride

Rational Thinking

Using facts, logic and reasoning to understand problems and make smart decisions THINK RATIONAL

TEAMWORK

Communication & Teamwork

Embracing the spirit of mutual collaboration, communication and cooperation while working together or engaging in a guided conversation

SDG

Sustainable Development Goals

Unwavering commitment to generating awareness of a green, peaceful, prosperous, equitable and inclusive world

Socio-Emotional Learning

Developing the skills to understand and manage emotions, build positive relationships and make responsible choices

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HANDS-ON

Experiential Learning

Engaging actively in hands-on tasks to acquire knowledge and skills

Higher-Order Thinking

HOTS

Encouraging higher-order skill such as analyzing, evaluating, problem-solving and fostering deep understanding

Green Living

Generating awareness of a green, peaceful and prosperous world

Scientific Temper

Developing a mindset rooted in curiosity, critical-thinking, problem-solving and evidence based-reasoning

21st-Century Skills

21st SKILLS

Fostering skills and knowledge—such as critical thinking, communication, and digital literacy—that are essential for success in today’s rapidly changing world

Health and Wellness

Promoting practices that support physical, mental, and emotional well-being for a balanced and healthy lifestyle

Value Development

Building a strong character, guiding towards ethical decision making, and developing respect, kindness, and a sense of responsibility

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows into a big plant. A child grows into an adult.

Chapter at a Glance A Walkthrough of Key Elements

Non-living things do not grow.

1 The Tiffin Gang

A small plant grows

—Shweta Ganesh Kumar

Draw or paste pictures of any three things that you love sharing with your friends.

Warm Up: A short and fun activity to assess the learners’ pre-knowledge and get them excited about the new topic

Investigate and Discover

Aim: Growing plants from seeds

Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds,

Method:

Step 1: At home, look for a plastic tub that has

Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make bottom of the tub.

Elements: Interesting elements like Did You Know, Error Alert, Remember, and Think and Tell to keep the learners hooked

Do you think sharing is important? Why? Discuss in pairs.

Plants reproduce through seeds. When you plant a seed and the seed gets air, water and minerals, it grows into a new plant. For example, a mango seed grows into a mango tree.

Vocabulary: Meanings of difficult words

Did You Know?

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in can germinate easily.

Living Things Grow

Pause and Answer

Non-living things do not reproduce. A table cannot make another table on its own. Some plants reproduce with their body parts such as roots, stems and leaves.

Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds.

germinate: to start growing

Meenu is tired of eating idli-podi for lunch every day, and Kamlesh cannot eat another bite of bhakri-bhaji! What do the classmates do to solve this problem? Let us read the story to find out.

Living things grow over time. A small plant grows into a big plant. A child grows into an adult.

Chapter •

Non-living things do not grow.

Check for Understanding:

6. Long-answer questions.

A small plant grows into a big plant. A baby grows into an adult.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

1. Maps are flattened representations of the Earth.

2. A physical map shows countries and boundaries.

Investigate and Discover

3. North is located to the opposite of South.

4. Directions can be found using a compass.

Do and Learn

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

Aim: Growing plants from seeds

6. Long-answer questions.

Materials Needed: A plastic tub, soil, seeds, water Method:

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

7. Picture-based question.

A. Why do you think different birds have different types of beaks and feet?

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

Step 1: At home, look for a plastic tub that has not been in use.

B. Compare the nests made by a weaver bird and a tailorbird.

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

C. What is migration? Why do birds migrate?

the hidden objects of the other team.

Step 2: Take the help of an adult and make small holes in the bottom of the tub.

The team that finds all the objects first, wins.

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

7. Picture-based question.

Visual Prompts: Special questions featuring visual stimuli to foster comprehension, interpretation and critical thinking

D. Draw a new type of bird by combining features from three different birds that you have learnt about. Write one special thing about your new bird.

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

Step 3: Soak the seeds in water overnight in a container so that they can germinate easily.

7. Picture-based question.

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

Look at the picture of a duck and answer the questions.

Step 4: Fill the tub with soil and sow the seeds. Water it from time to time.

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

germinate: to start growing

HOTS: Intellectually stimulating questions designed for higher order thinking and analysis

A. Look at the bird’s feet. Where do you think it lives?

B. Look at the bird’s beak. What do you think it eats?

Challenge (HOTS)

If a bird with webbed feet were to live in a desert, what challenges might it face?

Life Skills

21st–century Focus: Simple activities and tips to develop a diverse set of essential skills for living well in the 21st century

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

Life Skills

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder. SEL

Make a bird feeder to help our feathered friends find food. Follow these simple steps to create your very own bird feeder.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

• Take a toilet paper roll. Use a spoon or a butter knife to spread peanut butter all over the outside of the toilet paper roll.

• Thread a piece of string or yarn through the hole in the toilet paper roll and tie the ends of the string to create a loop.

• Find a tree branch or a hook outside to hang your bird feeder.

Birds migrate in search of food, water and warmer places where they can lay eggs and raise their babies. The Siberian crane migrates to India from Russia during the winters.

Wonders of Bharat

Crane

Think and Tell Do birds migrate back to their original places? If so, when and how?

of food, water and warmer places where they can lay eggs and raise their babies. The Siberian crane migrates to India from Russia during the winters.

Salim Ali was a famous Indian scientist who studied birds. He was popularly called the “Birdman of India”. He wrote important books about birds, helped create safe places for birds to live, and worked hard to protect them.

Word Splash

Wonders of Bharat

Think and Tell Do birds migrate back to their original places? If so, when and how?

pectoral muscles: strong muscles located in the chest area migration: movement of birds from colder places to warmer places

Word Splash

pectoral

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

Points to Remember

• Birds have wings and feathers, which are useful for flying.

• Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food.

• Feet and claws help birds to walk, perch, climb, and catch food.

There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map. Error Alert!

• Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves from predators or harsh weather. Explore More! Scan the QR code to know more about birds.

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about different types of animals.

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to

• Birds live in nests. They lay eggs in them and also protect themselves from predators or harsh weather.

Points to Remember: Summary of the chapter

Points to Remember

• Wild animals live by themselves in nature. They find their food and live in the natural surroundings.

• Pet animals are domestic animals that are kept by human beings for companionship.

• Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat the flesh of other animals, and omnivores eat both plants and other animals.

• A food chain shows how living things depend on each other for food

Chapter Checkup: Chapter-end practice exercises aligned to different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy Summative Assessments:

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of these eats both plants and animals?

Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore All of these

B. Which of these animals is a carnivore?

266 There are only five oceans on the Earth, not six. Since the Earth is round, the Pacific Ocean is written twice on the map.

B. Which of these animals is a carnivore?

Rabbit Deer Lion Cow

C. Which animal is most likely to be found in a farm?

Wolf Horse Elephant Shark

Oceans are very important. They are home to many aquatic plants and animals. People can also travel from one continent to another by crossing oceans through ships. Oceans also support industry

Wolf Horse Elephant Shark

D. What type of animal is a zebra if it eats only plants?

Oceans are very important. They are home to animals. People can also travel from one continent oceans through ships. Oceans also support the fishing industry. Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute the oceans so that we don’t harm the aquatic plants and animals.

Each continent and ocean has its unique features and wildlife. We must not pollute the oceans so that we don’t harm the aquatic plants and animals.

Do and Learn

NEP Tags: To show alignment with NEP skills and values

Herbivore Carnivore and wild Omnivore and pet Omnivore and farm

Carnivore and wild Omnivore and farm

Experiential Learning: Multidisciplinary, holistic, and fun activities / projects to understand the concept better

With the help of your teacher, draw the world map on the ground. The teacher will then call out the name of a continent or ocean and you will take turns to go and run towards the correct location on the map. Whoever gets the maximum correct markings wins.

Do and Learn

With the help of your teacher, draw the world

industry: business Wonders of Bharat

The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world. It is named after our country,

The teacher will then call out the name of you will take turns to go and run towards map. Whoever gets the maximum correct

aquatic: growing or living

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour Total

Wonders of Bharat

The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world. It is named after our country, India.

Grammar Worksheets

Social Science

Informal letter

Listen and fill in Story chain

Common and proper nouns Countable and uncountable nouns Collective nouns

Family-related vocabulary Text-based vocabulary

Factual questions

Analysing characters’ actions Making connections

Family-related vocabulary

Speech Message writing

Listen and answer questions

Types of adjectives–quantity, quality, possessive and demonstrative

Order of adjectives

Patriotismand national pride-related vocabulary Text-based vocabulary Dictionary hunt

Diary

Conversation about a festival

Listen and fill in a chart

Descriptive paragraph

Sports commentary

Listen and sequence

Factual questions

Analysing the poem Poetry appreciation–analysing poetic devices (opposites and repetition)

Factual questions

Analysing characters’ actions Making connections

Personal

Pronouns–subject, object and reflexive

Foodand culturerelated vocabulary

Text-based vocabulary

Types of prepositions–time, place, movement and direction

Text-based vocabulary

Sports-related vocabulary Idioms

Modals–can, must, may, should

Sports-related vocabulary

Group discussion— adventure activity Story report

Listen and summarise

Types of adverbs–manner, frequency, time

Suffixes–-er, -ment, -ion

Factual questions

Identifying key details Making connections

Graphic story

Factual questions

Ordering

Making comparisons Identifying problems and solutions Analysing author’s purpose Making connections

Factual questions

Making connections Poetry appreciation–rhyming pairs

Ordering

Factual questions

Identifying characters’ actions and reactions Analysing character traits Identifying setting Making connections

Summarising

Poem

Factual questions

Identifying contextual meaning Poetry appreciation–enjambment

8. Adventure and Imagination

1 . Coconut Barfi with Ammachi

ControlCopy Family Bonding

Sooraj spends a wonderful day with Ammachi. He learns to make something with Ammachi’s help that gives him great joy. What do they do together that makes Sooraj so happy? Let’s read the story to find out.

BHARAT

—Rajiv Eipe

Let’s Read

Sooraj loved visiting his grandmother, Ammachi. One sunny afternoon, he ran up to her with a big smile and asked, ’Ammachi! Ammachi! Could we make coconut barfi today? PLEEEEEAASE?’

Ammachi chuckled and said, ‘Hee hee hee! Only if you help me make it.’

Sooraj’s eyes sparkled with excitement. ‘Ready?’ he shouted.

‘Ready!’ said Ammachi with a big smile. They went outside to the coconut trees in the garden. ‘We’ll only pick the ripe ones, okay? The ones that are brown all over.’

Did You Know?

Coconut Barfi is known as Thengai Barfi in Tamil, Kobbari Mithai in Kannada and Narkel Barfi in Bengali.

Talking Book

Think and Tell

What did Ammachi and Sooraj do in the garden?

chuckled: laughed softly sparkled: shone brightly ripe: ready to eat

BHARAT

Sooraj nodded eagerly, looking up at the tall trees. Ammachi gave the tree a gentle shake. ‘Watch out! Here they come!’ she warned. WHOOOSH... WHUMP!

The ripe coconuts fell to the ground with a thud.

Think and Tell

Why did Ammachi ask Sooraj to be careful when they collected the coconuts?

‘Now to get the husk off…’ said Ammachi, using a sharp tool to pull it off. POTCH! CRAANKK! Sooraj tried to help, but it was hard work. His small hands could hardly manage the tough husk. His stomach growled loudly. GRRRRRR!

Ammachi giggled at the sound. ‘Someone’s hungry already!’ she teased. She removed the husk with almost no effort, and now Sooraj could see the hard shell of the coconut underneath. ‘Then we crack the shell like this!’ She hit the coconut just right, and it split open. KHATAK!

They sat down with a metal grater. ‘And now we grrrrrraaaaate the frrrrrrrruuuit!’

Ammachi sang as she showed Sooraj how to grate the coconut safely. Sooraj’s arm got tired, but he didn’t stop. He wanted to help as much as he could.

Think and Tell

Why do you think Sooraj wanted to help even though he was tired?

eagerly: with excitement and interest

husk: the brown outer covering of a coconut growled: made a deep low noise effort: the energy that someone puts into doing something split open: broke apart

grater: a kitchen tool used to shred vegetables into very small and thin pieces

‘Toss it into the pan with all the other ingredients,’ Ammachi instructed. They added sugar, cardamom and a bit of ghee. Ammachi stirred the mixture over the stove, and the kitchen was filled with a delicious aroma. ‘It smells so good, Ammachi!’ Sooraj said, his mouth watering.

‘Now we pour it all out onto a tray,’ said Ammachi, spreading the mixture evenly. ‘And then we wait for it to cool, baba!’ Sooraj watched impatiently as the barfi set. The minutes felt like hours.

toss: (here) to add into the pan stirred: mixed something by moving it around with a spoon or ladle aroma: a pleasant and delicious smell baba: a loving way to address a young boy

impatiently: not wanting to wait any longer squelch: the sound made on cutting something particularly soft and moist. beloved: very special and much loved

Finally, it was ready. ‘Now we can cut it into neat little pieces,’ Ammachi said, carefully slicing the barfi into perfect squares.

‘Squelch, squelch!’, went the knife.

‘YIPPEE! Our coconut barfi is ready!’ cheered Sooraj.

They each took a piece and tasted it. ‘Yum Yum Yum!’ they said together.

‘What a lovely day spent with my beloved Ammachi,’ thought Sooraj.

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Draw the table in your notebook. Write two actions that Ammachi, Sooraj and both of them do in the story.

Ammachi Sooraj Both

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2. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a What did Sooraj ask Ammachi in the beginning and how does she reply?

b How did Ammachi and Sooraj know which coconuts to pick?

c Besides coconut, what other ingredients did they add to make the barfi?

d How did Ammachi respond when she heard Sooraj’s stomach growl?

e How did Sooraj help Ammachi?

Think and Answer

1. Choose two words that best describe Ammachi. Then choose two words for Sooraj. Write your answers in your notebook and give reasons for your choices. experienced helpful jolly determined responsible impatient

2. Write the steps that Ammachi and Sooraj follow to make the coconut barfi.

Big Idea

How do you feel when your parents help you? List three things they do for you or help you with.

Now, sit in pairs. Discuss ways in which you can help your parents. Think of things you have not done before.

Vocabulary

1. Look at the family tree and fill in the blanks with the words in the box. You can use a dictionary to check the meaning of the words.

Hint Box:

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sister cousin sister-in-law brother-in-law uncle nephew father-in-law grandfather niece aunt

a Tom is Sanchana’s and Rakesh’s .

b Roohi is Chandani’s and Sita’s .

c Aryan is Sita’s and Vivek’s .

d Meetu is Rakesh’s and Chandani’s .

e Amit is Tom’s and the children’s .

2. Use the words below and the names of your own family members to make sentences.

a cousin

b niece

c nephew

d brother-in-law

e daughter-in-law

Neena

Sita

Roohi

Amit

Tom Rakesh

Chandani Vivek Aryan Meetu Sanchana

3. Unscramble the keywords taken from the text. Write each word and then use it in a sentence of your own.

a sitedrr -

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b shuk -

c armoa -

d qsuehcl -

e gatrre-

Go Grammar

Common and Proper Nouns

Common nouns are used for any person, animal, thing or place. They are used in general. For example: dog, uncle, doctor.

Proper nouns are used for a specific person, animal, thing or place. They tell exactly who or what we are talking about. For example: Fido, Uncle Amit, Dr Jain.

Proper nouns always begin with capital letters.

Remember!

Nouns are words used to name places, people, animals and things.

1. Rewrite the sentences using the proper nouns in the box in place of the underlined words. Remember to use capital letters.

Hint Box:

a The boy was happy to meet his friends.

b His grandmother sang as she grated the fruit.

c They lived in a city.

d The brown one is their pet cat.

e Sooraj is reading this book.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Nouns can be countable or uncountable.

A quantifier is a word that usually goes before a noun to express the quantity of the object. We use different quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns.

Countable Nouns

These nouns can be counted: Two apples Three oranges

These nouns can have singular and plural forms

One banana Two bananas

Many, several, few, a few are quantifiers that are used with countable nouns.

There are few people on the bus. (meaning – not many)

There are a few people on the bus. (meaning – there are some people)

There are several/many buses.

Uncountable Nouns

These nouns cannot be counted: sugar rice wheat

These nouns have only one form. water news

More, much, some, little, a little are quantifiers that are used with uncountable nouns.

There is little sugar left. (meaning – not a lot, not enough)

There is a little sugar left. (meaning – at least some is left)

May I please have more/some sugar?

2. Underline the nouns and add them to the correct box.

a They picked coconuts from the trees.

b They added a bit of ghee.

c We crack the shell like this.

d Coconut water is very refreshing.

e The smell is so good.

Countable

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Uncountable

3. Choose the correct quantifiers from the brackets to fill in the blanks.

a Ammachi cut (many/much) pieces of barfi.

b Spending time with Ammachi gave Sooraj (many/much) joy.

c Ammachi added (a few/much) cardamom pods.

d (Several/A little) ripe coconuts fell from the trees.

e We need (a little/a few) sugar in the pot.

Collective Nouns

Collective nouns are words used to describe groups of people, animals or things as a single unit.

For example: A cluster of coconuts

People

A class of students

A troupe of dancers

A band of musicians

A team of players

A gang of thieves

Animals

A swarm of bees

A pride of lions

A colony of ants

A brood of chicks

A flock of birds

4. Fill in the blanks with the collective nouns in the box.

Things

A bunch of grapes

A fleet of ships

A wad of notes

A stack of papers

A string of beads

Hint Box: panel pride squad murder crew

a I saw a of policemen in the street.

b A of sailors boarded the ship.

c In the jungle, I saw a of lions.

d Look at the of crows.

e The of judges delivered the sentence today.

Listen Well

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Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and fill in the blanks with the correct words from the story.

a In a small village, there was a wise old man named .

b He had three sons named , and .

c Ramu called his sons to the forest.

d The brothers could not break the bamboo bundle, but they easily broke the .

e Ramu said, ‘Alone we are broken easily, but together we are ’.

Speak Well

Sit in groups of five. We will make a chain story where each of us will add one sentence until it is complete.

Practise speaking here.

Remember!

Every story has characters, a setting, a beginning, a middle where an interesting event or a problem is given and an ending.

At the centre of a lush green forest, there once was a lively village…

Listen to your classmates attentively. Make sure that your sentence adds or builds on what the learners before you said. Take turns and give everyone a chance to speak.

Write Well

An informal letter is written to someone you know well, like a friend or a family member. Navin wrote to his grandpa about his recent trip to the animal shelter with his parents and sister.

Model Answer

123 Main Street

New Defence Colony

New Delhi 103XX1

15 July 2025

Dear Grandpa,

I have not seen you for a while. I hope you are doing well! I wanted to tell you about my trip to the animal shelter with Mama, Papa, and Nikita.

Last Saturday, we all woke up early and drove to the animal shelter. It was an hour long drive. We saw so many animals! I made friends with a lot of them. My favourite was Tinu, the cat. The staff helped me to feed her.

The staff took us around and showed us all the animals. There was also a vet to attend to the medical needs of these animals. Nikita and I have volunteered to visit weekly and help take care of the animals.

After the animal shelter, we had lunch at Dosa Point. We ate masala dosas with chutney. They were yummy!

I had the best time at the animal shelter, Grandpa. I hope you will also be here when we go next time. I miss you and can’t wait to see you.

Love, Navin

Your address and the code

The greeting with a comma Date when the sender writes the letter Opening—Something personal and what you are writing about

Body paragraphs—Give details about the topic

Closing—Close the topic and say something personal

Sign-off and your name

Write a letter to your cousin describing a fun day you spent with your grandparents.

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2 . Family Comes Together

Think of a time when your family members came together to help and be there for each other. It could be a happy time or a sad time. Discuss in pairs and share your thoughts in class.

1. What happened?

2. How did your family support each other?

3. How did that make you feel?

Your family is always there to support and love you, no matter what happens. This poem is about the special bond that holds families together through all of life’s ups and downs.

Let’s Read

Family comes together, For always and forever. In sickness and in health, In poverty or in wealth, Family comes together, For always and forever.

Without any reason, Anytime or any season, Family comes together, For always and forever.

In death or in life, In happiness or in strife, Family comes together, For always and forever.

Think and Tell

What are some situations mentioned in the poem where family comes together?

Talking Book

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In anger or in kindness, Whether all seeing or in blindness, Family comes together, For always and forever.

Whether for work or for play, They somehow find a way, For family to come together, Because families are forever.

bond: (here) the feeling of being together

poverty: when you don’t have enough money to buy food and other things you need to live strife: trouble or hard times

Think and Tell

What does the word ‘family’ mean to you?

According to the poet, do families come together only during good times? Why/Why not?

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Choose the correct answers.

a What is the poem about?

i The importance of wealth

ii The strength of family bonds

iii The changing seasons iv The challenges of poverty

b According to the poem, when does family come together?

i Only during happy times

iii At all times

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ii Only during difficult times

iv During celebrations

c Which phrase is repeated throughout the poem?

i ‘In sickness and in health’

iii ‘Without any reason’

ii ‘Family comes together’

iv ‘They somehow find a way’

d What does the poem say about how long family bonds last?

i They last for a short time. ii They do not exist.

iii They are forever.

iv They last depending on wealth.

e Which pair of opposite situations is NOT mentioned in the poem?

i Sickness and health

iii Happiness and strife

2. Write True or False.

ii Poverty and wealth

iv Youth and old age

a The poem mentions that family bonds end very soon.

b According to the poem, families come together only in times of happiness.

c The poet says that sometimes families are angry and sometimes they are kind.

d The poem mentions that families come together in both poverty and wealth.

e The poem suggests that families are not with each other during difficult times.

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3. What does the poet mean by the phrase ‘whether all seeing or in blindness, family comes together’?

Big Idea

An acrostic poem is a type of poetry where the first letter of each line spells out a word, name or phrase. These poems can be about any topic and don’t need to rhyme.

Make an acrostic poem about family.

Care for others.

Always use kind words.

Respect others.

Every caring act counts.

Vocabulary

1. Read the clues and fill in the crossword with the correct words.

Across

1. My mother’s daughters are my . (7 letters)

2. My brother’s daughter is my . (5 letters)

3. My sister’s son is my . (6 letters)

Down

1. My mother’s brother is my . (5 letters)

2. My father’s father is my . (11 letters)

3. My aunt and uncle’s children are my . (7 letters)

Poetry Appreciation

In this poem Family Comes Together, the poet uses two poetic devices (tools) to express the theme, make the poem memorable and to make it interesting.

1. Opposites—words that have opposite meanings

2. Repetition—lines and ideas that are repeated

List three opposites that show different situations sickness and health

Write the lines that are repeated in every stanza

The repeated words are a key to the theme (the important message of the poem)

Now, complete the theme of the poem in your own words.

It does not matter what the situation is .

Patriotism

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3 . We Call Her Ba

—Subhadra

Look at the pictures. Write a few sentences on what the pictures represent and mean to you. Get Set

For many years, India was ruled by the British. During this time, Indians did not have the freedom to make decisions about their own country.

We all know about Mahatma Gandhi, the great leader who helped India fight for its freedom. But did you know that his wife, Kasturba Gandhi, also played an important role in this fight? Let’s read about her life and how she helped and inspired people.

Sen Gupta

Kasturba Gandhi was a very important person in India’s fight for freedom. She was the wife of Mahatma Gandhi, the leader who helped to free India from British rule. Kasturba, or ‘Ba’ as many called her, was born on 11 April 1869 in Porbandar, the same town where her husband was born. Her full name was Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia.

Talking Book

Kasturba married Mahatma Gandhi when she was just 14 years old. Even though she did not have much schooling, she learnt many things from her husband. She was a wise and strong woman who supported him in his efforts to free India. She believed in non-violence, which means fighting without using weapons or hurting people.

One of the most important things Kasturba did was to teach Indians to be self-reliant. She showed them how to do things on their own without depending on the British. She taught women how to read and write, and spoke to people about cleanliness and what they should do to stay healthy.

Think and Tell

What are the different ways in which Kasturba Gandhi helped people in India?

Kasturba was very brave. She was jailed many times because she protested against British rule. She stood by her husband’s side even when times were tough. Once, in South Africa, she joined Gandhi in a protest to fight against the unfair treatment of Indians. She was arrested but she still did not give up.

freedom: the ability to make one’s own choices and decisions inspired: motivated or encouraged someone to do something good

Did You Know?

Kasturba Gandhi opened her first school in South Africa. This school was for the children of Indian workers. They learnt to read and write, and she taught them about their culture.

self-reliant: the ability to do things on one’s own protested: spoke up against wrong action treatment: behaviour towards a person or a situation

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In India, she was part of many movements. One famous movement was the Salt March in 1930 when Mahatma Gandhi and many others walked almost 400 kilometres to get their own salt from the sea. This was a protest against the British tax on salt. Kasturba did not join the march, but supported it and encouraged others to join. She showed everyone that women could be leaders too.

Kasturba cared deeply about untouchability. This was a practice where some people were treated badly just because of their birth. She worked hard to help these people and to end this unfair treatment.

Even though Kasturba suffered from breathing problems, she did not stop working for India’s freedom. She was a loving mother to her four sons and a strong support to Gandhi.

Think and Tell

How did Kasturba Gandhi help during the Salt March?

movements: efforts of a large group of people who work together to bring change tax: money people pay to the government to run the country encouraged: gave someone support and confidence

Her health worsened while she was in solitary confinement in Aga Khan Palace, and she died on 22 February 1944, while still in British custody. Kasturba Gandhi’s life is an example of courage and dedication. She showed the world that one can fight for what is right in peaceful ways. Her hard work and sacrifice helped India to become a free country. It is unfortunate that she couldn’t live to see India become free.

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worsened: became worse custody: being in jail courage: bravery dedication: the act of giving a lot of time and effort to something because it is important to you sacrifice: the act of giving up something important to you for the sake of someone or something else

Think and Tell

Describe Kasturba Gandhi in just two words.

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Write True or False.

a Kasturba Gandhi was born on 11 April 1869.

b Kasturba Gandhi married Mahatma Gandhi when she was 18 years old.

c Kasturba Gandhi believed in using violence to fight for freedom.

d Kasturba Gandhi was arrested multiple times for protesting against British rule.

e Kasturba Gandhi died in prison.

2. Match the detail from the text and the description.

Detail

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Description

Ba Kasturba Gandhi’s birthplace

Porbandar Kasturba Gandhi’s nickname

Self-reliant Unfair practice Ba fought against

Salt March Able to do things without help from others

Untouchability

3. Answer the questions in three to four sentences.

a What skills did Kasturba teach Indians?

Famous protest against the British salt tax

b In which other country did Ba join Mahatma Gandhi in a protest? How did she support him?

c Describe Kasturba’s role in the Salt March of 1930.

d What was Kasturba’s opinion on untouchability? What did she do about it?

e How would you describe Kasturba’s relationship with her family?

Think and Answer

1. In your notebook, list some actions from the story that show that Kasturba was a strong and brave woman.

2. What were the reasons behind Kasturba Gandhi’s actions and what does this tell you about her personality?

Kasturba’s Actions Reason for Action Personality Traits

Taught women self-reliance

Stood up against the unfair treatment of Indians

Continued to fight despite her breathing problems

Big Idea

Kasturba Gandhi saw the problems that her fellow Indians faced under British rule and worked hard to solve these problems.

Write about one problem you see that fellow Indians face every day.

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What is one thing you can do to help solve this problem?

Vocabulary

Patriotism is the love and loyalty that people feel for their country. It means being proud of where you come from, respecting the flag and national symbols, and showing appreciation of the freedom and opportunities your country provides.

1. Use the clues to fill in the crossword puzzle with words related to patriotism.

Across

1. Showing courage and not being afraid (7 letters)

2. Treating everyone the same (8 letters)

Down

3. The power to do what you want (7 letters)

4. The act of treating people fairly and in the right manner (7 letters)

5. Giving up something important for a good reason (9 letters)

2. Look at how the words in the box are used in the text. In your notebook, write your own sentences about patriotism using the words. non-violence protest self-reliant movement peaceful

3. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of the words. Match the words and the correct meaning.

Word Meaning Honour the state of being united

Unity to hold someone in high respect or esteem

Loyalty feeling of satisfaction about something good

Pride the right to act, speak or think freely

Liberty being faithful and devoted

Rearrange the words in alphabetical order. , , , ,

Types of Adjectives

There are different types of adjectives based on what they tell us about a noun.

Adjectives of quantity

Adjectives of quality

Possessive adjectives

Remember!

Adjectives are words that tell us more about or describe nouns.

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Demonstrative adjectives

They tell us the quantity or amount of a noun. They tell us ‘how much’ or ‘how many’ of a noun. Some quantity adjectives are more, many, several, few and half.

For example: She learnt many things from her husband. Ask How much…? or How many…?

They tell us about the qualities or features of a noun. They tell us how something is, feels, smells, looks, or sounds.

Some quality adjectives are beautiful, black, sweet, loud and square.

For example: Ba was a brave woman.

They tell us who owns or possesses the noun. Some possessive adjectives are her book, his bag, their pencils.

For example: Their sacrifice helped India to become free.

They help to identify specific nouns. Some demonstrative adjectives are that, this, those and these.

For example: She worked hard to help these people.

1. Underline the adjectives and sort them in the correct columns.

a Kasturba Gandhi was an important person in our country.

b Ba was a 14-year-old girl with little education.

Ask What kind of..?

Ask Whose…?

Ask Which one…?

c She was a courageous woman and took part in several movements.

d This march was famous.

e Many people walked far to get their salt from the sea.

Order of Adjectives

We can use more than one adjective for a noun. When using two or more adjectives, we follow an order. This order is: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Possessive/ demonstrative adjective Quantity Opinion

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age

our/those three little bright round wooden boxes my loyal big furry brown dog two big old oval windows

Note:

• A and an, which are used with singular nouns, are placed before the other adjectives as they suggest quantity or number.

• Use commas (,) to separate the list of adjectives.

Note: It isn’t a good idea to use too many adjectives to describe one noun.

2. Fill in the blanks with the adjectives in the correct order.

a The soldiers told us many stories.

(courageous, five, old)

b Indians protested against the British.

(brave, many)

c songs made her parents proud.

(three, her, patriotic)

d , country is India.

(beautiful, this, big)

e , , cloth is a flag.

(rectangular, soft, small, that)

3. Rewrite the sentences using the correct order of adjectives. Use the correct punctuation.

a Pick any pink three lotuses.

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b The tiger is an orange big animal.

c The Taj Mahal is a white marble magnificent monument.

d There are great many poets in India.

e Beautiful blue five peacocks were dancing in the forest.

Listen Well

Listen to this speech and fill in the details.

Listen to the text here.

a What are two emotions people feel on Independence Day?

b What makes India so special?

c Which goal does the speaker set?

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

We make a speech to express our ideas about a topic. Our aim can be to inform or to persuade others.

Sit in groups of three. Each of you will choose a national holiday and present a two-minute speech.

Step 1: Choose your topic.

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Step 2: Spend time making notes on what you will include in your speech. You can use these sentences to express your thoughts.

Introduction

Hello everyone!

Today, I want to talk about why celebrating is important. Independence Day

Talking about the topic

We celebrate because It’s a special day because I think it’s important I believe that we should

Closing

Thank you for listening to my speech about . Let’s all celebrate it together!

Speak confidently and clearly. Maintain eye contact and use your voice, gestures and face to express yourself.

Pay attention when others are speaking.

Republic Day

Gandhi Jayanti

Message Writing

We write messages to inform others about what was said or to pass on information. When someone phones you could, for example, take a message for a family member who is not around. We write down what we hear so that we do not forget.

Read the conversion between Arpit and Aanchal.

Arpit: Hello! I am Arpit. Is Vaibhav home?

Aanchal: Hi! No, Vaibhav isn’t here right now. Can I take a message?

Arpit: Yes please. I just wanted to let him know that Tarika ma’am will be assessing the chapter ‘India’s Freedom Struggle’ tomorrow in History. It will be an open-book assessment.

Aanchal: Okay, I’ll make sure he gets the message.

Arpit: Thanks! Goodbye.

Aanchal: You’re welcome. Bye!

Read the message that Aanchal leaves for Vaibhav.

Model Answer

13 May 2025

4:15 p.m.

Hi Vaibhav

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MESSAGE

Your friend Arpit called to inform you that Tarika ma’am will be assessing the chapter ‘India’s Freedom Struggle’ tomorrow in History. It will be an open-book assessment. I am going to the stationery shop. Please tell mom when she gets back from the office.

Aanchal

Note:

1. A message should be enclosed in a box.

2. Use the format that is shown above.

3. The word limit should be fifty words.

4. Messages can be written as an informal or a formal note.

Read the telephone conversation between Priya’s mother, Mrs Sharma and Priya’s teacher. Imagine you are Mrs Sharma, and write a message to Priya, based on this conversation. Write in your notebook.

Ms Grover: Hello, is this Priya?

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Mrs Sharma: No, I am Mrs Sharma, Priya’s mother.

Ms Grover: Hi, this is Ms Grover, her class teacher.

Mrs Sharma: Hello, Ms Grover! May I take a message?

Ms Grover: I’m calling to remind Priya to wear a white kurta and a tricolour sash for the Independence Day celebrations at school tomorrow.

Mrs Sharma: Sure, Ms Grover. Is there anything else?

Ms Grover: Yes! In case she has any tricolour accessories like bangles or hair bands, she can wear those too.

Mrs Sharma: Okay!

Ms Grover: Also, please ask her to be at the school by 7:10 a.m. The celebrations start at 8:15 a.m. sharp. We can use the time for rehearsal.

Mrs Sharma: I’ll be sure to let her know, Ms Grover.

Ms Grover: Thank you very much, Mrs Sharma. Bye!

Mrs Sharma: Goodbye!

Project 1

A Historical Object

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In this project, you will look for an old object that is important to your family and has historical value. Bring it to school and show it to your classmates. Tell them why it is special and where it comes from.

What You Need:

An object which is quite old and valuable to your family. You may bring its picture if you cannot bring the object itself. It could be a coin, a postcard, a stamp, a photograph, a utensil or an item of clothing.

Steps:

• Find an Object: Ask members of your family or your extended family if they have an old object that is important and has a story behind it.

• Learn About It: Make notes on why the object is important and where it came from.

• Bring It to School: Bring the object or its picture to class.

• Show and Share: Tell the class why the object is special and where it came from.

• Ask your family to tell you about the object’s history.

• Share your story in a few simple sentences.

Food and Culture

4 . Food Adventures in Sikkim

India has a variety of food, and you will find different food items in different parts of the country. Can you match the food with the state it comes from? Get Set

Litti Chokha Himachal Pradesh

Dosa Gujarat

Dhokla Karnataka

Sandesh Bihar Maharashtra

Misal Bengal

Aisha goes to Sikkim for the first time and tries new food there. It is very different from what she usually eats. What foods do you think she tries? Does she enjoy the dishes? Let’s read the comic to find out!

Siddu

Talking Book

Sikkim is home to the beautiful Kanchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world! Did You Know?

Think and Tell

Which place do Aisha and her family visit first in Sikkim?

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unique: one of its kind ingredients: different items needed to cook a dish

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flavourful: delicious and full of flavour fermented: (in case of food) changed by tiny living things called bacteria to make it taste different or last longer

Think and Tell

What was the name of the noodle soup that Aisha tried?

traditional: something that people have been doing the same way for a very long time tangy: a sharp and slightly sour taste

You are going to be a great chef Aisha.

Think and Tell

Name the different food items that Aisha tries during her trip to Sikkim.

homestay: when you stay in someone’s home as a paying guest while travelling dissolve: (here) break down

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Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Tick () the correct answers.

a Where does Aisha and her family go for the first time?

i Nepal ii Sikkim iii Tibet iv Darjeeling

b What does Aisha see in the local market?

i Traditional clothes ii Fresh vegetables and unique spices iii Unique bags iv Cultural food

c What is a staple dish of Sikkim?

i Momos ii Thukpa iii Gundruk iv Sel Roti

d Which dish is made from mustard, cabbage or radish leaves? i Sel Roti ii Thukpa iii Sinki iv Gundruk

e What is Sel Roti?

i A tangy pickle ii A sweet rice bread iii A noodle soup iv A fermented radish dish

2. Write True or False.

a Aisha and her family visited the local market before trying the local restaurant.

b Thukpa made Aisha feel cold inside.

c Sinki is eaten as a pickle.

d Sel Roti is typically served during festivals.

e Aisha did not like Sikkimese food.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a What does Aisha first notice when her family arrives in Sikkim? What does the family plan to do in Sikkim?

b What cooking method is mentioned for preparing Gundruk?

c How does Aisha describe the taste of Sinki? How is it prepared?

d Where does the family stay? What do the family members do there?

e Describe the family’s experiences in Sikkim.

Think and Answer

1. Write a few details about the place that Aisha and her family visit.

Name of the place:

Capital city:

Traditional clothes:

Staple food:

An important cultural event:

A famous landmark:

2. What are some examples of food grown locally in your region? Think about the fruit, vegetables and other types of food that are grown nearby.

How are these food items used in traditional dishes or recipes in your region?

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Think about any special occasions, festivals or holidays where these types of food are important.

Big Idea

Every state and area has its own speciality. Sikkim is known for its beautiful landscapes, tasty food and rich culture. Imagine that Aisha was visiting your state. How will you help her explore your state?

My state’s name: Three must-visit places:

Three must-taste dishes:

Two must-attend events:

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Vocabulary

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the box.

Hint Box: spices ingredient recipe dish culture

a Dal Bati is a famous from Rajasthan.

b Dhokla is a traditional dish in the Indian .

c Flour is an important to make momos.

d This book has a for spaghetti.

e Indian food has different for added flavour.

2. Rewrite the sentences by replacing the underlined phrases with words from the box.

Hint Box: chef traditional fermented an adventure locally

a We went on a journey that is exciting to the mountains.

b My mom is a great person who cooks food.

c Yoghurt is a food that has been aged.

d We bought vegetables from this area.

e People like trying food that is well known and has been eaten for a long time.

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3. Match the words and the correct phrases. Use a dictionary to help you. grill to cook food quickly in a bit of oil

sauté a dish served before the main meal appetiser nutritious and good for health wholesome to cook food directly under a heat source

In your notebook, use the words to write the sentences of your own.

Go Grammar

Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns once we know who or what the noun is.

They can be singular (I, you, he, she, her, him, it) or plural (we, they, us, them).

Personal Pronouns

Remember!

The subject in a sentence is the person, place, thing or idea that is doing the action or being talked about.

The object in a sentence is the person, place, thing or idea that receives the action of the verb.

Types of Personal Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

These are used in the place of nouns that are the subjects/doers in a sentence.

Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

These are used in the place of nouns that are the objects/receivers in a sentence.

I, you, he, she, they, we, it Me, you, him, her, us, them, it

These are used to refer to the subject when the subject and object are the same person or thing.

Myself, yourself, themselves, himself, herself, itself

For example: Aisha and her family are at the airport. They have arrived in Sikkim.

(Here, they is the subject or doer of the action.)

For example: The soup makes me feel warm.

(Here, me is the object or receiver of the action.)

For example: I believe in myself. (Here, myself is the object that refers back to the same subject I.)

1. Circle the subject pronouns. Underline the object pronouns. Tick () the reflexive pronouns.

a I wonder what Sikkimese food tastes like.

b Let’s order different dishes and share them.

c They tried some momos.

d We decided to cook a dish ourselves.

e People eat it as a pickle.

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct pronoun. Identify the type of pronoun.

a The host at the homestay praises Aisha and says, ‘ (you/yourself) will be a great chef.’

b I can’t wait to tell (them/they) about all the amazing food in Sikkim.

c Sel Roti is sweet and tasty. (It/They) is served during festivals.

d I hear that Sinki is tangy. I would like to try some (myself/me).

e The host at the homestay complimented (us/we).

3. Rewrite the sentences after replacing the underlined nouns with pronouns.

a Aisha finds the Chhurpi hard and chewy.

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b The host served the family Thupka.

c The radish roots are cut and stored for months.

d The family shared the momos among the family.

e Aisha wants to share her experience with her friends.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen to the radio announcement and fill in the table with the information.

Category Three Things You Will Find There

Food Stalls

Speak Well

Practise speaking here.

Sit in pairs and talk to your partner about a festival day that you will always remember. You may talk about the customs followed, the delicacies prepared and the costumes worn.

Write Well

A diary is a notebook in which you write about your day and share your personal feelings and emotions. You can write about an experience, something you saw or describe an event.

A diary entry should:

 be written in the first person as it is a personalised account.

 name the events in the order they happened.

 express the writer’s feelings and emotions.

 be written using clear and crisp language.

 have a friendly and conversational tone.

Model Answer

Madhu tasted pasta for the first time and she has written the following diary entry.

15 July 2025

08:00 p.m.

Friday

Dear Diary,

Date, time and day of writing the dairy

Today was an interesting day because I tried a new food called ‘pasta’ at Grandma’s house! It looked like curly worms with a yummy sauce on top.

When I took a bite, it tasted so good! The pasta was soft and chewy, and the sauce had tomatoes and cheese. I ate it with a fork.

Grandma said pasta is from Italy. People there eat it with many different sauces. It made me think about kids in Italy eating pasta too.

I felt happy and proud that I tried something new and liked it. It was fun eating with Grandma and hearing her stories about when she was little.

I want to try more new foods now. It was a yummy adventure today!

Madhu

Greetings

Contents of the diary entry describing the event that happened and how it made you feel

Signature

Think about a food you tried for the first time recently. The food can be a dish, fruit, vegetable or even a new ice-cream flavour. Write a diary entry in your notebook.

Write where and when you tried the food item.

Include how it looked and tasted.

Also, mention your feelings before and after trying it.

Project 2

Cultural Potluck and Recipe Sharing

In this project, we will, as a class, celebrate cultural diversity with potluck. It will help us share our families’ food traditions and learn about different ingredients, cooking methods, and cuisines.

What You Need:

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A traditional dish

Recipe

A serving spoon/ladle

Your own plate, bowl and spoon

Steps:

• Ask your family to tell you about a traditional dish from your culture. It should be a dish that is meaningful to your family or community and commonly enjoyed in your household.

• You may also use the internet or the library to research the origin of the dish, the cooking method and the ingredients.

• Work with a family member to prepare the dish for the potluck.

• Make notes on the recipe while preparing the dish. You may take photographs of the different steps.

• Make and illustrate a recipe card to display in class alongside your dish. It should include:

The name of the dish

The significance of the dish in your culture or family

Key ingredients

Steps to prepare the dish

• On the day of the potluck, set up your desk with mats, decorations or cultural items; then, present your dish.

• Walk around the class to see what the rest of the class has brought. Ask them to serve you a small portion to taste. Ask them about their dish and also tell your classmates more about your dish if they ask you questions.

As a class, plan who will be responsible for the beverages, snacks, main dishes and desserts.

Clean your class at the end of the potluck.

Be respectful towards all cultures.

Be polite even if a classmate brings a dish that is not to your liking.

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5 . Against All Odds

—Ramendra Kumar

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Write the names of these popular sports! Get Set

Kartik is a young boy who loves to play football and is very good at it too! Yet, the school football coach does not let him play on the school team. Why does the coach do this, and is Kartik able to prove himself to the coach in the end? Let’s read the story to find out.

Let’s Read

Kartik and Kavya were twins who lived in the bustling city of Kolkata. They were inseparable and although they often fought, they always had each other’s backs. Kartik had a deformed left arm, but with his charming personality, his friends hardly noticed it. Kartik loved playing and discussing football, earning him the nickname ‘the walking football encyclopaedia’.

Talking Book

One evening, their father Adarsh informed them that the family would relocate to Rourkela. Kartik and Kavya were shocked.

‘Rourkela? But that’s a small town! What about our friends?’ Kavya protested.

‘And football? What will I do there?’ Kartik added, his voice trembling.

The idea of leaving Kolkata, their friends, and everything familiar unsettled the twins. Kartik was particularly frightened, knowing how strangers often reacted to his arm—with awkwardness or pity.

Despite their objections, the family moved to Rourkela. On their first day at DPS Rourkela, the students stared at Kartik, and the teachers showed their sympathy. Kartik’s anxiety grew. He clung to the thought that at least Kavya was by his side.

Think and Tell

Where did Kartik’s family live? Where were they relocating to?

bustling: busy or full of activities and noise inseparable: very close and always together had each other’s back: always ready to help each other deformed: not having the normal or expected form relocate: move to a new place to live

unsettled: worried or nervous about something awkwardness: a feeling of being uncomfortable objections: complaints sympathy: feeling sorry about someone’s situation anxiety: feeling of worry or nervousness

During their first PE class, Kartik eagerly approached the football coach. ‘Peter Sir, I’d like to join the football team,’ Kartik said, his eyes sparkling with hope. The coach glanced at Kartik’s arm and shook his head. ‘I’m sorry. Football is a tough game. You should try something else.’

Kartik was disappointed. Mirza Sir, the English teacher, saw Kartik’s pain. He told him about his brother Wasim’s club, the Steel Stunner. Kartik instantly took a liking to him. He balanced his school and practice sessions well and soon became a part of the best team at the club. One day, Wasim Sir informed the kids at the club that Sunil Chhetri, the famous Indian football player was coming to DPS Rourkela. He looked at Kartik and said, ‘You should meet Chhetri after his session. Wear your sports kit and football shoes.’

Did You Know?

Sunil Chhetri is a famous Indian football player. He is one of the top goal-scorers in international football history.

Think and Tell

Why was Kartik disappointed on the first day of school?

‘Why Sir? I’m not on the school team or anything,’ Kartik replied in confusion. The next afternoon, Sunil Chhetri arrived, and the students’ cheers were deafening. Kartik arrived shyly, unsure of what to do. Mirza Sir called him forward. ‘Sunil, this is Kartik. I think you should see him in action.’

Peter Sir, in a tight red t-shirt, frowned at Kartik. ‘Aren’t you the one I told not to play football?’

‘There’s no harm in watching him play.’ Chhetri interjected with a smile. Kartik knew this was his make-or-break moment. He knew that if he excelled in this match, people would see him as normal, not just a kid with a defect. Kartik played his heart out, creating openings that resulted in goals.

glanced: took a quick look interjected: interrupted someone with a comment or remark

make-or-break: a phrase to describe a situation that will either lead to success or failure excelled: was very good at something defect: a problem or imperfection

After the game, the players gathered around Chhetri with expectant eyes.

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Did You Know?

‘I liked how you played—with enthusiasm and energy. Some of you need to improve your stamina and finishing. Three boys impressed me, and I’ve given their names to Peter Sir. I hope to see you make your school and state proud,’ Chhetri said.

Every book that is printed has its own special number called the ISBN number.

Think and Tell

What feedback did Sunil Chhetri give the young footballers?

It could have been Kartik’s imagination, but it seemed Chhetri looked directly at him with a small smile as he turned away. Later, Mirza Sir told Kartik that his name was on the list and Peter Sir had agreed to let him join the team. Kartik ran to the club. ‘Wasim Sir! I got to play before Chhetri! I made it to the school team!’

Wasim hugged him. ‘That’s great news, Kartik. But I have even bigger plans for you.’

‘Of course I’ll continue my practice with you as well, Sir,’ Kartik promised.

expectant: waiting eagerly for something to happen stamina: the strength to keep going for a long time

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Tick () the correct answers.

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a Which is NOT one of the twins’ objections to moving to Rourkela?

i There were no good football academies in Rourkela.

ii All the twins’ friends were in Kolkata.

iii How strangers would feel about Kartik’s arm.

iv The idea of leaving Kolkata.

b Why was Kartik called ‘the walking football encyclopaedia?’

i He always carried a football encyclopaedia.

ii He loved discussing and playing football.

iii He knew all the facts about Sunil Chhetri.

iv He was a fan of Sunil Chhetri.

c What does the phrase ‘make-or-break moment’ mean?

i The moment when Kartik could either make the team or split the team.

ii The moment when Kartik could either be successful or fail.

iii The moment when Kartik could either make a goal or break the goal post.

iv The moment when Kartik could either break a record or injure himself.

d Why do you think Sunil Chhetri looked at Kartik with a small smile?

i He saw Kartik’s potential.

ii He knew Kartik was just fooling himself.

iii He felt sorry for Kartik.

iv He knew Kartik wouldn’t make the team.

2. Number the following events, 1–6, as they appear in the story.

a Mirza Sir suggested that Kartik join Wasim Sir ’s club.

b Kartik created openings for the team to score goals.

c Kartik played a match in front of Sunil Chhetri.

d Kartik made it to the school football team.

e Wasim Sir told Kartik that he had bigger plans for him.

f At first, Peter Sir would not let Kartik join the football team.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a Why was Kartik worried about going to Rourkela? Who was his pillar of support?

b What was Peter Sir’s initial reaction when Kartik wanted to join the football team and why did he react that way?

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c How were Wasim Sir and Peter Sir different?

d What was the biggest challenge Kartik faced? What actions did he take to find a way around it?

e The match in front of Sunil Chhetri was Kartik’s make-or-break moment. How would excelling in the match solve Kartik’s problem?

Think and Answer

1. If Mirza Sir had been the football coach instead of Peter Sir, what might have happened?

2. Read these lines from the end of the story. ‘That’s great news, Kartik. But I have even bigger plans for you.’ What could be the ‘bigger plans’ that Wasim Sir had in mind for Kartik?

3. When someone writes a book, story or an article, they always have a reason for writing it. This reason is called the author’s purpose. The author may write to entertain, to inform or to give some lessons.

What do you think is the author’s purpose in writing the story about Kartik and Kavya?

a To entertain readers with a story about twins who move to a new place.

b To teach that one should never give up despite the challenges in life.

c To persuade readers that football is a great sport for everyone.

d To inform the readers about Sunil Chhetri.

Explain your answer in one or two sentences.

Kartik worked hard to prove himself. He showed a lot of determination. Identify an area where you want to improve and find ways to do so.

I want to be better at:

I will do the following things to get better:

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Vocabulary

1. Complete the sentences using the glossary words given below. In your notebook, use any three words to make sentences of your own.

Hint Box: stamina awkwardness relocate bustling

a The stadium was with people cheering for their teams.

b Kartik was worried about his football classes as his family had to to a new city.

c There was a moment of when the new coach realised that a boy in the school’s kho-kho team had an atypical arm.

d To run a marathon, you need a lot of and endurance.

2. Different kinds of sport have their own special vocabulary. Look at the pictures and write the correct spelling of the words in the blanks.

a : a hard or protective hat

b : a prize you win in a competition

c : a player who stops the ball in soccer or hockey

d : a person who makes sure that the players follow the rules in a game

e : a person who plays sport

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Idioms

Idioms are phrases that mean something different from what the words actually say. They have a hidden meaning. We use them to express ideas in a fun and creative way.

For example:

He played his heart out: This doesn’t mean the person played so much that his heart popped out. It means the person played the sport with energy and enthusiasm.

3. Read the sentences. Tick () the correct meaning of the underlined idioms.

a After months of hard work, winning the championship felt like scoring a touchdown for the whole team.

i achieving a major success ii playing of football

b Before the big game, Coach said, ‘Break a leg!’

i to miss a goal ii good luck for the performance or competition

c Lily had to jump through hoops to join the soccer team.

i to practise a lot ii to face many challenges

d After a tough practice, Coach told us, ‘No pain, no gain.’

i to hit others to win ii work hard for success

e When Tom was unfairly disqualified, Nishant batted for him.

i to play for someone ii to defend or side with someone

Types of Prepositions

Remember!

Prepositions connect the people and objects in a sentence with the time and location in a sentence.

Let us look at the different types of prepositions.

Prepositions of Time

These tell us when something happens.

For example: on, in, at, before, after

Kartik was anxious on his first day at DPS.

Kartik’s next football match is in November.

The match will start at 11:00 a.m.

Kartik scored the goal before the final whistle.

Kartik's team celebrated after the match.

Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Movement

These tell us where something is placed/kept.

These tell where or how something is moving.

For example: on, in, at, behind, under For example: up, down, around, through

Kartik’s house was in Kolkata. The players ran around the field.

Kartik’s jersey is on the table. The ball rolled down the stairs.

Kartik’s family is at the stadium. The goalkeeper jumped up to stop the goal.

Kartik is sitting behind Peter and Wasim Sir.

Kartik’s shoes are under the table.

The winners walked through the crowds to collect their awards.

1. Fill in the correct prepositions. Mark each one as a preposition of time, place, or movement.

a The ball is the field.

b The footballer ran the field with the ball.

c The boys even practised night.

d The basketball fell the net.

e The ball is his foot.

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Prepositions of Direction

These prepositions show the path or the way in which an object is moving.

Preposition of Direction Use Examples to It shows movement towards a specific destination or goal.

The cat ran to the box. into

It shows movement from outside to inside a place or thing.

The cat stepped into the box. out of

It shows movement from the inside to the outside of a place or thing.

The cat jumped out of the box. away from It shows movement from a point or place to further away.

The cat walked away from the box. across It shows movement from one side to another.

The cat walked across the boxes.

2. Fill in each blank with a preposition of direction.

a The coach called the players the field for a team meeting.

b The football players kicked the ball the field to hit the goal.

c The football players ran the tunnel before the game.

d The athlete ran the starting line when the race began.

e The swimmer dove the pool and started swimming laps.

Modals

Modals are helping verbs that are used to express ability, necessity or possibility. They are also used to ask or give permission, make a request or to offer help. They cannot be used without a main verb.

CAN To express ability

To express or ask for permission (informal)

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Kartik can play football. Can I also play?

Yes, you can play in the next match.

MUST To express necessity Kartik must practise daily to win the match.

MAY To ask or give permission (formal)

To express possibility

To express a wish

SHOULD To give advice

To ask for a suggestion

May I please go to the match?

Yes, you may. Kartik may play tomorrow.

May Kartik go on to achieve great success.

Wasim Sir said, ‘You should practise two hours daily.’

Should we start getting ready for the tournament?

3. Use the modal verbs ‘can’ or ‘must’ to fill in the blanks.

a She run faster than any other student in this class.

b You take care of your sports shoes.

c He kick the ball with a lot of strength.

d You follow the coach’s instructions on the field.

e All students come to watch their school team.

4. Use the modal verbs ‘may ’ or ‘should’ to fill in the blanks.

a We practise tomorrow if it is sunny.

b You learn from a coach.

c Sir, I play in the next match?

d You eat well if you are training.

e We participate in interschool events if the team works hard.

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the text and number the sentences in the proper order.

Sentences

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Number

a The players switch positions for the next over.

b Team Blue wins the toss and decides to bat first.

c The stadium is packed with cheering fans.

d The bowler from Team Red runs up and bowls the first ball.

e The captains of both teams walk to the centre for the coin toss.

f The batsman from Team Blue hits the ball towards the boundary.

g Team Blue's opening batsmen walk to the crease with their bats. Practise speaking here.

Speak Well

We will now practise giving live commentary for a sports event. During a live commentary, the speaker narrates what is happening at that time.

Sit in pairs. Each partner will choose one event from the two sports events given below.

Look at the pictures. What do you see? Use the phrases to give a live commentary. Event 1:

jumps up in the air

throws the ball towards the basket falls into the basket loud cheers flies towards the basket

GAMES

holds tight with both his hands stands up straight bends

lifts the weight above his head loud cheers

Write Well

Descriptive Paragraph

A descriptive paragraph gives a detailed description of a person, place, thing, or event. It uses specific details to help the reader visualise and understand what is being described. Start with a clear topic sentence that introduces the subject clearly.

Use words to describe the sights, sounds, smells and feelings.

The ideas should be arranged logically.

End the paragraph with a strong concluding sentence.

Write a detailed and descriptive paragraph about a sport event of your choice. When we are reporting on sports, it is important to describe everything in detail. Some points that you should include are:

Who is playing?

Who do they represent? (if relevant)

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Who performed well?

What was the audience like? You can use these sentence starters.

Introduction:

One of my favourite sports to watch/play is…

The excitement begins the moment…

Specific Descriptions:

The [field/court/rink] is… Players [dribble/shoot/pass] the [ball/puck] with…

Sensory Details:

The sound of the [whistle/cheering] echoes through…

You can see the...

Conclusion:

In the end, [sport] is not just a game; it is… The joy of participating in [sport] makes it…

6 . A Good Play

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Imagine you are going on an adventure and you are carrying the following items. How would you use them on your adventure? Get Set

1. I will use these pillows to build a fort while fighting a war.

The poem is about two children who pretend to build a ship! How do they do it? Where do they pretend to take the ship to? Let’s read the poem to find out.

4. 3. 5.

—Robert Louis Stevenson

Let’s Read

We built a ship upon the stairs

All made of the back-bedroom chairs, And filled it full of soft pillows

To go a-sailing on the billows.

We took a saw and several nails, And water in the nursery pails; And Tom said, “Let us also take An apple and a slice of cake;”— Which was enough for Tom and me

To go a-sailing on, till tea.

We sailed along for days and days, And had the very best of plays; But Tom fell out and hurt his knee, So there was no one left but me.

Think and Tell

How old do you think the two children are in this poem?

billows: large, rolling waves pails: buckets

Think and Tell

What did the two children use to build their pretend ship?

Talking Book

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Fill in the blanks with words from the poem.

a We filled the with soft pillows.

b We made the ship to go a-sailing on the .

c We took in the nursery pails.

d We took enough food to last us until .

e It felt as if we sailed along for days and .

2. Write True or False.

a The ship was built on the stairs.

b They took things from home to build the ship.

c Tom suggested taking an apple and a slice of cake.

d They planned to sail until dinner time.

e Tom and the speaker sailed on together until the end.

3. Answer the questions in one to two sentences.

a How do you think the two children are related?

b Who is the speaker in the poem?

c Why did the children use pillows?

d What tools did they take with them?

e What happened to Tom during their adventure?

Big Idea

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Think about a time when you used everyday objects to create something imaginative to play with, like the children in the poem. In your notebook, describe what you created, what objects you used and what you did with what you had made.

Vocabulary

1. Read the clues and fill in the crossword with words related to sport.

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Across

1. worn when diving in cold water

2. clothes that identify a team

3. place to skate on ice

Down

4. person who runs

5. a sports ground with seats around

6. not a winner

7. a metal disc given as a prize in a competition

In your notebook, use the words in the crossword in sentences of your own.

Poetry

Appreciation

1. There are many rhyming words in the poem. Write five pairs of rhyming words.

Remember!

Rhyming words end with same sound. For example: ship-clip

2. Can you think of two rhyming words for these words? Remember the word endings need not be spelt the same, they should just sound the same.

sail

7 . The Cyclone

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—L Frank Baum

Get Set

Imagine that there is a terrible wind storm. What would you see, hear and feel? Discuss each question with a partner and write your answers.

1. What will the sky look like?

2. What will you see the trees do?

3. What will the birds and animals do?

4. What sounds will the wind make?

5. How will you feel?

Dorothy and her family are having a normal day at home, but something unexpected happens that changes their lives forever! What happens, and what does Dorothy do? Let’s read the story to find out.

Dorothy lived in Kansas with Uncle Henry and Aunt Em. Their house was small with just one room and a cyclone cellar. The house and grassland around them were grey from the harsh sun and wind.

One day, the sky was even greyer than usual. Uncle Henry sat on the doorstep, looking worried. Dorothy stood in the doorway holding her little dog, Toto. Aunt Em was washing dishes. From the north, they heard the wind’s low wail and saw the grass bowing in waves before the storm. A sharp whistling sound came from the south. Suddenly, Uncle Henry stood up. ‘There’s a cyclone coming, Em,’ he called. ‘I’ll go and look after the animals.’ He ran to the shed where the cows and horses were kept.

Think and Tell

How did Uncle Henry know that a storm was coming?

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cyclone: a large, powerful, storm where strong winds circle around a core (the centre) cellar: an underground storage room

harsh: strong and rough wail: a long, low sound made by fast-moving wind

Aunt Em dropped her work and came to the door. ‘Quick, Dorothy!’ she screamed. ‘Run for the cellar!’

Toto jumped out of Dorothy’s arms and hid under the bed. Dorothy caught Toto and started to follow her aunt. Aunt Em, badly frightened, threw open the trapdoor in the floor and climbed down the ladder into the small, dark hole. When Dorothy was halfway across the room, a great shriek came from the wind, and the house shook so hard that she lost her balance and sat down suddenly upon the floor.

Did You Know?

The Bhola cyclone was the strongest cyclone to hit India, in the year 1970.

Then something strange happened. The house whirled around two or three times and slowly rose into the air. Dorothy felt as if she were going up in a balloon. The wind on all sides of the house lifted it higher and higher until it was at the very top of the cyclone. There it stayed, carried miles and miles away as easily as a feather.

After the first few spins, she felt as if she was being rocked gently like a baby in a cradle.

Toto didn’t like it. He ran around the room, barking loudly.

Think and Tell

Why did Dorothy feel as if she was in a balloon?

Think and Tell

What happened when Dorothy was trying to follow Aunt Em to the cellar?

trapdoor: a door in the floor that opens downwards shriek: loud, high sound whirled: turned around quickly in circles

But Dorothy sat still on the floor and waited to see what would happen. Once, Toto got too close to the open trapdoor and fell in. Dorothy thought she had lost him, but soon she saw his ear sticking up through the hole. The strong wind blowing upwards kept him from falling. She crept to the hole, grabbed Toto by the ear, and pulled him back into the room, closing the trapdoor to prevent any more accidents.

Hour after hour passed, and Dorothy slowly got over her fright. She felt lonely, and the wind’s loud shrieking nearly deafened her. At first, she worried the house would crash, but as the hours went by and nothing terrible happened, she stopped worrying and waited calmly. Finally, she crawled over the swaying floor to her bed and lay down. Toto followed and lay beside her. Despite the swaying house and the howling wind, Dorothy soon closed her eyes and fell fast asleep.

As Dorothy slept, the cyclone carried the house far away from the Kansas grasslands. She dreamt of strange lands and colourful places, not knowing what she would find when the house finally came to rest.

Think and Tell

What calmed Dorothy down?

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prevent: to stop deafened: made it hard to hear swaying: gently moving from side to side

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. Number the events in the correct order.

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a The house was lifted into the air, carried by the cyclone.

b Dorothy felt lonely and deafened by the wind, but soon, she and Toto fell asleep.

c Uncle Henry ran to the shed to look after the animals while Aunt Em called Dorothy to the cellar.

d Dorothy caught Toto and followed Aunt Em, but the house began to shake.

e Dorothy pulled Toto back into the room after he almost fell through the open trapdoor.

f The sky turned grey, and Uncle Henry noticed a cyclone approaching.

g At the top of the cyclone, Dorothy felt as if she was being rocked gently in a cradle.

2. Write True or False.

a Dorothy lived in a large house with many rooms.

b The grassland around Dorothy’s house was green and pretty.

c Aunt Em was washing dishes when the cyclone approached.

d Dorothy fell asleep during the cyclone.

e Dorothy did not know where the house would land.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a What did each character do after Uncle Henry warned them about the cyclone?

b What did Dorothy do when she realised the house was flying? How did her reaction differ from Toto’s reaction?

c When did Dorothy stop worrying and what did she do then?

d Describe the movement of the house in the cyclone from when it leaves the ground to when it travels far away.

e What did Dorothy dream about?

Think and Answer

1. Read Dorothy’s actions and write what this tells you about the kind of person she was. Choose words from the box.

Hint Box: sensible quick-thinking calm caring

Dorothy’s Actions Her Qualities

Dorothy pulled Toto from under the bed before following her aunt.

As the house rocked, she sat still and waited to see what would happen.

She saved Toto from falling through the hole and closed the trapdoor to prevent further accidents.

Dorothy decided to lie on the bed and sleep, as it was no use worrying.

2. Look at the illustrations in the story. Describe the setting of the story.

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Big Idea

1. Think about how Dorothy stayed calm during the cyclone. Why is it important to stay calm during these situations?

Situation

You’re about to give a presentation in class, and you are nervous.

You’re writing a test and come to a question you don’t understand.

You get lost in a shopping mall while out with your parents.

Your best friend falls off the slide at school, and her head is bleeding.

Vocabulary

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Why is it important to be calm?

Suffixes

A suffix is a letter or a group of letters placed at the end of a word to form a new word with a different meaning.

For example: fright + ful = frightful

Sometimes, adding a suffix can change the part of speech of the word. enjoy – enjoyment (verb to a noun) swift – swiftly (adjective to an adverb)

Look at the meaning of these suffixes:

-er: someone who does something (teacher, hunter) -ment: the action or result of something (government, improvement) -ion: the process or result of something (action, celebration)

1. Look at the words in the box. Sort the words in the right columns.

Hint Box: skier enjoyment direction runner movement rower excitement connection action agreement player exhaustion

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Words with -er

Words with -ment

words with -ion

2. Choose a suffix to change the verbs into nouns. Use each suffix at least once. Check your spelling.

Hint Box: -er -ion -ment

a amaze

b fly

c improve

d travel

e instruct

In your notebook, use any three of the words in sentences of your own.

3. Fill the gaps by adding -er, -ment or -ion to the words in brackets.

a The found a hidden cave. (explore)

b Reaching the top of the mountain was a great . (achieve)

c The artist showed us his new . (create)

d The scientist made an amazing . (invent)

e He was a well-known (climb).

Types of Adverbs

Adverbs tell us how, when, or where an action happens. We add -ly to the end of an adjective to make an adverb.

For example:

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Remember!

Adverbs are special words that tell us more about an action or a verb.

This is her usual route. (adjective) She usually runs that route. (adverb)

It was a sad day. (adjective) He shook his head sadly. (adverb)

There are three types of adverbs.

Adverbs of Manner tell us how something happens or the way an action takes place.

For example:

Dorothy felt as if she was being rocked gently.

(Here, gently describes the manner of rocking)

Ask ‘how?’

Some other examples are: happily, beautifully, slowly, quickly, sadly, loudly, proudly.

Adverbs of Frequency tell us how often something happens or the frequency of an action.

For example:

Kansas always gets heavy rains in July.

(Here, always describes the frequency of heavy rains in July)

Ask ‘how often?’

Some other examples are: usually, often, sometimes, rarely/seldom, never, regularly.

Adverbs of Time tell when something happens.

For example:

Finally, Dorothy crawled into bed.

(Here, finally describes the time she crawled into bed)

Ask ‘when?’

Some other examples are: firstly, next, before, fortnightly, yearly, daily, monthly, today.

1. Match the adverbs and the type. terribly rarely tomorrow beautifully regularly Time Manner Frequency

2. Fill in the blanks using the adverbs in the box. Write the type of adverb.

Hint Box: always easily never finally slowly

a Dorothy managed to close the trap door.

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b Dorothy got over her fright.

c Rohan followed the route he takes to school.

d The boy had seen such a fancy bicycle before.

e He climbed up the tree .

3. Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the adverbs.

a The wind howled. (loud)

The wind howled loudly.

b They climbed the hill. (careful)

c Leopards were seen on this hill. (occasion)

d The children need to exercise. (day)

e They set up camp. (quick)

Listen Well

Listen to the text here.

Listen carefully to the story and summarise it by filling in the table.

What is the character’s name?

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What does she set out to find?

Where does the map lead her?

What does she find?

Who does Tara take back with her?

Practise speaking here. Speak Well

Sit in groups of four. Look at the pictures of adventure activities.

Make sure everyone gets a chance to speak.

Pay attention when your friends are speaking.

Which adventure activity would you like to do? Take turns to talk about your favourite adventure activity. You can use the sentence starters given.

My favourite adventure activity is… I like it because…

The best part about it is… It makes me feel…

Use describing words to describe the adventure activity and how it makes you feel.

Exploring a forest

Going on a treasure hunt

Camping under the stars

We write a story report to tell others what the story was like, so they can decide if they want to read it or not. It tells readers about the characters and the setting of the story and gives a short summary of what the story is about.

Model Answer

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Name of the author Rajiv Eipe

Rate the story

Main characters: Ammachi and her grandson Sooraj

My favourite character: Ammachi Two words to describe her: Lovable and fun

Beginning

Sooraj is hungry and asks his Ammachi to make coconut barfi.

Describe the setting: The story takes place at Ammachi’s home. They pick coconuts from her garden. Sooraj helps Ammachi make barfi.

Middle End

Sooraj eats the barfi and is happy.

My favourite event in the story: I loved reading how Ammachi and Sooraj pick ripe, brown coconuts.

Create a story report on ‘The Cyclone’.

Coconut Barfi with Ammachi

Adventure and Imagination

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8 . Going Down Hill on a Bicycle

—Henry Charles Beeching

Get Set

Work in a group. Discuss how you think it would feel going down a hill on a bicycle. Talk and make notes on the following.

What will I see? What will I hear? What will I feel?

A young boy is about to have a fun adventure. What does he do? How does he feel? Let’s read the poem to find out.

Let’s Read

With lifted feet, hands still, I am poised, and down the hill

Dart, with heedful mind; The air goes by in a wind.

Swifter and yet more swift, Till the heart with a mighty lift

Think and Tell

Does the bicycle move slowly or quickly as the boy goes down the hill? Which words tell you this?

Makes the lungs laugh, the throat cry:—

‘O bird, see; see, bird, I fly.

‘Is this, is this your joy?

O bird, then I, though a boy,

For a golden moment share Your feathery life in air!’

Say, heart, is there aught like this

In a world that is full of bliss?

‘Tis more than skating, bound

Steel-shod to the level ground.

Speed slackens now, I float

Awhile in my airy boat; Till, when the wheels scarce crawl, My feet to the treadles fall.

Alas, that the longest hill

Must end in a vale; but still, Who climbs with toil, wheresoe’er, Shall find wings waiting there.

poised: ready and in a balanced position

dart: move quickly and suddenly

heedful: careful and paying attention

aught: anything

bliss: great happiness and joy

Think and Tell

Did the boy stop feeling like a bird? How do you know?

Talking Book

slackens: slows down

scarce: hardly treadles: foot pedals

alas: a word used to express sadness and regret

vale: a valley between hills

toil: hardwork and effort

Listen to all the keywords here.

Read and Respond

1. The boy in the poem uses different body parts to do different actions as he rides down the hill! Match the body parts and the actions.

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Body parts Actions

Feet still

Hands lifted

Lungs laugh

Throat lifts

Heart cries

2. The poet describes what a boy feels, hears and sees. Fill in the blanks with the words in the box.

Hint Box: light alive excitement floating crying quiet

a The poem starts with a description of the moment before the boy darts down the hill.

b The danger of going so fast makes his brain feel .

c When he reaches the top speed he feels his heart lift with .

d He expresses his joy by laughing from the bottom of his lungs and out.

e At this golden, blissful moment he feels as as a feather.

f Even as he slows down, he still feels as if he is on air.

3. Answer the questions in two to three sentences.

a Why does the boy compare himself to the bird when he says, ‘O bird, see; see, bird, I fly?’

b How does the boy say flying down the hill is better than roller skating?

c Tick () the words you would use to describe the boy. Explain your answer. I think the boy is because .

courageous relaxed dull

fun-loving adventurous selfish

d What does the boy mean by ‘Who climbs with toil, wheresoe’er, shall find wings waiting there’?

Big

Idea

The boy in the poem enjoys cycling down the hill. He finds it thrilling. Think about an adventure sport that you would like to do. Discuss it in class.

I would like to . While doing it, I would be able to see . (things you will see)

I would be able to feel . (things you will feel by touching them or them touching you)

I would be able to hear . (things you will hear)

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Note:

These activities should be performed under the supervision of a responsible adult or an expert. Remember to wear the proper gear and follow all safety guidelines and instructions.

Hang gliding

Bungee

Canoeing

Motorcycling

Vocabulary

1. Circle the nouns formed from the words given. Then, in your notebook make sentences with the circled words.

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a climb

i climber ii climbing

b adventure

i adventuring ii adventurer

c navigate i navigation ii navigating

d merry i merrier ii merriment

e equip i equipping ii equipment

Poetry Appreciation

Enjambment is a poetic device where a sentence or phrase runs over from one line to the next without a pause or break. A reader must read these run-on lines without stopping to give a sense of flow.

1. Read these lines from the poem aloud.

I am poised, and down the hill Dart, with heedful mind; Till the heart with a mighty lift Makes the lungs laugh, the throat cry:—

2. How do these run-on lines help the poet to express the boy’s actions?

3. Underline the other run-on lines in the poem.

Grammar Worksheet 1 Nouns

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1. Rewrite the sentences by using common nouns in place of proper nouns.

a London has beautiful buildings.

The

b Simran loves to eat sweets.

The

c Mrs Sharma teaches English and art.

Our two

d Look at Venus in the sky. the

e The farmer brought Ganga to the fair. the

2. Match the pictures and correct quantifiers.

3. Underline the correct collective nouns for each group.

a a group of monkeys fleet troop herd

b a group of vehicles fleet army galaxy

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c a group of stars fleet bouquet galaxy

d a group of flowers galaxy bouquet cluster

e a group of soldiers army bouquet cluster

Now, make sentences using the collective nouns.

b c d e

Grammar Worksheet 2

Types and Order of Adjectives

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1. Circle the adjectives in the sentences and state the type.

a The brave soldiers defended the country with great courage.

b Many citizens attended the national celebration.

c Our history is filled with many inspiring freedom stories.

d This flag symbolises our nation’s strength and unity.

e A few students wrote descriptive essays on national heroes.

2. Write a sentence with two or more adjectives for each of the pictures. a

students c dancer

tree

men b

gulab jamun

3. Rewrite the sentences using the correct order of adjectives.

a The three yellow little ducks lived in the pond.

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b Those blue two vases are on the table.

c The sky is filled with bright a million shining stars.

d Round, big, his eyes looked at me.

e Look at blue square that beautiful painting.

Grammar Worksheet 3

Types of Personal Pronouns

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1. Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns.

Hint Box: We us themselves her yourself

a Stay back or you will hurt .

b Let’s all go and eat. Mom made dosas for .

c We are a family of foodies. like to eat local dishes.

d After the swim, the kids dried .

e Sia smiled because the teacher gave a star.

2. Select the correct options.

a John made breakfast for John.

i John made breakfast for himself.

ii John made breakfast for we.

b Rohan and Tanmay love to play football.

i They love to play football.

ii Themselves love to play football.

c The dog ran towards Rohan.

i He ran towards Rohan.

ii It ran towards him.

d Neeta passed the soup to Raj.

i Neeta passed the soup to himself.

ii Neeta passed the soup to him.

e Indian food is popular among Europeans.

i Indian food is popular among them.

ii Indian food is popular among they.

3. Replace the underlined words with the correct pronouns and rewrite the sentences.

a Gautam is a kind man.

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b Father bought Meera and Jay sweets.

c I got a pen for Ram. What did you get?

d You can say the speech aloud to you before doing it in class.

e Maharashtra is a big state. Maharashtra is known for its good food.

Grammar Worksheet 4

Types of Prepositions

1. Match the sentences with the correct prepositions.

Column A

Column B

a The students met the coach the class. over

b The sports academy is the museum. in

c The player hit the ball the rope line. after

d There will be practice the morning. around

e Kartik ran three laps the field. behind

2. Use the prepositions in sentences of your own.

a into

b out of

c away from

d across

e in front of

f through

Modals

3. Choose the correct modal to fill in the blanks. Shikha (can/should) bat as well as bowl. They say she (may/must) be selected for the Indian cricket team. But, she (may/ must) first prove herself as one of the best players. Her coach has advised that she (can/should) focus only on cricket. She has increased her practice hours. Shikha believes that dedication (can/must) make dreams come true!

4. Use the modals to make sentences of your own.

a May:

b Can:

c Should:

d May:

e Must:

f Can:

(possibility) (ability) (suggestion) (wish) (necessity) (permission)

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Grammar Worksheet 5 Types of Adverbs

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb.

a The children’s adventure group meets . (week)

b They listen to Drake’s story . (attentive)

c Drake will take them to the hills (late) in the month.

d Sara is sharing her story . (next)

e She walked into the dark cave . (courageous)

2. Use the adverbs to make sentences of your own.

a today:

b sometimes:

c beautifully:

d daily:

e softly:

3. Correct the adverbs and rewrite these sentences.

a She shared her story excite.

b Rina plans to visit the caves soonly.

c Usual, Sara and Rina go on adventures together.

d The two friends waited eager for Sunday’s outing.

e They asked us to pick them up lately.

Name of the Student:

Class: 4

Roll Number:

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Section:

Date:

Section – A (Reading and Vocabulary—25 marks)

Read the text and answer the questions.

Bees are interesting insects. They are much more than just honey producers; they play a vital role in nature. One of their most fascinating behaviours is ‘the waggle dance.’ When a bee discovers a rich source of nectar, it returns to the hive and performs this special dance. The movements of the dance communicate the location of the nectar to other bees, guiding them directly to the flowers. Bees play an important role in the environment because they pollinate flowers, which helps plants reproduce by spreading pollen.

1. Write True or False. (5 marks)

a Bees communicate with each other through a dance called ‘the waggle dance.’

b The waggle dance tells other bees where to find water.

c The waggle dance is performed at the hive.

d Bees are important as they pollinate seeds.

e Bees only produce honey and have no other important role in nature.

2. Match the words from the passage and their meaning. (5 marks) Word Meaning

honey the thing bees produce from nectar waggle dance the sweet liquid collected by bees from flowers nectar the ritual bees perform to share information about a food source

pollination the place where bees store their food and live hive the process that helps plants reproduce

3. Find a word from the passage that means the same as these words. (2 marks)

a fascinating:

b important:

4. Use these words from the passage in sentences of your own. (3 marks)

a producer

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b communicate

c discover

Read the poem and answer the questions. In every dish, a story lies, Spices blend with ancient ties. From rice in bowls to bread so crisp, Every meal, a special trip.

Colours bright, flavours deep, Memories in each bite we keep. From lands afar, to homes so dear, Food brings the world to us, right here!

It’s more than taste, it’s who we are, Shared traditions, from near and far

In every meal, culture speaks, A bond that time forever keeps.

5. Fill in the blanks with words from the poem. (3 marks)

a In every dish, spices and old connections together.

b From lands afar to homes so , food carries stories and traditions across distances.

c The bond created by food and culture is something that will keep forever.

6. Answer the questions in one to two sentences. (5 marks)

a According to stanza one, what is found in every dish?

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b According to stanza one, where does every meal take us?

c Which line in stanza two brings to mind a sense of sight and taste?

d According to stanza three, how is food more than just taste?

e Give a descriptive title for the poem.

7. Choose the correct meaning of the words as they are used in the poem. (2 marks)

a ancient i recent ii old iii age

b bond i a document ii a memory iii a relationship

Section – B (Grammar—10 marks)

8. Use the adjectives in the correct order. (5 marks)

a bees visit the flowers in the garden. (yellow, many)

b The flowers attract the busy bees. (bright, small)

c There are many hardworking bees in hives. (five, those, large)

d They sell honey. (golden, tasty)

e The garden is buzzing with bees. (green, beautiful)

9. Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns. (5 marks)

a She cooked the meal and served it to .

b prepared the meal and enjoyed themselves at the dinner table.

c I asked him to share the recipe with .

d We made the dish without anyone’s help.

e The teacher reminded about our class potluck.

Section – C (Writing—15 marks)

10. Write a message to Mrs Sharma based on the conversation. Your message should be clear and provide all the necessary information. (5 marks)

Mr Iyer: Hello! Is Mrs Sharma available?

You: Hello! She’s not home right now. I’m her son. Can I help?

Mr Iyer: I’m Kailash Iyer from Green Meadows Farm. I need to leave an important message for her.

You: Yes sir, what’s the message?

Mr Iyer: We are hosting a local food fair next Saturday, and we would like her to give a talk about organic farming. It’s a great opportunity to share her knowledge with the community.

You: That sounds wonderful. I will make sure she gets the message.

Mr Iyer: Thank you! Please ask her to contact me about the venue and the time. Have a great day!

You: You too, Mr Iyer. Thanks for calling!

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11. Write 50–80 words in your diary about a recent class potluck where your class shared different traditional dishes. (10 marks)

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Name of the Student:

Class: 4

Roll Number:

Practice Time-2

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Section:

Date:

Section – A

(Reading and Vocabulary—25 marks)

Read the text and answer the questions.

Have you ever seen a firefly light up on a summer night? This glow is an example of bioluminescence. It is a natural process where living creatures produce their own light. It’s not just fireflies; some deep-sea fish, jellyfish, and even certain types of mushrooms can glow in the dark! These creatures have special chemicals in their bodies that help them to create light. In some animals, like the anglerfish, bioluminescence is used to attract prey. Other creatures use it as a form of communication or to scare off predators. Scientists study bioluminescence to understand how it works and to develop new technologies, like glowing plants, energy-efficient lighting, or better medical tools.

1. State True or False. (4 marks)

a Bioluminescence is a type of natural light produced by some living creatures.

b Only plants can produce bioluminescence.

c Bioluminescence is found in many creatures that live on land.

d Scientists study bioluminescence to develop new medical tools.

2. Answer the questions in one to two sentences. (6 marks)

a Name two living things that can produce bioluminescence.

b Name two ways in which bioluminescence is useful to animals.

c How do scientists benefit from studying bioluminescence?

3. Choose the correct meaning of the words as they are used in the passage. (2 marks)

a predators

i animals that are killed by other animals

ii animals that hunt and eat other animals

b study

i do research to learn more about something

ii the kind of reading that students do at school.

4. Write words from the passage that mean the opposite of the words below. (3 marks)

a artificial:

b ordinary:

c scare off:

Read the poem and answer the questions.

In the blink of a screen, the world’s at our feet, We code and we click, making dreams complete.

Robots that learn, and cars that can drive, In this digital age, everything is alive.

From satellites soaring, to apps that we share, Technology’s magic is everywhere.

But with every new gadget, remember what’s true, It’s not just the tech, but what we choose to do.

5. Fill in the blanks with words from the poem. You may have to change the form of the word. (4 marks)

The poem is about the impact of on our lives.

Technology can make our dreams come true through

and clicking. This digital age is like because we have soaring high up in space and all kinds of apps that we can share.

6. Choose the correct answers. (5 marks)

a What does the phrase ‘In the blink of a screen’ mean?

i Technology changes very slowly ii Technology is always old-fashioned

iii Technology works very quickly iv Technology is boring

b What does the line ‘We code and we click, making dreams complete’ mean?

i Technology is difficult to use ii Technology helps fulfil our goals

iii Coding is not important iv Clicking on screens is not useful

c What does ‘Robots that learn, and cars that can drive’ say about technology?

i Robots and cars are objects we use.

ii Technology does not change.

iii Technology is becoming more advanced.

iv Robots and cars are common in today ’s world.

d What does the phrase ‘Technology’s magic is everywhere’ mean?

i Technology is always there.

ii Technology is only found in some places

iii Technology is present in all aspects of life

iv Technology is not useful

e What does the poem say we should remember about technology?

i Technology is the only important thing

ii Using technology wisely is up to us

iii We should avoid using technology

iv Technology can solve some problems

7. Write a good title for the poem. Give reasons for your answer. (1 mark)

Section – B (Grammar—10 marks)

8. Fill in each blank with the correct preposition. (5 marks)

a The engineer walked the workshop from the office.

b The drone flew the building to capture aerial footage.

c The student sent an email the teacher to ask for feedback on the project.

d The technician carried the broken parts the storage room to the workshop.

e After the fire broke out, every one had to move the building.

9. Fill in each blank with the correct modal verb: can, may, must, should. (5 marks)

a Technology make life easier for humans if handled effectively.

b To improve accuracy, engineers fine-tune the equipment before each test.

c If we use renewable energy sources, we reduce the impact on the environment.

d The new app help students learn coding more effectively but it is rather difficult to use.

e You check your device’s battery level regularly if you want it to keep working.

Section – C (Writing—15 marks)

10. Write a descriptive paragraph about ONE of the following: (8 marks)

• A Science Day at school

• An Award Ceremony that was held for the best science projects

11. Think about a story you read or a film you watched recently. Write a character sketch of the villain in the story. (7 marks)

You may include:

• A physical description of the villain.

• The villain’s thoughts and actions

• Words to describe the villain’s personality

1 Numbers up to 6 Digits

•

• Factors 156

Fractions

• Understanding Fractions 164 • Operations on Fractions

7 Lines and 2-D Shapes

• Understanding Basic Terms 180

• Understanding More Geometrical Figures

• Circles 189

1 Numbers up to 6 Digits

Numbers Beyond 9999

Nikhil: Hello daddy, I found this letter that has your name and the address of our home.

Father: Thank you, Nikhil.

Nikhil: What is this big number, 781005, written on the letter?

Father: It is a special code, also called the postal code. This code helps in finding the exact location in a city.

Nikhil: Okay, daddy. But it has 6 digits, and I find it hard to read!

All About 5-digit Numbers

To help Nikhil understand 6-digit numbers, let us first learn about 5-digit numbers.

We know that 9999—nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine is the greatest 4-digit number.

Now, when we add 1 to this, we get 10000. 9999 + 1 = 10000

10000 is read as “Ten Thousand”.

Let us learn more about 5-digit numbers!

Place Value, Face Value and Expanded Form

Remember!

10000 is the smallest 5-digit number. 99999 is the greatest 5-digit number.

We know that a 4-digit number has 4 places on the place value chart—ones, tens, hundreds and thousands. The place on the left to the thousands place is called the Ten Thousands place.

Let us take a 5-digit number 13435 and write it in a place value chart.

Did You Know?

The number 4 is the only number with the same number of letters as its value in the English language.

Example 1: What is the face value of the number in the ten thousands place in 93421?

We know that face value is the numerical value of the digit in a particular place. Let us write 93421 in the place value chart.

TTh Th H T O 9 3 4 2 1

The face value of the number in the ten thousands place is 9.

Think and Tell

Are the place value and face value of any digit in the ones place always the same?

Example 2: Write the place value of each digit in the number 43276. Also write the number in the expanded form.

Let us find the place value using the chart for the number 43276.

We can also write the number in expanded form in the following way:

5-digit Number Names

When we have really big numbers, it is important to know where each digit belongs. “Periods” help us do this.

In the Indian numbering system convention, Ones, Tens and Hundreds are grouped together in one period. Similarly, Thousands and Ten Thousands are grouped together in another period.

Let us understand this by using the Place Value Chart.

Thousands Period

Ones Period

Ten Thousands (TTh) Thousands (Th) Hundreds (H) Tens (T) Ones (O)

We can therefore represent our 5-digit number 13435 using commas as:

13,435

The number name of a 5-digit number can be read using the periods as given below:

13,435

thirteen thousand

four hundred thirty-five

Error Alert!

Do not use ‘and’ while writing the number name. Thirteen Thousand and Four Hundred Thirty-Five  Thirteen Thousand Four Hundred Thirty-Five

Hence, the number name is “thirteen thousand four hundred thirty-five.”

Example 3: Represent the number 64819 using the correct period. Also write the number name.

The correct representation of the number is 64,819.

Number name: Sixty four thousand eight hundred nineteen.

Remember!

The place value of 0 is always 0, it does not depend on the place it occupies.

2 Which of the following numbers has the greatest value in the thousands place?

3 Write the place value and the face value of the underlined digit. Also, write the expanded form of the numbers.

4 Rewrite the numbers using periods, and then write them in words.

5 Write the following in numerals using commas.

a Twelve thousand three hundred twenty-one

b Thirty-four thousand six hundred

c Seventy-eight thousand five

d Fifty thousand ten

6 Write the following numbers in the short form using commas. a 40000 +

7 The distance between India and USA is 13568 km. Write the number using periods, and then write it in words.

8 During 2023, 28,965 people visited the Isle Royal National Park. Write the number in words and in expanded form.

All About 6-digit Numbers

Now that we have learnt about 5-digit numbers, let us help Nikhil with the 6-digit number—781005.

We now know that 99999 (ninety-nine thousand nine hundred ninety-nine) is the greatest 5-digit number. When we add 1 to this, we get 100000. 99999 + 1 = 100000

100000 is read as “One Lakh”.

Let us learn more about 6-digit numbers!

Remember!

100000 is the smallest 6-digit number. 999999 is the greatest 6-digit number.

Place Value, Face Value and Expanded Form

We know about the places in 5-digit numbers. In 6-digit numbers, a place is added on the left. This new place is called Lakhs.

Let us write “781005” in the place value chart.

To: Ajay Shukla, 12, Dispur, Guwahati - 781005

A new lakhs column will be added.

Example 4: Write the place value of each digit and the expanded form of the number 801246. Also write the face value of the digit at the thousands place.

Let us find the place value using the chart for the number 801246.

The face value of the digit at the thousands place = 1.

6-digit Number Names

Let us continue to learn about the “periods” convention in 6-digit numbers.

We learnt that the Thousands period includes the Ten Thousands and Thousands places. The Ones period includes the Hundreds, Tens and Ones places.

In 6-digit numbers, the Lakhs place falls within the Lakhs Period.

We can therefore represent 781005

7,81,005

The number name of a 6-digit number can be read using the periods as given below: 7,81,005

seven lakh eighty-one thousand five

Hence, the number name is “seven lakh eighty-one thousand five.”

Example 5: Represent the number 342381 with the correct periods. Also write the number name.

Let us first represent the number in a place value chart. Lakhs Period

The correct representation of the number is 3,42,381. The number name is three lakh forty-two thousand three hundred eighty-one.

Do It Yourself 1B

Write the place value of each digit and the expanded form of the following numbers. Also, write the face value of the digits at the lakhs place.

a 584736 b 704391

c 370943 d 985401

2 Write True or False.

a The place value of the digit 5 in the number 205649 is five hundred.

b In the number 342658, the place value of the digit 3 is 30000 × 20.

c The difference of the place values of the digit 5 in the number 849553 is 450.

3 Write the following numbers in the short form using commas.

a 400000 + 10000 + 8000 + 200 + 20 + 2 b 500000 + 40000 + 0 + 100 + 40 + 7

c 700000 + 40000 + 9000 + 0 + 20 + 1

4 Write the following in numerals.

a Four lakh eighteen thousand three hundred

b Six lakh twenty thousand

c Eight lakh five thousand two hundred sixty-four

d Seven lakh twenty thousand fifty

5 Rewrite the numbers using periods and write them in words.

a 197637 b 365021 c 632845 d 824137

6 The approximate distance to the Moon is 3,84,400 kilometers. Write this number in its expanded form.

7 A pencil can draw a line that is almost 1,84,800 feet long. Find the place value for each of the digits and write the number in words.

Comparing and Rounding-off Numbers

Jai and Tina are doing a research project on the prices of different cars and bikes of different brands in India. Let us take a look at the data table provided by Jai and Tina:

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Vehicle Image

Tina: This is such an interesting exercise that we have done. Jai: We now have so much information about these cars and bikes.

Comparing and Ordering Numbers

What if Tina and Jai want to find the most expensive bike in their research? Since there are only two bikes, they will have to compare their prices.

Comparing Numbers

Let us compare the prices of the two bikes which is 78,957 and 74,801. We know that we compare two numbers by comparing the digits at the same place.

78,957

Same digit

Different digits (8 > 4)

Hence, 78,957 > 74,801.

74,801

Remember!

The number with more digits is always greater.

Example 6: Compare 32,751 and 1,52,631.

As 32,751 is a 5–digit number and 1,52,631 is a 6–digit number, 32,751 < 1,52,631.

Example 7: Compare 1,47,213 and 1,43,507. Both the numbers are 6–digit numbers and the digits at the lakhs place and ten thousands place are the same.

Never compare the leftmost digits if the number of digits in the numbers is not the same. Similarly, never move to the next place if the digits in the leftmost place are not the same. 48517 < 153142 48517 > 153142 Error Alert!

Comparing the digits at the thousands place: 7 > 3

Hence, 1,47,213 > 1,43,507.

Ordering Numbers

Now, what if Jai and Tina want to sort the cars in order of their prices?

In this case, we will have to order the prices of the cars in ascending or descending order. Let us look at the table again.

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Image

The prices of cars of brands C, D and E are 9,63,890, 7,47,871 and 8,29,860. As all the prices are 6–digit numbers, so we can compare the prices by comparing the digits at the lakhs place.

As 7 < 8 < 9, the prices can be arranged in ascending and descending order as:

Ascending order: 7,47,871 < 8,29,860 < 9,63,890

Descending order: 9,63,890 > 8,29,860 > 7,47,871

Example 8: Arrange the following numbers in ascending and descending order.

72,510, 51,068, 94,321, 1,86,344

1,86,344 is the largest number as it is a 6–digit number and the rest are 5–digit numbers. On comparing the digits at the ten thousands place in the rest of the numbers, we get 5 < 7 < 9

Ascending order: 51,068 < 72,510 < 94,321 < 1,86,344

Descending order: 1,86,344 > 94,321 > 72,510 > 51,068

Forming Numbers

Tina and Jai started playing a game with the prices of the vehicles. They picked the digits in the price of the Brand B vehicle which is:

7 4 8 0 1

and formed different 5-digit numbers, as shown below. 48,017

Think and Tell

Form at least 5 new numbers that are not listed here.

Example 9: Which are the largest and the smallest numbers that Tina and Jai could have formed using the digits 7, 4, 8, 0, and 1?

To form the largest number using the given digits, arrange the digits in decreasing order that is from greatest to smallest.

8 7 4 1 0

So the largest number that we can form using these digits is 87,410.

We need the smallest digit in the leftmost places to form smaller numbers. 0 is the smallest digit among the given digits but we cannot have a 0 in the leftmost place because then it becomes a 4-digit number. So 1 will be the leftmost digit, and the digits will be arranged in ascending order as:

1 0 4 7 8

So the smallest number that we can form using these digits is 10,478.

Example 10: Write the smallest and largest 6–digit number using the digits 5, 7, 3, 9, 1 by repeating exactly 1 digit.

To form the largest 6–digit number, we will repeat the largest digit (9), and arrange the rest of the digits in ascending order as: 9,97,531.

To form the smallest 6–digit number, we will repeat the smallest digit (1), and arrange the rest of the digits in descending order as: 1,13,759.

Did You Know?

A number that reads the same when read forward and backwards is called a palindrome. 11, 121, 333, 4554, 78987 and 876678 are all examples of palindromes. Can you think of any?

Think and Tell

What are the largest and the smallest 6-digit numbers possible if any digit could repeat any number of times?

Do It Yourself 1C

Compare the following numbers using the symbols >, <, = .

a 24,614 and 41,700

c 72,184 and 72,157

e 8,74,126 and 8,24,510

2 Arrange the following numbers in ascending order.

a 40,765, 14,390, 79,430, 37,935

c 8,64,853, 4,67,943, 4,88,392, 8,33,067

b 50,092 and 51,320

d 3,15,720 and 4,13,265

f 4,35,071 and 4,35,261

b 66,773, 27,880, 59,573, 32,860

d 7,48,546, 7,59,404, 7,20,157, 7,06,583

3 Form the smallest and the greatest numbers using the following digits without repetition.

a 4, 2, 7, 6, 5

c 5, 0, 2, 1, 7, 4

b 6, 1, 3, 7, 8

d 8, 6, 2, 5, 9

4 Write the smallest and the greatest 6-digit number by repeating exactly 1 digit.

a 2, 1, 7, 4, 9

c 6, 9, 1, 2, 7

b 3, 8, 5, 0, 1

d 8, 1, 0, 9, 7

5 Exercise keeps us fit and healthy by burning unwanted calories. Supriya and her brother exercise on a regular basis. Supriya burnt 15,248 calories, while her brother burnt 18,396 calories this week. Who burnt more calories this week?

6 Anna wants to buy some books for her library. Her father has given her `11,200. The books cost `11,700. Does she have enough money to buy the books?

7 The given table shows the deepest points of the oceans in the world in feet (ft.). Which is the deepest ocean? Arrange the depths in descending order.

8 Create a word problem on comparing two 6-digit numbers.

Rounding-off Numbers

Do you remember, the price of the car of Brand C was INR 9,63,890?

Let us consider the scenario where we want to convey the price of Brand C’s car, which is 9,63,890. However, saying this exact number aloud can be difficult.

Instead, we can round it off to approximately 9,60,000. This gives us an approximate price of the car. This is called rounding off a number.

When we round off, we use terms like “about” and “approximately” to convey that the number is close to the exact number.

Rounding off to the Nearest 10

How can we round off 83 to the nearest 10?

83 is between 80 and 90, but closer to 80.

Therefore, 83 will be rounded off to 80.

Let us check for 78,957. We apply the same concept here.

78,957 is between 78,950 and 78,960, but it is closer to 78,960.

So, 78,957 can be rounded off to 78,960.

Rounding off to the Nearest 100

How can we round off 271 to the nearest 100?

271 is between 200 and 300, but closer to 300.

Remember!

If the number is exactly in between, it is rounded off to the higher ten.

Therefore, 271 will be rounded off to 300.

Similarly, 78,957 is between 78,900 and 79,000, but it is closer to 79,000.

So, 78,957 can be rounded off to 79,000.

Rounding off to the Nearest 1000

Now, let us learn how to round numbers off to the nearest 1000.

How shall we round 7842 to the nearest 1000?

7842 is between 7000 and 8000. It is closer to 8000.

So, 7842 can be rounded off to 8000.

Similarly, 78,957 is between 78,000 and 79,000, but it is closer to 79,000.

So, 88,957 can be rounded off to 79,000.

Example 11: Round-off 63,241 to the nearest 100 and nearest 1000.

Rounding off to the nearest 100.

63,241 is between 63,200 and 63,300, but is closer to 63,200.

So, 63,241 can be rounded off to 63,200.

Rounding off to the nearest 1000.

63,241 is between 63,000 and 64,000, but is closer to 63,000.

So, 63,241 can be rounded off to 63,000.

Do It Yourself 1D

Round off the following numbers to the nearest 10.

2 Round off the following numbers to the nearest 100.

3 Round off the following numbers to the nearest 1000.

4 Ramesh, a garden designer, has been tasked with creating a new garden similar to the one at a monument. The monument currently has 23,912 plants. How many plant saplings should Ramesh order approximately, knowing that some plants may not grow well? (Hint: Round off to the nearest 1000.) How do you take care of the plants around you?

5 The Earthʼs circumference is approximately 40,075 kilometres. What is the Earthʼs circumference when rounded to the nearest 1000?

Place Value Scavenger Hunt

Setting: In groups of 4

Materials Required: Newspapers, Magazines or the Internet

Divide the entire class into groups of 4.

Each group can be given a particular category like City population, State population, Followers of celebrities, Number of speakers of a language, and Car and Bike prices. 1 2

Round off the numbers to the nearest 10s, 100s and 1000s. 3 4 5

Each group collects the data on their respective category from newspapers, magazines, or the internet.

Each groupʼs data must include at least 5 numbers in their category.

Each group discusses and deduces the following for each number in their data:

Place value and face value of each digit.

Correct number representation.

Correctly written number names.

Correctly order the numbers in ascending and descending order.

Chapter Checkup

1 Write the place value of each digit and the expanded form of the following numbers. a 48361 b 87109 c 458320 d 692042

2 Spot the error and fix it.

3 Rewrite the numbers using periods and write them in words.

4 Write the following as numerals.

a Forty-eight thousand three hundred twenty-one b One lakh thirty-four thousand six hundred c Seventy-eight thousand six hundred ten d Nine lakh ten thousand forty-five

5 Write the following numbers in the short form using commas. a 80000 + 2000 + 300 + 20 + 2

6 Compare the following numbers using the symbols >, <, = .

a 64,614 and 51,700 b 85,592 and 81,320

c 48,184 and 48,157 d 2,18,720 and 3,14,265

e 7,84,126 and 7,84,510 f 4,35,893 and 4,35,893

7 Arrange the following numbers in ascending and descending order.

a 46,773; 37,880; 69,573; 42,860 b 25,409; 28,540; 23,752; 24,431

c 64,393; 64,520; 64,905; 64,012 d 8,26,750; 3,58,801; 3,95,701; 93,854

e 7,13,725; 7,58,645; 7,89,371; 7,26,890 f 5,87,206; 5,88,205; 5,80,723; 5,81,945

8 Round off the numbers to the nearest 10, 100 and 1000.

a 3429 b 6126 c 39,887 d 53,475

9 Rohan says, “On rounding off 4,85,345 to the nearest 1000, we get 4,85,300”. Is he correct? Why?

10 The cost of sarees at a store are listed below. Answer the questions.

Saree 1 Saree 2 Saree 3 Saree 4

`25,907 `97,463 `54,768 `25,879

a Revanth wanted to buy a saree that cost the least. Arrange the sarees in ascending order of their costs.

b What is the approximate cost of each saree? Round off to the nearest 1000.

11 The table shows the top four online languages:

a Which language is used the most?

b Which language is used the least?

c Write the order of the language from the least to the one used the most. (Hint: Arrange in ascending order.)

12 Create a word problem on ordering four 6-digit numbers.

Challenge

1 Suhani has six digits: 9, 0, 2, 4, 7, 1. She uses each digit once to make the smallest number with 2 in the hundreds place. What would be the place value and face value of the digit in the thousands place?

2 Write the largest 6-digit number using a minimum of 3 digits that ends with the digit 5 and reads the same, forward and backwards. (For example, 782287). Critical Thinking

Case Study

Global Population Project

Rahul and Megha are twins and study in the same class. They and their classmates got a project where they had to find the population of countries around the world. The teacher assigned each student some countries and asked them to collect the population data of the assigned countries. The population data collected by Rahul and Megha can be given below. Read the data collected and answer the questions.

Rahul’s Data

Megha’s Data

Bhutan 7,87,424

Macao 7,04,149

Malta 5,35,064

Maldives 5,21,021

Iceland 3,75,318

Suriname 6,23,236

Fiji 9,36,375

Guyana 8,13,834

1 What is the difference in the place value of 4 in the population of Macao? a 3996 b 3960 c 396 d 360

2 Which is the most populated country in Rahul’s data?

3 Which is the least populated country in Megha’s data?

4 Combine the data of Rahul and Megha and arrange the countries in ascending order as per their population.

5 What is the population of Fiji rounded off to the nearest 1000? Cross Curricular

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2 Addition and Subtraction

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Adding and Subtracting Numbers Beyond 999

Diya and her mom are going to visit her grandmother in Dehradun during the summer holidays.

Diya: Mom! I am so excited to see my grandmother. I miss her so much! Have you booked our tickets?

Mom: Yes, Diya! They are on the table. You can look at them, but please don’t lose them.

Diya: Mom, the ticket from Delhi to Dehradun costs ₹1462, and the return ticket costs ₹1325.

Adding 4-digit and 5-digit Numbers

If Diya wants to find the total cost of travel, how can she do that?

She can do that by adding the two numbers!

We already know how to add two numbers. Let us add the given numbers.

Simple Vertical Addition

We arrange the given numbers vertically in the correct places, then add the ones, tens, hundreds and finally thousands.

Did You Know?

Bhaskara II, a great Indian mathematician, wrote books that included simple and clear explanations of basic arithmetic operations, helping to make addition and subtraction easier to understand for students and scholars.

The sum of 1462 and 1325 is 2787.

So, the cost of the entire journey is `2787.

Now, what changes when we try to add 5-digit numbers?

The process of addition remains the same. Just a step for the Ten Thousands place is added. Let us see this with an example:

Example 1: Find the sum of 83,471 and 12,304. 83,471 and 12,304 are 5-digit numbers. 5-digit numbers also have the ten thousands place. Therefore, while adding 5-digit numbers, we also write the ten thousandths place.

DO NOT arrange the digits of the 4-digit number incorrectly when adding it with a 5-digit number. Error Alert!

So, 83,471 + 12,304 = 95,775.

Simple Horizontal Addition

Let us find the sum of two numbers by placing them horizontally. Let us add 6712 and 1235.

So, 6712 + 1235 = 7947.

Example 2: Find the sum of 5810 and 4142.

So, 5810 + 4142 = 9952.

Adding with Regrouping

We have already learnt about “regrouping”—a case in which the sum of the numbers in a place is more than 10. We regroup and carry over 10 to the next place.

Let us add 1371 and 8459.

Step 1

Add the ones:

• 1 ones + 9 ones = 10 ones

• 10 ones will get regrouped as 1 tens + 0 ones

• Carry over 1 to the tens place.

Step 3

Add the hundreds:

• 1 hundreds (carried over) + 3 hundreds + 4 hundreds = 8 hundreds

Step 2

Add the tens:

• 1 tens (carried over) + 7 tens + 5 tens = 13 tens

• 13 tens will get regrouped as 1 hundreds + 3 tens

• Carry over 1 to the hundreds place.

Example 3: Find the sum of 13,431 and 56,718.

Step 4

Add

1371 + 8459 = 9830.

So, 13,431 + 56,718 = 70,149.

Word Problems on Adding Numbers

In the school library, there are 1219 fiction books and 1567 non-fiction books. How many books are there in total?

Let us start finding the total number of books step by step.

What do we know?

The total number of fiction books = 1219

The total number of non-fiction books = 1567

What do we need to find?

Total number of books in the library = Fiction books + Non-fiction books = 1219 + 1567

Solve to find the answer.

So, the total number of books in the library is 2786.

Example 4: The city NGO organised a two-day donation drive. On the first day of the drive, 1366 clothes were collected. On the second day of the drive, 1000 clothes were collected. How many clothes were collected in total?

What do we know?

Number of clothes collected on the first day = 1366

Number of clothes collected on the second day = 1000

What do we need to find?

Total number of clothes collected = 1366 + 1000

Solve to find the answer.

The total number of clothes that were collected is 2366.

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Find the sum of the following numbers horizontally.

Find the sum of the given numbers.

a 5684 + 1234

d 10,000 + 34,789

b 2467 + 16,398

e 36,734 + 4999

A number exceeds 56,122 by 3411. What is that number?

Each shape represents a number as given. =

Find:

c 2678 + 12,468

f 18,720 + 12,003

Prashant is a volunteer at the national animal rescue shelter. He and his team rescued 1000 animals last year. This year, the team rescued 1145 more animals than the previous year. How many animals were rescued in all?

A car company produced 45,821 cars, in 2021. It produced 1208 more cars in 2022 than in 2021. How many cars did it produce in 2022?

Every year tulips are imported from the Netherlands to display at Shanti Path for the Delhi Tulip festival. In one year around 80,000 tulips bloomed at first. If 8574 tulips bloomed later, how many tulips were displayed in

Subtracting 4-digit and 5-digit Numbers

Do you remember Diya visiting her grandmother in Dehradun during the summer holidays?

Diya bought a gift for her grandmother for ₹1247 from her pocket money. How much money was left with Diya if she had ₹2468 initially?

Subtraction without Regrouping

Let us subtract 1247 from 2468.

We arrange the given numbers vertically in the correct places, then perform subtraction for each digit starting from the ones place.

So, 2468 – 1247 = 1221.

Let us check the answer using addition! Minuend Subtrahend Difference

We found that: 2468 – 1247 = 1221

Let us find 1221 + 1247.

So, 1221 + 1247 = 2468.

We can say that the sum of 1221 and 1247 will give 2468.

Example 5: Find the difference of 91,897 and 41,290. 91,897 and 41,290 are 5-digit numbers. 5-digit numbers also have the ten thousands place.

Therefore, while subtracting 5-digit numbers, we also subtract the digits in the ten thousands place.

Did You Know?

So, 91,897 – 41,290 = 50,607.

Subtraction with Regrouping

What if we had to subtract 1978 from 2586?

Step 1

Subtract the ones:

• We cannot take away 8 ones from 6 ones.

• We will borrow one ten from the tens place.

• So, 8 tens becomes 7 tens, and 6 ones becomes 16 ones.

• Now, subtract 8 ones from 16 ones.

Step 2

Subtract the tens: •

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Rinne Tsujikubo of Japan broke the Guinness world record for fastest mental arithmetic on January 17, 2023 by correctly adding 15 sets of three-digit numbers in 1.62 seconds.

Step 3

Subtract the hundreds:

• We cannot subtract 9 hundreds from 5 hundreds.

• We borrow 1 thousand from the thousands place.

• 2 thousands becomes 1 thousand, and 5 hundreds becomes 15 hundreds.

• Now, subtract 9 hundreds from 15 hundreds.

Step 4

Subtract the thousands:

• 1 thousand – 1 thousand = 0 thousands So, 2586 – 1978 = 608.

Example 6: Find the difference of 87,821 and 45,586.

Remember! DO NOT FORGET to borrow from the next higher place on the left

So, 87,821 – 45,586 = 42,235.

Word Problems on Subtracting Numbers

Rani had ₹17,845 in her bank account. She withdraws ₹3230 for shopping. How much money is left in her account?

Let us find the amount left in her account step by step.

1. What do we know?

Amount Rani had in her bank account = ₹17,845

Amount Rani withdrew for shopping = ₹3230

2. What do we have to find?

Amount left in Rani’s bank account

= Amount Rani had in her bank account – Amount Rani withdrew for shopping

3. Solve to find the answer.

= ₹17,845 – ₹3230

Rani is left with ₹14,615 in her account.

4. Check your answer.

`14,615 + `3,230 = `17,845

`17,845 is the amount that Rani had in her bank account. So, the answer is correct.

Example 7: The school stationery store had 3240 notebooks. During the academic year, students bought 2890 notebooks. How many notebooks are remaining in the store?

What do we know?

Number of notebooks in the stationery store = 3240

Number of notebooks sold = 2890

What do we need to find?

Number of notebooks left = 3240 – 2890

Solve to find the answer.

So, the school stationery store has 350 notebooks left.

Check your answer.

2890 + 350 = 3240 notebooks

So the answer is correct.

2 Do It Yourself 2B

Solve to find the answer.

Subtract the given numbers.

Each shape represents a number as given.

What should be added to 13,456 to get 57,801?

What should be subtracted from 17,890 to get 1829?

Which number is 2335 less than 12,345?

The Amazon is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. It has around 16,000 different tree species. Out of these around 1600 tree species store carbon in them. How many of them do not store carbon?

Create a word problem on subtracting a 4-digit number from another.

Addition and Subtraction Together

Simplifying

Numbers

Let us solve a problem that has both addition and subtraction.

Simplify: 3500 – 1890 + 1255

We first subtract 1890 from 3500 and then add 1255 to the difference.

So, 3500 – 1890 = 1610 1610 + 1255 = 2865

So, 3500 – 1890 + 1255 = 2865.

Example 8: Simplify.

4321 – 788 – 621

We can simplify this expression by subtracting in the given order. 4321 – 788 = 3533

3533 – 621 = 2912

So, 4321 – 788 – 621 = 2912.

Word Problems on Simplifying Numbers

Let us solve some word problems on simplifying numbers.

A construction project requires 8976 bricks. 3412 bricks were already used. 2587 more bricks were delivered to the project site. How many bricks are still needed?

Let us find the number of bricks still needed by performing the operations in order.

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What do we know?

Number of bricks required for the construction project = 8976

Number of bricks already used = 3412

Number of bricks delivered to the project site = 2587

What do we need to find?

Number of bricks still needed = Number of bricks required – Number of bricks already used – Number of bricks delivered

= 8976 – 3412 – 2587

Solve to find the answer.

8976 – 3412 = 5564

5564 – 2587 = 2977

So, 2977 bricks are still required for the project.

Example 9: A grocery store has 7654 cartons of milk and 5231 cartons of juice. The store received a new shipment of 2376 milk cartons and sold 3487 cartons of juice. How many cartons of milk and juice are there in total at the store now?

Number of cartons of milk at the grocery store = 7654

Number of cartons of juice at the grocery store = 5231

Number of cartons of milk received in the new shipment = 2376

So, the total number of cartons of milk at the grocery store = 7654 + 2376 = 10,030

Number of cartons of juice sold = 3487

So, the number of cartons of juice left at the grocery store = 5231 – 3487 = 1744

Total number of cartons of milk and juice left at the store = New total number of cartons of milk + New total number of cartons of juice

= 10,030 + 1744 = 11,774

Calculate the following.

a 1299 + 8772 – 1001

c 15,679 – 1654 + 20,865

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b 1661 + 571 – 1006

d 9283 – 7724 + 882

e 77,241 – 17,711– 28,978 f 70,918 – 16,621 – 27,002

Each shape represents a number as given.

Find the value: +

Sarah has `8752 in her bank account. She withdrew `3256 to buy a gift for her grandparents. Then, she deposited `9823 in her account. How much money does Sarah have in her bank account now?

Hum, Croatia is the least populated town in the world with a population of 30 people. The population of Werdenberg, Switzerland is 41,284. The population of Norton City, Virginia is 3627. How much more is the poulation of Werdenberg than the total population of Norton City and Hum?

A farmer harvested 6543 kilograms of wheat, and 4298 kilograms of rice. If he sold 3785 kilograms of wheat and 1932 kilograms of rice, how much grain is left with the farmer?

Estimation

The Taj Mahal has the most number of visitors during the weekends.

Manager: How many tickets were sold on Saturday and Sunday?

Ticket Seller: On Saturday, around 44,799 tickets were sold. On Sunday, around 53,878 tickets were sold.

Manager: This means there were about 99,000 visitors during the weekend.

Ticket Seller: Yes, that's correct.

Estimating the Sum

How did the manager find the sum so quickly?

He did so by rounding off the addends and then adding them to find the estimated sum.

Let us learn about this further!

Round off the addends. Add the rounded off numbers.

Rounded off to the nearest thousand

Number of visitors on Saturday = 44,799 45,000

Rounded off to the nearest thousand

Number of visitors on Saturday = 53,878 54,000

45,000 + 54,000 = 99,000

The sum of 45,000 and 54,000 is 99,000. That is how the manager estimated the attendance so quickly!

Example 10: Estimate the sum of 28,894 and 13,894 by rounding off to the nearest ten thousand.

28,894

Rounded off to the nearest ten thousand

Let us find the sum: 30,000 + 10,000 = 40,000

So, the estimated sum of 28,894 and 13,894 by rounding off to the nearest ten thousand is 40,000.

Estimating the Difference

Think and Tell

To round off a number to the nearest ten thousand, we look at the digits at which place?

Now, what if the manager wanted to estimate the difference in the attendance on Saturday and Sunday?

He would have to estimate the difference of 53,878 and 44,799.

Round off the numbers. Find the difference.

Number of visitors on Saturday = 44,799

Number of visitors on Saturday = 53,878

54,000 – 45,000 = 9,000

Rounded off to the nearest thousand

The estimated difference of 44,799 and 53,878 is 9000.

Example 11: Round off to the nearest 100 and estimate the difference: 69,894 – 51,124. Compare with the actual answer.

Rounded off to the nearest hundred

69,894 69,900 51,124 51,100

Let us find the difference: 69,900 – 51,100 = 18,800

So, the estimated difference of 69,894 and 51,124 is 18,800.

Let us also find the actual difference.

69,894 – 51,124 = 18,770

So, the actual difference of 69,894 and 51,124 is 18,770.

Example 12: A cupcake factory produced around 1346 cupcakes in the morning, and 2313 cupcakes in the evening. About how many more cupcakes were produced in the evening than in the morning? Estimate the difference by rounding off each to the nearest thousand.

Rounded off to the nearest thousand

The estimated difference to the nearest thousand = 2000 − 1000 = 1000

So, about 1000 more cupcakes were produced in the evening than in the morning.

Do It Yourself 2D

Round off the numbers to the nearest 100. Find the estimated sum or difference.

a 1245 + 2456 b 2390 + 3789

c 9013 3578

7710 5587

Round off the numbers to the nearest 1000. Find the estimated sum or difference.

a 2390 + 3789 b 23,456 + 56,771

c 97,761 87,112

2 islands in Canada have areas as given below. What is an approximate total area of both the islands, rounded off to the nearest 1000? Axel Heiberg Island: 43,178 sq. km; Melville Island: 42,149 sq. km

Sarah walked 2347 steps in a day. About how many more steps should she walk to complete 10,000 steps? Find the estimated number of steps by rounding off to the nearest thousand. Write one benefit of physical exercise such as walking.

Math Lab

Money Money!

Collaboration & Experiential Learning

Objective: Practice addition and subtraction in a real-world context. Materials: Fake money, printed price tags, small items or pictures of items.

Activity:

• Set up a mini shop with items labelled with prices up to 4 digits.

• Give each student a set amount of fake money.

• Students ʺbuyʺ items by adding prices together and subtracting the total from their given money amounts.

• They record their transactions and check their calculations.

Chapter Checkup

Find the estimated and actual sum of 5678 + 1665 when rounded off to the nearest thousand.

Find the estimated and actual difference sum of 1835 – 1346 when rounded off to the nearest thousand.

Find the sum of 45,223, 12,678 and 16,941.

Compute: 81,654 – 53,217 – 2345.

Find the sum of the largest 5-digit number and the smallest 4-digit number.

What is the difference between the sum and difference of 45,998 and 1321?

The construction company ordered 8327 bricks for one project, and 9912 bricks for another project.

Estimate the total number of bricks ordered for both projects, by rounding off to the nearest hundred.

The length of the river Ganga is 2520 kilometres, while the length of the Yamuna is 1376 kilometres. Approximately, what is the total length of these rivers combined? About how much longer is the Ganga than the Yamuna? (Find out by rounding off to the nearest 100.)

Solve.

The estimated sum of two numbers A and B when rounded off to the nearest hundred is 6600. Which of the following sets of numbers could be A and B?

a 2357 and 1235

b 5457 and 1108

c 3347 and 3567

The estimated difference of two numbers C and D when rounded off to the nearest thousand is 4000. Which of the following sets of numbers could be C and D?

a 6790 and 5667

b 7890 and 3889

c 8103 and 4899

Create one word problem involving both addition and subtraction. Think of the situations from your daily life.

On rounding off 34,873 to the nearest ten thousand, and 35,289 to the nearest thousand, what will be the sum of the estimated sum and the estimated difference?

An online store sold 17,645 pounds of chocolates, and 24,891 pounds of candies last month. While doing the accounting, it was estimated that the total weight of chocolates and candies sold, to the nearest thousand, was more than 40,000 pounds. Is that a correct estimate?

Case Study

Value Development

Forest Conservation

In a small village near a dense forest, the villagers noticed that many trees were being cut down. The local school decided to help by organising a project to plant new trees. They also wanted to keep track of how many trees were saved and how many were planted. The villagers observed that every week, 1,250 trees were cut down. The school decided to plant 2,750 new trees every week. The students started recording the number of trees cut down and planted over 4 weeks.

Answer the questions.

1 How many trees were planted in total over 2 weeks?

a 4000

c 5500

b 3000

d 2750

2 What is the difference of the number of trees planted and the number of trees cut down over 4 weeks?

a 1500 trees

c 5000 trees

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b 6000 trees

d 7500 trees

3 True or False: After 4 weeks, the forest has fewer trees than before the project started.

4 If the village decides to increase the number of trees they plant by 500 each, and the rate of trees being cut down remains the same; calculate the total number of trees in the forest after 4 weeks. How does this change affect the overall forest compared to the original scenario?

3 Multiplication

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Understanding Multiplication

Sanju and his father play a newspaper game where he learns 2 new words each day. They have been playing this game for a week, and now Sanju is trying to recall how many words he has learnt. He starts adding quickly.

2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 14

He has already learnt 14 words! Hurray!

Sanju struggles to find how many words will he learn throughout January.

This is too much! Sanju gets confused and asks his father for help.

Sanju’s father helps him find the number of words using multiplication.

Multiplication by a 1-digit Number

We know that the number obtained from multiplication is the product. The number to be multiplied is the multiplicand, and the number by which we multiply is the multiplier.

Horizontal Method

We can find the product of two numbers by placing them horizontally next to each other.

Let us multiply 123 and 3.

Step 1

Multiply by ones.

Multiply 3 and 3 ones.

123 × 3 = __ 9

The product of 123 and 3 is 369.

Step 2

Multiply by tens

Multiply 3 and 2 tens.

123 × 3 = 6 9

Example 1: Find the product of 2123 and 3. 2123 × 3 = __ __ __ 9 2123 × 3 = __ __ 6 9 2123 × 3 = __ 3

The product of 2123 and 3 is 6369.

Multiplying by Expanding the Bigger Number

Step 3

Multiply by hundreds.

123 × 3 = 3 6 9

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We can also multiply large numbers by 1-digit numbers by expanding the bigger number. This is also called the box method.

Multiply 170 by 5.

Step 1

Expand the bigger number.

170 = 100 + 70 + 0

Step 3

Multiply the smaller number.

Multiply 5 by 100, 70 and 0. 100 70 0

5 5 × 100 = 500 5 × 70 = 350 5 × 0 = 0

The product of 170 and 5 is 850.

Example 2: Multiply 4287 by 2.

Expand the bigger number.

Step 2

Write the numbers.

Step 4

Add all the products.

500 + 350 + 0 = 850

Remember!

On multiplication by 10, 20, 30… 90, there is always 0 in the ones place.

Did You Know?

In 1980, Shakuntala Devi from India correctly multiplied two 13-digit numbers in 28 seconds.

Add all the products.

8000 + 400 + 160 + 14 = 8574

The product of 4287 and 2 is 8574.

3 • Multiplication

Vertical Method

We can multiply using the vertical method of multiplication. Here, we place the multiplier vertically below the multiplicand, as per the place value of the digits.

Let us multiply 365 by 2.

Step 1

Multiply by ones.

2 × 5 ones = 10 ones

10 ones = 1 tens + 0 ones

Carry over 1 tens.

Step 2

Multiply by tens.

2 × 6 tens = 12 tens

Add carried over 1 ten.

12 tens + 1 tens = 13 tens

13 tens = 1 hundreds + 3 tens

Carry over 1 hundreds.

So, 365 × 2 = 730

Example 3: Find the product of 1134 and 8.

Multiply 8 by the ones, tens, hundreds and thousands.

Step 3

Multiply by hundreds.

2 × 3 hundreds = 6 hundreds

Add carried over 1 hundreds.

6 hundreds + 1 hundreds = 7 hundreds

The product of 1134 and 8 is 9072.

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Do It Yourself 3A

Multiply the given numbers mentally.

233 × 2 b 622 × 4

2 Find the product by expanding the bigger number. a 313 × 3 b 802 × 9

3 Multiply using the vertical method.

193 × 3

2001 × 7

4011 × 9

1002 × 2

2908 × 4

4 Look at the value of each shape. Draw shapes to show 3210 × 2. = 10 = 100 = 1000

5 Creativity Create your own question on multiplying a 3-digit number by a 1-digit number.

Multiplication by a 2-digit Number

Sanju learnt 2 words each for 7 days. His sister learnt 7 words each day for 2 days. Who learnt more words? Let us find the answer.

Properties of Multiplication

Multiplication by 1

The product of any number multiplied by 1 will always be the number itself.

For Example: 6 × 1 = 6

Multiplication by 0

The product of any number multiplied by 0 will always be 0.

For Example: 8 × 0 = 0

Order Property Grouping Property

Two numbers can be multiplied in any order. The product will always be the same.

For Example:

2 × 7 = 14 and 7 × 2 = 14

Two or more numbers can be grouped in any way. The product will be the same.

For Example: (2 × 7) × 5 = 14 × 5 = 70 and 2 × (7 × 5) = 2 × 35 =70

Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition

The product of a sum of two or more numbers is equal to the sum of the products of two numbers.

For Example: 2 × (4 + 3) = (2 × 4) + (2 × 3) = 8 + 6 = 14 and 2 × (4 + 3) = 2 × 7 = 14

Example 4: Find the product using the correct property.

a 0 × 6 = 6 b 1 × 4 = 4

c 2 × 4 × 3 = 2 × (4 × 3) = 24 d 3 × (2 + 4) = (3 × 2) + (3 × 4) = 6 + 12 = 18

Multiplying by 10, 100 and 1000

To multiply a number by 10, put one zero to the right of the number.

3 × 10 = 30

To multiply a number by 100, put two zeroes to the right of the number. 3 × 100 = 300

To multiply a number by 1000, put three zeroes to the right of the number. 3 × 1000 = 3000

Example 5: Fill in the blanks.

1 5 × 10 = 50 2 6 ×

To multiply by 10, add 1 zero to the right of 5.

Using the Column Method

Let us multiply 245 by 25.

Step 1

Multiply 245 by 5 ones.

245 × 5 = 1225

To multiply by 100, add 2 zeroes to the right of 6.

Step 2

Multiply 245 by 2 tens or 20. 245 × 20 = 4900

To multiply by 1000, add 3 zeroes to the right of 8.

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The product of 245 and 25 is 6125.

Example 6: Multiply 179 by 18.

Step 1: Multiply by ones

Step 2: Multiply by tens

Step 3: Add the products

The product of 179 and 18 is 3222.

Quick Multiplication

Let us see some tricks for easy multiplication.

Multiplying 2-digit numbers by 11.

Let us now see how to multiply two 2-digit numbers.

Step 3

Add the products.

In vertical multiplication, make sure that the digits are aligned as per their place value.

Example 7: Use the trick to multiply 52 by 11.

5 × 1 = 5 and 2 × 1 = 2

5 + 2 = 7

So the product of 52 × 11 is 572.

Example 8: Multiply 24 × 13 without splitting.

2 × 1 = 2 and 4 × 3 = 12

4 × 1 = 4 and 2 × 3 = 6, 6 + 4 = 10

Think and Tell

If 46 × 11 = 506, how will you use the trick to find 39 × 11?

2 10 12: Add 1 and 2 in the hundreds place, add 0 and 1 in the tens place

So, 312 is the product of 24 × 13.

Write True or False.

1 × 9 = 10

Use the column method to multiply.

Find the product using an quick multiplication tricks. a 81 × 11 b 54 × 21 c 62 × 40

The weight of a baby elephant is around 91 kg. If there are 11 baby elephants, then find their weight using an appropriate trick.

Think and Tell

Can the product of a 4-digit number and a 2-digit number be a 7-digit number? Hint: Check for the greatest numbers!

Era distributes sandwiches and juice bottles to 11 orphanages every year on her daughter's birthday. If she distributes 45 sandwiches and 25 juice bottles to each orphanage, how many of each does she distribute? Have you ever visited an orphanage?

Multiplication by a 3-digit Number

Let us learn to multiply numbers by 3-digit numbers.

Find the product of 144 and 273.

The product of 144 and 273 is 39,312.

Now, what if you want to multiply 345 by 400?

Split the number into multiples of 4 × 100.

We can multiply 345 only by 4 and add zeroes to the right of the product. 1 2 3 4 5 × 4

Product of 345 × 4 = 1380 1380 × 100 = 1,38,000

So, the product of 345 × 100 is 1,38,000.

Example 9: Multiply 432 by 317.

Step 1: Multiply 432 by 7 ones

Step 2: Multiply 432 by 1 tens or 10

Step 3: Multiply 432 by 3 hundreds or 300

Step 4: Add the products

The product of 432 and 317 is 1,36,944.

Do It Yourself 3C

Find the product of

Find the product.

Fill in the missing digit such that both the products are equal. 860 × 150 = 375 × 34

The daily water consumption per person of a family of 4 is about 200 litres. How many litres of water do they consume in a year? What do you do to save water?

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Word Problems

Suresh has to print the posters for the upcoming debate competition at school. There are 8 packets of printing paper available, and each packet has 145 sheets. What is the total number of posters printed?

Let us start finding the total number of posters step by step.

What do we know?

Packets of printing paper = 8

Printing sheets in each packet = 145

What do we find?

Total number of posters printed = Printing sheets in each packet × Packets of printing paper

Solve to find the answer.

145 × 8 = 1160 1160 posters were printed.

Example 10: A local bus covered 145 km in a day. How much distance it covered in the year 2023?

Distance the bus covers in a day = 145 km.

Number of days in the year 2023 = 365 (there are 365 days in a year)

Distance covered in 2023 = 145 × 365

The bus covered 52,925 km in the year 2023.

Example 11: Kabir has ₹9000 for shopping. He buys 4 T-shirts for ₹460 each and 3 pairs of jeans for ₹987 each. How much money does he have left?

Amount with Kabir for shopping = ₹9000

Cost of 4 T-shirts = 460 × 4 = ₹1840 Cost of 3

= 987 × 3 = 2961

Total amount spent by Kabir = 1840 + 2961 = ₹4801

Amount left with Kabir = ₹9000 − ₹4801 = ₹4199

So, ₹4199 is left with Kabir.

The entry fee per person at the club is ₹423. A group of 9 tourists visited the club. How much will they pay?

Jupiter has 4333 days in a year. How many days are there in 5 Jupiter years?

Riti burns 427 calories by jogging every day. How many calories will she burn in January? Do you exercise everyday?

All 28 members of the reader’s club are going on a holiday. They have a budget of ₹1,00,000 for the tickets. If one plane ticket costs ₹3879, will the total cost be within their budget?

An auditorium has 755 seats. The number of shows run is given in the table below. Read the table and answer the questions.

a What is the total number of people who watched Horror Story in all the shows, if all the seats were occupied?

b What is the total number of people who watched Fun with Mary in all the shows, if 250 seats were unused in each show.

Karan has a bundle of ₹200 notes. There are 86 notes. He gives 24 notes out of these to Ramesh.

How much money does Karan have now?

A school purchased 350 pens in February 2017 and 265 pens in November 2017. If the cost of each pen is ₹9, how much money did the school spend on pens in total?

Estimation

Sameer’s uncle is a train driver.

Sameer: Kamal uncle! Where do you go when you are driving the train?

Uncle: I drive the train between Delhi and Amritsar 11 times in a month.

Sameer: Wow! How far is Amritsar from Delhi?

Uncle: It is about 448 km and I travel about 4500 km!

Sameer: Really! How did you calculate that so fast?

Estimating the Product

Kamal uncle estimated the numbers and multiplied them quickly! We round off the multiplicand and the multiple to get the estimated product.

Let us find the estimated product of 448 and 11 to the nearest ten.

Step 1

Round off both the numbers.

448 rounded up to 450. 11 rounded down to 10.

Step 2

Multiply the rounded off numbers. 450 × 10 = 4500

The estimated product of 448 and 11 is 4500.

Example 12: Find the estimated product of 627 and 456 by rounding off both the numbers to the nearest hundred.

627 is rounded down to 600. 456 is rounded up to 500.

600 × 500 = 3,00,000

The estimated product is 3,00,000.

Remember!

An estimation is used to find the approximate or near around products. It makes the calculations quicker and easier.

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Error Alert!

While rounding off to the nearest ten, never round down when the digit in the ones place is 5 or more.

145 140 145 150

Do It Yourself 3E

Find the estimated product by rounding off the given numbers to the nearest ten. a 235 × 13 =

409 × 962 =

× 84 =

849 × 167 =

809 × 96 =

655 × 845 =

Find the estimated product by rounding off the given numbers to the nearest hundred. a 169 × 74 b 518 × 96 c 874 × 228

Find the estimated product of the numbers rounded off to the nearest ten. Also, find the estimated product rounded off to the nearest hundred. a 109 × 54 b 444 × 777

976 × 862

The marathon is one of the sporting events in the Olympics. If each of the 110 athletes had to cover a distance of 43 km, estimate (to the nearest 10) the total distance covered by all. Compare the actual and estimated answers.

Workers at the stadium put 1 water bottle at each seat. There are about 17 stands in the stadium, and each stand has 238 seats. Approximately how many water bottles will they put out? Round off the numbers to the nearest 10. Do you throw the used bottles in the bin in public places?

Chapter Checkup Math Lab

Setting: In groups of 3

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

Chit Game for Multiplication!

Materials Required: Connecting cards showing multiplication problems and their answers, pencil, paper, chart paper and glue.

Method:

Paste the multiplication card and its connecting answer card next to each other on chart paper. The group that finishes first wins. 1 2 3

Work in groups to solve the multiplication problems mentally.

× 23

1 Find the product by using properties or tricks.

a 42 × 100 b 54 × 11 63 × 21 d 172 × 300

2 Multiply using the horizontal method. Check the answer by using the vertical method.

a 410 × 7 b 844 × 2 c 8023 × 3 d 9101 × 8

3 Find the product by expanding the bigger number. a 564 × 4 b 492 × 6 c 7397 × 9 d 593 × 7

4 Write the numbers in columns and multiply.

a 141 × 84 b 389 × 40 c 378 × 65 d 7041 × 33

e 9672 × 96 f 4356 × 75 g 638 × 500 h 204 × 630

5 Estimate the product as mentioned.

a 893 × 84 (to the nearest ten) b 768 × 111 (to the nearest ten)

c 143 × 78 (to the nearest hundred) d 862 × 376 (to the nearest hundred)

6 The Qutub Minar in Delhi, India, has 379 steps. What is the total number of steps climbed by a worker who goes up and then comes down the stairs?

7 Swati runs 750 m every day for 15 days for a fun competition. How far will she run throughout the competition?

8 Ratan deposits ₹4555 in his bank account every month. How much money will he deposit in 12 months?

9 A small town produces 314 kg of waste every day. How much waste do they produce from March to May?

10 Formula One (F1) is a global motor-sport competition. Each driver has to cover a minimum distance of 305 km in the race. Each driver has to make 55 laps of 14 km each. How much distance will each driver cover?

11 447 books can be placed on a shelf in the National Library. How many books can be placed in the library with 345 shelves? Do you borrow books from the library? How can you take care of the library books?

12 There are 24 schools in a town. Each school gets 3 pieces of equipment for the science lab. The cost of each piece of equipment is ₹394. How much does all the equipment cost?

13 Around 467 people visit the exhibition at the National Gallery every day. Estimate how many people visit the exhibition in a year by rounding off to the nearest 100.

Challenge

Critical Thinking & Creativity

1 The vowels are written as even numbers from 0 to 8, and the other letters are written as odd numbers. What is the product of DOG and BE as English letters?

2 Write a multiplication word problem with one 3-digit number and one 2-digit number.

Case Study

Cross Curricular & Value Development

A Day with an Archaeologist!

An archaeologist is a specialist who analyses artifacts, monuments, and many other things to get insights about our history.

Rakesh is an archaeologist. There are 45 members, including him, on the team.

1 The taxi fare from their office to the railway station is ₹82. If the team required 5 cabs, they spent on cabs.

2 Write True or False.

a The cost of 1 train ticket is ₹450. The cost of 45 train tickets is ₹20,050.

b The cost of a train ticket is ₹450. The cost of 45 train tickets is ₹20,250.

3 The team was supposed to inspect a monument made of stone. Each stone weighs 52 kg. 812 stones were used to construct the monument. What is the total weight of the stones used?

4 The team takes 42 days to study a mural inside the monument. If there are 267 murals that they have to study, how many days will the team need to do it?

5 Rakesh and his team travel 1780 km in a month. Estimate the distance they will travel in 19 months. Estimate the distance to the nearest 100 and the months to the nearest 10.

6 Did you like visiting historical places? What should be kept in mind while visiting these places?

4 Division

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Division by 1-digit and 2-digit Numbers

Ramu, the milkman, supplies milk to different shopkeepers and customers.

Ramu has a large drum of milk with a capacity of 210 litres. He pours the milk into smaller containers, each with a capacity of 5 litres. This way, he can efficiently distribute the milk to his customers equally.

Division by 1-digit Numbers

Let us see how many small containers Ramu can fill from the drum.

Number of containers = Capacity of the drum ÷ Capacity of each container

Division of a 3-digit Number by a 1-digit Number

We need to divide 210 L by 5 L to find out how many small containers Ramu can fill from the drum.

Therefore, 210 L ÷ 5 L

While doing division, always go from left to right.

1 Write the dividend and the divisor in the division house.

2 Compare the digit at the hundreds place of the dividend with the divisor. Here, 2 < 5. There are not enough hundreds. So, write 0 in the hundreds place in the quotient or do not write anything there.

3 As 2 < 5, so now consider the number at hundred and tens place that is 21 and then use multiplication to find the nearest quotient.

4 Subtract to find

5 Bring

Thus, Ramu can fill 42 containers.

Let us check to see if the quotient is correct.

6 Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you get 0 as the remainder or a number less than the divisor.

When there is no remainder, the Dividend should be equal to Quotient × Divisor.

Here, the Dividend = 210.

Quotient × Divisor = 42 × 5 = 210.

So, we get Dividend = Quotient × Divisor.

So, our answer is correct.

Think and Tell

Will the division of a 2-digit number by a 1-digit number always be a 1-digit number?

Division of a 4-digit Number by a 1-digit Number

How many containers of 5 litres can be filled from a tanker with a capacity of 3575 litres?

Number of containers = Capacity of the tanker Capacity of each container = 3575 5

We divide a 4-digit number by a 1-digit number the same way as we divide a 3-digit number by a 1-digit number.

3575 ÷ 5 = 715.

So, 715 containers can be filled.

Example 1: Divide 1488 by 8. Verify the quotient.

Thus, 1488 ÷ 8 gives the quotient = 186 and remainder = 0.

Properties of Division

0 division by a Number

When 0 is divided by any number then the quotient is always 0.

0 ÷ 4 = 0

0 ÷ 41 = 0

0 ÷ 128 = 0

Division Facts

Division by 1

When a number is divided by 1, the quotient is always the number itself. 6 ÷ 1 = 6 18 ÷ 1 = 18

÷ 1 = 194

Division by Itself

When a number is divided by itself then the quotient is 1.

÷ 5 = 1

÷ 14 = 1

÷ 184 = 1

Division and multiplication are reverse operations. Every multiplication fact has 2 division facts.

Multiplication Fact Division Fact

÷ 1 = 5

5 × 1 = 5

÷ 5 = 1

÷ 4 = 6

4 × 6 = 24

Never try dividing any number by 0. Division by 0 is not defined. 3 ÷ 0 = 0 3 ÷ 0 = Not defined Error Alert!

÷ 6 = 4

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Do It Yourself 4A

Write True or False.

a Dividing any number by zero gives the same number as the quotient.

b Dividing any number by the number itself gives 1 as the answer.

c If zero is divided by a number, the answer is always zero.

d The division rule states: Dividend = Quotient × Divisor + Remainder

Fill in the boxes with the missing numbers.

Find the quotient.

Divide the numbers. Verify the answer.

280 ÷ 5

672 ÷ 8 c 1656 ÷ 9

The Mahabharata is one of the epics of ancient India. ‟The Complete Mahabharata in English” is a translated book by Kisari Mohan Ganguly. The book has 18 chapters and 4900 pages. If the pages are divided equally for each chapter, how many pages are left for the foreword, acknowledgement and bibliography?

Raghu, a fruit seller, sells bananas. He packs bananas in small boxes. He packs 145 dozen bananas in boxes. Each box has 6 bananas. How many boxes of bananas does he pack? Do you know that bananas are rich in vitamin B6 and potassium? Do you like eating bananas?

Division by 2-digit Numbers

Ramu, the milkman, gets an order to deliver milk to a sweet shop.

Let us see how he plans his deliveries.

Dividing by Tens

The sweet shop has ordered 500 litres of milk. How many 10 L containers does Ramu need?

Number of containers required = Total milk Capacity of each container = 500 ÷ 10 = 500 10 = 50 containers

When a number is divided by 10, the digit in the ones place comes up as the remainder, and the rest of the digits make up the quotient.

Dividing by 10 is easy. Look at the following divisions: 54 ÷ 10, Quotient = 5 and Remainder = 4.

543 ÷ 10, Quotient = 54 and Remainder = 3. 5432 ÷ 10, Quotient = 543 and Remainder = 2.

Let us now divide by 20, 30, 40 and so on.

What if we want to divide 500 by 20?

Quick Way

When both the dividend and the divisor have 0 in the ones place, we can apply a trick to divide quickly.

Step 1

Cancel the zeroes. 500

= 50 2

Example 2: 546 ÷ 10 = ?

Step 2

Now mentally divide the remaining number by 2. If you are unable to divide mentally, use the long division method.

So, 50 ÷ 2 = 25

We get the same answer.

The digit in the ones place makes up the remainder, and the rest of the digits make up the quotient.

546 ÷ 10 gives a quotient of 54 and a remainder of 6.

Example 3: 840 ÷ 40 = ?

840 ÷ 40 = 84 ÷ 4

84 ÷ 4 = 21

Thus, 840 ÷ 40 = 21

Division of Numbers up to 4-digits

Ramu is filling milk containers from a tanker of 4536 litres capacity. What if Ramu has to fill containers that each have a capacity of 21 litres? How many such containers can be filled?

Step 1

Divide 45 by 21.

The result is 2 (21 × 2 = 42)

The remainder is 3 (45 – 42 = 3).

Write 2 directly above 5 and bring down the next digit, 3 along the remainder 3, making it 33.

Step 2

Divide 33 by 21.

The result is 1 (21 × 1 = 21)

The remainder is 12 (33 – 21 = 12).

Write 1 directly above 3 and bring down the next digit, 3 along the remainder 12, making it 126.

Divide 126 by 21.

Step 3

The result is 6 (21 × 6 = 126)

The remainder is 0 (126 – 126 = 0).

Write 6 directly above 6, and the remainder 0 at the bottom.

4536 – 42

Thus, Ramu has to fill 216 containers each with a capacity of 21 litres.

Verify the quotient.

The Dividend should be equal to (Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder.

Dividend = 4536

Quotient = 216

Divisor = 21

Remainder = 0

(Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder = (216 × 21) + 0 = 4536

So, we get Dividend = (Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder. Our answer is correct!

Example 4: Divide 8210 by 18.

Think and Tell

Will the division of a 4-digit number by a 2-digit number always be a 2-digit number?

Dividing by Multiples of 100s and 1000s

What if Ramu has a tanker with a capacity of 5000 litres and he wants to pour milk into drums of 100 litre capacity each? How many drums does he require?

Number of drums required = Total capacity of tanker Capacity of each drum = 5000 100 = 50.

When a number is divided by 100, the digits in the tens and ones places make up the remainder and the rest of the digits make up the quotient.

Dividing by 100 is easy. Look at the divisions given below:

546 ÷ 100

Quotient = 5

Remainder = 46

1456 ÷ 100

Quotient = 14

Remainder = 56

9842 ÷ 100

Quotient = 98

Remainder = 42

Similarly, when a multiple of 10, 100 or 1000 is divided by a multiple of 10, 100 or 1000, we cancel out the zeroes and then solve.

300 ÷ 30

Cancel out the zeroes.

Divide

300 30 = 30 3 = 10

Example 5: Divide 8210 by 100.

4500 ÷ 300

Cancel out the zeroes.

Divide

300 = 45 3 = 15

8000 ÷ 4000

Cancel out the zeroes.

Divide 8000 4000 = 8 4 = 2

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The digits in the tens and ones place will make up the remainder and the rest of the digits will make up the quotient.

Thus, 8210 ÷ 100 gives Quotient = 82 and Remainder = 10

Example 6: Divide 9583 by 3000.

The quotient is 3 (3000 × 3 = 9000) and the remainder is 583 (9583 – 9000 = 583).

Thus, 9583 ÷ 3000 gives Quotient = 3 and Remainder = 583.

Estimating the Quotient

Find the estimated quotient when 9000 is divided by 19 rounded to the nearest 10.

Step 1

Round off the numbers.

There is no need to round off 9000.

19 rounded off to the nearest 10 = 20

Step 2

Divide the numbers and estimate the quotient.

9000 ÷ 20 = 450

Estimated quotient for 9000 ÷ 20 is 450.

Actual quotient for 9000 ÷ 19 is 473 with remainder = 13.

Hence, the estimated answer and the actual answer are close to each other.

Think

and Tell

Remember!

An estimate is a smart guess about something. Estimation is used to find the approximate quotients. It makes the calculations quicker and easier.

Example 7: Estimate the quotient for 9635 ÷ 41.

9635 rounded off to the nearest hundreds is 9600.

41 rounded off to the nearest tens is 40.

9600 ÷ 40

So, 9600 ÷ 40 = 240.

While rounding off to the nearest hundred, never round down when the digit in the tens place is 5 or more.

Find the quotient and the remainder without using long division.

Find the quotient and the remainder.

Divide the numbers and verify the answer.

Round off the bigger number to the nearest 100, and the smaller number to the nearest 10, and find the

quotient.

Bandipur forest is one of the largest habitat of elephants. The park organises safaris for tourists. 855 people have come for the safari ride and 19 people can be accommodated on each ride. About how many rides are needed? [Round off the dividend to the nearest hundred] and the divisor to the nearest 10.

How many hours are there in 1200 minutes?

Colour the boxes with possible answers that you can get on dividing a 4-digit number by 100.

Word Problems

Ramu has to feed his cows to make sure they are healthy and produce milk. He purchases 1032 kg of hay for his 43 cows.

If each cow eats an equal amount of hay, then how much hay does he give to each cow?

Let us apply the CUBES method to solve the problem.

1 Circle the numbers.

Ramu has to feed hay to the cows. He purchases 1032 kg of hay for his 43 cows.

If he gives each cow an equal amount of hay, then how much hay does he give to each cow?

2 Underline the question.

4 Evaluate:

C: Circle the numbers.

U: Underline the question.

B: Box the keywords.

E: Evaluate/draw.

S: Solve and check.

3 Box the keywords.

Hay given to each cow = Total hay purchased

Total number of cows = 1032 43

5 Solve and Check:

Thus, Ramu gives 24 kg of hay to each cow.

Check the answer:

Dividend = (Quotient × Divisor) + Remainder

Quotient = 24, Divisor = 43, Remainder = 0

Dividend = (24 × 43) + 0

Dividend = 1032

Thus, the answer is correct.

Example 8: A packet of crayons contains 24 crayons. If 5489 crayons are to be packed, how many packets are required to pack all the crayons?

Total number of crayons = 5489

Number of crayons in each packet = 24

Total number of packets required = Total number of crayons Number of crayons in each packet = 5489 24

So, there are 228 packets of crayons required but 17 crayons are left over.

These 17 crayons also need to be packed in one packet.

So, total packets required = 228 + 1 = 229.

Hence, the total number of packets required to pack 5489 crayons is 229.

Example 9: Create a word problem on dividing a 3-digit number by a 1-digit number.

There can be many word problems that can be written. One example can be as given below:

Rahul has 123 pencils. He packs the pencils in boxes. If he packs 3 pencils in each box, then how many boxes does he pack?

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A bottle factory produces 644 bottles in 46 days. How many bottles will the factory produce in one day?

Ravi collects stamps and pastes them in a notebook. He has a total of 1240 stamps. He pastes 31 stamps on each page. How many pages were used altogether?

A person gets ₹1500 in the month of April. How much money did he get each day if he got an equal amount of money each day?

In the library, there are 8255 books. The books are kept on shelves. If 13 books are kept on each shelf, then how many shelves are there?

A shopkeeper buys 45 packets of candy. Each packet has 45 candies. If he repacks the candies in smaller packets containing 15 candies each, then how many packets will he get?

The municipal corporation ran a drive to plant trees and provide habitats for various species of birds, insects and other wildlife. The total number of trees planted was 4560. If the drive went on for 5 days, how many trees were planted on one day?

4-digit

a 1-digit

Math Lab

Setting: In groups of 3

Materials Required: 3 dice

Method:

Roll the three dice.

Note the numbesr on the dice.

Dice Game

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

The largest number formed using all three digits that appear on the dice becomes the dividend.

The sum of all three digits that appear on the dice becomes the divisor.

Divide the numbers and note down the remainders obtained.

The student who gets the sum of the remainder equal to or more than 30, wins.

Chapter Checkup

Find the quotient.

a 47 ÷ 10 b 489 ÷ 10 c 145 ÷ 145

d 4000 ÷ 100 e 4789 ÷ 1000 f 8500 ÷ 1000

Divide.

a 459 by 3

d 7848 by 4

b 958 by 10

e 7894 by 100

Find the quotient and the remainder.

c 855 by 19

f 9984 by 48

a 987 ÷ 8 b 945 ÷ 23 c 2129 ÷ 9

Estimate the quotient by rounding off the dividend to the nearest tens.

a 1459 ÷ 4 b 779 ÷ 13 c 8797 ÷ 16

Estimate the quotient by rounding off the dividend to the nearest hundreds and divisor to the nearest tens.

a 489 ÷ 9 b 1548 ÷ 52 c 6987 ÷ 49

A small solar panel generates 108 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy in a week. If each household needs 12 kWh per week, how many households can the solar panel provide energy for?

There are 1025 students in a school containing 25 sections. If there is an equal number of students in each section, find the number of students in each section.

A class collected ₹1540 to distribute equally among 14 children of an orphanage. How much money will each child get?

A shopkeeper gets 45 boxes of 19 chocolates each and 53 boxes of 27 chocolates each. He packs all the chocolates in smaller boxes each having 18 chocolates. How many boxes does he pack?

Challenge

1 A farmer packs 1200 kg of tomatoes equally in two different types of boxes. The weight of one tomato is 100 g. The first type of box has 15 tomatoes each, and the second type of box has 25 tomatoes each. How many boxes in total did he pack?

2 Solve.

a What should be added to 341 so that, on dividing by 17, we get no remainder?

b What should be subtracted from 7134 so that, on dividing by 26, we get no remainder?

Curricular Case Study

Let’s Farm!

Agriculture is one of the major industries in India. India has set up a few agricultural universities to help farmers yield more crops. An agricultural university experiments on different varieties of seeds, plants to improve the quality and quantity of the agricultural products.

1 Nisha is doing research on different varieties of oranges. The total number of oranges she produced is 2100. There are 10 varieties in all. How many oranges of each variety did she collect?

a 110 b 21 c 2,010 d 210

2 The college asks 375 students to create innovative projects to increase the yield of fruits while using less water. The students are divided into 25 groups. Write whether the given statements are true or false.

a The college will get 25 innovative projects from the groups.

b The college will get 15 innovative projects from the groups.

3 The university decides to sell the excess oranges to the public. Each bag can hold a dozen oranges. There are 1656 oranges. bags are required to pack the oranges.

4 A farmer asks Nisha to give him banana saplings to yield more bananas with less water. He wants to plant 936 saplings in 18 rows. Estimate the number of saplings that each row will have by rounding off the dividend to the nearest 100 and divisor to the nearest 10.

Cross

5 Multiples and Factors

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Multiples

Sahil and his family are planning a trip to Ooty. Sahil’s father asked him to look for the trains to Ooty so that they can decide the dates and book the tickets.

Finding Multiples and Common Multiples

Using Skip Counting

Sahil checked online and marked the dates on a calendar for trains departing for Ooty, as shown below.

Think and Tell

What do you think all the circled numbers have in common?

He can travel on the following dates—2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and so on. The dates that have been marked show skip counting by 2. The numbers encircled can be called the multiples of 2.

Example 1: Find the first 5 multiples of 4 by skip counting on the number line. We can find the multiples of 4 by using the number line showing jumps of 4 as:

Using Multiplication

We learnt that when we skip count by the same number, we get multiples of that number. The multiples of a number are the products we get on multiplying the number by 1, 2, 3 and so on.

Multiples of 3 can be found by using multiplication tables as follows:

3 × 1 = 3 3 × 6 = 18

3 × 2 = 6 3 × 7 = 21

3 × 3 = 9 3 × 8 = 24

3 × 4 = 12 3 × 9 = 27

3 × 5 = 15 3 × 10 = 30

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Remember!

A number is a multiple of itself too. For example, multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and so on.

You can also check if a number is a multiple of a number using division. If the remainder is 0, then the bigger number is a multiple of the other number. For example:

leaves no remainder leaves remainder 1

On dividing 15 by 5, we get a 0 remainder. So, 15 is a multiple of 5.

On dividing 16 by 5, we get a remainder of 1. So, 16 is not a multiple of 5. 5 15 3 – 15 00 5 16 3 – 15 01

Facts About Multiples

• Every number is a multiple of 1 and the number itself.

For example, 5 × 1 = 5. Here, 5 is a multiple of 1 and 5.

• Every multiple is either greater than or equal to the number itself.

For example, the multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and so on. Here, each multiple is equal to or greater than 8.

• Every number has an unlimited number of multiples.

For example, the multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35,… , 70, 77,… , 7000,… , 70000 and so on. Here, the number of multiples of 7 is unlimited.

Example 2: Find the first five multiples of 5 using multiplication. Check by dividing whether 95 is a multiple of 5.

5 × 1 = 5 5 × 2 = 10 5 × 3 = 15 5 × 4 = 20 5 × 5 = 25

The first five multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25. 5 19 95 95 00 –leaves remainder 0

On dividing 95 by 5, we get a 0 remainder. So, 95 is a multiple of 5.

Example 3: Find the first eight odd multiples of 9.

Multiples of 9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108, 117, 126, 135 ... .

First 8 odd multiples of 9 are: 9, 27, 45, 63, 81, 99, 117 and 135.

Finding Common Multiples

Think and Tell

Are the multiples of an even number always even numbers?

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Do you remember how Sahil’s train to Ooty departed every second day? He has not booked his ticket yet. His cousin Ashima, from a nearby city, also wants to travel to Ooty. The train from her city leaves every third day. Since they both want to leave and reach Ooty on the same day, they decided to mark their calendars to check for possible common days.

We can see that Sahil marked the calender in blue, and Ashima marked the calender in red. They figured out that they can travel together on the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.

In the above example, we looked for common multiples of 2 and 3 to find the common days of travel. The numbers that are circled in red and blue together are common multiples of 2 and 3.

A number that is a multiple of two or more numbers is a common multiple of those numbers.

Let us see some common multiples using a number line.

Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30 and so on.

Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and so on.

This can be shown on a number line as:

Here, common multiples of 3 and 4 are 12, 24 and so on.

Example 4: Find the first 5 common multiples of 3 and 6.

of 3 3 6

of 6 6

The first 5 common multiples of 3 and 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30.

Example 5: Is 54 a common multiple of 4 and 6? Explain your answer. Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56.

As 54 is not a multiple of 4, it cannot be a common multiple of 4 and 6.

Remember!

We know that a number can have unlimited multiples. It is not possible to find its highest multiple. So, two numbers cannot have the highest common multiple.

Do It Yourself 5A

Colour the balloons that are multiples of 4 red, multiples of 7 green and multiples of 9 blue.

2 Find the first five multiples of the given numbers.

3 Solve to find.

6th multiple of 10

4 Find the first six even multiples of 12.

5 Write multiples of 8 and 11 that are greater than 75 but less than 150.

6 Check if the second number is a multiple of the first number. a 5, 75 b 7, 68 c 8, 64 d 11, 88 Chapter 5 • Multiples and Factors

7 Find the first 2 common multiples of the following pairs of numbers. a 2 and 3 b 3 and 7 c 2 and 9 d 3 and 5 e 6 and 9 f 10 and 15

8 Is 27 a common multiple of 8 and 9? Explain your answer.

9 Juhi is collecting flowers and leaves stickers for her album. She bought a pack of 50 such stickers. To her surprise, every 5th sticker in the pack was a special sticker with glitter. Can you find out which numbers in the pack have glittery stickers?

10 Raj goes to meet his grandparents every 4th day. He also goes to visit a dog shelter every 6th day. On which dates in this month will he go to both the places?

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Factors

Priya and Anshu are siblings. Their father bought them a tiling game. The game has tiles of different colours along with a grid. Each player needs to select an equal number of tiles of different colours and arrange them to create rectangular shapes of different lengths and widths.

Finding Factors and Common Factors

Finding Factors Using Square Tiles

Priya and Anshu started playing the game. They both took 12 tiles of each colour and arranged them on the grid as shown below.

Let us note down the arrangement of tiles in terms of multiplication sentences. We will consider the length as the number of columns occupied and the breadth as the number of rows occupied.

Tile: 1 × 12

Tile: 12 × 1

Tile: 3 × 4

Tile: 4 × 3

Tile: 6 × 2

Tile: 2 × 6

Factors can be defined as the are numbers that you can multiply together to get another number. So, the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.

Finding Factors Using Multiplication

When it comes to finding factors, drawing tiles can be challenging. Instead, we can use multiplication to identify the factors of a given number.

For example, the number 8 is the product of the following numbers:

1 × 8 or 8 × 1 2 × 4 or 4 × 2

Therefore, 1, 2, 4 and 8 are factors of the number 8.

When finding factors by multiplication, always:

• Start with multiplying by 1.

• Stop when any factor starts repeating.

• 1 and the number itself are always the factors of the given numbers.

Example 6: Find the factors of 18 using multiplication.

Multiply by 1 1 × 18 = 18

Multiply by 2 2 × 9 = 18

Multiply by 3 3 × 6 = 18

Multiply by 4 4 × ? = Not possible

Multiply by 5 5 × ? = Not possible

Stop!

We have already found 6 to be a factor of 18.

So, the factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18.

Finding Factors Using Division

To determine the factors of a number, we can also look for numbers that divide the given number exactly, leaving no remainder behind.

Let us find out which numbers divide 30 completely.

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2 and 15 are factors of 30.

and 10 are factors of 30.

4 and 7 are NOT factors of 30. 5 and 6 are factors of 30.

Therefore, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30 are factors of the number 30.

Error Alert!

NEVER include 0 as a factor of any number because we cannot divide any number by 0.

Facts About Factors

Remember!

The factors of a number will always divide it completely, leaving 0 as the remainder!

Factors of 5 1, 5

Every number is a factor of itself. 1 is a factor of every number.

Example 7: Is 7 a factor of 42?

Every number has a limited number of factors. 5 has 2 factors, and 8 has 4 factors.

Factors of 8 1, 2, 4, 8

Every factor is either less than or equal to the given number. Factors of both 5 and 8 are less than the numbers.

To check whether a number is a factor or not, we divide.

Divide 42 by 7.

On dividing 42 by 7, the remainder is 0.

So, 7 is a factor of 42.

Finding Common Factors

As the name suggests, common factors are the numbers that are common among the factors of two or more numbers.

Let us find the common factors of 4 and 8.

Factors of 4

Factors of 8

Common factors of 4 and 8 = 1, 2 and 4.

Example 8: Find the common factors of 15 and 18.

Factors of 15

Factors of 18

Common factors of 15 and 18 are 1 and 3.

Prime and Composite Numbers

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Remember!

1 is a factor of all the numbers. So, it is also a common factor of any two numbers.

We have learnt about factors and how to find the factors of numbers using various methods. We also noticed that each number does not have a fixed number of factors. These numbers can be classified as prime or composite numbers based on the number of factors, as shown below.

Prime Numbers: 2 factors – 1 and the number itself.

Composite Numbers: More than 2 factors

Remember!

The number 1 is neither prime nor composite

Did You Know?

Prime and composite numbers were discovered, by a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and poet, Eratosthenes.

5 • Multiples and Factors

Do It Yourself 5B

1 Show 24 in different arrangements using circles. Then, list the factors of 24.

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2 Find the factors of the following numbers using multiplication.

a 14 b 21

c 36 d 39

e 40 f 42

g 48 h 50

3 Find the factors of the following numbers using division.

a 9 b 12

c 15 d 30

4 Is 18 a factor of 126? Explain your answer.

5 Which number between 5 and 15 has the greatest number of factors?

6 Find the common factors of the following numbers.

a 14, 20 b 16, 18

c 35, 50 d 54, 64

7 Which of the following numbers are common factors of 78 and 96? Circle the correct option. Verify your answer.

a 6 b 8

c 12 d 3

8 Write True or False.

a 11 and 13 have no common factors.

b 0 is a common factor of all the numbers.

c 15 and 25 have a total of 3 common factors.

d Both 41 and 49 are prime numbers.

9 Raj says, “The number 14 has a greater number of factors than 45.” Is he correct? Verify your answer.

10 Tina bought 16 eggs. She wants to arrange them into a tray. In how many ways can she arrange the eggs?

11 Raman, a baker, has baked 72 biscuits. He wants to place the same number of biscuits in each packet. What different arrangements are possible?

12 Create a word problem to find factors of 2 numbers.

Setting: In groups of 4

Experiential Learning & Collaboration

Board Game of Multiples

Method:

1 Each player chooses their own colour.

Materials Required: Number grid as shown below, dice, crayons

2 One player rolls the dice and notes the number.

3 The player chooses a multiple of that number on the board and shades it with their chosen colour.

4 In case a player gets 1 on the dice, they can choose any number on the board. (Do you know why?)

5 The player who colours the greatest number of multiples on the board is the winner.

Chapter Checkup

1 Write the first 5 multiples of the given numbers.

a 7 b 17 c 18 d 19

e 21 f 23 g 30 h 32

2 Write the smallest number which is a common multiple of the given number pairs.

a 2 and 5 b 3 and 8 c 5 and 8 d 4 and 14

e 10 and 15 f 10 and 25 g 11 and 22 h 20 and 24

3 Find the factors.

a 50 b 66 c 72 d 88

e 98 f 120 g 156 h 180

4 Find the following.

a Multiples of 4 that are smaller than 30.

b Multiples of 8 that are greater than 30, but smaller than 80.

c Multiples of 7 between 7 and 85 that are divisible by 2.

5 • Multiples and Factors

5 Write the common factors.

a 4 and 8

c 9 and 15

e 25 and 60

g 36 and 81

6 Write Yes or No for the following statements.

a 1 and 6 are factors of 7.

b 61 is a prime number.

c 1 is the smallest and only factor of 31.

d 2 and 4 are factors of 8.

e 6 and 9 are factors of 54.

f Both 91 and 93 are prime numbers.

b 6 and 10

d 12 and 15

f 28 and 42

h 41 and 87

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7 The bells at Church 1 ring after 60 minutes, while at Church 2, they ring after 45 minutes. At what time will the bells at the 2 churches ring together next if both start ringing simultaneously?

[Hint: Find the common multiples.]

8 Megha wants to greet her class teacher with a bouquet made of lilies and roses on her birthday. She went to a florist who sells roses in groups of 5 and lilies in groups of 4. What is the least number of each kind of flower Megha should buy so that she has an equal number of roses and lilies in the bouquet?

[Hint: To know the number of flowers to be purchased, we should look for multiples.]

9 Create a word problem to find common multiples of 2 numbers.

Challenge

1 Identify the number using the hints.

a The number is between 1 and 80.

b It is a multiple of 2 and 3 and a factor of 90.

c The sum of the digits of the number is 9

Critical Thinking

2 Naina is organising her toys. She has 18 cars and 24 teddy bears. She wants to arrange them into groups with equal numbers of cars and teddy bears in each group. What is the maximum number of toy groups that Naina can create?

[Hint: Look for the biggest common factor!]

Case Study

Cross Curricular & Value Development

Nikita joined an afforestation NGO that focuses on planting trees to restore forests (reforestation). The NGO also plants trees in designated areas that were previously not forested, which involves selecting appropriate tree species, preparing the land and planting saplings. Read the questions and answer them.

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1 The volunteers planted oak saplings on every 3rd day of July and pine saplings on every 4th day of July. On which days of July did they plant both the saplings? Hint: (Find common factors of 3 and 4).

a 6th July and 8th July b 12th July and 16th July

c 12th July and 24th July d 15th July and 16th July

2 The NGO has 20 volunteers and wants to create teams with an equal number of volunteers in each team. Which of the following options do not represent possible team sizes?

a 4 teams with 5 volunteers in each team.

b 2 teams with 10 volunteers in each team.

c 3 teams with 7 volunteers in each team.

d 5 teams with 4 volunteers in each team.

3 The volunteers were instructed to plant a total of 36 trees in a specific area in rows and columns with an equal number of trees in each row and column, what are the possible configurations for the rows and columns?

4 Besides planting trees, in what other ways can we care for the Earth and protect our environment?

6 Fractions

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Understanding Fractions

Shalu, Karan, Raghav and Pooja went on a picnic. All of them brought snacks with them.

Shalu: I have brought 2 apples, 4 oranges and 3 packets of biscuits.

Karan: I will eat half of the number of apples. Raghav: I want to have a quarter of the number of oranges.

Pooja: I will eat one-third of the number of packets of biscuits that we have. The friends divided the snacks among themselves and enjoyed their day!

Halves, Quarters and Thirds

We already learnt that dividing a whole (a shape or collection of objects) into equal parts gives us fractions. Let us revise this again.

Fraction of a Whole

When a whole is divided into two equal parts, each part is called a half. It is denoted as 1 2 . Two halves make a whole. 1 whole 1 2 or half

When a whole is divided into four equal parts, each part is called a quarter or one-fourth. It is denoted as 1 4 . Four quarters make a whole. 1 4 or one-fourth

When a whole is divided into three equal parts, each part is called one-third. It is denoted as 1 3 .

Three one-thirds make a whole. 1 3 or one-third

Example 1: State True or False.

One-third is smaller than 1 2. True

One-quarter is bigger than 1 3. False

Half is represented as 1 4. False

Fraction of a Collection

We can also find the fraction of a collection.

1 2 of 12 butterflies

Butterflies in one group = 6 1 3 of 12 butterflies

Did You Know?

Only 3 100 of Earthʼs water is freshwater, available for drinking, agriculture, and other human needs.

Butterflies in one group = 4 1 4 of 12 butterflies

Let us now try to find 2 3 of 12 butterflies.

1 Identify the numerator and the denominator.

2 Denominator = 3, so divide 12 butterflies equally into 3 groups.

3 Numerator = 2, count the number of butterflies in 2 groups = 8.

4 So, 2 3 of 12 = 8.

Example 2: What fraction of the given flowers are. a white? b pink?

Total number of flowers = 7

Number of white flowers = 3

Fraction of white flowers = 3 7

Number of pink flowers = 4

Fraction of pink flowers = 4 7

Example 3: What is 3 5 of 35 cupcakes?

Number of cupcakes = 35

Divide 35 cupcakes equally into the,same number of groups as the denominator, which is 5 groups. Each group has 7 cupcakes.

Count the number of cupcakes in 3 groups, which is 21.

Hence, 3 5 of 35 = 21 cupcakes.

Chapter 6 • Fractions

Butterflies in one group = 3

2 3 of 12 butterflies

Butterflies in 2 groups = 8

Write the fraction represented by the shaded part of each image.

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a b c d

Circle and find the number of butterflies in each collection.

a 1 3 of the collection = butterflies.

b 4 9 of the collection = butterflies.

c 7 9 of the collection = butterflies.

Find.

a 1 4 of 32 b 1 8 of 24 c 1 5 of 40 d 1 6 of 36

e 2 3 of 33 f 5 6 of 36 g 3 7 of 35

Draw 12 balls and circle 2 3 of the total balls.

Manya made an apple pie. She divides the apple pie into 10 equal slices and eats 5 of them. What fraction of the apple pie was eaten by Manya?

There are about 50 snow leopards in Uttarakhand, India. If there are half the number of snow leopards in Sikkim as in Uttarakhand, then how many snow leopards are there in Sikkim?

There are 48 pencils in a box. If 3 4 of the pencils are blue and the rest are black, how many pencils are blue?

There are 75 students in a class. 2 5 of the students did not go on the class picnic. How many students went on the picnic?

Anna runs a flower shop. She has 48 roses left in her shop. 1 4 of the roses wilted. 3 4 of 48 roses were sold. How many roses are left?

Let us show 3 fractions on fraction circles and shade the same amount.

Fractions that represent the same or equal value but have different numerators and denominators are called equivalent fractions.

Here 1 2, 2 4 and 4 8 are equivalent fractions.

Finding Equivalent Fractions

To find equivalent fractions, we multiply the numerator and denominator by the same number.

Equivalent Fractions of 5 6

Simplest Form

A fraction is said to be in its simplest form when the denominator and the numerator have no common factors other than 1.

Let us find the simplest form of the fraction 9 45 .

Divide the numerator and the denominator by one of the common factors until it cannot be divided further. We can divide the numerator and the denominator by either 3 or 9.

Remember!

A common factor is a factor shared by two or more numbers. For example: 7 is a common factor of 14 and 21.

Think and Tell

Why do we not divide the numerator and the denominator by common factor 1?

In both cases, the simplest form of 9 45 = 1 5 .

Example 4: Look at the figures and write them in the form of equivalent fractions.

Example 5: Find the simplest form of 15 30 .

Factors of 15 = 1, 3, 5 and 15

Factors of 30 = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30

Common factors of 15 and 30 = 1, 3, 5 and 15

Divide the numerator and the denominator by 15.

15 ÷ 15

30 ÷ 15 = 1 2

2 cannot be divided further. Hence, the simplest form of 15 30 = 1 2 .

Shade the second figure to make it equivalent to the first figure.

Write four equivalent fractions for each of the given fractions.

Write the fractions in their simplest form.

Fill in the missing numerator or denominator in each of these equivalent fractions.

Circle the fractions that are in their simplest form.

The literacy rate in Kerala is the highest in India, which is 47 50 when given as a fraction. Write an equivalent fraction for the literacy rate in Kerala out of 100.

Pandas are fascinating creatures with many unique characteristics. They spend most of their day sleeping. A panda sleeps for 7 12 of a day, eats for 1 3 of a day and does other activities for 1 12 of a day. Represent the number of hours dedicated to each activity by shading a grid accordingly. Create a word problem to write 2 equivalent fractions of a fraction.

Like and Unlike Fractions

Comparing and Ordering Like Fractions

We know that the denominators of like fractions are the same. To compare two or more like fractions:

• We compare their numerators.

• The greater the numerator, the bigger the fraction.

Think and Tell

Can equivalent fractions be like fractions?

Example 6: Which is greater 6 17 or 12 17 ?

Numerator of 6 17 = 6

Numerator of 12 17 = 12

As 12 > 6; the fraction 12 17 > 6 17 .

Example 7: Arrange the given set of fractions in descending order: 8 12 , 9 12 , 7 12 and 4 12 .

Arrange the numerators in descending order: 9 > 8 > 7 > 4.

Descending order: 9 12 > 8 12 > 7 12 > 4 12 .

Comparing and Ordering Unlike Fractions with the Same Numerator

We know that the denominators of unlike fractions are different. To compare two or more fractions with the same numerator but different denominators:

• We compare their denominators.

• The greater the denominator, the smaller the fraction.

Example 8: Which is smaller 5 9 or 5 12 ?

Denominator of 5 9 = 9

Denominator of 5 12 = 12

As 12 > 9; the fraction 5 12 < 5 9 .

Example 9: Arrange the fractions in ascending order: 2 5 , 2 3 , 2 7 and 2 9 .

Since the numerators are the same, we arrange the denominators in descending order: 9 > 7 > 5 > 3.

Ascending order: 2 9 < 2 7 < 2 5 < 2 3 .

Testing for Equivalence by Cross-multiplying

Let us now learn how to compare two fractions with different numerators and denominators.

Step 1

Write the fractions next to each other. For example, 3 7 and 2 9

Step 2

Multiply the numerator of the first fraction with the denominator of the second fraction, and write the product below the first fraction.

Step 3

Multiply the denominator of the first fraction with the numerator of the second fraction, and write the product below the second fraction.

Step 4

Compare the products. The greater fraction will have the greater product below it. Here, 27 > 14. Therefore, 3 7 > 2 9

Example 10: Compare the fractions 2 5 and 4 10 .

Name the fractions as like or unlike. a 1 9 , 4

c 13 15 , 14 15 , 1 15 , 12 15 –

Compare the fractions and put the < , > or = sign in the box.

Circle the smallest fraction in the group. a 3

Arrange the fractions in ascending order.

The water content in apples, bananas, oranges and watermelons is 84

and 92

, respectively. Arrange the fruits according to their water content in descending order.

Proper and Improper Fractions

Numerator is smaller than the denominator.

Numerator is bigger than the denominator.

Combination of a whole number and a proper fraction.

Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers

Let us convert 9 4 into a mixed number.

Step 1

Divide the numerator by the denominator and identify the quotient, remainder and divisor.

Divisor 4 2 Quotient Remainder 9 8 1

Step 2

Mixed number = Quotient Remainder Divisor

Hence, 9 4 = 2 1 4 .

Example 11: Convert 13 4 to a mixed number.

Divisor 4 3 Quotient Remainder 13 12 1

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Mixed number = Quotient Remainder Divisor

Converting Mixed Numbers to Improper Fractions

Let us convert 2 3 4 into an improper fraction.

Example 12: Convert 5 2 3 to an improper fraction.

Writing a Whole Number as a Fraction

When the numerator is equal to the denominator, the fraction represents 1 whole.

When the denominator divides the numerator completely with no remainder, the fraction is a whole number.

Sort the given fractions as proper, improper and mixed.

Convert the improper fractions into mixed numbers.

Convert the mixed numbers into an improper fractions.

Simplify the fractions.

Operations on Fractions

Vishal helps his parents with household chores. Today, he is helping his mother to prepare dinner.

Mother: Vishal, could you please bring some sugar from that box?

Vishal: How much sugar should I bring?

Mother: I need 2 4 cups of sugar for the cake batter and 1 4 cups for the milkshake.

Vishal brings the required amount of sugar and gives it to his mother.

Adding and Subtracting Like Fractions

Vishal brought the required amount of sugar by adding what was needed for both recipes.

Adding Like Fractions

Let us find out how much sugar Vishal brought.

Adding Two Like Numbers: 1 4 2 4 3 4 = Same denominator

Add the numerators

Adding Mixed Numbers

Let us add 1 1 6 and 2 1 6 .

Convert to an improper fraction. Add the numerators. Reduce to its simplest form.

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Did You Know?

Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, wrote down the rules for fractions around 1500 years ago.

Subtracting Like Fractions

Let

Subtract the numerators

Subtracting Mixed Numbers

Let us subtract 2 1 4 from 3 3 4 .

Convert to an improper fraction.

Subtract the numerators.

Reduce to its simplest form.

Convert to a mixed number.

Example 14: Subtract.

Do It Yourself 6E

Subtract.

Setting: In groups of 4

Exploring Fractions!

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Materials Required: Fraction cards or pieces of paper with proper, improper or mixed fractions written on them, pen and timer

Method:

1 Distribute the fraction cards or pieces of paper among the groups.

2 Ask the groups to sort the fraction cards into 3 categories: proper fractions, improper fractions and mixed numbers.

3 Track the time each group takes to sort the fractions.

4 The group with the greatest number of correct answers in the least time wins!

Shade or draw the fractions.

Find the fraction of a collection of objects.

Write four equivalent fractions for the given fractions.

Reduce each fraction to its simplest form.

Compare the fractions and put the < , > or = sign in the box.

Arrange the fractions in ascending and descending order.

Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions and the improper fractions to mixed numbers.

Subtract.

On Sunita's birthday, her mother was baking a cake for her. She cut the cake into 20 equal pieces.

Sunita distributed 3 5 of the pieces among some poor children. How many pieces did Sunita distribute?

Anuj, a shopkeeper, got a contract to deliver rice at a party venue. He had 28 kg of rice. He delivers 5 7 of the rice. How much rice does Anuj have left?

Most frogs can jump from 10 to 20 times their body length. A frog took two jumps. The first jump was 2 9 m long, and the second jump was 3 9 m long. How far did the frog jump in total?

Sudha has 2 5 of 50 rupees, and Ravi has 1 2 of 50 rupees. Who has more money?

A farmer has 56 cows. 3 7 of them are grazing in the field, and the rest are in the barn. How many cows are in the barn?

A vessel contains 2 1 4 litres of milk. John drinks 3 4 litres of milk. How much milk is left in the vessel?

Mohit is travelling from Mumbai to Pune by road. He drove 7 1 5 km on Monday, and 5 3 5 km on Tuesday. How far did he travel on both days?

1 Is the fraction 12 16 is equivalent to the fraction shown in the figure? Shade another equivalent fraction for the given figure.

2 Look at the number puzzle. The sum of the fractions in each row, column and across the diagonals is 15 17 What is the sum of all the missing values?

Case Study

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Cross Curricular & Value Development

Land Distribution Across the Continents

The total area of land on Earth is unevenly distributed among its seven continents. Each continent has its share of human population, and resources like coal, oil, crops, etc. In order to use these resources well and distribute them evenly amongst the world population, we need to learn to manage them well.

Read the table on the land area of the continents and answer the questions.

1 Which continent has the largest land area? Use equivalent fractions to compare.

a Asia

c Africa

2 Which continent has the least land area?

a Europe

c Australia

b Europe

d Australia

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b North America

d Antarctica

3 Arrange the continents in the ascending order of their land areas.

4 What is the difference between the land areas of North America and South America?

5 How can continents with larger land areas (e.g., Asia and Africa) utilise their resources better to support both their populations and the global community?

7 Lines and 2-D Shapes

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Understanding Basic Terms

Ritu is playing a game of joining the numbered dots.

Ritu: Look Mom! I have joined the dots and made the picture of a hut.

Mother: Wow! This looks quite nice!

Points, Rays and Lines

Notice the figure that Ritu has just drawn. She joined the numbered dots in order. The lines formed an interesting shape, that of a hut.

Let us now learn about the different elements of geometry.

Points

A point shows the exact position of an object. It is represented by a dot (.).

A point by itself cannot be measured, as it doesn’t have any length, breadth, or height. However, it can be used to describe a location or position of an object.

Points are named using capital English letters, such as A, B, etc. The map below shows the position of the hotel, the house, and the museum using three different points A, B and C.

Rays

What if Ritu draws a straight path from point A to point B, as shown below, and keeps extending it in one direction?

A B

When a straight path starts at a point and extends endlessly in the other direction, it is called a ray.

A ray has a starting point but no endpoint. Therefore, it has no fixed length either. In the ray shown, A is the starting point.

We can represent the above ray as AB.

Real-life examples of rays are very limited. Light emitted by the Sun is an example of rays.

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Line

What if Ritu keeps on drawing the straight line beyond each of the two points, so that it extends endlessly on both sides?

When a straight path extends in both directions and has no end points, it is called a line.

It is represented with the help of small letters like l, m, n, or points (like AB) that fall on it and is represented as AB

Let us see some examples of types of pairs of lines.

Parallel Lines Intersecting Lines

Ray AB is different from ray BA. In one, A is the starting point while in the other, B is the starting point. Error Alert!

When two lines intersect at an angle of 90°, they are called perpendicular lines.

Example 1: State whether the following statements are true or false.

a The light from a torch is an example of a ray. True

b A line extends endlessly in both directions. True

c A point has only length. False

Example 2: Mark the correct geometric elements in the figure.

O, A, B, C, D and E are points.

AB and CD are lines.

OE OA, OB, OC and OD are a ray.

Example 3: Circle the correct representation of the rays:

Think and Tell

How many lines can pass through two given points?

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Do It Yourself 7A

State whether the following statements are true or false.

a A ray has no end points.

b A line has 2 end points.

c Only one line can pass through a point.

Name the given figures as point, ray or line.

The light emitted by stars is an example of rays and cross roads are an example of intersecting lines. What type of lines are the zebra crossings?

Identify sets of lines that appear to be parallel or intersecting.

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Line Segments

Remember how Ritu joined the dots on the paper to form a hut?

When she joined two points, she drew something called a Line Segment.

So, the straight path between any two points that has a definite length is called a Line Segment.

A line segment is the shortest distance between two points.

The shown line segment can be represented as PQ or simply PQ. P Q

Think and Tell

Can a ray and a line segment be parts of the same line?

In the world around us, we can find many examples of line segments: A straight tight rope A tubelight

Let us learn more about measuring and drawing line segments.

Measuring Line Segments

We measure the length of a line segment using a ruler or scale.

The large number markings that you see on the scale are centimetres (cm).

Did You Know?

Bhaskara II was a renowned mathematician and astronomer. He wrote a book called Lilavati where he talked about adding, subtracting, shapes, and how to measure them.

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Let us learn to use the ruler and measure the line segment AB as shown:

Step 1

Place the edge of the ruler along the line segment AB so that the zero mark of the ruler is at A. Hold the ruler firmly along the line for accurate measurement.

Step 2

Read the mark on the ruler at point B. We can see that the point B is on the mark 7 on the ruler. Thus, the length of the line segment is 7 cm.

Remember!

NEVER put the zero mark of the ruler at any other point of the segment except the starting point.

Example 4: Measure the lengths of the line segments using a ruler.

The starting point of the segment is at the 0 mark of the ruler.

The end point B comes to the “8” marking. Therefore, the length of PQ = 8 cm.

Did You Know?

A ‘smoot’ is a funny unit of measurement named after a person, Oliver R Smoot, in 1958, laid down repeatedly on a bridge to measure its length. The bridge was approximately 364.4 smoots long! Needless to say, hardly anyone in the world uses this unit to measure length!

Drawing Line Segments

Let us now learn to draw line segments using a ruler. Let us assume that we want to draw a line segment that is 5 cm long.

Step 1

Place the ruler firmly on the paper and mark a point with a sharpened pencil against the zero mark of the ruler. Name the point as, say, A.

Step 2

Think and Tell

Can a line be measured using a ruler whose zero mark is missing?

Starting from the point A, move the pencil along the edge of the ruler and draw a line segment of the required length, i.e. 5 cm. Name the other point as B.

The drawn line segment AB is 5 cm long.

Always remember to position your eye directly above the measurement markings on the ruler for accurate results.

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Position of the eye Correct Ruler

Incorrect Incorrect

Do It Yourself 7B

Measure the length of the highlighted edges of the objects using a ruler.

Edge of the book = cm

Edge of the deck of cards = ___________ cm

The figure consists of line segments. Determine the length of each segment.

Pencil

Look at the two pencils.

Tina’s pencil:

Sheena’s pencil:

What will be the total length of the two pencils? Measure the length of your pencil and draw the same length of pencil in your notebook.

Use a ruler to draw line segments of the lengths given.

Anu draws a line segment of length 6 cm. Jiya draws a line segment which is 4 cm more than Anu’s. What is the length of Jiya’s line segment? Draw both the line segments.

of your choice.

Understanding More Geometrical Figures

Shaarvi and Kavya love to scribble and draw!

Shaarvi:What shall we draw today, Kavya?

Kavya:We will draw free-hand shapes today!

Shaarvi:Wow! I want to try this!

Classifying Figures and Shapes

There are different types of figures and shapes that the girls can draw. Let us see some.

Open vs Closed Figures

On their first try, the girls drew the following shapes:

Do you notice anything in these shapes that the girls have drawn?

Shapes A and B are “open”. This means that the starting point of the shape and the end point are not the same.

Shapes C and D on the other hand are “closed”.

Open Figures

There is a gap in the boundary of the figure.

Closed Figures

The figure is continuous and there is no gap in the boundary.

The figure has a different starting point and ending point. These figures have no end points.

Example 5: Name 3 letters from the English alphabet which are open figures?

Letters C, U, and S from the English alphabet are open figures.

Simple vs Non Simple

What if Shaarvi and Kavya drew the following shapes? How are they different from each other? Let us learn!

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What do you notice in these shapes?

In shape B, the boundaries do not cross over at any point, while in shapes A, C and D, the boundaries of the shapes cross over one another.

The figures that do not cross at any point are called simple figures.

In this case, only shape B is a simple figure. Shapes A, C and D are non-simple figures.

Let us look at more examples of simple and non-simple figures:

Simple Figures Non-simple Figures

Example 6: Recognise the simple closed figures.

The shapes 1, 3, and 4 are simple closed figures as they do not cross themselves at any point.

Polygons

Now, let us learn about special type of simple closed figures called a polygon.

Simple closed figures that are made up of only line segments are called polygons.

Did You Know? A polygon with 1 million sides is known as a Megagon.

The line segments that form the polygon are called its sides. The point where two sides meet is called a vertex. A polygon is named on the basis of the number of sides it has. The table shows the different types of polygons.

Example 7: Recognise whether the shapes are polygons or non-polygons. Simple Closed Figure?

Reason Simple and closed, all sides are line segments.

Simple and closed, all sides are line segments.

Simple and closed, but part of the shape is a curve.

Not a simple closed figure.

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Sort the following shapes as open or closed figures.

Sort the following images as simple figures or non-simple figures.

Categorise each of the following figures as simple closed, non-simple closed, simple open or non-simple open.

a b c d e f

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Write if true or false.

a All simple closed shapes are polygons.

b A shape that crosses itself is not a simple closed shape.

c A polygon can be formed with two lines.

d A hexagon has 7 sides.

Write 3 letters from the English alphabet that are closed figures?

Draw any 2 simple figures and 2 non-simple figures.

Identify the polygons. For the ones that are not polygons, substitute it by drawing a possible polygon.

Draw the following polygons.

Circles

Have you ever tried to draw a circle in a field, in the sand or on a beach?

As shown in the image, you can sit at a place and try to draw with a stick in your hand by rotating your body. The shape that you can get is almost a circle.

Circles and Their Parts

A circle is a perfectly round shape, with no corners or edges. Circles are shapes that we see in clocks, wheels, and even in nature.

Parts of a Circle

Let us now identify the different parts of a circle.

Centre

A point inside the circle, called the centre (O), is at equal distance from any point on the circle.

Circumference

The length of the boundary of a circle is called its circumference.

Semicircle

A diameter cuts the circle into two equal parts. Each half is called a semicircle

A diameter is twice the radius of a circle.

Diameter = 2 × Radius, or Radius = 1 2 × Diameter

Radius

The distance between the centre of a circle and any point on it is called a radius. OA, OB, OC are the radii

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Diameter

The line segment (AB) passing through the centre with both its ends lying on the boundary of the circle is called the diameter.

When two circles have the same centre but different radii, they are called concentric circles. In the figure, Circle 1 and Circle 2 are concentric circles.

Remember!

All the radii (plural of radius) of a circle are of the same length.

Think and Tell

How many diameters can a circle have?

Example 8: Identify and write the name of the radius, centre and diameter of the circle.

Centre of the circle: O is the centre

Radii: OA, OB, OC, OD, OE, OF

Diameters: AB and EF

Example 9: Find the diameter of a circle where the radius is 6 cm.

We know that, Diameter = 2 × Radius or Radius = Diameter ÷ 2

So, in this case,

Diameter = 6 cm × 2 = 12 cm

Think and Tell

Does the length of the radius of a circle impact its circumference?

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Example 10: A pot has a radius of 7 cm. If the lid has a diameter of 2 cm more than the diameter of the pot, what is the radius of the lid?

Radius of the pot = 7 cm. So, diameter of the pot = 7 × 2 = 14 cm.

Diameter of the lid = 14 + 2 = 16 cm.

So, the radius of the lid = 16 ÷ 2 = 8 cm.

Constructing Circles

We use an instrument called the compass to construct a circle. A compass has two movable arms joined together where one arm has a pointed end, and the other arm holds a pencil.

Now let us learn how to draw circles.

Insert a pencil into the pencil holder of the compass. Place the pointed end of the compass on the paper as a fixed end.

Rotate the pencil about the pointed end which is now fixed on the paper. The shape that is drawn on the paper is a circle!

Example 11: Construct a circle of radius 4 cm.

To draw a circle with compass, NEVER displace the tip of the compass from its position and ALWAYS tighten the screw of the compass else it can result in an incomplete or imperfect circle.

Fill in the blanks.

a Every point on the boundary of circle is at the same distance from the

b All the radii of a circle are in length.

c A circle can have a/an number of diameters.

d The length of the boundary of a circle is called its .

e A circle has only centre.

Draw a circle with centre O and label its centre, radius and diameter.

Choose the correct answer.

a A circle with a diameter of 10 cm is drawn. What will be its radius?

b A diameter divides a circle into equal parts.

c What is the relation between the radius (R) and diameter (D) of a circle?

Construct circles of the given radii.

The diameter of the planet Mars is 6780 km. What is its radius?

Kanchi was playing with a circular frisbee. She wanted to make a frisbee at home with a radius of 2 cm less than that of the original frisbee. If the diameter of the original frisbee is 18 cm, then construct a circle of the size of the frisbee that Kanchi made.

Setting: Individual

Circle Designs

Materials Required: A compass, sharpened pencils of different colours

Method:

Step 1: Draw a circle of any radius, say, 3 cm at the centre of a sheet of paper.

Step 2: Using the same length of radius, draw three more circles so that they pass through the centre of the first circle.

Step 3: Colour the design using your favourite colours.

Try making more designs using a compass.

Tick () the correct answer.

a AB represents a i ray ii line segment iii line iv point

b A dot made with a pen is an example of a i circle ii polygon iii point iv ray

c How many line segments are there in the figure? i 10 ii 11 iii 13 iv 12

d An octagon has line segments.

i 10 ii 9 iii 8 iv 7

e Which of the following is an example of a ray?

i an arrow released from a bow ii a javelin iii light from a torch iv railway tracks

Identify the letters and numbers as closed, open, simple, or non-simple figures.

Write the names and number of sides of the following polygons.

Contruct circles of the given measurements.

a diameter = 4 cm

c radius = 5 cm

b radius = 4 cm

d diameter = 6 cm

Mary is standing at point A. She wants to get to point B by choosing the shortest route. Which route should she take?

A jar has a diameter of 16 cm. A man wants to buy a lid for the jar so that its radius is 2 cm more than the jar. What should be the radius of the lid?

Surbhi wants to buy some stationery. Find the shortest distance she has to travel, if the shop is located at the other end of the park as shown in the image. 8 m

Find the distance between point A and D in the figure. Given that AB = 12 cm and OP = 4 cm.

A horse is tied to a post in a field full of grass. The length of the rope is 10 metres. If the horse starts grazing everywhere that it can reach, what will be the final shape of the area that has no grass left?

Read the assertion and reason and choose the correct option.

Assertion: Ansh is running around a circular field. The distance from the centre of the field to its boundary is 16 m. The diameter of the field is 32 m.

Reason: The diameter is half the radius.

Options:

a Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c A is true but R is false.

d A is false but R is true.

Surbhi’s house Stationery shop

Value Development & Art Integration

The Track and Field Relay Race

In a school's annual sports meet, an event of the Track and Field Relay Race is organised. This relay race involves teams of four runners each, passing a baton to the next runner in line. The track for this race is a set of concentric circles, with each team starting at different positions along the circles.

Answer the following questions:

1 How would you describe the shape of the track used in the Track and Field Relay Race?

a Square b Circle c Rectangle d Triangle

2 In the Track and Field Relay Race, why do teams start at different positions along concentric circles?

a To make the race more challenging b To ensure fairness and equal distance

c To confuse the runners d To reduce the number of laps required

3 Draw 2 concentric circles of radius 3 cm and 4 cm in your notebooks.

4 Why are sports important in our lives?

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour

1 Write True or False. (4 marks)

A The place value of 5 in 764549 is 500.

B The face value of 3 in 145673 is 30.

C The number name for 152740 is fifteen lakh two thousand seven hundred forty.

D The expanded form of the number 294190 is 200000 + 90000 + 4000 + 100 + 90.

2 Round off the numbers as asked. (4 marks)

A To the nearest 10. i 63,242

B To the nearest 1000. i 77,242

3 Solve to find the answer. Show your work. (4 marks) A 16,241 + 13,200 B 90,002 – 19,990

4 Colour the boxes that have the answers that you can get on dividing a 4-digit number by 1000. (4 marks) 4 4000

5 Write 2 equivalent fractions for the fraction shown by each figure.. (4 marks)

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6 Construct circles of the given measurements. (4 marks) A Radius = 3 cm

Diameter = 8 cm

7 Each extension cord is 11 feet long. What is the approximate length of 97 such extension cords? Round off the numbers to their highest place. (4 marks)

8 Count the number of polygons in the given figure. Hint: Count complex polygons as well. (4 marks)

9 Show the factor pairs of the following numbers by drawing factor tiles. (6 marks)

10 Complete the given multiplication. (4 marks)

11 Each shape represents a number as given. Solve to find the answer. (4 marks) = 29,672 = 44,618 = 11,190 + – = ?

12 Mira has 2 6 of 30 stamps, and Suhana has 3 4 of 60 stamps. How many stamps do each of them have? Who has more stamps? (4 marks)

Answers

Chapter 1

Do It Yourself 1A

1. c 2. c

3. a. 900 and 9 Expanded form = 50000 + 6000 + 900 + 30 + 8

b. 60,000 and 6 Expanded form = 60000 + 5000 + 800 + 90 + 9

c. 5000 and 5 Expanded form = 20000 + 5000 + 400 + 0 + 1

d. 6 and 6 Expanded form = 80000 + 9000 + 300 + 70 + 6

4. a. 17,372; Seventeen thousand three hundred seventy-two

b. 43,890; Forty-three thousand eight hundred ninety

c. 74,065; Seventy-four thousand sixty-five d. 80,379; Eighty thousand three hundred seventy-nine

5. a. 12,321 b. 34,600 c. 78,005 d. 50,010

6. a. 46,322 b. 50,757 c. 73,061 d. 96,408

7. 13,568; thirteen thousand five hundred sixty-eight.

8. Twenty-eight thousand nine hundred sixty-five; 20000 + 8000 + 900 + 60 + 5

Do It Yourself 1B

1. a. Place value of digit 5 is 500000, 8 is 80000, 4 is 4000, 7 is 700, 3 is 30, 6 is 6; Expanded form: 5,00,000 + 80,000 + 4000 + 700 + 30 + 6; face value of digit at lakhs place = 5 b. Place value of digit 7 is 700000, 4 is 4000, 3 is 300, 9 is 90, 1 is 1; Expanded form: 7,00,000 + 4000 + 300 + 90 + 1; face value of digit at lakhs place = 7 c. Place value of digit 3 is 3,00,000, 7 is 70,000, 9 is 900, 4 is 40, 3 is 3; Expanded form: 3,00,000 + 70,000 + 900 + 40 + 3; face value of digit at lakhs place = 3 d. Place value of digit 9 is 900000, 8 is 80000, 5 is 5000, 4 is 400, 1 is 1; Expanded form: 9,00,000 + 80,000 + 5,000 + 400 + 1; face value of digit at lakhs place = 9 2. a. False b. False c. True

3. a. 4,18,222 b. 5,40,147 c. 7,49,021 d. 9,82,902

4. a. 4,18,300 b. 6,20,000 c. 8,05,264 d. 7,20,050

5. a. 1,97,637; One lakh ninety-seven thousand six hundred thirty-seven b. 3,65,021; Three lakh sixty-five thousand twentyone c. 6,32,845; Six lakh thirty-two thousand eight hundred forty-five d. 8,24,137; Eight lakh twenty-four thousand one hundred thirty-seven 6. 3,84,400 = 3,00,000 + 80,000 + 4000 + 400 + 0 + 0 7. The place value of 1 is 100000, 8 is 80000, 4 is 4000, 8 is 800, 0 is 0, 0 is 0, One lakh eighty-four thousand eight hundred. Do It Yourself 1C

1. a. < b. < c. > d. < e. > f. <

2. a. 14,390 < 37,935 < 40,765 < 79,430 b. 27,880 < 32,860 < 59,573 < 66,773 c. 4,67,943 < 4,88,392 < 8,33,067 < 8,64,853 d. 7,06,583 < 7,20,157 < 7,48,546 < 7,59,404

3. a. 24,567 and 76,542 b. 13,678 and 87,631 c. 1,02,457 and 7,54,210 d. 25,689 and 98,652

4. a. 1,12,479 and 9,97,421 b. 1,00,358 and 8,85,310 c. 1,12,679 and 9,97,621 d. 1,00,789 and 9,98,710

5. Supriyaʼs brother 6. No 7. Pacific Ocean; 36,161 > 27,840 > 23,810 > 23,740 > 18,264

8. Answer may vary. Sample answer A book company released two popular books. Book A sold 5,23,782 copies, and Book B sold 527,914 copies. Which book sold more copies?

Do It Yourself 1D

1. a. 130 b. 570 c. 160 d. 1470 e. 47,120

2. a. 200 b. 1700 c. 7600 d. 2400 e. 23,500

3. a. 2000 b. 7000 c. 35,000 d. 87,000 e. 90,000

4. 24,000 saplings 5. 40,000 km

Chapter Checkup

1. a. Place value of digit 4 is 40000, 8 is 8000, 3 is 300, 6 is 60 and 1 is 1. Expanded form of 48,361 = 40000 + 8000 + 300 + 60 + 1 b. Place value of digit 8 is 80000, 7 is 7000, 1 is 100, 0 is 0 and 9 is 9. Expanded form of 87,109 = 80000 + 7000 + 100 + 9 c. Place value of digit 4 is 400000, 5 is 50000, 8 is 8000, 3 is 300, 2 is 20 and 0 is 0. Expanded form = 4,58,320 = 400000 + 50000 + 8000 + 300 + 20 + 0 d. Place value of digit 6 is 600000, 9 is 90000, 2 is 2000, 0 is 0, 4 is 40 and 2 is 2. Expanded form = 6,92,042 = 600000 + 90000 + 2000 + 40 + 2

2. a. 6 × 100000 + 8 × 10000 + 5 × 1000 + 4 × 100 + 8 × 10 + 6 × 1 b. 200000 + 10000 + 3000 + 500 + 40 + 8

3. a. 38,237; Thirty-eight thousand two hundred thirty-seven. b. 4,56,321; Four lakh fifty-six thousand three hundred twentyone. c. 9,70,540; Nine lakh seventy thousand five hundred forty. d. 8,06,399 Eight lakh six thousand three hundred ninety-nine. 4. a. 48,321 b. 1,34,600 c. 78,610 d. 9,10,045 5. a. 82,322 b. 3,50,757 c. 2,73,061 d. 7,96,408 6. a. > b. > c. > d. < e. < f. =

7. a. 37,880 < 42,860 < 46,773 < 69,573; 69,573 > 46,773 > 42,860 > 37,880 b. 23,752 < 24,431 < 25,409 < 28,540; 28,540 > 25,409 > 24,431 > 23,752 c. 64,012 < 64,393 < 64,520 < 64,905; 64,905 > 64,520 > 64,393 > 64,012 d. 93,854 < 3,58,801 < 3,95,701 < 8,26,750; 8,26,750 > 3,95,701 > 3,58,801 > 93,854 e. 7,13,725 < 7,26,890 < 7,58,645 < 7,89,371; 7,89,371 > 7,58,645 > 7,26,890 > 7,13,725 f. 5,80,723 < 5,81,945 < 5,87,206 < 5,88,205; 5,88,205 > 5,87,206 > 5,81,945 > 5,80,723

8. a. 3430, 3400, 3000 b. 6130, 6100, 6000 c. 39,890, 39,900, 40,000 d. 53,480, 53,500, 53,000 9. No. On rounding off 4,85,345 to the nearest 1000, we get 4,85,000. 10. a. Saree 4 < Saree 1 < Saree 3 < Saree 2 b. Saree 1 = ₹ 26,000 Saree 2 = ₹ 97,000 Saree 3 = ₹ 55,000 Saree 4 = ₹ 26,000

11. a. English b. Spanish c. Spanish < Japanese < Chinese < English 12. Answers may vary. Sample answer Four cities are competing to host the next international sports event. The population of each city is as follows:

City A: 534,892; City B: 679,213; City C: 425,678; City D: 796,054

To determine which city is the largest, can you arrange the populations from smallest to largest?

Challenge 1. Place value = 4000; Face value 4 2. 598895

Case Study

1. b 2. Bhutan 3. Iceland 4. Iceland < Maldives < Malta < Suriname < Macao < Bhutan < Guyana < Fiji 5. 9,36,000

Chapter

Do It Yourself 2A

1. a. 9341 b. 69,553 c. 89,979 2. a. 4979 b. 24,654

c. 13,593 3. a. 6918 b. 18,865 c. 15,146 d. 44,789

e. 41,733 f. 30,723 4. 59,533

5. a. 52,421 b. 57,664 6. 3145 animals

7. 47,029 cars 8. 88,574

Do It Yourself 2B

1. a. 76,370 b. 42,112 c. 50,822 d. 12,446 2. a. 4211 b. 24,789 c. 8512 d. 18,005 e. 26,336 f. 70,011

3. a. 16,815 b. 17,481 4. 44,345 5. 16,061

6. 10,010 7. 14,400 species

8. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Mother bought 2589 balloons for my birthday party. 1294 were blue and the rest were red. How many balloons were red?

Do It Yourself 2C

1. a. 9070 b. 1226 c. 34,890 d. 2441 e. 30,552 f. 27,295

2. 23,750 3. ₹15,319 4. 37,627 people 5. 5124 kg

Do It Yourself 2D

1. a. 3700 b. 6200 c. 5400 d. 2100

2. a. 6000 b. 80,000 c. 11,000 d. 14,000

3. 85,000 sq. km

4. 8000 steps

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 84,640 b. 12,226 c. 92,983 d. 77,497

e. 60,836 f. 37,137 2. 8000, 7343 3. 1000, 489

4. 74,842 5. 26,092 6. 1,00,999 7. 2642

8. 18,200 bricks 9. 3900 km, 1100 km 10. b 11. b

12. Answers may vary. Sample answer: I have 123 marbles, I gave 23 to my friends and bought 30 more from a shop. How many marbles do I have now?

Challenge 1. 70,000 2. Yes

Case Study

1. c. 5500 2. b. 6000 trees 3. False

4. If the village plants 3250 trees per week, after 4 weeks, the forest will have 8000 more trees than it started with, which is 2000 more trees than the original scenario where only 2750 trees were planted each week. This change results in a greater number of trees in the forest.

Chapter 3

Do It Yourself 3A

1. a. 466 b. 2488 c. 14,007 d. 36,099

2. a. 939 b. 7218 c. 2004 d. 11,632

3. a. 579 b. 2252 c. 3675 d. 37,496

4. 6420 × 2 = 6420

5. Answers may vary. Sample answer:

Rohit bought 345 pencils each costing 8 rupees. How much did Rohit pay for the pencils?

Do It Yourself 3B

1. a. False b. True c. False d. True 2. a. 3796 b. 4080 c. 3051 d. 37,696 e. 74,592 f. 1,12,252 g. 1,18,440 h. 7,85,488 3. a. 4,2,0; 1,4,5 b. 1,9,0; 5,9,4,0,9

4. a. 891 b. 1134 c. 2480 5. 1001 kg

6. 495 sandwiches, 275 juice bottles.

Do It Yourself 3C

1. a. 37,800 b. 1,18, 800 c. 3,19,200 d. 5,63,200

2. a. 1,04,400 b. 35,938 c. 1,09,940 d. 6,00,950 e. 3,13,875 f. 2,49,682

3. 860 × 150 = 1,29,000 and 375 × 344 = 1,29,000. So the missing digit is 4. 4. 2,92,000 L

Do It Yourself 3D

1. ₹3807 2. 21,665 days 3. 13,237 calories

4. No, the total cost of the tickets won’t fit in their budget.

5. a. 24,160 people b. 22,725 people

6. ₹12,400 7. ₹5535

Do It Yourself 3E

1. a. 2400 b. 46,400 c. 81,000 d. 3,93,600 e. 1,44,500

f. 5,61,000 2. a. 20,000 b. 50,000 c. 1,80,000

3. a. 5500; 10,000 b. 3,43,200; 3,20,000 c. 8,42,800

4. Estimated product = 4400

Actual product = 4730 Actual product is greater than the estimated product 5. 4800 bottles approx.

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 4200 b. 594 c. 1323 d. 51,600

2. a. 2870 b. 1688 c. 24,069 d. 72,808 3. a. 2256

b. 2952 c. 66,573 d. 4151 4. a. 11,844 b. 15,560

c. 24,570 d. 2,32,353 e. 9,28,512 f. 3,26,700

g. 3,19,000 h. 1,28,520 5. a. 71,200 b. 84,700 c. 10,000

d. 3,60,000 6. 758 steps 7. 11,250 m 8. ₹54,660

9. 28,888 kg 10. 770 km 11. 1,54,215 books

12. ₹28,368 13. About 2,00,000 people

Challenge 1. OUEU

2. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Rishi has to pack 429 gift boxes with 10 ceramic cups in each. How many ceramic cups does Rishi need in total?

Case Study

1. ₹410 2. a.false b.true 3. 42,224 kg

4. 11,214 days 5. 36,000 km 6. Answers may vary.

Chapter 4

Do It Yourself 4A

1. a. False b. True c. True d. True 2. a. 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 6, 1, 4

b. 8, 9, 2, 7, 4 ,7, 2 3. a. 49 b. 216 c. 321 d. 349 e. 1234

f. 897 4. a. 56 b. 84 c. 184

5. Number of pages left = 4 pages 6. 290 boxes

Do It Yourself 4B

1. a. 48, 6 b. 9, 86 c. 976, 5 d. 34, 79 e. 7, 894 f. 5, 555

2. a. 51, 17 b. 26, 146 c. 4, 764 3. a. 3, 3, 1, 4, 7, 9

b. 3, 1, 5, 5, 7, 2, 6, 7 4. a. Q = 36; R = 11 b. Q = 204; R = 1

c. Q = 201; R = 27 5. a. 5 b. 18 c. 90

6. 45 7. 20 hours

8. 200 40 6000 400 2000 4 60 2 600 4000

Do It Yourself 4C

1. 14 bottles 2. 40 pages 3. ₹50 4. 635 shelves

5. 135 packets

6. 912 trees

7. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Rani had made 3860 cloth dolls. She sends her dolls to 5 different stores. How many dolls will each store receive?

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 4 b. 48 c. 1 d. 40 e. 4 f. 8 2. a. Q = 153; R = 0 b. Q = 95; R = 8 c. Q = 45; R = 0 d. Q = 1962; R = 0 e. Q = 78; R = 94 f. Q = 208; R = 0 3. a. 123, 3 b. 41, 2 c. 236, 5 4. a. 365 b. 60 c. 550 5. a. 50 b. 30 c. 140

6. 9 households 7. 41 students 8. ₹110 9. 127 boxes

Challenge 1. 640 boxes 2. a. 16 b. 10

Case Study

1. d. 210 2. a. False b. True 3. 138 4. 45 saplings

Chapter 5

Do It Yourself 5A

1. Colur 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 in red. 7, 14 in green and 9, 18 in blue.

2. a. 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 b. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 c. 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 d. 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 e. 13, 26, 39, 52, 65 f. 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 g. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 h. 16, 32, 48, 64, 80 i. 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 j. 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 3. a. 60 b. 117 c. 99 d. 60 e. 60 f. 125 4. 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72

5. The multiples of 8 are: 80, 88, 96, 104, 112, 120, 128, 136, 144 The multiples of 11 are: 77, 88, 99, 110, 121, 132, 143

6. a. Yes b. No c. Yes d. Yes

7. a. 6 and 12 b. 21 and 42 c. 18 and 36 d. 15 and 30 e. 18 and 36 f. 30 and 60

8. No, 27 is a multiple of 9 but not 8.

9. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 10. 12th and 24th

Do It Yourself 5B

1. 1 row of 24: 1 × 24 = 24; 24 rows of 1: 24 × 1 = 24; 2 rows of 12: 2 × 12 = 24; 12 rows of 2: 12 × 2 = 24; 3 rows of 8: 3 × 8 = 24; 8 rows of 3: 8 × 3 = 24; 4 rows of 6: 4 × 6 = 24; 6 rows of 4: 6 × 4 = 24; Factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24.

2. a. 1, 2, 7, 14 b. 1, 3, 7, 21 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 d. 1, 3, 13, 39 e. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40 f. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42 g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 h. 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50

3. a. 1, 3, 9 b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 c. 1, 3, 5, 15 d. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15, 30 4. Yes, as 126 leaves no remainder when divided by 18.

5. 12 6. a. 1, 2 b. 1, 2 c. 1, 5 d. 1, 2 7. 6, 3 8. a. False b. False c. False d. False 9. No, 45 has 6 factors and 14 has 4 factors. 10. Five ways

11. Number of Packets Biscuits in each packet

12. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

A teacher has 18 pencils and 24 erasers. She wants to distribute them to students in equal groups, with each group getting the same number of pencils and erasers. What are the factors of 18 and 24 that could represent the group sizes?

Chapter Checkup

1. a. 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 b. 17, 34, 51, 68, 85 c. 18, 36, 54, 72, 90 d. 19, 38, 57, 76, 95 e. 21, 42, 63, 84, 105 f. 23, 46, 69 , 92, 115 g. 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 h. 32, 64, 96, 128, 160

2. a. 10 b. 24 c. 40 d. 28 e. 30 f. 50 g. 22 h. 120

3. a. 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 b. 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 22, 33, 66 c. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 72 d. 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 22, 44, 88

e. 1, 2, 7, 14, 49, 98 f. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120 g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 13, 26, 39, 52, 78, 156 h. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 30, 36, 45, 60, 90, 180

4. a. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 b. 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72

c. 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84

5. a. 1, 2, 4 b. 1, 2 c. 1, 3 d. 1, 3

e. 1, 5 f. 1, 2, 7, 14 g. 1, 3, 9 h. 1

6. a. No b. Yes c. No d. Yes e. Yes f. No

7. 180 minutes. 8. 20 flowers

9. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

A gardener waters one set of plants every 4 days and another set every 6 days. If both sets are watered today, in how many days will the gardener need to water both sets of plants again on the same day?

Challenge 1. 18 2. 6 groups

Case Study

1. c 2. c

1 6 8

5 3 2 9 4

3. 1 × 36, 36 × 1, 2 × 18, 18 × 2, 3 × 12, 12 × 3, 4 × 9, 9 × 4, 6 × 6

4. Answer may vary.

Chapter 6

Do It Yourself 6A

1. a. 3 4 b. 3 5 c. 3 8 d. 1 3 2. a. 3 b. 4 c. 7 3. a.

d. 6 e. 22 f. 30 g. 15 h. 20 4. 5. 5 10

6. 25 snow leopards 7. 36 pencils

8. 45 students 9. 0 roses

Do It Yourself 6B

1. a. b. c. d.

2. Answer may vary. Sample answer. a. 6 8 , 9 12 , 12 16 , 15 20 b. 4 14 , 6 21 , 8 28 , 10 35 c. 2 10 , 3 15 , 4 20 , 5 25 d. 2 8 , 3 12 , 4 16 , 5 20

3. a. 1 5 b. 1 3 c. 1 13 d. 1 13 e. 1 3 f. 1 7 g. 4 13 h. 1 2 4. a. 6

b. 3, 15 c. 2, 2 d. 7, 7 e. 5, 5 f. 4, 28 g. 6, 30 h. 9, 5

5. 3 8 , 2 41 , 5 24 6. 94 100

7. Sleep Eat

8. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

Amir is pouring juice into glasses. He uses 3 5 of a liter of juice for the first batch. He needs to use an equivalent amount of juice for the next two batches but wants to express it in different fractions. Can you help Amir find two equivalent fractions for 3 5 of a liter of juice?

Do It Yourself 6C

1. a. Like fractions b. Like fractions c. Like fractions

d. Unlike fractions

4. a.

5. Watermelons > Oranges > Apples > Bananas

6. Answers may vary. Sample answer.

Three athletes are practicing their swimming. Emma swam 9 15 of the pool length, Sam swam 11 15 , and Mia swam 7 15. Help the athletes by ordering the fractions from least to greatest to see who swam the shortest and longest distances.

Do It Yourself 6D

1. a. Proper fraction b. Improper Fraction c. Mixed fraction d. Improper fraction e. Mixed fraction f. Proper fraction

Chapter Ceckup

6. Answers may vary. Sample answer. A painter is mixing colors for a mural. He has 4 1 2 cans of blue paint but needs to know how many half-cans of paint he has in total. Write 4 1 2 as an improper fraction?

Challenge 1. Yes 2. 110 17

Case Study

1. Option a 2. Option c

3. Australia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, North America, Africa and Asia.

4. 1 20 5. Answers may vary.

Chapter 7

Do It Yourself 7A

1. a. False b. False c. False 2. a. Ray PQ b. Line CD c. Point Q

3. Points: A, B, C, D, O, P, Q Rays: OA , OB , OC , OQ, OP Lines: BC , PQ

4. Parallel lines

5. Line a and Line b are parallel.

Line x and Line y are perpendicular.

7. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Lily baked a batch of cookies and decided to divide them among her friends. She gave 3 8 of the cookies to her friend Sarah, and 5 12 of the cookies to her friend Ben. How much of the batch did Lily give away in total?

6. Answers may vary. Sample answers: a d j H E F G K

Do It Yourself 7B

1. a. 4 cm b. 2 cm 2. 6 2cm 3 cm 3 cm 3 cm 3 cm 2cm

3. Measures may vary

4. Not drawn to scale. Sample figures: a. A B 6 cm b. A B 9 cm c. A B 10 cm d. A B 14 cm

5. Not drawn to scale, sample figures: 10 cm A B 6 cm A B 10 cm

6. Answer may vary. Sample answer. Using a ruler, draw a line segment that is 12 centimeters long. Label one endpoint as P and the other as Q.

Do It Yourself 7C

1. a. Open figure b. Open figure c. Closed figure

d. Closed figure 2. Simple figures - b, d Non-simple figures - a, c

3. Non-simple closed - a, c, f Simple open - b, d, e

4. a. False b. True c. False d. False

5. Answer may vary. Sample answer. B, D, O

6. Figures may vary. Sample figures.

Simple figures Non-simple figures

7. a. Figure a is a polygon. b.

c. d.

8. a. b. c. d.

Do It Yourself 7D

1. a. centre b. equal c. infinite d. circumference e. one

3. a.

4. Not drawn to scale. Sample figures. a. 2

O b. 5cm O c. 6

5. 3390 km

d. 3

6. Not drawn to scale. Sample figure. 7 cm 7 cm A

Chapter Checkup

1. a. i b. iii c. iv d. iii e. iii

2. B – closed and non-simple, C – open and simple, D – closed and simple, U – open and simple, 7 – open and simple, 0 – closed and simple, 8 – closed and non-simple, S – open and simple

3. a. Rectangle, 4. b. Triangle, 3. c. Pentagon, 5. d. Decagon, 10.

4. Not drawn to scale. Sample figures. a. 2 cm O b. 4 cm O c. 5cm O d. 3

5. AB 6. 10 cm 7. 16 m Challenge 1. 4 cm 2. Circle 3. c. A is true but R is false.

Case Study

1. b. Circle

2. b. To ensure fairness and equal distance

3. Students will construct concentric circles.

4. Answer may vary.

1 Food and Digestion

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Chapter Overview

Nutrients from Food

Food and Digestion Preserving Food Cooking Food Balanced Diet Digestion of Food

Food is important for us. Give examples of the following food types.

1. Energy-giving food

2. Body-building food

3. Protective food Get Set

Nutrients from Food

After getting ready for school, Reyansh asks his mother, “Mumma, what is for breakfast today?” His mother gives him bread and jam for breakfast. The next day, Reyansh asks his mother about breakfast again. She replies, “Today, we have paneer paratha!” Reyansh feels sad and asks for bread and jam only. His mother then explains to him that he needs to have a variety of food to get different nutrients. Reyansh then asks his mother about the nutrients and their types. Let us learn about them.

Food is one of the necessities of life. When we eat food, our body absorbs useful substances called nutrients from it.

Remember!

Nutrients give us the energy to do various activities, such as playing, running and studying. They help in the growth and repair of our body. They also protect our body against diseases and keep us healthy. So, in order to fulfil our body needs, we need to eat a variety of food in our meals.

Food can be divided into three food groups: energy-giving food, bodybuilding food and protective food.

The food we eat contains different types of nutrients along with roughage and water. The five main types of nutrients in our food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Let us learn about each type of nutrient.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates play an important role in our diet. They are the nutrients that give us energy to do work. Carbohydrates are of two types—sugar and starch.

Foods such as rice, chapati, bread, corn, potato, sugar and honey are rich in carbohydrates.

People who do more physical work like sportspersons, labourers and farmers should include more carbohydrate-rich food in their meals as they need more energy.

Fats

Like carbohydrates, fats also provide energy to the body. They help to keep our bodies warm.

Foods such as butter, ghee, oil and dry fruits are rich in fat.

We require fats in very small amounts in our bodies. The extra fat we eat gets stored in our body for later use.

Food rich in carbohydrates and fats are called energy-giving food.

Some people think that eating more fatty foods gives them more energy. But fats are difficult to digest and get stored in our body. Too much fat can cause health problems. Error Alert!

Sources of Carbohydrates

Rice

Chapati

Bread Corn

Potato Honey

Sugar

Butter Ghee

Oil

Dry

Fruits

Sources of Fats

Proteins

Protein helps in the growth and repair of our body. Have you ever got a cut? What happens to the wound after some time? After some time, our injuries heal. It is the protein that helps our body to recover from an injury by generating new cells. This is why growing children and sick people should include more protein-rich food in their meals.

Foods like milk, eggs, meat, fish, beans and pulses are rich in proteins. Food rich in proteins is called body-building food.

Vitamins

Vitamins help our body fight against infections. They help to heal wounds and keep our bones and gums strong. They are required in small amounts but are important for the body.

Minerals

Minerals keep us fit and healthy. These are required for the smooth functioning of our body. They help in the formation of blood, teeth and bones.

Some important minerals are sodium, potassium, calcium, iodine and iron. Fresh fruits, leafy vegetables, milk, meat and fish are good sources of vitamins and minerals.

Food rich in vitamins and minerals is called protective food.

Water and Roughage

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Besides nutrients, our body also needs water and roughage. Water and roughage do not provide any nutrients but they are important for the proper functioning of body.

Importance of Water

• Water helps to digest food.

• It helps to remove waste from the body in the form of urine and sweat.

• It also regulates our body temperature.

Importance of Roughage

Fruits, vegetables and grains contain fibres that cannot be digested by the human body. They are called roughage.

Roughage does not contain any nutrients but it is important for digestion. It adds bulk to the food and helps to get rid of the undigested food from the body. It helps in digestion and prevents constipation.

regulate: to control

Pause and Answer

Given below are some food items. Sort them and fill in the table below based on the nutrients present in them.

Meat, chapati, fish, milk, fresh fruits and vegetables, bread, honey, spinach, dry fruits, ghee, oil, pulses, beans, eggs, potatoes

Carbohydrates Proteins Fats

Balanced Diet

Nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals are essential components of a balanced diet. A balanced diet should also include roughage (fibre) and water. So, we can say a diet that has all the essential nutrients in the right amounts, as required by the body, is called a balanced diet. We must eat a balanced diet to lower the risk of diseases and stay healthy.

A balanced diet is not the same for everyone. It can be different for people based on their age, job and health needs. Error Alert!

Pause and Answer

Tick ( ) the correct statements about a balanced diet.

Think and Tell

How many glasses of water and milk do you drink daily?

1. A balanced diet should contain all the nutrients in the right amount.

2. A balanced diet should not include water and roughage.

3. A balanced diet is the same for everyone.

4. A balanced diet keeps us healthy.

5. A balanced diet lowers the risk of diseases.

Cooking Food

Most food items are consumed only after cooking. Cooking kills germs present in the food. It makes the food tasty. But overcooking destroys the nutritional value of the food.

While steaming, the food is cooked using steam or water vapours. Foods such as idlis and dumplings are cooked by steaming.

While boiling, the food is cooked in hot water. Foods such as pulses and eggs are boiled before eating.

In roasting, the food is cooked in dry heat on stove. Foods such as brinjal and meat can be roasted before eating.

Preserving Food

In frying, the food is cooked in hot oil or ghee. Foods like puris and fritters (pakoras) are cooked by frying.

In baking, the food is cooked in dry heat in a closed space like an oven. Foods such as cakes and cookies are cooked by baking.

Do you have food left over after your meals at home? If so, how do you store them?

We mostly store cooked food in our refrigerator for a few hours to a few days. There are some food items which can be stored for months. Some food items get spoiled easily while some do not spoil for a long time. Food gets spoiled due to germs. If we eat this spoiled food, we can fall sick. We can prevent the spoilage of food through preservation. The process in which food is treated and stored to prevent spoilage is called food preservation. Some methods for food preservation are:

• Drying: It is one of the oldest methods of preservation. In this method, the food is dried under the sun. Drying removes the moisture from the food and stops germs from growing. Drying is used to preserve food like potato chips, mangoes and dry fruits.

dumplings: a small piece of dough filled with spiced vegetables or meat prevent: to stop spoilage: getting wasted

Potatoes need to be dried to make chips.

• Freezing or Refrigeration: In this method, food items are stored at low temperatures to preserve their taste and nutrients. Peas and meat are preserved by freezing.

• Sweetening: When excess sugar is added to food, it kills germs and protects the food from getting spoiled. Sugar also adds a sweet taste to the food. We preserve jams and jellies by sweetening.

• Salting: In this method, salt is used to preserve the food. Salting removes moisture from the food. Fish is preserved by salting.

• Boiling: Have you ever wondered why your mother boils milk? She does this to prevent the milk from spoiling. Boiling is used to preserve food items only for a short time.

• Canning: It is the method in which food is stored in airtight jars called cans. Fruits, vegetables and meat can be preserved by canning.

Did You Know?

Sun drying is one of the oldest methods of preserving food items. Grains are preserved by drying them properly in the sun.

Do and Learn

Look into the kitchen. Make a list of different food items that are preserved in the kitchen. You can ask an adult for help. Also, write down the name of the preservation method used for each food item. Record your observations in a table as shown below.

Food

Item

Method of Preservation

A Bottle of Jam

Boiling Milk

Canned Food Items

Pause and Answer

Read the sentences given below. Write the name of the preservation method. Also, give an example of a food item preserved in this way.

1. This method removes moisture from the food and stops germs from growing.

2. This method is used to preserve food items for a short time.

3. This method uses salt for food preservation.

4. This method freezes the food items to preserve their taste and nutrients.

5. This method uses sugar to preserve food items.

Digestion of Food

Our body cannot directly absorb nutrients from the food we eat. The food we eat needs to be broken down into simpler forms so that it can be easily absorbed by our bodies. This process of breaking down food into simpler forms is called digestion. The group of organs that help in the digestion of food in our body makes up our digestive system. The main parts of the body that are involved in digestion are the mouth, food pipe (oesophagus), stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine and anus.

1. Mouth: The process of digestion begins in the mouth. The food is first broken down by biting and chewing. This food is then mixed with saliva, a watery substance present in the mouth. Saliva helps in food digestion.

4. Small intestine: After passing through the stomach, the food reaches the small intestine. In this organ, all the nutrients from the food is absorbed, and then supplied by the blood to other body parts.

5. Liver: It produces a juice that breaks down fats into tiny droplets.

Pancreas: It produces a juice that also helps in digestion.

2. Oesophagus: This is also called the food pipe, and it is a thin, long tube. After the mouth, the food goes through the food pipe and reaches the stomach.

3. Stomach: This is a saclike or J-shaped organ. This organ acts like a mixer and mixes all the food particles to form a fine paste.

6. Large intestine: The large intestine absorbs water from the undigested food, and the remaining food is formed into a waste called faeces.

7. Anus: The faeces produced in the large intestine get removed from the body through the anus.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To understand the process of digestion in the mouth

Materials Needed: A zip lock bag, two slices of bread and water

Method:

Step 1: Take a zip lock bag and place the slices of bread inside.

Step 2: Add a small amount of water to the bag.

Step 3: Seal the bag tightly and mash it gently with your hands for some time.

Step 4: Observe what happens to the bread.

Findings: The bread slices will get crushed and mix well with the water, similar to how food is broken down and mixed with saliva in the mouth.

Conclusion: This is how food gets mixed with saliva in the mouth during the process of digestion.

Wonders of Bharat

India has a variety of fermented foods such as idli and dosa that promote gut health. These are made from fermented rice and lentil batter making them easier to digest and enhancing the nutrient content in them.

Word Splash

nutrients: components in food that help our bodies to grow and stay healthy constipation: a condition where undigested food (stool) becomes hard and painful to pass balanced diet: a diet that has all the essential nutrients in the right amount as required by the body food preservation: the process in which food is treated and stored to prevent spoilage digestion: the process of breaking down food into simpler forms digestive system: group of organs that help in the digestion of food in our body

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about food.

Points to Remember

• There are five types of nutrients namely carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals.

• We must eat a balanced diet to stay fit and healthy.

• Cooking food makes it tasty but overcooking destroys its nutritional value.

• Food needs to be preserved to prevent it from spoilage.

• Digestion is important to absorb all the nutrients from the food we eat.

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Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which nutrient gives us the energy to do work? Carbohydrates Proteins Minerals Vitamins

B. Which food items are cooked by steaming? Cakes Idlis Cookies Pulses

C. Which preservation method is used for jams and jellies? Drying Salting Boiling Sweetening

D. In which part of the digestive system does the food enter first?

Anus Mouth Stomach Food pipe

E. Which method is commonly used to preserve food only for short interval of time? Drying Boiling Salting Canning

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. help in the formation of teeth, bones and blood.

B. help us fight infections and heal wounds.

C. help with the growth and repair of our body.

D. Foods rich in and are called energy-giving foods.

E. Foods rich in vitamins and minerals are called foods.

3. Write True or False.

A. Roughage is an example of a nutrient.

B. We should not overcook our food.

C. Canning, salting and refrigeration are methods of food preservation.

D. The digestion of food starts in the food pipe.

E. Cakes and cookies are cooked by frying.

4. Short-answer questions.

A. Give two examples of foods rich in vitamins and minerals.

B. Why do we need to cook food?

C. Which two food items are cooked by baking?

D. Name two food items that are preserved by sweetening.

E. What is digestion?

F. What is the function of liver and pancreas?

5. Long-answer questions.

A. What are nutrients? Name the different types of nutrients with one example of each.

B. Explain any 3 methods of cooking. Give examples of food items cooked by each method.

C. What is food preservation? Write one line about each of the different methods of preserving food.

D. Explain digestion with the help of a well-labelled diagram.

6. Picture-based questions.

A. Look at the image. Label it.

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B. Write the function of the organ mentioned in label 6.

Challenge (HOTS)

Heena often falls sick. She is also constipated. What kind of diet would you suggest to her to help her get well?

Life Skills

Food is a basic requirement for all living beings. We should not waste food. With the help of your parents and neighbours, collaborate with the nearby restaurants to collect the extra or leftover food they have, and donate it to needy people.

2 Teeth and Microbes

Chapter Overview

Importance of Teeth

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Types of Permanent Teeth

Structure of a Tooth

Care for Teeth

What Are Microbes?

Get Set

Read the story given below.

While eating her breakfast, Rani felt one of her front tooth shake, and then it gently fell out. She showed it to her grandmother, who said, “Ah, one of your milk tooth fell out, did it? Don’t worry! A stronger tooth will grow in its place soon.”

Teeth are very important for our digestive system. They help break down food by crushing or cutting it before we swallow it and digest it further. Most humans have 32 teeth.

Teeth and Microbes

Importance of Teeth

Teeth are important because they help us bite and chew our food. When we bite and chew, it makes the food smaller and easier for our stomach to digest. They also help us speak clearly, and they are an important part of our smile.

Human beings have two sets of teeth: temporary and permanent.

Temporary Teeth or Milk Teeth

This first set of teeth is called temporary teeth or milk teeth. The first tooth appears when a baby is seven or eight months old. By the age of three years, a baby has 20 teeth.

Permanent Teeth

When a child is around six years old, the milk teeth begin to fall out. A new set of teeth grows in place of the milk teeth. These are called permanent teeth. An adult human has 32 permanent teeth.

Types of Permanent Teeth

Teeth are used for tearing, biting and grinding food. There are four main types of teeth, each with a different shape and function to perform these tasks.

Incisors

These are eight teeth located at the front part of the mouth, with four in the lower and four in the upper jaw. These are usually the first permanent teeth that a child gets. They generally grow between the ages of six and eight. Incisors are the teeth we use to bite or cut our food.

Canines

Discuss!

Neha got all her new teeth in place of the ones which fell out when she was six years old. However, her grandfather, who has lost all his teeth, does not grow new teeth. Why?

Incisor Premolar Canine Molar Types of Permanent Teeth

Incisors

Canines

Premolars Molars

Types of Teeth

There are four canines—two in the upper and two in the lower jaw. These are next to the incisors. Canines are our sharpest teeth and help us tear food apart.

Milk Teeth

Permanent Teeth

Premolars

There are eight premolars in your mouth—two on each side of the upper and the lower jaws. These teeth help tear and crush food.

Molars

Molars are your largest teeth, twelve in total, and at the back of your mouth. Like premolars, they help grind, tear and crush food. Their large, flat surface makes them perfect for this job.

Pause and Answer

Name the following.

1. The teeth used for tearing and crushing food

2. The teeth with a large flat biting surface

Structure of a Tooth

Did You Know?

Herbivores, like cows, horses, rabbits and deer, generally do not have canines. But some, like hippopotamus, have them to defend themselves.

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We have learnt about different types of teeth. Each tooth has three main parts.

Crown: The crown is the part of the tooth that can be seen in our mouth. It is the part we use to chew our food. Different types of teeth have different shapes of crowns. For example, incisors have flat, sharp edges for cutting, while molars have large and flat surface for grinding.

Neck: The neck of the tooth is where the crown meets the gumline. It is the middle part of the tooth and it holds the tooth in place.

Root: The root is the part of the tooth that is hidden under your gums and anchored into the jawbone. It keeps the tooth stable and strong.

Inside the Tooth

The internal structure of a tooth consists of three main layers:

Enamel: The enamel is the outermost white layer of the crown. It is the hardest part of our body and it protects the tooth from damage.

Dentine: Underneath the enamel is the dentine. It is not as hard as enamel but still protects the pulp of the tooth. Dentine is yellowish and makes up most of the tooth.

Pulp: The pulp is the soft, inner part of the tooth. It has blood vessels and nerves. The pulp keeps your tooth alive and healthy.

edges: sharp or flat sides of an object anchored: to be held firmly in one place

Crown Neck Root

Structure of a Tooth

Internal Structure of a Tooth

Enamel

Dentine

Pulp

Do and Learn

Take a small mirror. Now, look at your teeth in the mirror and find the different types. First, find the incisors at the front and count their number. Next, look for the canines on either side of the incisors. Finally, locate the premolars and molars at the back of your mouth. Now, count the number of each type of teeth in the mouth.

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Pause and Answer

Label the different parts of the tooth.

Calcium strengthens the hard outer shell of your tooth, called the enamel. Did You Know?

Care for Teeth

Cavity

A tooth cavity is a small hole or opening that forms on the surface of a tooth. It happens when the hard outer layer of the tooth, called enamel, gets damaged or worn away by bacteria and acids from leftover food in our mouth. Cavities can cause tooth pain and lead to problems if proper care is not taken.

Tips for Healthy Teeth

Taking good care of your teeth by brushing, and visiting the dentist can help prevent cavities.

Here are some simple tips for taking care of your teeth (oral hygiene):

• Brush Twice a Day: Brush your teeth in the morning and evening using a toothbrush and toothpaste. This helps to remove food and plaque, keeping your teeth clean and healthy.

• Floss Daily: Flossing helps clean between your teeth where your toothbrush cannot reach. Do this once a day to keep your gums healthy.

acids: liquids that can wear away or break down materials plaque: a harmful substance that forms on your teeth

Cavity in a Tooth

• Eat Healthy Foods: Eat lots of fruits and vegetables, and avoid too many sugary snacks and drinks. Too much sweet food can cause cavities.

• Rinse After Eating: If you cannot brush your teeth after a meal, rinse your mouth with water to help remove food particles.

• Visit the Dentist: Go to the dentist regularly for oral check-ups.

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Brush twice Floss daily. Eat healthy foods. Rinse after eating. Visit the dentist. a day.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: To show that fizzy drinks harm our teeth

Materials Needed: a hard-boiled egg (with the shell), a cup of fizzy drink, a clear jar or a glass

Method:

Step 1. Pour a cup of fizzy drink into the jar.

Step 2. Add the hard-boiled egg into the jar.

Step 3. Leave the egg in the fizzy drink for a day.

Step 4. Remove the egg the next day and feel its shell.

Findings: You will observe that the egg shell has become yellow and soft due to the action of fizzy drink on the egg shell.

Conclusion: This proves that our teeth are harmed by fizzy drinks as our teeth are also made of the same substance as the egg shell.

Pause and Answer

Fill in the blanks.

1. rich foods are good for your teeth.

2. Brush your teeth a day.

3. drinks are not good for teeth.

Think and Tell

What is the right way to brush one’s teeth? Name at least two ways.

What Are Microbes?

Microbes are tiny living things that are too small to see with our naked eyes. We need a microscope to see them. They are found all around us as they live in water, soil and air. The human body is home to millions of these microbes. Some common types of microbes are bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa. Some of these microbes make us ill while some are important for us.

Different Types of Microbes

Harmful microbes can make us sick. They can cause illnesses like colds, flu and stomach bugs. These microbes can spread from one person to another through coughing, sneezing or touching dirty surfaces.

Harmful Microbes

• Bacteria can cause common illnesses like sore throat, ear infections and food poisoning.

• Viruses can cause illnesses such as the common cold, flu and chickenpox.

• Some fungi can cause infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm and yeast infections.

• Malaria is a common illness caused by protozoa, which can cause a high fever and make us feel very weak.

Useful Microbes

Not all microbes are bad. Microbes help us in many ways.

• They are used to make food such as curd, yoghurt, cheese and bread.

• They help in digestion of food.

• Scientists use microbes to make medicines like antibiotics.

• Microbes also help break down dead plants and animals into nutrients that growing plants can use.

• They even help in cleaning up the environment. These tiny microbes play a crucial role in maintaining the health and balance of our world.

Bacteria

Algae

Fungi

Protozoa

Ringworm Caused by Fungi

Wonders of Bharat

Fastminar is a 40-foot structure made with approximately 80,000 toothbrushes. It is located at Terna Dental College in Navi Mumbai, India. The monument has been certified by Guinness World Records as the largest toothbrush sculpture of a body part in the world.

Word Splash

gumline: where your teeth and gums meet jawbone: the hard, bony part of the mouth that holds teeth cavity: a small hole or opening that forms on the surface of a tooth antibiotics: medicines that fight infections microbes: tiny living things that are too small to see with our naked eyes

Explore More!

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Scan the QR code to know more about teeth and microbes.

Points to Remember

• Human beings have two sets of teeth: temporary and permanent.

• Teeth are of different types: Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molars.

• There are 3 main parts of a tooth: crown, neck and root.

• Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us.

• The conversion of milk into curd occurs due to the presence of bacteria.

• Microbes can be useful or harmful.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the care of teeth?

Teeth get damaged by chewing food.

We should not eat too many sweets. We should brush our teeth twice a day. We should eat raw fruits and vegetables.

B. The number of molars in each jaw is four two one six

C. Which of the following is not a microbe? Bacteria Fungi Plaque Protozoa

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. A tooth has a , a neck and a .

B. Eating too many causes cavities.

C. are tiny living things that are too small to see with our naked eyes.

D. Medicines such as are prepared with the help of microbes.

E. teeth begin to fall off at the age of six.

3. Write True or False.

A. Microbes are organisms which are not visible to human eyes.

B. The crown is the top most part of your tooth.

C. The first tooth appears when a child is around seven to eight months old.

D. A new born baby has only two teeth.

4. Match the following.

A. Incisors

i. Grinding

B. Canines ii. Crushing

C. Premolars iii. Cutting

D. Molars

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How many types of teeth do we have?

B. How can we avoid cavities?

C. What are temporary teeth?

iv. Tearing

D. Draw and label the different parts of a tooth.

E. List two uses of microbes.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. How does flossing help to keep your teeth healthy?

B. What can happen if you don’t take care of your teeth properly?

C. What is the effect of fizzy drinks on your teeth?

D. Explain why visiting the dentist regularly is important for dental health.

E. Which type of tooth (incisor, canine, premolar, molar) do you think is most important for chewing food? Justify your answer.

F. What happens to your teeth when you eat too much sugar?

7. Picture-based questions.

A. Name the type of teeth numbered 32, 24, 11 and 9 in the given image.

B. Write the number of the teeth that are used to bite food.

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Challenge (HOTS)

Predict what might happen if you do not brush your teeth for two weeks. What changes would you notice?

Life Skills

It is really important to take care of our teeth. Here are some easy tips that we can share with our family and friends:

• Brush your teeth twice a day for 2 minutes with a soft toothbrush and toothpaste.

• Floss every day to clean between your teeth where the toothbrush can’t reach.

• Rinse your mouth with water after meals to help remove food bits.

• Eat healthy snacks like fruits, and vegetables instead of sugary treats.

• Drink plenty of water to keep your mouth hydrated and help wash away food.

• Visit the dentist every six months for check-ups to keep your teeth strong and your smile bright.

Let us spread the word so everyone can have healthy teeth and happy smiles.

3 Clothes We Wear

Chapter Overview

Clothes We Wear

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Need

for Clothes

What Makes Clothes? Different Clothes

Caring for Clothes

Complete the crossword puzzle with the help of the hints given below.

Across

1. We wear this to protect ourselves from getting wet in the rain.

2. We wear these boots in the rainy season.

Down

3. We wear these types of clothes in summer.

4. We wear these types of clothes in winter.

Need for Clothes

You are going to picnic with your friends. You see that the weather outside is sunny and breezy. What clothes would you choose for yourself and why? Would you have chosen the same kinds of clothes if:

• the sky outside was covered in dark, heavy clouds?

• if it was cold outside?

Clothes are one of the basic needs of human beings. We wear clothes to protect us from dust, germs and different weather conditions (heat, cold, wind and rain). We look smart when we wear clean and good clothes.

Pause and Answer

Tick ( ) all the correct statements.

1. Clothes are the basic needs of human beings.

2. We wear dirty clothes to look smart.

3. Clothes do not protect us from heat and cold.

4. Clothes protect us from dust and germs.

What Makes Clothes?

We wear different types of clothes. These clothes are made from different fabrics. Fabrics are the materials that are obtained from fibres. Fibres are long thread-like materials that are used to make clothes.

Types of Fibres

Depending on the source, fibres can be of two types—natural and synthetic.

Natural fibres: These are obtained from natural sources such as plants and animals.

Natural fibres, such as cotton, jute and linen, are obtained from plants. Fibres obtained from plants are called plant fibres.

Cotton is obtained from cotton plants. Cotton clothes absorb sweat, and are useful in summer.

We get jute from the jute plant. It is used to make sacks and ropes.

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materials: substances that are used to make something

Cotton is obtained from cotton plant.

Jute is obtained from jute plant.

Linen is obtained from flax plants. It is used to make clothes and bedsheets.

Natural fibres such as wool and silk are obtained from animals. These are also called animal fibres. Wool is obtained from the hair or fur of animals like camels, goats and sheep. We get silk from the cocoons of silkworms.

Wool is obtained from the hair of sheep.

is obtained from flax plant.

Did You Know?

Mulberry silk is the best quality of silk produced in India. It is also known as Bombyx silk.

Synthetic fibres: These are artificially prepared fibres and are not found in nature. Such fibres are also called human-made fibres. Some examples of synthetic fibres are nylon, rayon and polyester.

Synthetic fibres are durable, stretchable and wrinkle-free. These fibres can be washed easily and dried quickly. But clothes made from these fibres can catch fire easily. So, never wear these clothes while lighting diyas or playing with firecrackers. These clothes do not absorb sweat, so they are not suitable for hot and humid climates.

Pause and Answer

Name the following.

1. We get this fibre from the cotton plant.

2. We obtain this fibre from the flax plant.

3. We obtain this fibre from the hair of camels or goats.

4. We obtain this fibre from the cocoons of silkworms.

5. We get this fibre from the jute plant.

artificially: made by humans durable: that can exist for a long time without loss in quality stretchable: that can be pulled or stretched and will go back to its original shape after you let go wrinkle-free: smooth

Linen

Rayon

Polyester Nylon

Silk is obtained from the cocoons of silkworms.

Different Clothes

Nowadays, we wear different types of clothes. The choice of clothes depends on the person. Our style of clothing depends on certain other factors as well. Let us learn about them.

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Do and Learn

In India, each state has its traditional dress for men and women. Collect pictures of the traditional dresses of any five states. Paste them in your scrapbook. Write the names of each dress and the state to which it belongs. Decorate your scrapbook to make it look colourful and attractive.

Clothes Based on Seasons

We know different seasons have different weather conditions. So, we need different types of clothes for different seasons. In summers, we wear clothes that absorb sweat and keep us cool. Cotton and light-coloured clothes are preferred during the hot summer season.

In winter, we wear clothes that protect us from the cold and keep us warm. Woollen clothes protect us from the cold and chilly weather. During extreme winters, we wear layers of woollen clothes which trap the warm air inside them and keep us warm. Dark-coloured clothes also absorb heat and keep us warm. So, woollen and darkcoloured clothes are preferred during winter season.

In the rainy season, we wear raincoats and gumboots. Raincoats are made up of waterproof materials that keep us dry and comfortable.

Clothes Based on Occasion

Depending on the occasion, we wear different types of clothes. We wear loosefitted and comfortable clothes when we are at home. We should wear clean and comfortable clothes for bedtime. We wear fancy and stylish clothes for formal events such as weddings, parties and festivals.

fancy: special

We wear cotton clothes in summer.

We wear woollen clothes in winter.

We wear raincoats and gumboots in the rainy sesaon.

We wear comfortable clothes at home.

We wear fancy clothes in parties.

Special Clothes (Uniforms)

Some people wear special clothes for specific work. These clothes are called uniforms. Uniforms show a sense of equality among different members of the team.

Students of a specific school, soldiers, doctors, police officers and firefighters wear uniforms. Soldiers work in extremely rough conditions. So, they wear uniforms made up of tough fibres.

Doctors wear white coats as uniforms. Firefighters wear safety suits that are made up of heat- and fireresistant materials which protect them from heat and fire. It also protects their skin from getting burnt. Factory workers wear overalls that cover their whole bodies. They also wear helmets to protect their heads from any serious injuries at work.

Pause and Answer

Circle the incorrect option.

People wearing uniforms.

Discuss!

Do you think people living in different countries wear the same type of clothes? Discuss with your classmates.

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1. Summer Light-coloured clothes Cotton clothes Raincoats

2. Winter Woollen socks Woollen clothes Raincoat

3. Monsoon Raincoat Fancy clothes Gumboots

4. Parties Stylish clothes Raincoats Fancy clothes

Caring for Clothes

Clothes are an important part of our everyday lives. We should take good care of our clothes so that they last longer and look good.

• Our clothes become dirty due to dirt, sweat and stains. We should wash our clothes regularly in clean water with detergent.

Think and Tell

How would you take care of your school uniforms?

• White and coloured clothes should be washed separately and carefully.

• Clothes should be washed properly so that no soap or detergent remains on them.

• After washing, clothes should be dried in sunlight to kill germs and bacteria.

equality: when all persons are treated in the same manner tough: strong

• Once the clothes are completely dried, we should iron them properly. Ironed clothes make us look good and tidy.

• We should wash silk and woollen clothes gently using a mild soap or detergent.

Coloured clothes should not be dried in direct sunlight for a very long time, as their colour may fade. Did You Know?

• Some insects, such as moths and silverfish, can eat silk and woollen clothes. Therefore, these clothes need to be stored with extra care. These clothes should be stored in a safe and dry place. We should keep dried neem leaves or naphthalene balls between the folds of clothes while storing them.

Wash your clothes regularly.

Pause and Answer

Dry your clothes in the sunlight.

Keep naphthalene balls while storing clothes.

Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false.

1. We should wash our clothes regularly.

2. We should wash white and coloured clothes together.

3. We should iron our clothes after drying them.

4. Woollen and silk clothes should be washed using strong detergents.

5. We should place naphthalene balls with our silk clothes to protect them from insects.

Wonders of Bharat

Rajasthan is the largest producer of wool in India. This state has eight different sheep breeds well-known for producing carpet wool.

Word Splash

fabrics: clothing materials that are obtained from fibres fibres: long thread-like materials that are used to make clothes cocoon: a covering of silky threads to protect insects like silkworms uniform: special clothes worn for specific work overalls: clothes that cover the body completely

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about clothes.

Points to Remember

• Clothes protect us from dust, germs and different weather conditions.

• Fibres are of two types: natural and synthetic.

• Natural fibres, like cotton, jute and wool are obtained from plants and animals.

• Synthetic fibres, like nylon and polyester, are also called human-made fibres.

• We wear different types of clothes depending on seasons, occasions and profession.

• We should take good care of our clothes to make them last longer.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of the following is a natural fibre?

Jute Rayon Nylon Polyester

B. Which of the following is a synthetic fibre?

Linen Nylon Wool Silk

C. Why do firefighters wear safety suits?

To look different

To stay dry

To protect themselves from heat and fire To carry heavy equipment

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. Jute is an example of fibre.

B. is an example of synthetic fibre.

C. We wear clothes in summer.

D. are special clothes worn by some people for specific work.

E. We should keep balls between the clothes to protect them from insects.

3. Match the following.

A. Soldier i.

B. Doctor

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C. Police officer

D. Firefighter

E. Student

4. Short-answer questions.

A. Why do we wear cotton clothes in summer?

B. Which types of clothes are worn in winter?

C. Why do we wear raincoats in the rainy season?

D. Why do firefighters wear safety suits?

E. What kind of clothes do you like to wear on festivals?

F. Why do silk and woollen clothes need extra care?

5. Long-answer questions.

A. What is the difference between natural and synthetic fibres? Give examples.

B. What is a uniform? Name some people who wear uniforms.

C. List three ways to take care of our clothes.

Challenge (HOTS)

Synthetic fibres are often used in the production of sportswear. Why do you think sportspersons mostly wear synthetic clothes?

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Life Skills

There are many people who do not have enough clothes to wear or cannot buy them. We should help such people. Instead of throwing away clothes that don’t fit you, you can wash and pack them neatly, and give them to someone who needs it more than you.

Chapter Overview

ControlCopy Safety First 4

Safety First

Safety Rules

First Aid

Get Set

Look at the following images and tick ( ) the ones that are safe and cross ( ) out the ones that are unsafe.

Safety Rules

Accidents can occur at any time and cause harm to life and damage to property. We can prevent accidents by being more careful, alert and following safety rules at home, at school, on the playground and on the road. Let us learn about some of the common safety rules.

accidents: unplanned events that cause harm to people or damage to property prevent: to stop something from happening

Safety Indoors

We may get hurt at home if we are not careful. Common causes of injuries at home include touching a switch board with wet hands, carelessly using knives or forks, not using things like matchsticks safely, keeping things lying around on the floor. Let us learn about some important safety measures at home.

Safety at Home

To be safe at home, you need to follow some safety rules.

• Always use electrical appliances with dry hands. Touching plugs or switches with wet hands can result in electric shocks.

• Always use knives or other sharp tools under adult supervision.

• Always keep things in their proper places otherwise you may trip and fall.

• Never take medicines without consulting a doctor. Some medicines that are safe for adults can be harmful for children.

• Keep bathroom floors dry and clean to not slip and fall.

Safety in School

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Schools are places for learning and fun, but they can also pose risks if safety rules are not followed. We should follow some safety rules to avoid injuries at school too.

• Do not run or play inside the classroom.

• Avoid fighting, hitting or pushing your classmates. Never throw things at others.

• Avoid climbing on desks and chairs in the classroom.

• Do not run or push others while climbing up or down the stairs.

• Always walk in a queue in corridors and while boarding or getting off the bus.

Safety Outdoors

in the corridors.

Being outdoors can be fun, but it is important to stay safe. Let us now learn some of the basic rules that we should follow when we are outside.

injuries: harm or damage to someone supervision: the act of watching over someone carefully

Walk in a queue. Don’t run

Use sharp objects in the supervision of adults.

Do not play with electrical appliances and switch boards.

Always take medicines with the help of your parents.

Safety on the Road

By following these simple rules, you can stay safe on the roads and avoid accidents.

• Never run or play on the road. Roads are meant for vehicles, not for playing or running around. It can result in accidents.

• Always walk on the footpath, or, if there is none, walk on the left side of the road facing the traffic.

• Always cross the road at the zebra crossing. Before crossing the road, first look to your right, then to your left, and only cross when it is clear.

• Follow the traffic lights and signals. Cross the road only when the pedestrian light is green.

• Never put your head or hands out of a moving vehicle.

• Do not get on or off a moving bus. Wait for it to stop completely.

Safety in the Playground

On the playground, we enjoy playing games with our friends. To make sure you or your friends do not get hurt while playing, it is important to remember and follow these safety rules.

Always cross the road at the zebra crossing.

Never take your hand or head out of a moving car.

Remember!

The zebra crossing is named after the black and white stripes on a zebra. It is used by pedestrians to cross roads safely.

• Always wear shoes while playing to protect your feet.

• Always wait for your turn on the swings and slides.

• Never fight with or hit others while playing.

• Each game has its own set of rules. Make sure to follow them to play safely and fairly.

Safety from Strangers

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Wait for your turn on the swings.

It is important to keep yourself safe from people you do not know. Follow these simple rules to stay safe:

• Never open doors for any strangers, especially when you are alone at home.

• Never give your name, address or any other personal details to strangers, especially those who call you on the phone.

pedestrians: persons walking on the roads or streets

• If a stranger offers you something or tries to talk to you, say ‘No’ and run to an adult who you trust.

• If someone makes you feel scared or uncomfortable, don’t hesitate to run away and tell your parents about it.

Pause and Answer

Tick ( ) the safe actions and cross out ( ) the unsafe ones.

1. We should use sharp tools only under adult supervision.

2. We should hit or push our classmates.

3. We should wait for our turns on swings and slides.

4. We should give our personal details to a stranger.

First Aid

When someone gets hurt, we need to help them right away. Stay calm, and do not crowd around the injured person.

The quick help given to the patient before the doctor arrives is called first aid. A box with first-aid items is called a first-aid box. It has things like cotton, bandages, gauze, scissors, antiseptic lotion, cream and Band-aids.

Did You Know?

India has a universal emergency number, 112, that can be dialled for any kind of emergency. You can call the police, the fire station and the ambulance service. This number can be dialled from any phone for free.

Do and Learn

Create your own first-aid box at home. Keep items like cotton, Band-aid strips, antiseptic lotion and a small pair of scissors in it.

Let us now learn about first aid for injuries such as burns, cuts and wounds, sprains, nosebleeds, dehydration, and animal bites.

Burns

Fire, hot liquids or steam can cause burns.

• Wash the burnt area with cool, running water until the pain or burning stops.

• Apply antiseptic cream or lotion on the burn.

• If the pain continues, seek medical help. Applying antiseptic cream on a burn.

Cuts and Wounds

• Clean the injured area with clean water to remove dirt or dust from it.

• Apply antiseptic cream or lotion on the wound to kill germs.

• For minor cuts, use a Band-aid. For deep cuts, apply pressure with a clean cloth and cover with a bandage.

• If the bleeding does not stop, go to a doctor.

Sprain

Sprains happen when you twist your ankle or pull a muscle, often while playing. Sprains cause swelling and pain.

• Put an ice pack on the sprain (do not put ice directly on the skin).

• Wrap the injured part with a bandage. Do not move or apply pressure on the injured part.

• Visit a doctor if the pain or swelling persists.

Nosebleed

• Make the person sit with their head tilted slightly forward. Do not make the person lie down or lean backward.

• Pinch the soft part of the nose with your index finger and thumb, and hold it for about 10 to 15 minutes.

Using bandage for cuts and wounds.

Applying ice pack on the sprain.

• If the bleeding does not stop, go to the hospital or to the nearest doctor.

Dehydration

Dehydration happens when the body loses more water than it takes in, often due to sweating, heat or illness.

• Encourage the person to drink plenty of fluids, like water or oral rehydration solutions (ORS).

Pinching the nose to stop the nosebleed. Drinking water to prevent dehydration.

• If the person cannot drink, or shows severe symptoms, seek medical help right away.

Animal Bites

Animal bites can bring harmful bacteria into the body, causing infections.

• Put a cool cloth or ice pack on the bite to reduce pain and swelling.

• Apply antiseptic ointment to the bite.

• Visit a doctor for vaccination against tetanus and rabies.

Applying antiseptic on the animal bite.

Knowing basic first aid helps us give timely attention to someone who is hurt and can even save their lives.

Wonders of Bharat

Every year, from January 11 to 17, India observes National Road Safety Week. This week helps teach people about safe driving and the importance of following traffic rules. Schools also organise special activities and workshops to help students learn about road safety.

Word Splash

first aid: immediate help given to an injured person before a doctor arrives sprain: an injury caused by twisting a joint or pulling a muscle dehydration: a condition in which the body loses more water than it takes in antiseptic: a substance that stops or slows down the growth of harmful microbes

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about first aid.

Points to Remember

• We should follow safety rules while staying indoors. This prevents accidents at school and at home.

• Following safety rules while outside helps us prevent accidents on the roads and playgrounds.

• We should not give personal any information or talk to any stranger.

• First aid is the quick help given to the patient before the doctor arrives.

Chapter Checkup

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1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. How should you handle electrical appliances?

Touch them with wet hands Put your finger inside the electric sockets

Touch them with dry hands Always play with them

B. Where should you cross the road to stay safe?

Between parked cars

Anywhere you like

C. Who should you let into your home?

Anyone who knocks

At the zebra crossing

Close to a turning

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Delivery people only

People you know and trust Strangers with badges

D. What should you do if you get dehydrated?

Drink less water

Drink water or ORS

Sleep well

Wait until you feel better

E. What should you apply to an animal bite?

Cold cream

Hot water

2. Fill in the blanks.

Antiseptic ointment

Sunscreen lotion

A. Keep bathroom floors to prevent slipping.

B. Always wear while playing in the playground.

C. Consult a doctor before taking any .

D. To prevent infection, apply cream to wounds.

E. If the bleeding from a nose doesn’t stop, seek help.

3. Write True or False.

A. Running in the classroom is safe.

B. It is safe to get on or off a moving bus.

C. You should always let strangers into your home.

D. First aid is the quick help given to an injured person.

E. You should put an ice pack on the sprain.

4. Short-answer questions.

A. How can you safely cross a road?

B. Why should you not touch plugs and switches with wet hands?

C. What will you do if a stranger knocks on your door when you are alone?

D. What is the first-aid box used for?

E. What should be done immediately if someone gets a nosebleed?

5. Long-answer questions.

A. Why is it important to follow safety rules at school?

B. List two safety rules to follow on the playground to avoid injuries.

C. Write the first aid for each.

a. Cuts and wounds b. Burns c. Sprain d. Dehydration

D. What first aid will you give for an animal bite? Explain the steps.

E. Imagine you are alone at home and smell something burning in the kitchen. What steps would you take to ensure your safety before seeking help?

6. Picture-based questions.

A. Which of the given images ensures safety at school? Why so?

B. Which of the given images is not safe for students at school? Why so?

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Challenge (HOTS)

What would you do if a stranger asks for help, like finding their lost pet? Why?

Life Skills

Do you know that medicines have an expiry date after which they don’t remain effective in treatment? With the help of an adult, find out the expiry dates of various medicines that are at your home. Throw away all the medicines that have crossed their expiry dates. Also, encourage your friends and family not to keep any expired medicines.

Chapter Overview

ControlCopy Plants Around Us

How Plants Make Food

Plants are living things that make, or produce, their own food. That is why plants are also called producers. Let us understand with the help of a simple example.

We cook food in our kitchen using raw materials such as vegetables and spices. Just like us, plants also make their food using some raw materials. Plants need air (carbon dioxide), water and sunlight to make their food. The process by which plants make their food is called photosynthesis. Plants make food in the leaves. That is why leaves are also called the ʻkitchen of the plantsʹ.

Various parts of plants work together to make food.

Roots: Absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Stem: Transports water from roots to leaves.

Leaves: Take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen produced during photosynthesis. It also helps to trap sunlight.

Did You Know?

In the word photosynthesis, ‘photo’ means ‘light’ and ‘synthesis’ means ‘to make’. As plants make food with the help of sunlight, this process is called photosynthesis.

In the leaves, carbon dioxide and water combine to form a sugar called glucose, which serves as the plant's food. The stem then transports this food to all parts of the plant. During this process, the plant also produces oxygen, which we breathe in.

Sunlight

We often think that plants do not give out carbon dioxide. That's not true. Like other living things, plants also breathe in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. But while making their food, plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. The oxygen given out by plants is more than the carbon dioxide released by them.

absorb: to take in combine: mix or join

Investigate and Discover

Aim: Prove that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis

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Materials Needed: Potted plant with wide leaves, thick black paper, tape or clip

Method

Step 1: Take a potted plant with wide leaves.

Step 2: Cover a part of a leaf with a strip of thick black paper or tape.

Step 3: Keep the plant in sunlight and water it regularly.

Step 4: After a few days, remove the strip of black paper or tape.

Findings: The part of the leaf covered with the strip of black paper is discoloured.

Conclusion: The covered part of the leaf became discoloured because it did not receive the sunlight required to make food. This proves that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.

Pause and Answer

Name the following.

1. The process by which plants make food.

2. The part of the plant where its food is made.

3. The part of the plant that absorbs water from the soil.

4. The part of the plant that carries food to the other parts.

Parts of a Leaf

Deepak went to a nursery to buy some indoor plants. He was amazed to see big and small plants with differently shaped leaves. He noticed that most leaves were shades of green. Have you ever thought why most leaves are green? What gives them their green colour?

Leaves have a special substance called chlorophyll in them. Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives leaves their green colour. It is the chlorophyll that helps to absorb sunlight during photosynthesis.

pigment: a substance that gives colour

Leaf

Chlorophyll

Black paper

The leaves of certain plants, like Croton and Rhoeo, are colourful but that does not mean that they do not have chlorophyll. They do, but the colourful pigment hides the green chlorophyll.

Leaves of different plants have different shape and size. Some parts are common in all the leaves. The main parts of a leaf are the stalk, mid vein (midrib), side veins and leaf blade (lamina). Leaves also have special pores called stomata. These tiny pores help in exchange of gases in the leaves and also helps in the loss of water by the process called transpiration.

Side veins

They are thin, side lines that arise from the mid vein.

Mid vein (Midrib)

It is the central, thick line that runs through the leaf.

Did You Know?

Cactus is a plant in which the leaves have changed to spines. So, it is the green stem of the cactus plant that has stomata and chlorophyll to do photosynthesis and store food in it.

Stomata

Leaf blade (Lamina)

It is the flat, green and broad part of the leaf. It bears mid vein and side veins.

Stalk

It is the part that joins the leaf to the branch.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: Observe the structure of stomata under a microscope

Materials Needed: Microscope, prepared slide of a leaf showing stomata

Method:

Step 1: Fix the prepared slide of leaf stomata under the microscope.

Step 2: Observe the structure of stomata through the microscopic lens.

Step 3: Carefully note its structure and draw the same in your notebook.

Findings: You will see tiny structures with holes or pores. These are stomata.

Conclusion: Stomata are small pores found on the surface of the leaf. Under the microscope, they appear as tiny openings that allow the plant to exchange gases, such as taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. These pores play a vital role in photosynthesis.

Tip: Take help from the diagram of stomata shown in your book.

Rhoeo Plant Croton Plant

Pause and Answer

Match the part of the leaf.

1. Thick line in the centre

2. Thin side lines

3. Flat part of the leaf

4. Part joined to the branch

5. Tiny pores on the leaf

Storage of Food in Plants

i. Stalk

ii. Stomata

iii. Lamina

iv. Mid vein

v. Side veins

We know that plants make food in their leaves. The stem carries this food to different parts of the plant. How is this food useful for the plants?

Plants use the food they make to get energy and grow. Any leftover food is turned into starch and stored in different parts of the plant, like fruits, leaves, stems, roots and flowers. We eat these parts of the plant that have the stored food.

Food Stored in Roots

We eat root part of radish and carrot plants.

Food Stored in Leaves

We eat the leaves of spinach and cabbage plants.

Think and Tell

We eat raw and cooked food. Name some foods that can be eaten raw and those that need to be cooked? Share with others.

starch: reserve food stored in plants

Food Stored in Stem

We eat the stem part of potato and sugarcane plants.

Food Stored in Flowers

We eat the flowers of cauliflower and broccoli plants.

Remember!

Fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oils, tea, coffee and spices are some examples of food we get from the plants.

Investigate and Discover

Aim: Prove that a leaf contains starch

Materials Needed: a green leaf, water, ethanol (a chemical), iodine solution, a beaker, a test tube, a dropper, a burner

Method:

Step 1: Boil the leaf in water for a minute.

Step 2: Take out the leaf and put it in the beaker containing ethanol.

Step 3: Place this beaker in hot water.

Step 4: Wait until the leaf loses its green colour. Take the leaf out and let it cool.

Step 5: Add iodine solution on the leaf using a dropper. Note the change in the colour of the leaf.

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Findings: The colour of the leaf changes to blue-black.

Conclusion: When iodine is added to starch, it turns blue-black. This colour change proves that leaves contain starch.

Pause and Answer

Identify the part of the plant where food is stored for each of the following.

1. Potato, sugarcane: 2. Cabbage, spinach: 3. Carrot, beetroot:

4. Cauliflower, broccoli:

Bunsen burner

Turn the bunsen burner off

Unique Plants

Non-green Plants

Look at the picture. What do you notice?

You can see thin, yellow, thread-like stems growing all over the tree leaves. These yellow, thread-like plants are dodder plants. They have no leaves to perform photosynthesis. So, they depend on other green plants for food. They slowly take away all the nutrition and may harm the plants on which they grow.

Insect-eating Plants

Some plants grow in soil that does not have the nitrogen needed for the plants to grow. Although these plants can do photosynthesis to make their food, but they still lack nitrogen. So, they eat insects to get the nitrogen they require for healthy growth. Such plants are called insect-eating plants. The pitcher plant and Venus flytrap are insect-eating plants.

The pitcher plant has special cup-like structures with lids. When an insect sits on them, the lid closes to trap the insects.

The venus flytrap has special flap-like leaves. When an insect sits on these leaves, the flaps shut to trap the insect between them.

Pause and Answer

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are not plants. They are non-green living things (called fungus) that feed on dead matter from the soil.

Did You Know?

plants found in Mount Victoria (one of the tallest mountains in the Philippines) are so large that they can trap even rats and frogs.

Tick ( ) the options that are true for insect-eating plants.

1. They cannot do photosynthesis.

2. They get nitrogen by eating insects.

3. Venus flytrap is an insect-eating plant.

4. They depend on other green plants for food.

nutrition: getting nutrients from food

Mushrooms

Error Alert!

Dodder plant growing on a tree.

Venus Flytrap Pitcher Plant

Pitcher

Interdependence of Plants and Animals

Can you think of a world without plants in it? Can animals live without plants? Humans and animals depend on plants in a number of ways.

Some ways in which animals depend on plants are:

For food: Plants are the main source of food for all living beings. Animals depend on plants for their food. This creates a food chain in nature, which shows who eats whom. Let us look at an example of a food chain on land.

For shelter: Plants provide a safe space for animals to live. Birds build nests in the trees. Squirrels hide in the tree trunk and branches.

For oxygen: Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis. Animals and humans use this oxygen to breathe. It is like a gift from plants to other living beings. That is why planting more trees is important. Trees make the air clean and fresh by adding oxygen to it.

Plants also depend on animals for their needs. Some ways in which plants depend on animals are:

For carbon dioxide: When animals breathe out, they release carbon dioxide. Plants use this carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

For spreading plant seeds: When animals eat fruits, they consume the seeds inside as well. Some seeds stick to the animals' fur or get carried in their beaks. As the animals move around, they drop the seeds in different places. This helps the plants find new places to grow.

So, we can say that plants and animals depend on each other. We must take care of both plants and animals in order to maintain the balance in nature. They are our friends.

Do and Learn

Visit a park or garden. Collect leaves of different plants that may have fallen to the ground. Take an A4 sheet and arrange the leaves in patterns so that they look like different animals, as shown. You may try different patterns. Share your sheet with the class.

Grass

Frog Snake Eagle Grasshopper Food Chain

Carbon dioxide

Interdependence of Plants and Animals

Oxygen

Wonders of Bharat

The Great Banyan Tree in Howrah is one of the largest banyan tree in the world. It is about 250 years old and covers about 14,500 square metres (3.5 acres) of land. From a distance, the tree gives the appearance of a forest instead of a tree.

Word Splash

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photosynthesis: the process by which plants make their food chlorophyll: a pigment that gives green colour to the leaves and helps to absorb sunlight stalk: the part that joins the leaf to the branch mid vein (midrib): the central, thick line that runs through the leaf side veins: thin, side lines that arise from the mid vein that carries water and food through the leaf leaf blade (lamina): the flat, green and broad part of the leaf that bears the mid vein and the side veins stomata: special tiny pores present in leaves that help in exchange of gases

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about the process of photosynthesis.

Points to Remember

• Plants need carbon dioxide, water and sunlight for photosynthesis.

• Stomata helps in the exchange of gases in plants.

• Plants make food in the form of glucose and store extra food in the form of starch.

• Plants store extra food in their fruits, flowers, leaves, stems and roots.

• Some plants eat insects to get essential nitrogen from them.

• Plants and animals depend on each other and help to maintain balance in nature.

The Great Banyan Tree

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Where does photosynthesis mostly occur?

Roots

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Flowers

Leaves Branches

B. What is formed during photosynthesis?

Glucose, oxygen and water

Starch, carbon dioxide and water

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water

Glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide

C. Which of these plants stores extra food in their leaves?

Spinach and cabbage

Cauliflower and onion

Potato and sugarcane

Beetroot and turnip

D. Which of the following statements about plants is incorrect?

Green plants make their own food.

Some plants are insect-eating plants.

Plants depend for food on other animals.

Plants store extra food in the form of starch.

E. Which of these plants is an insect-eating plant?

Cactus

Dodder plant

2. Fill in the blanks.

Venus flytrap

Banyan

A. Plants produce which animals breathe in.

B. is the process by which plants make their food.

C. Plants like radishes and carrots store food in their .

D. The flat part of the leaf is called .

3. Write True or False.

A. Plants provide shelter for animals like birds.

B. Animals provide oxygen to plants.

C. Plants make food in the form of glucose.

D. Animals help to spread the plant seeds.

4. Match the following.

A. Pitcher plant

B. Dodder plant

C. Potato plant

D. Cauliflower plant

E. Spinach

5. Short-answer questions.

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i. Stores food in its stem

ii. Stores food in its leaves

iii. Stores food in its flower

iv. A non-green plant

v. An insect-eating plant

A. Name the things plants need for photosynthesis.

B. Why are leaves called the kitchen of the plants?

C. Dodder, a yellow plant, does not have chlorophyll to make food. How does it manage to stay alive?

D. What is the role of stomata in leaves?

E. Write an example of a food chain on land.

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Draw a labelled diagram of a leaf and explain its parts.

B. How do plants and animals depend on each other? Explain with two examples of each.

C. Plants store food in their parts.

a. Why do plants need to store food in their parts?

b. How is this stored food useful for us? Support your answer with examples.

D. Explain the process of photosynthesis. Write the equation too.

E. Venus flytrap and the pitcher plant are both insect-eating plants. How are they able to trap the insects?

7. Picture-based questions.

A. Name the process shown in the image.

B. Label 1, 2, 3 and 4 marked in the image.

C. Why is this process important for plants?

Challenge (HOTS)

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A forest area was cleared to build a highway. How will this create an imbalance in nature?

Life Skills

Carry out a tree plantation drive in your surroundings. Involve your friends and family. Follow these steps to make your drive successful.

• Find out about plants that are easy to grow and survive without much care.

• Find places where plants need to be grown.

• Gather plantlets.

• Dig holes in the ground where the plantlets can be planted.

• Keep watering your plant from time to time and see it growing!

Chapter Overview

Adaptation in Plants

ControlCopy Adaptation in Plants

Habitat and Adaptation

Terrestrial Plants

Aquatic Plants

Get Set

Given below are some images of plants. Tick ( ) the ones that you like.

Habitat and Adaptation

Have you noticed that the place where you live provides you everything you need? For example, you have a house that provides you shelter. You also have markets from where you can buy food.

Similarly, in nature, such a place where animals and plants normally live and grow is called their habitat.

Plants of one habitat generally do not survive in a different habitat. For example, a mango tree would wither and die if it was grown in a desert.

Remember!

The living and non-living things around us make our environment.

In a new habitat, only those plants can survive that develop some new features suitable to that habitat. For example, the cactus does not die in the desert because it has adapted to that environment. Therefore, the special features that a plant develops to survive in a new habitat are called adaptations.

Terrestrial Plants

Plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants. Terrestrial plants are of different types depending on their habitats.

Plants on Mountains

Mountains have a very cold climate. In winters, they receive heavy snowfall. Therefore, trees that grow here are tall, straight and have sloping shapes to make the snow fall off easily. They are usually flowerless and have cones with seeds inside them. Such trees are called coniferous trees. The leaves are needlelike with a waxy coating to avoid water loss. For example, fir, deodar, pine and cedar.

Small flowerless plants like ferns, lichens and mosses are also found in the mountains.

Plants in the Plains

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Plains are the flat regions with a warmer climate than mountains. Some trees like peepal, neem, gulmohar and apple are found in the plains. These trees have flat leaves and spreading branches. Most of these trees shed all their leaves once a year to reduce water loss. Such trees are called deciduous trees.

Some trees like tamarind, mango and rubber are green throughout the year. Therefore, these are called evergreen trees.

Pine Tree

Mango Tree Tamarind Tree

Plants in the Desert

The desert is a place with hot weather, very little water and scanty rainfall. Plants growing in deserts need less water to grow. Plants like cactus, babool and date palms are found in deserts.

Some unique features of cactus are:

• Its leaves are modified into spines to avoid the loss of water from the surface of the leaves.

• It has thick, green and fleshy stem that is capable of photosynthesis.

• It has thin roots that spread around and absorb rainwater from below the ground before it evaporates.

Plants in Marshy Areas

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Areas with clayey and sticky soil and an abundance of water are called marshy areas. Trees like mangroves are found in these areas. Since the soil in marshy areas have too much water, the roots of the mangroves have adapted to extend above the soil and take in air directly.

Discuss!

What kinds of plants do you see around your home and school? Observe them and discuss their special features in your class.

Plants in Coastal Areas

The areas between the land and the sea are called coastal areas. These areas have sandy soil and strong winds. So, the trees that grow here have long and widespread roots that help hold them strongly to the sandy soil. They are also very tall and have flexible trunks with large leaves that are cut in strips. This helps them against the strong winds. Coconut trees are an example of the trees that grow in coastal areas.

scanty: in small quantity spines: needle-like sharp points (for example, those found in cactus) abundance: excess trunk: the central part of the tree from where branches grow

Cactus

Mangrove Trees

Coconut Trees

Do and Learn

Visit a nursery or a garden and take a look at the plants there. Choose any five plants and write their names in your notebook. Observe the shape and texture of the leaves of these plants. Record your observations in the table below.

Name

of the Plant

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Shape of the Leaves Texture of the Leaves

Pause and Answer

Name one plant found in each of the following areas.

1. Mountains

2. Plains

3. Marshy areas

4. Deserts

Aquatic Plants

Aquatic plants are the plants that grow in water. They can grow in ponds, lakes, rivers or seas. Aquatic plants are further divided into three types. Let us learn about them.

Floating Plants

As is evident from the name, these plants float on the water surface. These plants do not have fixed roots, due to which they float freely in the water. Their leaves have stomata only on the upper side. They have light and spongy stems with air pockets in them, helping them to keep floating on the water surface. Some examples of floating plants are duckweed, water lettuce and water hyacinth.

Water Lettuce

Fixed Plants

These plants have roots fixed to the soil at the bottom of the ponds or lakes. They have thin, long, hollow and very flexible stems. These plants have broad and flat, plate-like leaves with waxy coatings on the surface. Some fixed aquatic plants are lotus and water lily.

Underwater Plants

These plants grow completely under the water surface. Therefore, they are also called submerged plants. The leaves of these plants are long, narrow and look like ribbons. The stems of these plants are flexible. Some examples of submerged plants are hydrilla, tape grass and pondweed.

Did You Know?

The seeds of the lotus plant can survive in dry conditions for many years. But they germinate only in water.

Wonders of Bharat

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Submerged aquatic plants do not have stomata. They absorb nutrients and gases, that are dissolved in water, directly.

The AJC Bose Indian Botanic Garden, in Howrah, West Bengal, is the largest garden in India. It is also home to the Great Banyan Tree, which is around 250 years old and is nearly twice the size of a cricket field.

Word Splash

habitat: the natural environment where a living thing lives adaptations: the special features that help a living thing to survive in its habitat coniferous trees: trees that produce cones instead of flowers deciduous trees: trees that shed all their leaves once a year to reduce water loss evergreen trees: trees that are green throughout the year submerged plants: plants that grow completely under the water surface

Hydrilla

Lotus

Botanic Garden

Error Alert!

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about plant adaptations.

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Points to Remember

• Plants have some unique features that help them survive in their habitats. These features are called adaptations.

• Plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants, while those that live in water are called aquatic plants.

• Terrestrial plants can be found on mountains, plains, deserts, marshy and coastal areas.

• Aquatic plants are categorised into three groups: floating, fixed and underwater plants.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of the following is not a terrestrial plant?

Pine tree

Mango tree Lotus Mangrove

B. Which of these is not an aquatic plant?

Duckweed

Hydrilla

C. Which is an example of a floating plant?

Water lettuce Coconut tree

Water hyacinth Tape grass Pondweed Water lily

D. Which of these is an example of a fixed plant?

Water lily

Water lettuce Water hyacinth Hydrilla

E. Which of these is an example of a submerged plant?

Tape grass

2. Fill in the blanks.

Lotus

Water lettuce Duckweed

A. Terrestrial plants grow on .

B. Trees that shed their all leaves once a year are called .

C. Trees that do not shed all their leaves in any season are called .

D. Coconut trees are found in areas.

E. Aquatic plants grow in .

3. Write True or False.

A. Deciduous trees have flexible trunks.

B. Fir, pine, ferns and mosses are found in plains.

C. Cactus is found in marshy areas.

D. Duckweed is an aquatic plant.

4. Short-answer questions.

A. Why do plants need to adapt?

B. Why do coniferous trees have needle-like leaves?

C. Write one special feature of mangroves.

D. Why do cactus have spines instead of leaves?

E. Why do coconut trees have flexible trunks?

F. How do underwater plants breathe?

G. What helps floating plants to float on water?

5. Long-answer questions.

A. How are terrestrial plants different from aquatic plants? Explain with examples.

B. Differentiate between deciduous and evergreen trees with examples.

C. Describe some unique features of a cactus plant that help it to survive in deserts.

D. Differentiate between floating, fixed and submerged plants. Give examples for each.

6. Picture-based questions.

A. Which type of tree is this?

B. How did you identify it?

C. Where do these plants grow?

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Challenge (HOTS)

Which one of these should be kept inside an aquarium—water hyacinth, duckweed or tape grass? Give reasons for your answer.

7 Animals and Their Young Ones

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Chapter Overview

Animals and Their Young Ones

Reproduction

Animals that Give Birth to Young Ones

Animals that Lay Eggs

Life Cycles of Egg-laying Animals

Life Cycles of Insects

Get Set

Sort the following animals based on where they live.

Fish, deer, elephant, bat, sparrow, pigeon, dog, shark, dolphin

Creatures Living on Land Creatures Living in Water Creatures Flying in Air

Reproduction

Rahul was looking through his family album. He saw pictures of his grandparents, uncles, aunts and cousins. He wondered how much his father resembles his grandfather, and how he resembles his father. Have you also wondered why you resemble your parents or grandparents? This is due to a process called reproduction.

Reproduction is a natural process by which living beings produce new ones of their own kind.

Animals can reproduce in two ways—by giving birth to young ones and by laying eggs.

Animals that Give Birth to Young Ones

Some animals carry their babies inside their bodies until they are ready to be born. After giving birth, these animals feed, care for and protect their young ones. These animals are called mammals. The bodies of mammals are typically covered with hair.

Most mammals, such as cats, dogs, lions and humans, live on land and are known as terrestrial animals. However, some mammals, like dolphins and whales, live in water and are known as aquatic animals.

Did You Know?

Some mammals, such as kangaroos and koalas, have a pouch attached to their bodies. They carry their young ones in these pouches. Such animals are known as marsupials.

Pause and Answer

Did You Know?

Bats are the only mammals that can fly.

Give any two examples of the following:

1. Terrestrial mammals

2. Aquatic mammals

3. Marsupials

pouch: pocket on the lower part of the body in which young ones are protected after they are born

A kangaroo carrying its baby in the pouch.

A lioness with its cub.

A dog with its puppy.

A dolphin with its calf.

Animals that Lay Eggs

There are some animals that lay eggs from which their young ones are born. The young ones develop inside the eggs, which the mother lays.

Many birds build a nest to lay their eggs. They sit on the eggs to protect them and keep them warm. After some time, the eggs hatch and the young ones come out. Birds, most insects (such as butterflies and cockroaches) and reptiles (snakes and crocodiles) lay eggs.

Structure of an Egg

Have you ever wondered how an egg looks from inside? Let us look at the structure of an egg.

The egg is covered with a hard covering called a shell. This safeguards the egg and keeps it moist. Inside the shell, there is a soft, white jelly-like substance called albumin. It provides water and protein to the young one that will grow inside. It also protects it.

At the centre of the egg, there is a round, yellow-coloured yolk . The young one develops inside the yolk. It contains important nutrients such as fats, vitamins and minerals. The yolk consists of the embryo , which later develops into the young one. The yolk provides the required food to the embryo for its healthy development.

Life Cycles of Egg-laying Animals

Every living thing goes through different stages as it grows up. This series of changes is called a life cycle. Let us learn more about it.

Life Cycle of a Chicken

Once the eggs are laid, the mother hen sits on them to provide warmth and protection, for about 21 days. This is called the incubation period.

embryo: the unborn animal or human in very early stages of its development

Shell

Yolk

Albumin

Internal Structure of an Egg

A Bird’s Nest

Once the embryo is completely developed, it will crack open the egg shell and come out. This process is called the hatching of the egg.

Hatchlings are the young ones that emerge from eggs. The chicks then grow into adult hens.

Life Cycle of a Frog

Some animals undergo significant changes in their form and structure as they grow. This process is called metamorphosis. Let us look at the life cycle of a frog to understand this.

The mother frog lays many eggs in water. After some days, young frogs emerge from the eggs. They are called tadpoles. At this stage, it resembles a fish as it has gills and a long tail so that it can swim in the water.

As the tadpole develops, its tail shortens. The hind legs develop first, followed by the front legs. The tadpole’s lungs start to develop, and its gills begin to disappear. This stage is called a froglet.

The froglet then transforms into an adult frog, which can hop and jump. The adult frog no longer has a tail but has fully developed legs, allowing it to live both on land and in water.

Remember!

Animals that can live on land and in water are called amphibians.

Life Cycle of a Fish

Did You Know?

A frog can lay up to three thousand eggs at a time!

The female fish lays many eggs in water. The fish embryos start developing their organs and tail while still inside the egg. After they hatch from the eggs, the young fish are called larva. The larva has an attached yolk sac, which provides all the nutrients needed for growth.

Life Cycle of a Fish

Adult

Eggs Tadpole

Tadpole with Legs Life Cycle of a Frog

Froglet

Life Cycle of a Chicken

Chick Egg

Adult Hatchling Embryo

Once the larvae develop further, they become fry. At this stage, they are small but will grow stronger and larger as they start eating. As the fry continue to grow, they become fingerlings. Eventually, as they mature, they develop into adult fish.

Pause and Answer

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Circle the correct option.

1. It takes about 11 / 21 / 31 days for the chick to come out of the egg.

2. The stage between an adult fish and a fry is called eggs / fingerling / embryo.

3. The process of changing into a very different form when growing into an adult is called life cycle / embryo / metamorphosis.

Life Cycles of Insects

Just like fish and frogs, many insects also hatch from eggs and grow into adults.

Life Cycle of a Butterfly

A butterfly also undergoes metamorphosis, just like the frog. The female butterfly lays eggs. A small, worm-like creature, called a caterpillar (larva), hatches from the egg. The caterpillar feeds on leaves and increases in size. It then builds a cocoon around itself to form a chrysalis (pupa). When the pupa grows into a butterfly, it breaks out from its cocoon.

Life Cycle of a Cockroach

There are three stages in the life cycle of a cockroach. The mother cockroach lays eggs. After the eggs hatch, a small creature called a nymph emerges. At the initial stage, the nymph does not have wings but looks like a cockroach. As it grows, it sheds its old skin to become an adult. This process is called moulting.

Eggs

Caterpillar (larva)

Chrysalis (pupa) Butterfly

Life Cycle of a Butterfly

Eggs

Adult Nymph

Life Cycle of a Cockroach

Wonders of Bharat

India is home to unique megafauna (large animals) like the Asiatic elephant, the one-horned rhino and the Royal Bengal tiger.

Word Splash

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reproduction: a process through which living beings can give birth to new beings of their own kind life cycle: a series of stages that a young one goes through before developing into an adult metamorphosis: when an animal or insect develops and changes into something completely different

larva: a small, worm-like creature that hatches from the egg nymph: the young one of a cockroach that does not have wings at the initial stage

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about reproduction in animals.

Points to Remember

• Living beings produce new beings of their own kind by a process called reproduction.

• Animals can reproduce by giving birth to their young ones or by laying eggs.

• Animals that give birth to young ones are called mammals.

• Animals like frogs and butterflies undergo metamorphosis before they develop into adults.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

A. Which of the following is a mammal?

Fish Cockroach Cat Frog

B. Which of the following animals reproduce by laying eggs?

Whales

Bats Elephants Butterfly

Indian One-horned Rhino

C. What is the jelly-like substance found inside the eggshell? Nymph Tadpole Albumin Cocoon

D. Which process provides warmth to the embryo? Hatching Incubation Moulting Metamorphosis

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. The hard covering of an egg is called the .

B. The soft and white jelly-like substance present inside the egg shell is called .

C. The provides food to the embryo for its development.

D. The stage of fish between the larva and the fingerling is called

3. Write True or False.

A. Dolphins and whales are mammals.

B. The egg shell fulfils the food requirements of the yolk.

C. When the fish eggs are ready to hatch, it is called pupa.

D. Mammals do not lay eggs.

4. Match the following.

A. Young one of a hen i. Tadpole

B. Young one of a butterfly ii. Nymph

C. Young one of a frog iii. Caterpillar

D. Young one of a cockroach iv. Chick

5. Short-answer questions.

A. How do birds reproduce?

B. What is meant by incubation?

C. Describe the importance of the yolk in an egg.

D. How does a tadpole become a frog?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. What is reproduction? Mention the two ways in which animals reproduce. Give examples of each.

B. Draw the structure of an egg. Name and explain its different parts.

C. Explain the lifecycle of the following:

a. Cockroach

b. Fish

7. Picture-based questions.

A. What process is shown in the given image?

B. Identify and label 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the given image.

C. Describe the transformation of stage 2 into stage 3.

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Challenge (HOTS)

Think about the life cycle of a chicken and a frog. Write one similarity and one difference.

Life Skills

Have you heard about dinosaurs? They no longer exist now, and hence, are called extinct. Try to find out the reasons behind the extinction of these animals. Also, try to find out about three other animals that have become extinct or are about to be extinct.

The skull of a dinosaur.

8 Adaptation in Animals

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Chapter Overview

Adaptation in Animals

Adaptation for Habitat

Adaptation for Food

Adaptation for Survival

Get Set

Write the names of two animals that:

1. Eat only plants

2. Eat only animals

3. Eat both plants and animals

Introduction

Different types of animals are found in different places, ranging from forests, hot deserts, oceans and very cold regions. The natural place where an animal lives and grows is called its habitat. Different animals have different features that help them to survive and grow in their habitats. These features are called adaptations.

Adaptation for Habitat

There are four main types of habitats where animals can live—forest, desert, aquatic and polar. Let us learn about the various adaptations animals acquire in these habitats.

Forests

Animals that live in forests have four strong legs that help them to run fast. They breathe with their lungs. They have a good sense of smell, sight and hearing which helps them in hunting for food and protecting themselves. Tigers, zebras and monkeys are some examples of animals that live in forests.

Deserts

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Think and Tell

Deserts are hot and dry regions where water is scarce. It also gets quite cold at night. Deserts have sandy soil. Animals such as camels, snakes, kangaroos and lizards are well adapted to live in these conditions. The camel is popularly known as the ‘ship of the desert’. Let us learn about some adaptations of camel.

Fat is stored in the camel’s hump, which allows it to survive many days without food and water.

The thick and less hairy skin protects it from both hot and cold weather conditions.

The thick and padded feet help it walk easily on sand.

Aquatic

Why do you think the camel is called the ship of the desert?

Animals that live in freshwater or seawater are called aquatic animals. Crabs, fish, alligators and turtles are some examples of aquatic animals. The aquatic animals have the following features:

scarce: not easy to find

A camel can close its nostrils to avoid sand.

Its long eyelashes and double eyelids protect its eyes from sand.

The long neck helps them reach high branches of trees.

Long legs keep its body away from the hot sand and also help cover long distances in search of food and water.

Did You Know?

An octopus has three hearts and blue blood! Two hearts pump blood to its gills, and one pumps blood to the rest of its body.

A lion in a forest.

Camel

• Most aquatic animals breathe through gills, for example, fish.

• Fish have fins and turtles have paddles to move easily in water.

Gills

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Fish breathe through gills.

• Some aquatic animals, such as whales and dolphins, breathe through lungs.

• Most aquatic animals have a streamlined body that helps them swim easily.

Polar Regions

Did You Know?

Whales and dolphins don't have noses. They have blowholes at the top of their heads.

The North and the South Poles of the Earth remain covered with snow throughout the year. The weather conditions are cold and harsh. Animals like polar bears and penguins are found in these regions. To adapt to this kind of a habitat, these animals have the following features:

• Polar bears have a thick layer of fur on their bodies that protects them from extreme cold.

• Both penguins and polar bears have a thick layer of fat under their skin called blubber to keep them warm.

• They have broad and furry feet that help them walk easily in the snow.

Did You Know?

In the polar regions, there are times when the sun does not rise for months (polar night), and other times when the sun never sets for months (polar day)!

Fins

Fins of Fish

Paddles

A dolphin’s blowhole

Polar Bears Penguins

Sunrise in the Polar Region

Adaptation for Food

Animals eat different types of food. Their teeth and other body parts are adapted to the types of food they eat. Depending on their food habits, animals can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or scavengers.

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Herbivores

Animals that only eat plants are called herbivores. These animals have strong and sharp front teeth which allow them to easily cut leaves and grass. At the back, they have flat and strong teeth. These teeth help them grind food. Cows, elephants, deer, rabbits and giraffes are some examples of herbivores.

Remember!

An adult human has 32 teeth. The front teeth that are used for cutting are called incisors. The long, sharp teeth that are used for tearing are called canines. The teeth that are at the back and are used for grinding are called premolars and molars.

Carnivores

Animals that eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores. These animals have long and sharp teeth that help them tear the flesh of their prey. Tigers, lions and foxes are some examples of carnivores. Birds like eagles and owls also eat flesh with the help of their hooked beaks.

Omnivores

Animals that eat both plants and the flesh of other animals are called omnivores. They have sharp front teeth for tearing flesh and flat, strong grinding teeth that help them chew plant food. Humans, bears and crows are examples of omnivorous animals.

prey: animals that are hunted for food

Scavengers

Scavengers feed on the flesh of animals that are already dead. They have sharp beaks or teeth to tear flesh. Examples of scavengers include vultures, jackals and hyenas.

Did You Know?

Lice, ticks and fleas are parasites. They live on the body of another living being, and suck their blood for their food.

Pause and Answer

Write one word for the following.

1. Animals that eat only plants.

2. Animals that eat both plants and meat.

3. Animals that eat the flesh of other animals.

4. Animals that eat the flesh of animals that are already dead.

5. Animals that depend on hosts for their food.

Adaptation for Survival

Animals have special adaptations to help them survive. Some animals have adaptations for hunting, like sharp claws or good eyesight. Other animals have adaptations to stay safe, like blending in with their surroundings or having tough shells. Let us learn about some of these amazing adaptations and how they help animals survive.

Physical Adaptations

Camouflage

Many animals have adapted themselves well to the environment or to protect themselves from predators.

Some animals have specific colours or markings on their body. These features help them blend well into their surroundings through camouflage. Some examples of camouflage are as follows:

• Chameleons change their body colour according to their surroundings.

• The fur of the arctic fox is grey and brown in summer to camouflage with rocks and dry plants. In winter, its fur turns white to match the colour of snow, helping it to escape from its predators.

• A stick insect looks like a stick or a twig, making it difficult to spot when it is sitting on a tree branch.

Beaks and Claws

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Birds use their beaks to catch and eat food. Different birds have different types of beaks.

• The strong and sharp beak of the eagle helps it tear the flesh of its prey.

• The sharp, strong and curved beak of the parrot helps it break nuts and fruits. It also helps them to climb trees.

• The duck’s broad and flat beak helps it catch fish and insects. While catching fish, the holes present on its beak drain out the water.

• The short and thick beak of the sparrow helps it pick up small grains and seeds.

Birds have different types of claws at the end of their toes, which help them to jump, pick up food, and move around.

• Eagles, vultures and hawks have four sharp and hooked claws. These claws help them to catch other animals.

• Woodpeckers and cuckoos have long curved claws that help them to climb trees.

Sharp and hooked claw of an eagle

Long curved claws of a woodpecker

Strong and sharp beak of an eagle

Broad and flat beak of a duck

Short and thick beak of a sparrow

Sharp and curved beak of a parrot

Chameleon

Arctic fox

Stick Insect

Strong Limbs

Monkeys have long limbs to swing from one branch to another. The long tail of the monkey helps in balancing its body while swinging on tree branches. Animals, such as zebras and deer have strong legs that help them to run fast in times of danger.

Behavioural Adaptations

Behavioural adaptations refer to the actions that animals take to survive. Let us learn more about this.

Migration

When animals move from one place to another in search of food, to reproduce and to protect themselves from harsh climate, it is called migration.

For example, Siberian cranes migrate from Siberia to Bharatpur in Rajasthan, India in winters. Siberia is located near the poles and it is extremely cold during winter. Therefore, Siberian cranes are unable to survive the extreme cold in their normal habitat, which is why they migrate to warmer places like India.

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Similarly, wildebeest migrate to search for food. They live in southwestern Africa, where food becomes scarce by the end of the summer. So, they follow the rain to get fresh food and water.

Hibernation

Some animals like bears, lizards and bats sleep throughout the winter to protect themselves from extremely cold and harsh conditions. This is called hibernation. During hibernation, the animal’s body temperature drops, and their breathing slows down, thereby reducing their energy usage. These animals eat extra food in summer and store it as fat, which they use as energy while they are in a state of hibernation.

Did You Know?

Bears can lose about one-third of their body weight during hibernation! So a 210 kg-bear could lose around 70 kg of its weight!

Group Living

Some animals such as buffalo, elephants, fish and birds live in groups to protect their young ones.

Elephants live in groups.

Long limbs of a monkey

A flock of Siberian cranes migrate from Siberia to India in winters.

Wildebeest Migration

A bear preparing for hibernation.

Wonders of Bharat

Jim Corbett National Park is located in the Nainital district of Uttarakhand, India. This park is home to many different animals, including Bengal tigers, elephants, deer and leopards. It helps protect these animals and their natural habitat.

Word Splash

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habitat: the natural place where an animal lives and grows adaptations: features that help animals survive in their habitat aquatic animals: animals that live in freshwater or seawater predators: animals that hunt other animals for food camouflage: the ability of animals to blend in with their surroundings migration: mass movement of fish, bird and animals from one place to another hibernation: a long winter sleep

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to know more about adaptation in animals.

Points to Remember

• The natural place where an animal lives and grows is called its habitat.

• The features that help animals survive in their habitat are called adaptations.

• There are four main habitats of animals—forests, deserts, aquatic and polar regions.

• Animals are grouped based on their eating habits—herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and scavengers.

• Animals have different adaptations in their bodies and vary in their behaviour to protect themselves from their enemies.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct option.

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A. The features that help animals to survive and grow are called Habitat Adaptation Environment Climate

B. Which organ helps terrestrial animals breathe? Lungs Gills Air holes Stomata

C. When a chameleon sits on a branch of a tree, which of the following colours will be suitable to hide from its predators?

Yellow Red Brown Blue

D. Which of the following animals undergo hibernation?

Humans Crows Elephant Bear

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. Animals that eat only plants are called .

B. Hyenas and vultures are examples of .

C. The long winter sleep of animals is called .

D. Lice is a .

3. Write True or False.

A. Omnivores depend on hosts for their food.

B. Animals live in groups to protect their young ones.

C. Migration helps animals hide from predators.

D. The long tail of the monkey helps in balancing the body.

4. Match the following.

A. Stick insect i. hibernation

B. Siberian cranes ii. scavenger

C. Jackal iii. migration

D. Bear iv. camouflage

5. Short-answer questions.

A. Why do birds have different types of beaks?

B. Mention two adaptations that you see in animals living in polar regions.

C. How are omnivores different from scavengers?

D. Why do animals migrate?

6. Long-answer questions.

A. Explain different characteristic features of a camel that help it survive in deserts.

B. Define camouflage. Explain with the help of 2 examples.

C. Differentiate between herbivores, carnivores and omnivores with examples of each.

7. Picture-based question.

A. Look at the bird’s beak carefully. Guess what kind of food does it eat?

B. Can you name the bird?

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Challenge (HOTS)

1. What would happen if polar bears were left in the desert?

2. In the food chain, which type of animals—herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or scavengers, according to you, are the most important? Justify your answer.

PROJECT 1

Clothes Detective: Natural vs Synthetic Fibres

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Objective: Students will investigate the difference between natural and synthetic fibres.

Materials Needed: Small pieces of different fabrics (cotton, wool, polyester, nylon), a magnifying glass (optional), water in a spray bottle, paper and pencil for recording observations

Step 1: Collect different kinds of fabric

Gather small pieces of fabric of different kinds as listed above. Ensure there is a mix of natural fibres (like cotton and wool) and synthetic ones (like polyester and nylon).

Step 2: Observe, touch and look

Feel each fabric and look at it closely, with or without a magnifying glass. Describe how each one feels—soft, rough, stretchy or smooth.

Step 3: Test for absorption of water

Spray a little water on each fabric sample and observe how they absorb water. Which fibres absorb water quickly? Which fibres absorb water slowly or do not absorb at all?

Step 4: Record your observations

Note down your findings in a simple chart. Write Yes or No at the correct places.

Fibre Type (natural/ Synthetic) Absorbs water quickly Absorbs water slowly Does not absorb water

Cotton

Wool

Silk

Nylon

Polyester

Step 5: Think and Reflect

Discuss why certain clothes are made from natural fibres and others from synthetic ones. For example, cotton is great for hot weather because it absorbs sweat, while synthetic fibres might be better for raincoats and sportswear because they repel water.

Project Output: Now you have a chart that helps you understand the difference between different kinds of fibres. Share and discuss it with the class.

Final Outcome: This project will help you understand about the special qualities and utility of different cloth fibres.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 1 Plants Around Us

Navya was excited to learn that plants use a process called photosynthesis, where they need sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food. Plants use the food they make to get energy and grow. Any leftover food is turned into starch and stored in different parts of the plant, like fruits, leaves, stems, roots and flowers.

Navya has a small kitchen garden outside her home. She has plants like coriander, brinjal, lemon, tomato, pumpkin and ladies' finger. She has decided to take extra care of these plants so that they grow well, and she can enjoy these homegrown vegetables.

1. What are the three main things plants need for photosynthesis?

A. Sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide

B. Sunlight, soil, and rain

C. Water, sunlight and oxygen

2. What is photosynthesis?

A. The process of giving sunlight by plants

B. The process of making food by plants

C. The process of producing carbon dioxide

3. Plants make their own food. What happens to the extra food made by the plants?

4. Name any three plant parts that we eat for food. Give two examples of each.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student:

Time: 1 Hour

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Total Marks: 40

1 Tick () the correct answer. (1 × 5 marks)

A Which nutrient gives us the energy to do work?

a Carbohydrates b Proteins c Minerals d Vitamins

B Which of the following is not a microbe?

a Bacteria b Fungi c Plaque d Protozoa

C What should you do if you get dehydrated?

a Drink less water b Drink water or ORS

c Wait until you feel better d Sleep well

D Which of these plants is an insect-eating plant?

a Cactus b Banyan c Venus flytrap d Dodder plant

E Which of the following animals undergo hibernation?

a Humans b Crows c Elephant d Bear

2 Fill in the blanks. (1 × 5 marks)

A Lice is a .

B The stage of fish between the larva and the fingerling is called the stage.

C Plants like radishes and carrOts store food in their .

D is an example of a submerged plant.

E Hyenas and vultures are examples of .

3 Write ONE word for the following. (1 × 5 marks)

A The components of food that help our bodies grow and stay healthy

B A pigment that gives green colour to the leaves and helps to absorb sunlight

C The special features that help a living thing to survive in its habitat

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D Tiny living things that are too small to see with our naked eyes

E The ability of animals to blend in with their surroundings

4 Write True or False. (1 × 5 marks)

A Canning, salting and refrigeration are methods of food preservation.

B You should put an ice pack on the sprain.

C Plants make food in the form of glucose.

D Cactus is found in marshy areas.

E The egg shell fulfils the food requirements of the yolk.

5 Picture-based questions. (1 + 0.5 × 4 + 1 marks)

A What process is shown in the given image.

B Identify and label 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the given image.

C Describe the transformation of stage 2 into stage 3.

6 Answer the following questions in short. (2 × 4 marks)

A Why do coniferous trees have needle-like leaves?

B How many types of teeth do we have?

C Mention two adaptations that you see in animals living in polar regions.

D What is the function of the liver and pancreas?

7 Answer the following questions in detail. (4 × 2 marks)

A Explain the process of photosynthesis. Write the equation too.

B Write the first aid for each.

a Cuts and wounds b Burns 1 4 3 2

The Earth— Our Home 1

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Chapter Overview

Earth—Our Home

Land and Water on Earth Landforms on Earth

Water Features

Get Set

Read the poem aloud with your partner. Use hand movements.

Let's protect our Earth so green, Keep the rivers and the air clean. Plant trees, let forests grow, Help the flowers bloom and glow. Together we can take a stand, To care for every piece of land.

Land and Water on Earth

We live on Earth. It is a wonderful planet with many different features. The two main things that make up the Earth’s surface are land and water.

Land covers around 1/4th of the Earth’s surface. It includes mountains, hills, plains, plateaus and deserts. Water covers more than 3/4th of the Earth’s surface. It includes oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ponds and streams. Water is essential for life on Earth.

1/4 3/4th

Land and water on Earth

Did You Know?

Even though most of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, we can drink very little of it. Most of the Earth’s water is salty and found in oceans.

Landforms on Earth

Different features like mountains, plateaus and deserts on the surface of the Earth are called landforms. Landforms are shaped by natural forces like water, wind and ice or by processes deep inside the Earth. Let us learn about them in detail.

Mountains and Valleys

Mountains have very steep slopes and high peaks. Many mountains together form long rows of mountains, which are known as mountain ranges. The Himalayas in northern India are the highest mountain ranges in the world. Mount Everest is the highest mountain peak on the Earth.

When two large landmasses push against each other to form mountains, they are called fold mountains. The Himalayas in Asia and the Alps in Europe are both fold mountains.

Some mountains are formed when molten rocks from deep inside the Earth reach the ground and rise to form a volcano. Such mountains are known as volcanic mountains. Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Vesuvius in Italy are examples of volcanic mountains.

Block mountains are formed when large blocks of land break up and slide. Sierra Nevada mountains in the USA and the Black Forest mountains in Germany are examples of block mountains.

molten: something that has become liquid-like due to heat volcano: a mountain with a hole at the top from which molten rock, gases, etc. come out from under the Earth

Nevada Mountains, USA

The Himalayan Mountain Range

Mount Fuji, Japan

A valley is a U-shaped or V-shaped land formed between hills or mountains. The melting snow from glaciers form rivers that flow down the mountains. These rivers wear down the rocks on their way to form valleys. Many valleys have rivers flowing through them. Some wellknown valleys in India include the Kashmir Valley and the Brahmaputra Valley.

The Kashmir Valley

A pass is a narrow, natural gap between mountains. People use passes to cross mountains. For example, the Khyber Pass in the Himalayas links Afghanistan with Pakistan.

Do and Learn

Get some modelling clay. Work with your friends and shape the clay to form mountains, hills, valleys and plains.

Plateaus

A plateau is higher than the land around it but is flat at the top. For example, the Southern Plateau in southern India and the Columbia and Colorado Plateaus in the USA.

Did You Know?

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The Tibetan Plateau is the highest plateau in the world. It is called the ‘roof of the world.’

Plains

Plains are flat lands. Rivers flowing from the mountains bring fertile soil to the plains and make them suitable for agriculture. For example, India’s Northern Plains and the Prairies of the USA.

Deserts

A desert is a large area of extremely dry land with hardly any rainfall and very few plants. For example, the Sahara Desert in North Africa, the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa, the Atacama Desert in South America and the Thar Desert in India.

Deserts are not always hot. There are two types of deserts: hot deserts and cold deserts. For example, Antarctica is a cold desert. It is always very cold there and very few people live there.

glacier: a large body of slowly moving ice

The Colorado Plateau

The Thar Desert

Pause and Answer

Write True or False.

1. Plenty of crops can be grown on the plains due to the fertile soil.

2. Passes are lowlands between mountains and hills.

3. Sierra Nevada is a block mountain.

4. Many plants can grow in deserts.

Water Features

Coasts, Peninsulas, Bays and Islands

A coast is where land meets the sea. Some coasts are sandy and straight, while others are rocky.

Any land that extends into the sea and is surrounded by water on three sides is called a peninsula. The southern part of our country is a peninsula. The tip of a peninsula is called a cape. Kanyakumari, also known as Cape Comorin, is the southern-most tip of the Indian Peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world.

A bay is a body of water that is surrounded on three sides by land. For example, the Bay of Bengal, along the eastern coast of India.

An island is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides. The country Sri Lanka is an island. Greenland is the world’s largest island.

Rivers

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Rivers are long streams of water. Many rivers start in the mountains, as the snow melts from glaciers and forms rivers. These rivers have water all the year round and are called perennial rivers. For example, the Ganga and the Yamuna.

In South India, rivers are formed by rainwater. They dry up during the summer. They do not have water throughout the year, so they are called seasonal rivers. For example, the Godavari and the Krishna.

A bay

An island

Along the way, smaller rivers join the main river. These smaller rivers are called tributaries. As a river nears the sea, it slows down. It carries a lot of mud called sediment. This sediment keeps getting deposited on the way, causing the river to split into smaller streams or distributaries. These distributaries spread out and form low, flat, triangular-shaped land, just before reaching the sea. These areas are called deltas. The delta formed by the Brahmaputra and the Ganga rivers is the largest in the world.

Rivers play an important role in our lives. They make the soil fertile and give us drinking water. We must not pollute rivers by throwing garbage in them.

Wonders of Bharat

The Umngot River in Meghalaya, India, is Asia’s cleanest river. The water is so clear that the bottom of the river is visible from the surface. It is a popular tourist destination.

Word Splash

Did You Know?

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valleys: U-shaped or V-shaped lowlands found between mountains and hills pass: narrow, natural gap in mountains

bay: a body of water surrounded on three sides by land

island: a piece of land that is surrounded on all sides by water

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the Thar desert.

Points to Remember

• There are three types of mountains: fold mountains, volcanic mountains and block mountains.

• The Khyber Pass in the Himalayas links Afghanistan with Pakistan.

• There are two types of rivers: perennial and seasonal.

The Nile River is the longest river in the world.

The Umngot River

The Ganga River

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which type of mountains form when large blocks of land split and slide?

a. Fold mountains

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b. Volcanic mountains

B. Which is the longest river in the world?

a. Nile

b. Umngot

C. What is the tip of a peninsula called?

a. Bay

2. Fill in the blanks.

b. Lagoon

c. Block mountains

c. Ganga

c. Cape

Khyber mountain range sediment valleys

A. The dirt and mud carried by a river is called .

B. The Pass connects Afghanistan and Pakistan.

C. Many mountains together form a .

D. are lowlands found between mountains and hills.

3. Match the following.

A. Plateaus

i. A water body surrounded by land on three sides

B. Tributaries ii. Higher than surrounding land, flat at the top

C. Bay

D. Delta

4. Short answer questions.

iii. Small rivers that join a main river along the way

iv. A triangular area formed by distributaries

A. Name any 2 fold mountains and where they are located.

B. Name any 2 volcanic mountains and where they are located.

C. Name any 2 deserts and where they are located.

D. If you are in Kolkata, will you find a bay or a peninsula there?

5. Long answer questions.

A. Write any two differences between seasonal and perennial rivers. Give one example of each.

B. How is a peninsula different from a bay?

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

A. What landform can you see in the image?

B. How is this landform formed?

C. Give one example of this kind of landform in India.

HOTS

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If you are travelling from Kashmir to Rajasthan in a car, which landforms will you find on the way?

Life Skills

Take a blank map of India and mark any three perennial rivers, one desert, one bay and a plateau. Write their names when you mark them on the map. You can use an atlas or a book to do this. Display your maps in the class.

2 Knowing India

Chapter Overview

Location and Neighbours

Knowing India

Physical Features Political Divisions

Get Set

India is a land of beautiful monuments. Colour the picture of the India Gate.

India is the seventh largest country of the world by area, and the largest in the world in terms of population. New Delhi is the capital of India. More than 22 languages are spoken in India in different parts. People of different religions and cultures live together in India. We must respect each other's religions and cultures.

According to the 2011 Census of India, more than one thousand mother tongues are spoken in our country. Did You Know?

India also has many different landforms, like mountains, plains and deserts. Together, all of these things make India a unique country.

Let us learn more about our big and beautiful country, India.

Location and Neighbours

India lies in Asia. Asia is the largest of the seven continents in the world. The Himalayan ranges lie in the northern part of India. The southern part of India is a peninsula. India is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south.

The southernmost tip of India is called the Indira Point. It lies in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

India shares its land borders with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. Across the sea, its neighbours are the Maldives and Sri Lanka.

India, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan together are called the Indian subcontinent.

Physical Features

India has different types of landforms like mountains, valleys, plateaus and plains. India can be divided into six physical divisions based on the landforms. They are the Great Himalayas, the Northern Plains, the Great Indian Desert, the Coastal Plains and Islands and the Southern Plateau.

Remember!

A series of mountains is called a mountain range and a piece of land that is surrounded by large bodies of water on three sides is called a peninsula.

Landforms of India

Indira Point

Political Divisions

India is divided into 28 states and 8 union territories. These states and union territories are divided into districts to make administration easy.

India has two levels of government: central government and state government. The central government makes laws for the whole country and the state government looks after particular states.

The union territories in India come under the central government.

Did You Know?

The seven states in north-eastern India are called the Seven Sisters. These are Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura.

Do and Learn

Map not to Scale

States and union territories of India

Make teams of 3–4 students in class and find one famous tourist spot in each of the seven sister states of north-eastern India. Decide which one you would like to visit and why. Share it with the class.

Wonders of Bharat

More than half of the Himalayan range falls in India. The Himalayas act as a natural barrier that prevents very cold winds from Central Asia from coming into India. Since, they are very high, they also serve as a natural wall to protect India’s border. The Himalayan Range

administration: running and managing the daily functions of government

population: the total number of people living in a country landforms: features on the earth’s surface that make up the terrain

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about different languages spoken in India.

Points to Remember

• India has the largest population in the world.

• More than 22 languages are spoken in India.

• India shares its land borders with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan.

• Across the sea, its neighbours are the Maldives and Sri Lanka.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of these countries is not a neighbour of India?

a. Iran

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b. Sri Lanka

B. How many states are there in India? a. 36

c. Bhutan d. Pakistan

C. Which ocean lies towards the south of India?

a. Indian Ocean

c. Atlantic Ocean

b. Pacific Ocean

d. Arctic Ocean

2. Fill in the blanks. Bay of Bengal seventh peninsula Sri Lanka

A. India is the largest country in the world in terms of area.

B. India has the in the east.

C. The southern part of India is a .

D. is India’s neighbour across the sea.

3. Write True or False.

A. India is a land of diverse landforms and cultures.

B. The northern part of India is surrounded by water.

C. Arunachal Pradesh is one of the Seven Sisters.

D. China is part of the Indian subcontinent.

4. Short answer questions.

A. What is the southernmost tip of India called and where is it located?

B. How many states and union territories are there in India?

C. Name any two neighbouring countries of India that lie across the sea.

5. Long answer questions.

A. Why does India have two levels of government?

B. What makes India a unique country? Give two reasons.

6. Picture-based questions.

Look at the map and answer the following questions.

A. Name the country which shares borders with the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.

B. Name the country which shares a border with the Indian states of Meghalaya and West Bengal.

HOTS

Do you think India should have good relations with its neighbouring countries? Give 2–3 reasons.

Life Skills

Find out how to write your name in 3 different languages recognized in India. You can use the internet or ask your parents to help you.

The Northern Mountains

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Chapter Overview

The Northern Mountains

Location and Climate

The Three Divisions Importance of the Himalayas

Life in the Himalayas

Get Set

If you had the option to visit any of the following places, which one would it be and why? Tell your partner about it.

1. The hills in northern India

2. The desert in Rajasthan

3. The beach in Mumbai

Location and Climate

The Northern Mountains, or the Himalayas, are more than 2400 km long and pass through countries like China, Nepal, India and Bhutan.

They are spread over the northern and north-eastern parts of India. In India, they start from Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir and continue until Arunachal Pradesh. The highest peak in the world, Mount Everest, is a part of the Northern Mountains and lies in Nepal. It is 8848 metres high. Apart from that, nine other highest peaks of the world are also a part of the Northern Mountains.

The word Himalayas means ‘abode of snow’. A large part of these mountain ranges is covered with snow all year round. The western part of the Himalayas is at a higher elevation. The mountain slopes here are covered with snow and cold winds blow. The eastern part of the Himalayas is lower, so there is heavy rain but no snow.

The Three Divisions

There are three mountain ranges that together make the Himalayas.

• The Himadri or Greater Himalayas

• The Himachal or the Middle Himalayas

• The Shivalik or the Outer Himalayas

These mountain ranges are parallel to each other.

The Himadri or the Greater Himalayas

The Himalayas are fold mountains.

The Himadri, or Greater Himalayas, are the highest mountain ranges of the Himalayas. Himadri is the northernmost range of the Himalayas and is snow-capped all through the year.

It spans across countries like Pakistan, China, India, Nepal and Tibet. The world’s highest mountain peak, Mount Everest, and others like Lhotse and Nanga Parbat, are part of the Greater Himalayas range. Kanchenjunga is the highest peak in India and the third highest in the world.

Kanchenjunga, the highest peak in India

The Greater Himalayas also have many glaciers. A glacier is a large, slow-moving mass of ice and snow. Two important glaciers in this range are the Gangotri and the

elevation: height

parallel: run next to each other with almost the same distance between them

Location of the Northern Mountains

Yamunotri. The Yamuna river starts from the Yamunotri glacier and the Gangotri glacier is where the Ganga river starts.

The Himachal or the Middle Himalayas

These mountains are not as high as the ones in the Himadri Range. They are located to the south of the Himadri range. It is a beautiful stretch of mountains with many forests, waterfalls, rivers and fertile valleys. There are beautiful towns and valleys here like Mussoorie, Shimla, Nainital, Almora, Kullu, Manali, Darjeeling, etc. which are famous tourist attractions.

Do and Learn

Collect pictures of any 5 towns or valleys of the Middle Himalayas. Paste the pictures in your scrapbook and write their names.

The Shiwalik or the Outer Himalayas

The Shiwalik range, also known as the Outer Himalayas, is the southernmost range of the Himalayas.

The Shiwalik range receives heavy rainfall, and the land is fertile. The foothills of Shiwalik are known as the Terai region.

Terai region

The Shiwalik range is covered with dense forests that have wild animals such as tigers, elephants, rhinoceros, etc. To protect these wild animals, the Government has declared many forests as protected forests. Protected forests are closely monitored by government officials, and people cannot cut trees or hunt animals there. Some examples of protected forests in this region are the Jim Corbett National Park and the Kaziranga National Park. Chopping down trees harms the environment. We must protect the environment.

Pause and Answer

Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Mount Everest is a part of the Greater Himalayas.

2. The river Ganga starts from the Yamunotri glacier.

3. The outer Himalayas are also known as the Shiwaliks.

4. The middle Himalayas are higher than the Himadri Range.

foothills: hills that are located at the bottom of mountains

Importance of the Himalayas

Some of the ways in which the Himalayas are important for India are:

• They act like a huge wall and protect our borders with other countries.

• The Himalayas protect India from the cold winds blowing from Central Asia. This prevents India from becoming a cold desert.

• Many important rivers originate in the Himalayas. These rivers are a source of drinking water and, also make the land fertile. Dams built over these rivers provide us with electricity.

• They help bring monsoons to India. They stop the winds from going further north, which leads to rains in India.

• The thick forests in the Himalayas are home to many wild animals and useful plants.

• The beautiful valleys and towns are a great tourist attraction.

Life in the Himalayas

The Himalayas are spread across many Indian states in the north and north-east. The lives of people in these states is closely connected to the mountains.

In the north, Jammu and Kashmir is famous for different types of handicraft products made from wood, brass, silver and paper mache. It is also known for houseboats and shikaras. It is a famous tourist attraction due to the snow-covered mountains, beautiful valleys and lakes like Dal and Wular.

Since it is cold here, people wear a long woollen garment known as a phiran. Inside the phiran, they carry a kangri which is a small earthen pot woven around with wicker and filled with burning coals.

The main languages spoken here are Kashmiri, Dogri, Punjabi, and Ladakhi. Some main festivals are Lohri, Navroz, Baisakhi, Eid and Shivratri.

cold desert: a desert that is covered in snow all year round handicrafts: decorative objects made by artists using their hands

houseboat: large boats in which people can live

shikara: small colourful boats used for leisure or to sell things on a lake wicker: a natural material that is used to make baskets and furniture

Houseboat in Dal Lake Kangri

Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh. Many hill stations like Kullu, Manali and Dharamshala lie in this state. The toy train between Kalka and Shimla is a popular tourist attraction. Women wear loose kurtas, and men wear shirts with tight pyjamas and colourful caps.

Uttarakhand is home to thick pine, oak, deodar and fir trees and a wide variety of animals and birds. Its capital is Dehradun. Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath are places of religious importance in Uttarakhand.

Another state in the Himalayas is Sikkim. Its capital is Gangtok. Most people in Sikkim are of the Lepcha, Bhutia or Nepali tribe. Sikkim is famous for orchids. Mount Kanchenjunga is located in this state. Women wear traditional long skirts called baku and colourful jewellery made of beads.

In the north-east, the Himalayan range runs across Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram. Together, they are known as the ‘Seven Sisters’.

Do and Learn

Find out the names of some famous food items from the Seven Sisters.

Most of Arunachal Pradesh is covered with mountains. The river Brahmaputra enters India through this state. Its capital is Itanagar. Assam is famous for its tea plantations and silk. Its capital is Dispur. Meghalaya gets the heaviest rainfall in India, and its capital is Shillong. Nagaland is famous for its colourful shawls. Its capital is Kohima.

Wonders of Bharat

The Hemis National Park is located in Ladakh. It is the largest national park in India. It is famous all over the world for having a large number of snow leopards.

A snow leopard in Hemis National Park

Women of Himachal Pradesh

A woman from Sikkim

People of Assam

Word Splash

peak: the sharp, pointed top of a mountain mountain range: a chain of mountains

terai: the foothills of the Shiwalik protected forests: forests that are closely monitored by the government officials, so people cannot cut trees or hunt animals

phiran: long woollen garment

kangri: earthen pot with burning coal carried inside a phiran

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the animals found in the Northern Mountains.

Points to Remember

• The Northern Mountains, or the Himalayas, are more than 2400 km long and pass through countries like China, Nepal, India and Bhutan.

• The Himalayas protect India from the cold winds blowing from Central Asia.

• The Himalayas consist of: the Himadri, the Himachal, and the Shiwalik ranges.

• Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram together are also known as the Seven Sisters.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What are the Greater Himalayas also known as?

a. Himachal

b. Shiwalik

B. What are the foothills of the Shiwalik called?

a. Terai

b. Doon

C. Which of these is NOT one of the Seven Sisters?

a. Meghalaya

b. West Bengal

D. The Shiwalik are also known as .

a. Outer Himalayas

b. Middle Himalayas

c. Himadri

c. Garhwal

c. Tripura

c. Himadri

2. Fill in the blanks.

Central Asia Assam Jammu and Kashmir Arunachal Pradesh

A. The Himalayas protect India from the incoming cold winds from .

B. River Brahmaputra enters India through .

C. Houseboats are a tourist attraction in .

D. is famous for its tea plantations and silk.

3. Write True or False.

A. The Yamunotri glacier is located in Uttarakhand.

B. In the Himalayas, it becomes warmer as we go higher up.

C. Mussoorie is located in the Greater Himalayas.

D. The Himalayas form a natural defence barrier for India.

4. Match the following.

A. Himachal i. Gangtok

B. Sikkim ii. North-eastern states

C. Gangotri iii. Middle Himalayas

D. Seven Sisters iv. Uttarakhand

5. Short answer questions.

A. Name the highest and the lowest range in the Himalayas.

B. Name two glaciers in the Northern Mountains from which two main rivers of India originate.

C. Which state in the Himalayan range is famous for orchids?

6. Long answer questions.

A. Give 4 reasons why Himalayas are important for India.

B. Explain what you know about the lives of people in Jammu and Kashmir.

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the questions that follow.

A. What is shown in the picture?

B. Where do we find them?

C. Name two lakes in this region.

HOTS

What unique title would you like to give to the Himalayas? Why?

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Life Skills

Ask a parent or an elder to help you prepare the popular Himalayan dish “Himalayan Thukpa Salad”.

Ingredients:

• 1 cup of cooked and chilled noodles

• 1 small carrot, cucumber, bell pepper, tomato – all cut into thin, long pieces

• A handful of shredded cabbage

• A handful of fresh coriander leaves

• 1 tablespoon soy sauce

• 1 tablespoon of lemon juice

• Salt to taste

• A pinch of black pepper

Steps:

• In a large mixing bowl, combine the cooked and chilled noodles with the prepared vegetables.

• Then wash the coriander leaves and add them to the bowl.

• Drizzle 1 spoon of soy sauce and lemon juice over the noodle and vegetable mixture.

• Add a pinch of salt and black pepper to taste.

• Mix everything together until the noodles and vegetables are evenly coated with the dressing.

Your dish is ready! Share it with your family and enjoy it with them. This Thukpa-inspired salad captures the flavours of the Himalayan region.

The Northern Plains 4

Chapter Overview

Get Set

You have read about the physical features of India. Choose which of these have plains as their landform.

Flat, vast, low-lying areas are called plains. The Northern Plains are the largest and most fertile region of India. There are many states that are part of the Northern Plains. Let us learn about Northern Plains in detail.

Location and Climate

We have already learnt about the Himalayas. The Northern Plains lie to the south of the Himalayas. The Northern Plains run parallel to the Himalayas and stretch from Punjab in the west to Assam in the east. They cover the whole of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, West Bengal and parts of Bihar and Assam.

1. Delhi 2. Punjab 3. Chennai 4. Patna

Rivers, like the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Yamuna, flow through the Northern Plains. Because of this, the Northern Plains is a very populated region. The rivers in the Northern Plains are formed when the ice melts in the Himalayas, so they flow throughout the year. Such rivers are also called perennial rivers. The Northern Plains is a fertile region because the rivers carry soil rich in minerals down onto the plains. Thus, agriculture is the main occupation here. There are very hot summers and very cold winters on the Northern Plains. The temperature generally rises above 40 degrees Celsius in summer and falls below 5 degrees Celsius in winter.

Features

The Northern Plains were formed when Himalayan rivers, such as the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Sutlej and their tributaries deposited soil in the area. A river or a stream that flows into a larger river is called tributary. These rivers flow down the mountains with great speed. As they reach the Northern Plains, their speed becomes slow and they deposit alluvial soil there. As the rivers flow through the plains, their sediments become denser. So, these rivers break into smaller rivers called distributaries. They form triangular pieces of land known as deltas

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perennial: rivers that flow throughout the year deposit: leave behind sediments: remains

River

The Northern Plains

Divisions

A river basin is the area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries. The Northern Plains broadly have three divisions: the Sutlej Basin, the Ganga Basin and the Brahmaputra Basin.

The Sutlej Basin

The Sutlej basin lies in the states of Punjab and Haryana. It is formed by the rivers Sutlej and Beas. The region gets little rainfall and the climate is hot in summer and cold in winter. As this area is very fertile, wheat is grown here extensively. Crops, like rice, pulses, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds, are also grown here. The Bhakra Dam, built on the Sutlej river, provides water for irrigation and generates electricity used in the areas of Punjab and Haryana.

The Ganga Basin

The Ganga Basin covers the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The Ganga River is the main river in the Northern Plains. It originates as the Bhagirathi from the Gangotri glacier in the Himalayan mountains. Flowing at a high speed from mountain slopes, the Bhagirathi is joined by the Alaknanda River. Together, these rivers form the Ganga River. The Ganga enters the Northern Plains near Haridwar. The Yamuna river, which is the main tributary of the Ganga, also starts from the Himalayas. The rivers Ganga and Yamuna meet at Prayagraj. The meeting point is known as Sangam. Other tributaries of the Ganga include the Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.

The Ganga enters West Bengal after flowing through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Here, it splits into many distributaries. Distributaries are streams that originate from a river before it flows into the sea. The two main distributaries of Ganga are Hooghly and Padma. The Hooghly flows into the Bay of Bengal through Kolkata. The Padma enters Bangladesh and joins Jamuna before entering the Bay of Bengal. Here, the Ganga and Brahmaputra form a delta called the Sunderbans. This is the largest delta in the world.

Error Alert!

The Jamuna and Yamuna are not the same river. The Yamuna is the main branch of the Ganga, whereas the Jamuna is the main branch of the Brahmaputra.

Bhakra Dam

People taking a dip in Ganga River

The Brahmaputra Basin

Did You Know?

The Brahmaputra is one of the few rivers in India that has a male name. Most of the other rivers in India have female names.

The Brahmaputra basin extends from Tibet through Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in India, and into Bangladesh. The river Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, where it is called Yarlung Tsangpo. It enters India through Arunachal Pradesh, flows through Assam, before entering Bangladesh. Here, it joins the Padma River before finally falling into the Bay of Bengal. The River Brahmaputra gets its water from the melting ice of the Himalayas, as well as from heavy rainfall and many small streams in the North-Eastern hilly regions of India. As a result, the Brahmaputra often overflows its banks and causes heavy floods. These floods cause a lot of damage to the nearby areas.

Pause and Answer

Circle the correct word.

1. Yamuna/Beas is the main tributary of the Ganga.

2. The Brahmaputra originates in Japan/Tibet.

3. The Brahmaputra enters India through Assam/Arunachal Pradesh.

Life in Plains

There are many states that are part of the Northern Plains. Let us learn about them in detail.

Punjab

Punjab is a highly fertile area because of the Sutlej, Ravi and Beas rivers flowing through it. The capital is Chandigarh. The important cities are Amritsar, Ludhiana and Jalandhar. The famous Golden Temple is located in Amritsar.

Punjabi and Hindi are the main languages spoken by the people. The main festivals are Gurupurab, Baisakhi, Diwali and Holi. Bhangra and Gidda are the popular folk dances of Punjab. Modern tools of farming, such as tractors, are used to plough the fields. Wheat, rice, maize and oilseeds are widely grown here.

folk dances: traditional dance of particular people or area

Bhangra Dance

The Golden Temple

Haryana

Chandigarh is the capital of Haryana as well. Haryana is another state in the Sutlej basin. Hindi and Haryanvi (a dialect of Hindi) are spoken here. Farmers in Haryana also make use of modern machinery in the fields. Many people have also taken up cattle and dairy farming. Its famous cities include Gurugram and Faridabad. Haryana has the largest car manufacturing plant in India.

National Capital Territory of Delhi

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The National Capital Territory of Delhi is a special area in India that includes the city of Delhi and nearby places, where the country’s government is located. New Delhi is the capital of India. Offices of the President, the Prime Minister and all the Central Government ministers are in Delhi. People speak Hindi, English, Punjabi and Urdu. All major Indian festivals are celebrated here. Many historical monuments, such as Qutub Minar, Jantar Mantar, the Lotus Temple, Jama Masjid, the Red Fort, Humayun’s Tomb, Akshardham Temple and India Gate, are located here. Historical monuments tell us about our country’s rich culture and diversity. We must not spoil them by littering or writing on the walls whenever we visit them.

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India. Its capital is Lucknow. It has very fertile soil and it is in the Ganga basin. The main occupation of the people is farming. It is also famous for its mangoes and guavas. People speak Hindi, Bhojpuri and Urdu.

dialect: a form of language spoken in a particular part of a country

monument: a building, structure or site that is of historical importance

The India Gate

The Jama Masjid

Uttar Pradesh

Celebrations at Kumbh Mela

A view of Gurugram

The main industries of Uttar Pradesh are sugar, leather, textile and chemicals. Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh, is famous for its silk sarees, and Moradabad is known for its brassware.

The Taj Mahal, in Agra, is one of the seven worders of the world. It is a great tourist attraction for both Indians and foreigners. The Kumbh Mela, held in Prayagraj, is another famous tourist attraction. It is attended in large numbers by devotees.

Bihar

Discuss!

The walls of Taj Mahal are turning black due to air pollution. What are some of the steps we can take to reduce air pollution? Discuss with your friends.

Bihar is situated in the Ganga Basin. The capital of Bihar is Patna. Here, people speak Hindi, Maithili and Bhojpuri. The main festival of Bihar is Chhath Puja, and other festivals include Diwali, Holi, Eid and Dussehra. It is a densely populated state and has extremely fertile soil. Hence, it is ideal for agriculture. Bihar has many industries, based on agriculture. Important cities of Bihar include Patna, Nalanda, Bodh Gaya and Rajgir.

Jharkhand

The capital of Jharkhand is Ranchi. Jharkhand is very rich in mineral deposits. Coal, iron ore, copper and aluminium are abundantly found here. India’s largest steel plant, the Bokaro Steel Plant, is in Jharkhand. Other important cities of Jharkhand are Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Dhanbad.

West Bengal

The capital of West Bengal is Kolkata. The main language spoken here is Bengali. Durga Puja is the most popular festival in West Bengal. Bengali sweets, like rashogolla and sandesh, are popular all over India. Kolkata is near the sea, and thus fishing is a popular occupation of people. Tea, jute, textile, and rice are produced here. Darjeeling tea is famous all over the world.

Assam

The capital of Assam is Dispur. Assam is famous for its tea gardens and silk. Tea is grown on large plantations in Assam. People mainly speak Assamese. The main festival of Assam is Bihu. The biggest city of the state

Chhath Puja

Durga Puja celebration in Kolkata

Tea plantation in Assam

is Guwahati. The Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam is a popular tourist attraction because it is home to the one-horned rhinoceros. Famous industries are petroleum and oil refineries. Assam is also known for the production of rice, sericulture (the rearing of silkworms) and handicrafts.

Importance

The Northern Plains are of great importance to us. The fertile soil, perennial rivers and favourable climate make the Northern Plains densely populated. Dams support various purposes, including irrigation and electricity production. The Northern Plains are suitable for building railroad tracks and roads. Thus, they support trade too.

Wonders of Bharat

The Taj Mahal, situated in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, on the southern bank of the Yamuna River, is India’s most famous and widely recognized monument. A lot of tourists visit the Taj Mahal every year. It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

Word Splash

tributaries: rivers or streams that flow into a larger river alluvial: fine sand and silt deposited by the river in the floodplains distributaries: small streams of water that originate from a river before it flows into the sea delta: a triangular piece of land formed at the mouth of a river river basin: an area watered by a river and its tributaries sericulture: rearing of silkworms to produce silk

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn about the Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary.

The Taj Mahal

Points to Remember

• The Northern Plains stretch from Punjab in the west to Assam in the east.

• Rivers flowing through the Northern Plains bring with them fertile soil, sand and silt, which is suitable for agriculture.

• The three rivers that have played an important role in making the Northern Plains are the Sutlej, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

• Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Assam are the states that lie in the Northern Plains.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which is the largest delta in the world?

a. Mekong

b. Sundarbans

B. What is the capital of West Bengal?

a. Dispur

b. Chandigarh

c. Huang He

c. Kolkata

C. Which of these states is not a part of the Northern Plains?

a. Punjab

b. Haryana

D. What is the Brahmaputra River called in Tibet?

a. Brahmaputra

2. Fill in the blanks.

c. Kerala

b. Yarlung Tsangpo

c. Yarlung Zangbo

Sutlej Guwahati South Amritsar

A. The Northern Plains lie to the of Himalayas.

B. The Bhakra Dam is built over river .

C. The Golden Temple is situated in .

D. The biggest city of Assam is .

3. Write True or False.

A. Ludhiana is the capital of Punjab.

B. Nalanda is located in Bihar.

C. The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow.

D. Sericulture is practised in Jharkhand.

4. Match the following.

A. Sandesh i. Assam

B. Bihu ii. Jharkhand

C. Mineral ore iii. Moradabad

D. Brass iv. Kolkata

5. Short answer questions.

A. Name the three river basins in the Northern Plains.

B. Name any two tributaries of the Ganga River.

C. Name any three mineral resources found in Jharkhand.

D. What is a river basin?

6. Long answer questions.

A. Why is the Northern Plains important? Give two reasons.

B. What types of clothes do the people in the Northern Plains wear during the summer and winter seasons? Why?

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Which state in the Northern Plains practises this type of farming?

B. Which crop is mainly grown here?

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HOTS

1. Mamta lives in Uttar Pradesh and plans to visit her friends in West Bengal. Write any 2 differences she will notice in farming, culture and industries.

2. Raju’s uncle is a farmer. He wants to buy a farm and grow wheat and rice. Suggest which part of the Northern Plains he should move to in order to start farming. Give 2 reasons for your suggestion.

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Community Connect

With the help of your parents, visit a nearby vegetable market. Talk to the vegetable sellers and learn about how different vegetables are grown and how they reach the market. Share the information with your class.

The Great Indian Desert 5

Chapter Overview

The Great Indian Desert Climate and Features Vegetation and Water Supply Life in the Desert Importance

(✓) the picture that shows a desert.

India is a country with many different types of landforms. One of the most famous is the Great Indian Desert, also known as the Thar Desert. This vast, sandy area lies to the west of the Northern Plains, mostly in the

The Great Indian Desert is a large area of land that receives little or no rainfall.

Indian state of Rajasthan. To its south, you will find the Rann of Kachchh, and to the southeast, the Aravalli Hills. This desert even stretches into Pakistan.

A desert can be hot or cold. The Thar Desert is a hot desert.

In this chapter, we will learn more about the Great Indian Desert and the life of people there.

India also has a cold desert. Ladakh is a cold desert where the climate is dry and cold. Ladakh lies in the northern Himalayan region of the country. Did You Know?

Climate and Features

The Great Indian Desert is a dry, rocky and sandy region. The Aravalli Hills block rain clouds from reaching this area, which is why it gets very little rainfall and stays dry. The desert experiences extreme temperatures. During the day, especially in summer, it becomes extremely hot because the sand heats up quickly under the sun. However, at night, the sand cools down fast, making the nights cool and pleasant. In summer, hot winds blow across the desert toward states like Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. In winter, the days are comfortable, but the nights can get extremely cold.

Discuss!

If the sand dunes keep shifting every time the wind blows, how do you think people who travel in the deserts find the right direction? Discuss with your friends.

The desert is mostly covered with loose sand. Strong winds, known as sandstorms, often sweep across the desert, carrying sand from one place to another. These winds form small hills of sand called sand dunes. Some dunes are crescent-shaped, known as barchans, while others are long ridges called seif dunes. Sandstorms can be very powerful and people can easily lose their way.

In some parts of the desert, underground water comes to the surface, creating a small area where plants can grow. It is called an oasis. Trees like babul and date palms thrive in these water-rich spots.

Sunrise in the Great Indian Desert

The Great Indian Desert

Vegetation and Water Supply

In the Great Indian Desert, plants have adapted to survive with little water. Vegetation here includes shrubs, cacti and grasses that can endure the dry climate. Trees like date palms, kikar and babul can be seen in some parts.

The Luni is a seasonal river that flows through the desert. It joins the Arabian Sea at the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.

To ensure water supply in the desert, the government constructed the Indira Gandhi Canal. This canal brings water from the Satluj and Beas rivers into the desert. It has allowed the people to grow a variety of crops such as wheat, jowar, bajra and some vegetables.

Error Alert!

The Thar Desert is not an empty piece of land. Many plants and animals that are found here such as date palm, cacti, khejri, kair, and babul. It is also home to animals and birds such as camels, chinkaras, blackbucks, peafowl and vultures.

Pause and Answer

Name the following.

1. Small hills of sand in the desert.

2. A water-rich spot in a desert.

3. Another name for the Great Indian Desert.

4. A seasonal river in the Thar Desert.

Life in the Desert

The dry climate, extreme temperature, lack of water and limited vegetation make life in the desert very difficult. Most villages are found around an oasis. The people here are engaged in farming, rearing animals such as sheep, goats and camels, making handicraft items or in tourism.

Life in the Thar Desert is rich in culture and tradition, despite the harsh environment. People here have adapted to the extreme conditions with colourful, loose clothing that helps them stay cool. Men typically wear turbans and dhotis, while women dress in colourful ghagra-cholis, that often have beautiful embroidery and mirror work.

embroidery: patterns made on clothes using colourful threads

People of Rajasthan

A babul tree

The diet in this region includes bajra roti, ker-sangri (a local bean and berry dish) and dal-bati churma, a popular Rajasthani dish.

The Thar Desert is home to several tribes, including the Bhils, Kalbelias, Rajputs, and Bishnois, each with their unique customs and traditions. Folk music and dances, such as Ghoomar and Kalbelia, are an integral part of the local culture and are often performed during festivals and special occasions. Some people move from place to place searching for food and water. They are called nomads. They rear animals and sell handicrafts. The nomads of the Thar Desert region are called Banjaras.

In the Great Indian Desert, people speak Rajasthani. Hindi is also widely spoken, and in urban areas, you may hear English.

The Desert Festival in Jaisalmer is one of the most famous, attracting visitors from all over the world. This festival, held every year in February, showcases the rich cultural heritage of the desert through camel races, folk music, dance performances like Kalbelia, and even a turban-tying competition. Other important events are the Pushkar Mela and Gangaur Mela. All important festivals of India are celebrated here such as Teej, Diwali, Holi, Eid, Urs, etc.

Camels, known as the “ships of the desert,” are used for transportation and even farming. Their padded feet help them walk over the hot desert sand. They also provide milk and meat to the people of the desert.

There are many important cities like Jodhpur, Bikaner, Ajmer and Jaisalmer in this region. These cities have some famous temples, forts and other places to visit like Jaisalmer Fort, the sand dunes at Sam, Ajmer Sharif Dargah and the colourful desert festivals.

Life of people in the desert is different from those on the plains or the mountains but it has its own unique ways.

Think and Tell

Why do camels have padded feet and humps? Can you think of any other plants or animals that have developed special features to be able to live in the desert?

Camels decorated for the Pushkar Fair

Camel, the 'ship of the desert'

Kalbeliya dancer

Gangaur celebration

Dal-bati Churma

Do and Learn

Along with your partner make a list of the famous forts and temples of Jodhpur, Bikaner and Jaisalmer.

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Pause and Answer

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

1. Elephants are known as the ships of the desert.

2. In the Great Indian Desert, people speak only Rajasthani.

3. Urs is an important festival in the Thar Desert region.

Importance

The Thar Desert is an important part of India. It is rich in marble, copper, silver and limestone which are used in many products and even exported to other countries. Tourists visit the desert to enjoy traditional dance, beautiful handicrafts, and the impressive forts built by Rajput rulers. The Thar Desert National Park is also a special place. It is home to over 120 different kinds of plants and animals. The desert is important for generating energy from wind and solar power. Additionally, it serves as a natural border between India and Pakistan, making it an important part of the country’s geography.

Wonders of Bharat

The Jaisalmer Fort was built by King Jaisal, after whom the city Jaisalmer is named. It is also called the Sonar Qila (Golden Fort), because of its yellow sandstone architecture that glows at sunset.

exported: sending goods to another country through trade

Mehrangarh Fort in Jodhpur

Jaisalmer Fort

Word Splash

sandstorms: strong winds that blow in deserts and carry the sand with them

sand dunes: small hills of sand

barchans: crescent-shaped sand dunes

seif dunes: long ridge-shaped sand dunes

oasis: a small fertile area in a desert created by underground water coming to the surface

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the Great Indian Desert.

Points to Remember

• The Great Indian Desert is a hot desert.

• Thorny shrubs, cacti and bushes grow in the Great Indian Desert.

• People live in villages around oases, big cities or as nomads.

• Many people are engaged in agriculture, animal rearing, handicrafts or in the tourism industry.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. The are located to the south-east of the Thar Desert.

a. Rann of Kachchh b. Aravalli Hills c. Satluj river basin

B. What are crescent-shaped sand dunes called?

a. Seif

b. Bidri c. Barchan

C. Which of the following is a Rajasthani folk dance form?

a. Kalbeliya

b. Gangaur c. Teej

2. Fill in the blanks.

camel

oasis

Rajasthan Jaisalmer

A. The Thar Desert is mainly situated in .

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B. The is known as the ‘ship of the desert’.

C. is a big city located in the Great Indian Desert.

D. A small area surrounded by greenery in the desert is called an .

3. Write True or False.

A. The Thar Desert lies only in India.

B. Sand dunes are very hot during the day and night.

C. The Thar Desert in India is cold.

D. There are no plants in the Thar Desert.

4. Match the following.

A. Seif i. Festival celebrated in Rajasthan

B. Urs ii. Clothes worn by Rajasthani women

C. Ker-sangri iii. Long ridge-shaped sand dune

D. Ghagra-choli iv. Food item in the Thar region

5. Short answer questions.

A. Who are Banjaras?

B. Where is the Great Indian Desert located?

C. Why does the Thar desert receive so little rainfall?

6. Long answer questions.

A. Is it difficult to live in the desert region? Give two reasons.

B. Why are nights cooler than days in the Thar Desert?

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

A. What is it called?

B. In which landform is it found?

C. Name two types of trees which grow near this area.

HOTS

Compare the life of people living in the Northern Plains with the life of people living in The Great Indian Desert. Write 2 ways in which it is similar or different.

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Life Skills

Prepare a poster to show the life of people living in the Thar Desert. You can collect pictures of the different folk dances, foods, dresses and festivals of the Thar Desert and paste them on a chart paper. Write a slogan or a small poem describing your poster. Display your posters in class.

The Southern Plateau 6

Chapter Overview

The Southern Plateau

Location The Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau

Life in the Plateaus

Importance

Get Set

Match these states to their capitals.

A. Madhya Pradesh

B. Chhattisgarh

C. Maharashtra

D. Karnataka

E. Telangana

F. Andhra Pradesh

G. Tamil Nadu

i. Mumbai

ii. Amaravati

iii. Bhopal

iv. Hyderabad

v. Raipur

vi. Chennai

vii. Bengaluru

All these states are part of the Southern Plateau of India. Let us learn more about the Southern Plateau.

Location

The Southern Plateau lies to the south of the Northern Plains. It is triangular in shape and has a rocky, uneven surface. It is less fertile than the plains. Parts of the Southern Plateau have thick forests and black soil, which is good for growing crops such as

cotton. Many rivers, such as the Godavari, Krishna and Narmada, flow through this region.

The Southern Plateau is also called the Peninsular Plateau. Land that is surrounded by large bodies of water on three sides is called a peninsula. Southern India is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.

The Southern Plateau has the Aravalli Range in the north-west, the Rajmahal Hills in the north-east, the Eastern Ghats in the east and the Western Ghats in the west.

The Narmada River roughly divides the Southern Plateau into two parts: the Central Highlands in the north and the Deccan Plateau in the south.

Remember!

A plateau is higher than its surroundings and is flat at the top. It has steep sides.

The Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau

Central Highlands

The Central Highlands have the Malwa plateau in the north-west and the Chota-Nagpur Plateau in the north-east.

The Malwa Plateau is located between the Aravalli range and the Vindhya range. It spreads over parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

The Chota-Nagpur Plateau covers large parts of Jharkhand, as well as parts of West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. It has many important minerals like coal, iron mineral: a material that is naturally found in the Earth

and manganese. India’s largest coal mines are found in the Giridh and Jharia areas of Jharkhand and Raniganj in West Bengal.

India’s two largest steel plants, the Bokaro Steel Plant and Bhilai Steel Plant, are located in this area. Diamond mines are found in Panna city in Madhya Pradesh.

This region also has thick forests which provide wood and other forest produce.

Deccan Plateau

The Deccan Plateau extends from the Narmada River to the southern tip of the Indian peninsular. It is located between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats, which meet at the Nilgiri Hills.

The Deccan Plateau includes parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

The Deccan Plateau has many rivers, such as the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada and Tapi.

Multi-purpose dams have been built on many of these rivers in order to generate hydroelectricity and store water for irrigation. Some of the famous dams are the Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi River and the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam on the Krishna River.

Did You Know?

Panna is known as the ‘City of Diamonds.’

Since the land of the Deccan Plateau is uneven, the rivers form many waterfalls in this region. The Jog falls on the Sharavati River in Karnataka is one of the famous waterfalls in India.

The Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and some other rivers form deltas before they flow into the Bay of Bengal. A delta is formed when a lot of rich soil is deposited by a river just before it enters the ocean. It is triangular in shape. These regions of the plateau have very fertile soil in which rice is cultivated. The Deccan Plateau mostly has black soil, which is very good for growing crops like cotton and sugarcane.

multi-purpose: something that can be used for many different activities hydroelectricity: electricity that is created using flowing water

The Deccan Plateau

The Jog Falls

Hirakud Dam over Mahanadi River

Life in the Plateaus

Let us now learn about the life of people in some states that lie in the southern plateau region.

Madhya Pradesh

The capital of Madhya Pradesh is Bhopal. People here wear traditional clothing like sarees for women and dhotis for men. Hindi is the most commonly spoken language. Major industries include textiles, mining and agriculture. Some of the popular tourist spots are the Khajuraho Temples, Sanchi Stupa and Kanha National Park. The main festivals are Diwali and the Lokrang Festival.

Chhattisgarh

Raipur is the capital of Chhattisgarh. Traditional wear includes sarees and dhotis. The primary language spoken is Chhattisgarhi, along with Hindi. The major industries include steel, coal mining and power production. Some of the famous tourist spots are the Chitrakoot Waterfalls and the Bastar and Kanger Valley National Parks. The main festivals are Hareli (celebrating farming) and Bastar Dussehra.

Maharashtra

Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra. People commonly wear a mix of traditional and modern clothing, including sarees and kurta-pajamas. Marathi is the most widely spoken language. The major industries include films, textiles and automobile manufacturing. Tourist attractions include the Gateway of India, Ajanta and Ellora Caves and the Marine Drive. The main festivals are Ganesh Chaturthi and Gudi Padwa.

Karnataka

Bengaluru is the capital of Karnataka. The traditional dress includes sarees for women and lungis or dhotis for men. Kannada is the main language spoken. The important industries include information technology, silk and coffee production. Some famous tourist spots are Mysore Palace, Hampi and Coorg. The main festivals are Dasara and Makar Sankranti.

Khajuraho Temples

Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations in Maharashtra

Mysore Palace

Telangana

Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana. Women wear sarees, and men wear dhotis or lungis. Telugu and Urdu are the primary languages spoken. Major industries include IT, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. Bidri is a form of handicraft here that is famous all over the world. Some of the popular tourist spots include Charminar, the Golconda Fort and Ramoji Film City. The main festivals are Bonalu and Bathukamma.

Andhra Pradesh

The capital of Andhra Pradesh is Amaravati. The traditional dress includes sarees and dhotis. Telugu is the main language spoken. The major industries include agriculture, seafood and textiles. It is also known as the 'Rice Bowl of India' due to the amount of rice it produces. Some of the famous tourist spots are the Tirupati Temple, Araku Valley and the Borra Caves. The main festivals are Ugadi and Sankranti. Kuchipudi is a famous dance form of Andhra Pradesh.

Tamil Nadu

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Chennai is the capital of Tamil Nadu. Women wear sarees, and men wear veshtis. Tamil is the most widely spoken language. Some major industries include textiles, automobile manufacturing and electronics. Some popular tourist attractions include the Meenakshi Temple, Marina Beach, and the Nilgiri Hills. The main festivals are Pongal and Tamil New Year (Puthandu). Bharatanatyam is a famous dance form of Tamil Nadu. The silk sarees of Kanchipuram are famous all over the world.

Do and Learn

Find out the names and find pictures of any two special food items of each state in the Southern Plateau.

handicraft: something that is made in the traditional way with hands and not using machines

Bidri artist making a vase

Araku Valley

Pause and Answer

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

1. Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana.

2. Men in Tamil Nadu wear veshtis.

3. The Hirakud Dam is on the Krishna River.

4. The Deccan Plateau extends up to Delhi.

Importance

The Southern Plateau region of India is known for its rich natural resources, including minerals like coal, iron and mica. This region is good for growing crops such as cotton, sugarcane and oilseeds. The region is home to major rivers that provide water for irrigation. Industries, such as mining, textiles and IT, contribute significantly to India’s economy. This region also has several famous tourist spots that are visited by people from all over the world. It helps generate jobs for the local people.

Wonders of Bharat

Think and Tell

How would living in the Southern Plateau be different from living in the Northern Plains? Think of at least 3 ways in which life is different at both the places.

Bharatanatyam is the oldest Indian classical dance form. It originated in the Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu. It first started in the temples and then spread across the world. It is regarded as the mother of many other Indian classical dance forms.

Word Splash

peninsula: land that is surrounded by large bodies of water on three sides delta: a triangular deposit of rich soil by a river just before it enters the sea

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the Southern Plateau.

A Bharatanatyam Dancer

Points to Remember

• The Southern Plateau lies to the south of the Northern Plains.

• The Southern Plateau is also called the Peninsular Plateau.

• The Narmada River roughly divides the Southern Plateau into two parts: the Central Highlands in the north and the Deccan Plateau in the south.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. What kind of soil does the Deccan Plateau mainly have?

a. Red soil

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b. Alluvial soil

B. Kuchipudi is a famous dance form from which state?

a. Andhra Pradesh

c. Black Soil

b. Maharashtra c. Tamil Nadu

C. Which of these tourist spots lie in Maharashtra?

a. Marine Drive

2. Fill in the blanks.

b. Borra caves c. Golconda Fort

Nilgiri Hills Andhra Pradesh Jog Falls cotton

A. is called the ‘rice bowl of India.’

B. The Eastern and Western Ghats meet at the .

C. The in Karnataka is one of the famous waterfalls in India.

D. The black soil of the Deccan Plateau is good for growing .

3. Short answer questions.

A. Name 2 rivers in the Southern Plateau that have a dam on them.

B. Name 2 crops that are grown in Telangana.

C. What are the two ways in which multi-purpose dams are helpful?

4. Long answer questions.

A. Write 3 reasons why the Southern Plateau is important.

B. How are the rivers of the Southern Plateau different from the rivers of the Himalayas?

5. Picture-based questions.

Look at the picture and answer the questions that follow.

A. What kind of work is being done on the vase in the picture?

B. Which state is famous for this work?

C. How do handicrafts help the people in the region where they are made?

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HOTS

What problems do you think the people living in the Southern Plateau might face when the rivers dry up during the summer?

Life Skills

Prepare Maharashtrian Bhelpuri.

Ask your parents to help you collect these items: 1 cup of puffed rice, 2 tablespoons of chopped onions, 1 tablespoon of chopped tomatoes, 1 tablespoon sev (crunchy noodles), 1 teaspoon of tamarind (imli) chutney, 1 teaspoon of lemon juice, salt and coriander leaves.

Now follow these steps to make the dish on your own.

1. Mix puffed rice, onions, tomatoes and sev in a bowl.

2. Add tamarind chutney, lemon juice and a pinch of salt.

3. Stir well, garnish with coriander leaves and enjoy!

Serve this dish to your family and people who help you in different ways during the day.

The Coastal Plains and Islands 7

Chapter Overview

The Coastal Plains and Islands

Location

Climate and Life

Importance

Get Set

Can you solve the riddle given below?

I’m a place where land meets the sea, With sand and waves as far as you can see. You can build castles or take a nap, Where am I? Just bring your cap!

The strips of plain land along the sea are known as coastal plains. There are narrow strips of plain land on the eastern and western sides of India, along the sea.

• The Western Coastal Plains lie on the west, between the Western Ghats and the Arabian sea.

• The Eastern Coastal Plains lie on the east, between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.

The coastal plains meet at Kanyakumari, which is the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula. Two island groups are also part of India: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands.

A sea coast

Location

The Western Coastal Plains

The Western Coastal Plains is located between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. It stretches from Gujarat in the north and passes through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerela.

It is divided into three main divisions. In the North lies the Gujarat coast, the Konkan coast lies in the middle up to Goa, and towards the south lies the Malabar coast, which extends from Goa to Kanyakumari.

Some of the important rivers of the Western Coastal Plains are Narmada, Sabarmati and Tapi. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala are the states that are along the Western Coastal Plains.

The Eastern Coastal Plains

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Coastal Plains of India

The Eastern Coastal Plains is located between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It begins from West Bengal in the north and passes through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

It is wider than the Western Coastal Plains and is divided into two parts. The northern part is called the Northern Circars. The southern part is called the Coromandel Coast.

Some of the main rivers of the Eastern Coastal Plains are Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri. West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry and Tamil Nadu are along the Eastern Coastal Plains.

The coastal plains of India are home to wildlife and support local communities by providing important resources. By protecting these areas, we help preserve the environment and ensure that future generations can enjoy their beauty and benefits.

Did You Know?

Marina beach is India’s longest and world’s second longest beach. It is in Chennai, Tamil Nadu along the Bay of Bengal.

Kanyakumari is not the southernmost point of India. It is the southernmost point of the Indian peninsula (mainland). The southernmost point of India is Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Error Alert!

The Island Groups

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group of about 300 islands in the Bay of Bengal. The northern part of these islands is known as the Andaman Islands and the southern part is known as the Nicobar Islands.

The Lakshadweep Islands lie in the Arabian Sea. They are a group of about 30 islands.

Pause and Answer

Tick (✓) the correct statements.

1. The Eastern Coastal Plains lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Arabian sea.

2. The Western Coastal Plains stretch from Gujarat to Kanyakumari.

3. Maharashtra and Goa are located along the Eastern Coastal Plains.

Climate and Life

The coastal plains of India have a humid and moderate climate as they are close to the sea. The coastal plains experience heavy rainfall.

In the previous chapters, we learnt that several states and union territories are a part of the coastal plains. Some of these regions are also a part of the Southern Plateau. Now, let us learn about life in the other states that lie in the coastal plains of India.

Gujarat

The capital of Gujarat is Gandhinagar, and Gujarati is the main language spoken there. Traditional attire includes sarees and lehengas for women, and churidars with angrakhas for men, often paired with colourful turbans. Some important industries in Gujarat are trading, farming, textiles, petroleum, salt, fertilisers and diamond cutting. Dairy farming is also significant, with Anand producing the famous Amul products. Ahmedabad is Gujarat’s largest city and is home to Sabarmati Ashram, where Gandhiji lived. The Gir forest, which is home to Asiatic lions, is another major attraction.

Think and Tell

How are the Northern Plains different from the Coastal Plains?

Asiatic lions, Gir forest

A Gujarati family

Goa

Panaji, the capital of Goa, is known for its iron ore mining industry and vibrant festivals like Christmas. The city attracts many tourists for its beautiful beaches and historic churches, such as the Basilica of Bom Jesus, one of India’s oldest. In 2022, a major cleanliness drive was organised to clean the beaches in Goa. It is important to keep the seas and oceans clean as they support human and animal life in many ways.

Odisha

Bhubaneshwar is the capital of Odisha. Puri and Cuttack are other important cities in Odisha. The state is known for its rice production and popular handloom sarees. Odia is the common language spoken here and Odissi is the classical dance form that originates from this state. Tourists visit Odisha for the Rath Yatra in Puri, the ancient temples in Konark, and the Chilika Lake bird sanctuary.

Puducherry

The Union Territory of Puducherry lies to the south of Chennai. Puducherry was previously known as Pondicherry. The famous Aurobindo Ashram is located here. Many years ago, this place was ruled by the French. Tamil, English and French are spoken by the people here.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is Port Blair. The Cellular Jail is located in Port Blair. The British used this jail to imprison Indian freedom fighters. It is now a national monument. Fishing is the main occupation of people here. These islands attract many tourists due to their beautiful beaches. They are full of thick forests and coconut trees and are also home to many tribal people.

Discuss!

Why was the Cellular Jail built in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

handloom: process of making sarees using a machine that is operated by hands and not by electricity tribal people: people who live in forests and have their own customs and ways of life

Basalica of Bom Jesus, Panaji

Odissi dance

Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Puducherry

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The Lakshadweep Islands

The capital of the Lakshadweep Islands is Kavaratti. Malayalam is the most common language spoken by the people there. Products made from coconut fibre form a major industry here. There are many beaches that attract tourists. Fishing, boat building and tourism are other important industries. These islands are made of deposits of skeletons of animals known as corals. Therefore, they are called coral islands.

Importance

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The coastal plains and islands are important for India in many ways. Some of them are:

• The coastal plains are home to major ports like Mumbai and Chennai. They are crucial for India's trade.

• They support the fishing industry, thus creating work for the local people.

• They attract tourists from all over the world.

• Fertile coastal plains are ideal for growing crops like rice, coconut and spices.

• They have dense forests that are good for the environment.

• Coastal plains and islands are important for national security by protecting India’s maritime borders.

Do and Learn

In your scrapbook, paste pictures of three wildlife or bird sanctuaries that are located in the coastal plains. Under the pictures, write their names and where they are located. Share it with your class.

Wonders of Bharat

The Statue of Unity is the world’s tallest statue, with a height of 182 metres (597 feet). It is located near Kevadia in Gujarat, India. It was inaugurated in 2018 as a mark of respect to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

maritime: related to ships and seas

The Statue of Unity

Corals

Word Splash

coastal plains: narrow strips of plain land along the sea on the western and eastern side of India

coast: stretch of land along the sea

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Points to Remember

• The coastal plains meet at Kanyakumari. It is the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula.

• The coastal plains of India have a humid and moderate climate as they are close to the sea.

• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group of about 300 islands.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. The Western Coastal Plain lies between the Western Ghats and the:

a. Arabian Sea

B. The capital of Goa is:

a. Panaji

b. Indian Ocean

b. Chennai

C. The capital of Lakshadweep Island is:

a. Port Blair

D. The largest city of Gujarat is:

a. Ahmedabad

b. Kavaratti

b. Gandhinagar

c. Bay of Bengal

c. Ahmedabad

c. Itanagar

c. Surat

2. Fill in the blanks.

Malayalam Kanyakumari Port Blair French

A. The Malabar Coast stretches from Goa to .

B. is the most common language spoken by the people of Lakshadweep.

C. The Cellular jail is located in .

D. Puducherry was once ruled by the .

3. Write True or False.

A. The coastal plains lie to the north of the Himalayas.

B. The Lakshadweep Islands are highly populated.

C. The Lakshadweep Islands are also known as coral islands.

D. The Coromandel coast stretches from Goa to Kanyakumari.

4. Match the following.

A. Puducherry

i. Coral Islands

B. Odisha ii. Sri Aurobindo Ashram

C. Lakshadweep

D. Gujarat

5. Short answer questions.

iii. Gir Forests

iv. Rath Yatra

A. What is the climate like in the coastal plains and islands in India?

B. Name the three parts of the Western Coastal Plains of India.

C. What is the international importance of coastal plains for India?

D. Why are Lakshadweep Islands also known as Coral Islands?

6. Long answer questions.

A. Why is fishing a common occupation in the coastal regions and islands of India?

B. How do industries on the islands of India, like fishing and tourism, influence the daily lives of the people living there? Write any 2 points.

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name the group of islands that you see in the picture.

B. Name the southernmost point of India present here.

C. Name a popular tourist attraction of this place.

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HOTS

The coastal plains attract a lot of tourists throughout the year. How does this affect businesses and communities in these areas?

Life Skills

Coconuts are popular in the coastal plains and islands of India. Let us learn how to make coconut ladoos.

Materials Needed:

• 1 cup of grated coconut (fresh or desiccated)

• 1/2 cup of condensed milk

• 1/4 tsp of cardamom powder

• A few chopped nuts (optional)

Steps:

1. In a mixing bowl, combine grated coconut and condensed milk.

2. Add cardamom powder and mix well.

3. Take a small portion of the mixture and roll it into small balls.

4. Optional: Roll the balls in extra coconut or nuts.

5. Refrigerate for 15 minutes and enjoy.

Serve them with love to your family and friends.

The Climate of India 8

Chapter Overview

The Climate of India

Weather and Climate Seasons of India Get Set

Read aloud the poem given below with expressions.

Rainy days are full of fun,

Raindrops sparkle in the sun.

Puddles form for us to splash,

Thunder booms and lightning flash.

Umbrellas open, boots go on,

We dance and play until it’s gone.

Weather and Climate

Weather is what the sky and the air are like each day, such as sunny, rainy or windy. For example, if it is raining today—that describes the weather today.

Climate is the pattern of weather conditions at a place over many decades. For example, it is generally hot and dry in a desert. While it can be rainy on some days in the desert, but its climate remains hot and dry most of the year.

Landforms play a major role in the climate of a place.

Do and Learn

A rainy day in Delhi

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Scientists use different instruments to study changes in the weather. They can measure changes in temperatures throughout the day, the amount of rainfall, in which direction the wind is blowing and more.

Find out about any two instruments that are used to study weather. Paste their pictures in your notebook and write their uses in 3–4 lines under the picture.

Remember!

India has varied landforms such as the Northern Mountains, the Northern Plains, the Great Indian Desert, the Southern Plateau and the Coastal Plains and Islands. Each of these landforms has different climatic conditions.

The climate of each place depends on many factors. Some of them are:

• Location: Places near the equator are warmer, while places near the poles are colder.

• Altitude: The higher up we go into the mountains, the colder it gets.

• Distance from sea: Places near oceans or seas are neither too hot nor too cold.

Pause and Answer

Did You Know?

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides weather reports in India. It also issues warnings for floods, cyclones, earthquakes and other natural disasters.

Read the given sentences. Write ‘W’ next to the sentence that indicates weather. Write ‘C’ next to the sentence that indicates climate.

1. It is cloudy today.

2. It is cold in Ladakh.

3. Rajasthan is a hot place.

4. Tomorrow will be a rainy day.

decade: a period of ten years

Seasons of India

The periods into which a year can be divided, with each period having its own type of weather conditions, are called seasons. There are five seasons in India. Let us learn more about them.

Spring

In India, spring usually lasts from March to April. The weather is warm, flowers bloom and trees grow new leaves. It is a colourful and pleasant time when the weather is neither too hot nor too cold.

Summer

Summer in India spans from May to June. It is the hottest time of the year, with temperatures often rising above 40°C (104°F) in many places. During summer, days are longer than nights. The northern part of India and some parts of the Southern Plateau experience hot and dry winds known as loo. People enjoy summer fruits like mangoes and often use fans and air conditioners to stay cool. Schools also declare summer holidays in this season.

Think and Tell

Which festivals are celebrated in India during spring?

The northern mountains do not get as hot as the plains. The coastal areas are not as hot as the plains either, as the breeze from the sea keeps these places cool.

Monsoon

The period from July to September is known as the monsoon season. During the hot summer months, winds blow from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal towards the land. These winds carry a lot of moisture from the sea. They are called monsoon winds as they bring rains.

Kerala is the first state to receive the monsoon rain, while Punjab is the last.

The western coast, the north-eastern states, parts of the Northern Plains and parts of the Southern Plateau receive heavy rainfall. Meghalaya receives the heaviest rainfall in India. However, the Thar Desert in Rajasthan and the Rann of Kachchh in Gujarat receive scanty rain. Fruits like peaches, plums and cherries are available in monsoons.

moisture: water present in the air in the form of vapour scanty: very little

A hot summer day in north India

GAMES Do and Learn

Many of us fall sick when a season changes. A good way to stay healthy is to exercise. Learn some exercises from your sports teacher to keep your body healthy so you don’t fall sick easily.

Autumn

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Autumn in India lasts from October to November. The weather becomes cooler, and the skies are often clear. It is a time for many festivals, including Diwali. Some practices during festivals can pollute the environment. We must celebrate festivals in a way that does not harm the environment.

Winter

Winter in India is from December to February. This is the cold weather season, when days are short and nights are long. January is usually the coldest month. People wear warm clothes, like sweaters and jackets. The northern parts of India experience extreme cold, with several parts in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh experiencing snowfall. As we move towards the south, the cold decreases. In winters, we get groundnuts, leafy vegetables and apples.

Error Alert!

Many places in India are experiencing extreme and unexpected weather conditions, such as severe hot or cold days, droughts and floods. These changes occur mainly due to human actions like deforestation and pollution. We must plant more trees and protect nature to prevent such extreme changes in climate.

Mawsynram, a town in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, receives the most rainfall in India. It is known to be the wettest place in the world.

Manali, Himachal Pradesh, after snowfall

Not all hill stations receive snowfall in winters. Only some places in the Himalayas do.

Destruction due to flood

Wonders of Bharat

Mawsynram, Meghalaya

Word Splash

weather: what the sky and the air are like each day climate: pattern of weather conditions at a place over many decades season: periods in a year, each with its own type of weather conditions monsoon winds: winds that bring rains to India

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about Mawsynram and why it receives such heavy rains.

Points to Remember

• Weather is what the sky and the air are like each day, such as sunny, rainy or windy.

• Climate is the pattern of weather conditions at a place over many decades.

• The climate of a place depends on its: distance from the equator, altitude and distance from the sea.

• Spring, autumn, winters, summers and monsoons are the main seasons of India.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. In which season are the nights longer than the days?

a. Monsoon

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b. Summer c. Winter

B. Which of the following places receives the least amount of rainfall in India?

a. Thar Desert

b. Mawsynram c. Mumbai

C. Before going outside, Meena looks outside the window and checks the sky. What is Meena checking?

a. Weather

b. Climate c. Season

2. Fill in the blanks.

A. season is pleasant, when it is neither too hot nor too cold.

B. The rainy season in India is also known as the .

C. The hot wind that blows in the Northern Plains during summers is called .

D. Monsoon winds carry a lot of which turns into rain.

3. Write True or False.

A. Some places in India do not have a summer season.

B. Northern Plains receive snowfall.

C. The monsoon season comes after the summer season.

D. Autumn season comes after the spring season.

4. Match the following.

A. Monsoon i. May–June

B. Winter ii. July–September

C. Summer iii. November–February

5. Short answer questions.

A. Name the different seasons in India.

B. What are seasons?

C. Name the state that is the last to receive monsoon.

6. Long answer questions.

A. Explain the factors affecting climate change.

B. What kind of climate will the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have?

C. Explain weather and climate with the help of examples.

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name any two places in India where this happens.

B. In which months can we expect this to happen?

HOTS

Mani and his friends live in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. They want to go on a trip during their Christmas holidays to escape the cold. Which of the following places will be better for their trip—Kashmir or Kerala? Give 2 reasons.

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Life Skills

Let us learn to maintain a weather journal.

Steps:

1. Observe the weather conditions (sunny, warm, hot, rainy, cloudy cold, etc.) every day for 7 days.

2. Note the maximum and minimum temperature in your city or town every day for one week. You can find this in your local newspaper.

3. Record your observations in the table given below.

Let us share the findings.

No. of rainy days:

Hottest day:

Coldest day:

Unusual weather conditions, if any:

Forests and Wildlife 9

Look at the pictures given below and complete their names in the given blanks.

A forest is a large area where a lot of trees grow, and where wild animals live. It provides shelter to many animals and help keep the air clean by producing oxygen. Forests are very important for supporting life.

Importance of Forests

Forests are highly important part of the environment. Some of its uses are:

• Forests provide oxygen. That is essential for breathing.

• They are home to many animals, birds and plants.

• Forests help prevent soil erosion by holding the soil with their roots.

• They provide us with resources like wood, fruits and medicinal plants.

• Forests help maintain the water cycle by absorbing and releasing water.

• They keep the air clean by absorbing harmful gases like carbon dioxide.

• Many communities and tribes depend completely on forests for food, fuel for fire, and water. Elephants in a forest

The Indian state of Madhya Pradesh has a rich forest cover. Some important medicinal plants found in these forests include ashwagandha, giloy, triphala, bael, neem, palash and chironji Did You Know?

Types of Forests

There are five main types of forests in India. Let us learn about them.

1. Evergreen forests: These forests have trees that keep their leaves all year round. They are found in different climatic zones in India, like the Western Ghats and the north-eastern states of India. Common trees include rosewood, ebony and mahogany. These forests remain green throughout the year.

2. Deciduous forests: These forests have trees that lose all their leaves once a year and then grow new leaves. They are found in the Southern Plateau region and the foothills of the Himalayas. Trees like teal, sal and sheesham are common in these forests. They are also called monsoon forests.

3. Thorny forests: These are dry, hot forests with trees that have thorns and small leaves to conserve water. They are found in desert regions like Rajasthan in India. Some of the common trees include babool and keekar.

soil erosion: the washing away of the top layer of the soil by wind or water in the absence of trees

medicinal plants: plants whose flowers, seeds, roots, etc. are used to treat diseases

conserve: save

Evergreen Forests

Deciduous Forests

Thorny Shrubs

4. Tidal forests or Mangrove forests: These forests are located in coastal areas and river deltas. One of the most famous tree found in these forests is the Sundari tree. The biggest tidal forest in the world is the Sundarbans in the Ganga and Brahmaputra delta.

5. Mountain or coniferous forests: These forests are found in cold regions at high altitudes, such as the Himalayan ranges in India. They have trees with needle-like leaves and cones, like pine, spruce, deodar and fir. These trees are well-suited to survive in harsh, snowy conditions. Mountain forests play an important role in preventing soil erosion and regulating water flow from melting snow. These forests are also evergreen in nature.

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altitude: the height of a place when measured from the sea level

Tidal or Mangrove Forests

Mountain or Coniferous Forests

ARABIAN SEA

BAY OF BENGAL

LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS

INDIA FORESTS

INDIAN OCEAN

Tidal Forest

Thorny Forest

Evergreen Forest

Deciduous Forest

Coniferous Forest

Forest distribution in India

Map not to Scale

Pause and Answer

Choose the correct option and fill in the blanks.

1. Mangrove forests are found in . (coastal areas/mountains)

2. The oak trees grow in the . (desert area/Himalayan mountains)

3. forests are found in cold regions at high altitudes. (Mountain/ Mangrove)

Wildlife

Wildlife includes all the animals, birds, insects and plants that are wild and live in a natural environment. For example, tigers, elephants, peacocks and snakes are part of India’s wildlife.

It is important to protect wildlife. Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are special places where animals and plants are protected from hunting and destruction. These places allow wildlife to live safely in their natural homes.

Some famous national parks in India are:

• The Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand is famous for its tigers and elephants.

• The Ranthambore National Park in Rajasthan is known for its large population of Bengal tigers.

• The Kaziranga National Park in Assam is famous for its one-horned rhinoceroses.

• The Gir National Park in Gujarat is famous for Asiatic lions.

• The Sundarban National Park in West Bengal is famous for its Royal Bengal tigers and saltwater crocodiles.

Did You Know?

The Asiatic lions are only found in India. They are endangered due to their small population. However, their numbers have increased in recent years due to conservation efforts.

Rhinos, Kaziranga National Park

Asiatic lions, Gir National Park

Do and Learn

Collect pictures of four animals that are present in any one national park from the list given above. Paste the pictures in your notebook and write their names under the pictures.

Conservation

We have learnt about the importance of forests. Forests are important because they provide us with fresh air, clean water and help keep the Earth cool. They are home to many animals and plants. Without forests, there would be more pollution and less rainfall.

We can conserve forests by afforestation and reforestation. Afforestation is the planting of trees to create new forests, while reforestation involves replanting trees in forests that were cut down or destroyed earlier.

Did You Know?

Think and Tell

What would happen if we keep cutting down trees non-stop for our use?

India celebrates a special festival called Van Mahotsav every year. The festival takes place in the first week of July and is a fun way to show love and care for our environment.

In 1974, the people of Uttarakhand, India, came together to stop the cutting down of forests by hugging the trees. It was called the Chipko Movement. Sunderlal Bahuguna was the leader of this movement. He worked very hard to protect the forests in the Himalayas for many years.

Keibul Lamjao National Park in Manipur is the world’s only floating national park. It is located in the south western part of the Loktak lake.

endangered: in danger of dying out from the world

Sunderlal Bahuguna

Wonders of Bharat

Keibul Lamjao National Park

Word Splash

wildlife: all the animals, birds, insects and plants that are wild and live in a natural environment

afforestation: planting new trees and creating new forests

reforestation: replanting trees in forests that were cut down or destroyed earlier

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the national parks of India.

Points to Remember

• A forest is a large area covered with trees, plants and wildlife.

• Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are special areas where animals and plants are protected from hunting and destruction.

• We can conserve forests by afforestation and reforestation.

Chapter Checkup

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which of the following do we get from forests?

a. Hydrogen

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b. Oxygen c. Carbon dioxide

B. The Chipko Movement is related to:

a. Protecting trees

c. Protecting wildlife

b. Tiger conservation

C. What type of forests can we find near coastal areas?

a. Deciduous

b. Evergreen c. Mangrove

D. Which of these trees are found in deciduous forests?

a. Sal

b. Rubber c. Coconut

2. Fill in the blanks.

coniferous Uttarakhand evergreen

A. forests are green throughout the year.

B. The Chipko movement was started in the state of .

C. The Himalayan forests are also called forests.

3. Write True or False.

A. All forests in India are coastal forests.

B. National parks have been built in India for the conservation of water.

C. Sundarlal Bahuguna was the leader of the Chipko Movement.

D. Replanting trees that were cut down is called afforestation.

4. Match the following.

A. Kaziranga National Park i. Rajasthan

B. Jim Corbett National Park ii. Assam

C. Ranthambore National Park iii. West Bengal

D. Sundarban National Park iv. Uttarakhand

5. Short answer questions.

A. Write any one benefit of wildlife sanctuaries.

B. Write two ways to conserve forests.

C. Give two examples of trees found in mangrove forests.

6. Long answer questions.

A. What are evergreen forests? Explain with the help of two examples.

B. There was a movement in India in which people hugged trees to save them. Explain about this movement in 30–40 words

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. Name the type of forest.

B. Where is this type of forest found in India?

C. Give three examples of trees that grow in this forest.

HOTS

Imagine you live in a small village near a large forest. The forest is home to many animals and provides the village with wood, fruit and herbs. Recently, a company has come to the village with an idea to cut down a part of the forest to build a factory. The factory would have provided jobs and income for the villagers, but cutting down the trees would have made the forest smaller and harmed the animals living there.

If you were a part of the village panchayat, how would you have balanced the need for jobs with the need to conserve the forest? Give two suggestions and explain your reasons for each.

Life Skills

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Work with your friends and family to find five medicinal plants like tulsi, neem, etc. Collect fallen leaves from these plants and create a scrapbook. Mention their names and any two benefits of each plant. Display your scrapbook in the class.

Soils of India 10

Chapter Overview

Soil and Its Importance

Types of Soil

Erosion and Conservation

Get Set

Tick (✓) the images that show something that plants need to grow.

Soil and Its Importance

Soil is the top layer of the Earth where plants grow. It is made up of tiny rocks, minerals and organic matter. Soil is very important because it helps plants grow, which in turn provide us with food. Farmers need healthy soil to grow crops and vegetables. Soil also provides homes for many small animals and insects like earthworms.

minerals: they occur naturally below the surface of the earth, like iron, copper, etc. organic matter: soil made up of things that were once alive, like plants and animals

Soils of India

Soil is formed over a long time when rocks break down into tiny pieces. Wind, water and sunlight slowly break down rocks into smaller bits. Dead plants and animals mix with these tiny rock pieces to make the soil rich and capable to support plants. This process can take hundreds of years to create just a thin layer of soil.

Types of Soil

There are six types of soil that are commonly found in India. Different types of soil are suitable for growing different types of crops. Let us learn about them.

Alluvial Soil

Alluvial soil is very rich and fertile. It is made from sand, silt and clay carried by rivers. This soil is great for farming and is found in areas like the northern plains of India, including states, like Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane and cotton grow well in alluvial soil.

Black Soil

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Think and Tell

Black soil is dark in colour and rich in minerals. Black soil is mostly found in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Other crops like sugarcane, millets and wheat also grow well in black soil. This type of soil retains water well, making it suitable for growing rice, sugarcane, millets and oilseeds.

silt: fine particles of rocks and minerals that are carried by the flowing water of rivers

Alluvial soil

Black soil

Plants need healthy soil to grow.

Soil distribution in India

ARABIAN SEA

INDIAN OCEAN

Did You Know?

Black soil is perfect for growing cotton, so it is often referred to as cotton soil.

Red Soil

Red soil is rich in iron, which gives it a reddish colour. It is found in areas with a warm climate. Although it is less fertile, it can grow crops with the right care. Red soil is mostly found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and parts of Andhra Pradesh. Crops like millets, groundnuts and cotton grow well in this soil.

Laterite Soil

Laterite soil is reddish and forms in areas with heavy rainfall and high temperatures. It is rich in iron but needs fertilisers to grow crops effectively. Laterite soil is found in states like Kerala, Karnataka and Odisha. It is good for growing crops like tea, coffee, cashew nuts and coconut.

Desert Soil

Desert soil is sandy, dry and does not hold much water. It is found in the hot, dry areas of India, especially in the state of Rajasthan. With the help of irrigation, some crops like millet, barley and pulses can grow in desert soil. Although it is not very fertile, proper watering can help these crops grow.

Mountain Soil

Mountain soil is found in hilly and mountainous areas. It is rich in organic matter known as humus, making it very fertile. This soil is found in the Himalayan regions of India, like Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Mountain soil is good for growing crops like tea, coffee, spices and fruits such as apples and pears.

Pause and Answer

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Tick (✓) the correct statements.

1. Laterite soil is reddish in colour.

2. Black soil is found in the northern and coastal plains.

3. Mountain soil is rich in iron.

4. Alluvial soil is best for agriculture.

organic matter: matter that has come from a recently living organism and is capable of decay

Red soil

Laterite soil

Desert soil

Do and Learn

Observe how soil reacts to water and how its texture changes through the following steps.

1. Collect one cup of soil from your neighbourhood.

2. Take a plastic glass and make a small hole at the bottom with a pencil.

3. Fill the glass halfway with soil.

4. Slowly pour water into the cup.

Does the soil change in any way? Note down how the soil changes after water is added. Check if the water is dripping from the small hole you made at the bottom of the glass. If no water is dripping from the hole, it means that the soil has absorbed all the water.

Erosion and Conservation

Soil erosion occurs when wind or water washes away the top layer of soil, making it difficult for plants to grow. For example, heavy rains can cause soil to wash down hill slopes, or strong winds can blow soil away in dry areas. Erosion can lead to the loss of fertile soil and harm plants and crops. Deforestation is a major cause of soil erosion. When we cut down trees in large numbers and clear the forests for building houses, cities, roads, etc., it is called deforestation.

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Conserving soil is important because it helps plants grow and provides food for us. Soil conservation means protecting soil from being washed or blown away.

To conserve soil, we can:

• Plant trees and grass to hold the soil in place. Planting trees in large numbers to form a forest is also called afforestation.

• Use cover crops to protect the soil surface.

• Build terraces on hillsides to slow down water.

• Avoid overgrazing by animals.

• Practice terrace farming on hill slopes and build embankments on rivers.

cover crops: crops that are grown to cover the soil and hold it in place and not for harvest terrace farming: farming done on terraces that are carved into mountain slopes embankment: a thick wall of earth built to prevent water from flooding an area

Soil erosion due to strong flow of water.

Terrace farming

Discuss!

How do you think human activities like farming and construction add to soil erosion?

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Wonders of Bharat

Neelakurinji is a flower that blossoms only once in about 12 years. In the entire world, it is only found in the Western Ghats region of India. Many tourists travel to the Western Ghats to see the blooming of the Neelakurinji.

Word Splash

soil: the topmost layer of the earth’s surface

Neelakurinji flowers

soil erosion: a process through which the uppermost layer of the soil (topsoil) is lost from the land

deforestation: cutting down of trees in large numbers to clear a forest

soil conservation: the process of protecting soil from erosion

afforestation: planting trees in large numbers to form a forest

Explore More!

Scan the QR code to learn more about the importance of soil conservation.

Points to Remember

• Soil erosion happens when wind or water washes away the top layer of soil, which can make it hard for plants to grow.

• Conserving soil is important because it helps plants grow and provides food for us.

1. Tick ( ) the correct answer.

A. Which soil contains high amount of iron?

a. Black soil

B. Which is the most fertile soil?

b. Alluvial soil

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a. Alluvial soil

b. Desert soil

C. Which of these crops can be grown in laterite soil?

a. Cotton

2. Fill in the blanks.

b. Rubber

c. Red soil

c. Mountain soil

c. Wheat

A. Desert soil can be found in .

B. Laterite soil can be found in .

C. Mountain soil is mostly found in .

D. Black soil is mostly found in .

3. Write True or False.

A. Laterite soil is found in coastal areas.

B. Mountain soil is rich in humus.

C. Desert soil is mainly made up of sand.

D. Red soil can hold a lot of water.

4. Match the following.

A. Alluvial Soil i. Pears

B. Red Soil

Mountain Soil

iii. Wheat

Black Soil iv. Cotton

ii. Groundnuts

5. Short answer questions.

A. What is soil erosion?

B. List two ways of preventing soil erosion.

C. In which areas do we find alluvial soil?

6. Long answer questions.

A. How is soil formed?

B. Why is it important to conserve soil?

C. How does terrace farming on hill slopes prevent soil erosion?

7. Picture-based questions.

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

A. What type of soil can you see in the given picture?

B. Where can we find this type of soil in India?

C. Name two crops that are grown in this type of soil.

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HOTS

Imagine you are a farmer. You need to choose which soil to use for growing rice, cotton and groundnuts. Based on what you know about each type of soil, which soil would you choose for each crop and why? You can choose one soil for all or different soils for each.

Life Skills

Make a chart of different types of soils. To do this, take a sheet of chart paper and paste pictures of different types of soil. Then write their names and the names of three crops that can be grown in each type of soil. Then, write the areas where that type of soil is found in India. Display the chart in your class.

Creating a 3D Map of India

Objective: Students will create a 3D map of India highlighting the major physical features: the Northern Mountains, the Northern Plains, the Great Indian Desert, the Southern Plateau, the Coastal Plains and Islands.

Materials Needed: A large sheet of cardboard, clay, paints and brushes, markers, toothpicks, paper, glue and a map of India (for reference)

Step 1: Prepare the Base Map: Draw an outline of India on the cardboard. Divide the map into the major physical features mentioned above.

Step 2: Create the Northern Mountains: Use clay to form the Northern Mountains. Make them elevated to show the height of the Himalayas. Paint the mountains brown and their peaks white.

Step 3: Shape the Northern Plains: Use a thinner and flat layer of clay to create the Northern Plains. Paint that area green.

Step 4: Build the Great Indian Desert: Make the desert area using clay. Create small sand dunes and paint the desert yellow.

Step 5: Form the Southern Plateau: Use a medium thickness of clay to build the Southern Plateau. Create gentle slopes to show the plateau’s height. Paint it brown and green.

Step 6: Design the Coastal Plains and Islands: Use narrow, flat strips to show the Coastal Plains along the eastern and western edges of India. Paint these regions green. Make small clay pieces to represent the island groups and paint them green and their surroundings blue as they lie in the ocean.

Step 7: Label the Features: Write labels for each physical feature on small pieces of paper. Attach them to toothpicks and place them on each physical feature.

Project Outcome: Now you have your own 3D map of India’s physical features. Display it in your class.

Final Outcome: This hands-on project will help you understand the location and nature of the different physical features of India.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Assessment 1

Read the paragraph and answer the questions that follow.

Tara’s Trip Around India

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Tara is excited about her family trip across India, where they will explore various landforms. First, they visited the Himalayas, where they saw tall snow-capped mountains. Tara notices that the houses there are built with slanted roofs, and people wear thick woolen clothes to stay warm. Next, they travel to the Thar Desert, where the land is dry and sandy. Tara sees people living in mud houses, wearing light, loose clothing to protect themselves from the heat. Their final stop is Kerala, where the land is lush with green hills and backwaters. She notices that the houses here also have slanted roofs, however the people wear light cotton clothes throughout the year. She sees crops like rice, coconut and spices being grown here, and she loves the boat ride on the rivers. Thus, she learns that each place has its unique features, and the way people live is shaped by the land around them.

1. Which landform did Tara visit where she saw tall, snow-capped mountains?

a. The Western Ghats

b. The Thar Desert c. The Himalayas

2. Why do people in the Thar Desert wear light, loose clothing?

a. To stay cool in the hot desert climate

b. To blend in with the sandy landscape

c. To help with climbing sand dunes

3. How do the slanted roofs in the Himalayas help people living there?

4. If Tara's family were to visit Kerala during the monsoon season, what challenges might they face, and how should they prepare for them? Mention any 2 challenges and the preparations they can make.

To be read aloud and explained in the mother tongue by the teacher, as needed.

Model Test Paper - 1

Name of the Student: Time: 1 Hour

Total Marks: 40 Marks Obtained:

1 Tick () the correct answer. (1 × 5 marks)

A What is the tip of a peninsula called?

a Cape

c Bay

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b Lagoon

d Strait

B Which ocean lies towards the south of India?

a Pacific Ocean

c Indian Ocean

b Atlantic Ocean

d Southern Ocean

C What kind of soil does the Deccan Plateau mainly have?

a Red soil

c Mountain soil

b Alluvial soil

d Black soil

D Which of the following do we get from forests?

a Carbon dioxide

c Hydrogen

b Oxygen

d Methane

E Which of the following places receives the least amount of rainfall in India?

a Mawsynram

c Thar Desert

b Kolkata

d New Delhi

2 Fill in the blanks. (1 × 5 marks)

Amritsar monsoon Kanyakumari coniferous oasis

A The rainy season in India is called .

B The Malabar coast stretches from Goa to .

C A small area surrounded by greenery in the desert is called an .

D The Himalayan forests are also called forests.

E The Golden Temple is situated in .

3 Write ONE word for the following.

A Rivers or streams that flow into a larger river

B Pattern of weather conditions at a place over many decades

C Planting new trees and creating new forests

D Strong winds that blow in the desert and carry sand with them

E Fine sand silt deposited by the river in the floodplains

(1 × 5 marks)

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4 Write True or False. (1 × 5 marks)

A The Himalayas form a natural defence barrier for India.

B National parks have been built in India for the conservation of water.

C The Northern Plains receive snowfall.

D Sundarlal Bahuguna was the leader of the Chipko Movement.

E Mountain soil is rich in humus.

5 Picture-based questions. (1 × 2 +1 marks)

A What landform can you see in the image?

B How is this landform formed?

C Give one example of this kind of landform in India.

6 Answer the following questions in short. (2 × 4 marks)

A Write two ways to conserve forests.

B What are two ways in which multi-purpose dams are useful?

C What is soil erosion?

D Name any two tributaries of the Ganga river.

7 Answer the following questions in detail. (4 × 2 marks)

A Give four reasons why the Himalayas are important for India.

B How is soil formed?

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Leaders of India, 2024

The leaders of India are the people in charge of making important decisions for our country. Let us read about some of the leaders who led India in 2024.

Droupadi Murmu

She became the 15th President of India on 25 July 2022 and is the second woman to hold this post. She is also the youngest president of India and the first leader in this position from a tribal community.

Jagdeep Dhankar

He became the 14th Vice-President of India in 2022. He began his career as a lawyer. Before this, he served as the Governor of West Bengal from 2019 to 2022.

Narendra Damodardas Modi

He has been the Prime Minister of India since 2014. In 2024, he was elected as the prime minister of India for the third time. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014.

Rajnath Singh

He became the Defence Minister of India in 2019. He helps in the management of the Indian Armed Forces and ensures the security of India. He also served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2000 to 2002.

Nirmala Sitharaman

She became the Finance Minister of India in 2019. She is responsible for making policies that make good use of the country’s money, so as to help the people and improve the country. She is the second woman to present the Union Budget of India.

Ashwini Vaishnaw

He has been serving as the Railway Minister of India since 2021. He also became the Minister of Information and Broadcasting and the Minister of Electronics and Information Technology in 2024.

Use the internet to find out about the Home Minister and Education Minister of India.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Match the leaders and the years in which they were elected to their positions.

a 2019

b 2021

c 2022

d 2014

2 Name the Leaders. Positions (in 2024)

a Railway Minister of India

b Vice-President of India

c Prime Minister of India

d Finance Minister of India

e Defence Minister of India

f President of India

3 Fill in the blanks.

Name of the Leader

a is the first president of India from the tribal community.

b In 2024, Ashwini Vaishnaw became the Minister of and Technology.

c Jagdeep Dhankar served as the of West Bengal from 2019 to 2022.

d Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India for the time in 2024.

e is the second woman to present the union budget of India.

Unique Trees and Forests

There are unique and unusual trees on the Earth. Let us learn about some of them.

The Dragon’s Blood Trees

Location: Socotra, Yemen

These trees are called the dragon’s blood trees as they produce a red resin from a damaged or cut stem. They have densely packed branches and leaves that make them look like umbrellas. The trees can live a thousand years. The dragon’s blood tree is the national tree of Yemen.

The Traveller’s Trees

Location: Madagascar

The leaves of these trees are large, shaped like the leaves of a banana tree, and arranged in the shape of a fan. These trees are named so because they can store water at the base of their leaves, which can be used by thirsty travellers. These trees have light blue seeds.

The Rainbow Eucalyptus Trees

Location: The Philippines, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea

These trees have multicoloured bark with shades of green, blue, orange, red and purple. When the bark of these trees grow, it peels off in strips and a new colour comes out. These trees can grow up to 75 metres.

The Trees in the Crooked Forest

Location: Gryfino, Poland

The forest has around 400 pine trees that have grown in the shape of a slanted J. In all these trees, the belly of the J points to the north. These trees are surrounded by straight pine trees. It is a protected natural monument of Poland.

The Trees of the Sunken Forest

Location: Kazakhstan

This forest has tree trunks coming out from the Kaindy Lake in Kazakhstan. This happened because of a landslide in 1911 which caused a lake to form over the spruce trees. The extremely cold temperature of the lake has helped to save the portion of tree trunks under the water from decay.

It is very important to save trees as they produce oxygen.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Which countries have these?

a The Dragon’s Blood Trees

b The Traveller’s Trees

c The Trees of the Sunken Forest

d The Rainbow Eucalyptus Trees

2 Fill in the blanks.

a The colour of the resin of Dragon’s Blood Trees is .

b The shape of the leaves of the Traveller’s Tree is similar to .

c The lake in which the Sunken Forest has formed is .

d The direction of the curve of the trees in the Crooked Forest is towards .

e The arrangement of the leaves of the Dragon’s Blood Tree makes it look like an .

3 Name the correct tree.

a This tree has blue seeds.

b This tree has multicoloured bark.

c It is the national tree of Yemen.

d These trees form the crooked forest.

e The trunks of these trees rise out of a lake.

The Armed Forces of India

Our armed forces defend our country to keep us safe. There are three divisions of the Indian Armed Forces—the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.

The Indian Air Force

It defends our nation against threats from the sky. It ensures the safety and security of our airspace, and supports the Army and the Navy in times of need. It also helps in rescue operations during natural disasters and other emergencies.

The Indian Air Force Day is celebrated every year on 8 October.

The Indian Army

It is in charge of keeping the country’s borders safe. It makes up the main bulk of our armed forces. It defends our nation from all landbased attacks. It also helps in rescue operations.

The Army Day is celebrated every year on 15 January.

The Indian Navy

It guards the seas and oceans around India. It also makes sure that people who are trading, fishing or researching in our oceans are safe. The Indian Navy also provides help in rescue missions during natural disasters like tsunamis.

The Navy Day is celebrated every year on 4 December.

The Chiefs of the Armed Forces are the highest-ranking officers.

Air Chief Marshal AP Singh Chief of the Air Staff

General Upendra Dwivedi Chief of the Army Staff

Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi Chief of the Naval Staff

The President of India serves as the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.

Our armed forces keep us safe. We should respect those who serve in the armed forces and be proud of them.

The Armed Forces

Scan this QR code to see the quiz. Practice Time

1 Name the division of the armed forces that operate in the following areas.

a Land

b Air

c Water

2 Look at these pictures. Name the division of the armed forces that they belong to. a b c

3 Read the following and name the division of the armed forces.

a Every year, 8 October is celebrated in its honour.

b They defend our oceans and also help during natural disasters.

c 15 January is celebrated in its honour every year.

d It makes sure that people who are fishing or researching in our oceans are safe.

e It protects our skies and supports the other two divisions of the armed forces.

f India celebrates 4 December in its honour every year.

India and Its Neighbours

The house next to ours belongs to our neighbours. Similarly, the countries right next to India are our neighbouring countries. Let us learn more about these countries.

Afghanistan

Capital: Kabul

Most of Afghanistan is covered with high, steep mountains. The national bird of Afghanistan is the golden eagle.

Pakistan

Capital: Islamabad

K2, the world’s second highest mountain, is in Pakistan. Hockey is the national sport of the country.

The Maldives

Capital: Male

It has white sand beaches. The coconut palm is the national tree of the Maldives.

Sri Lanka

Capital: Colombo

Nepal

Capital: Kathmandu

It is home to Mount Everest, the world’s highest mountain peak. Eight out of the ten highest mountain peaks in the world are located in Nepal.

Bhutan

Capital: Thimphu

It is one of the cleanest countries in the world. The national sport of Bhutan is archery.

China

Capital: Beijing

It is the second-most populous country in the world. It shares borders with the biggest number of countries in the world.

Myanmar

Capital: Naypyidaw

Myanmar was earlier known as Burma. It is also called the Land of Golden Pagodas because it has many golden Buddhist temples.

Sri Lanka is popularly called the ‘Pearl of the Indian Ocean.’ Its national sport is volleyball.

Bangladesh

Capital: Dhaka

The world’s largest delta, the Sunderbans, is partially located in Bangladesh. Rabindranath Tagore, who wrote our national anthem, also wrote the national anthem of Bangladesh.

Sit in groups with your classmates and discuss which of these countries you would like to visit.

Practice Time

1 Write True or False.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a Bangladesh is also called the Land of Golden Pagodas.

b Mount Everest is located in Nepal.

c The national sport of Bhutan is archery.

d China is the most populous country in the world.

e Sri Lanka is popularly known as the ‘Pearl of the Indian Ocean.’

2 Fill in the blanks.

a The national tree of is the coconut palm.

b wrote the national anthem of Bangladesh.

c shares borders with the biggest number of countries in the world.

d Volleyball is the national sport of .

e The golden eagle is the national bird of .

3 Solve this crossword puzzle with the help of the hints given.

ACROSS:

1. I am the capital of Nepal.

2. I am the capital of the Maldives.

DOWN:

1. I am the capital of Afghanistan.

2. I am the capital of Bangladesh.

Badminton

Badminton is a popular racquet sport. It is played by either two players (singles) or four players (doubles) on a rectangular court divided by a net. The Badminton World Federation (BWF) governs the sport internationally. Let us learn more about this game.

Some Popular Badminton Players

International Badminton Tournaments

The Olympic Games—Badminton is part of the Olympic Games, which are held every four years. It features players (both men and women) from different competing nations.

The BWF World Championships—This event is organised by the Badminton World Federation and features the top-ranking male and female players in the world.

The Thomas Cup—It is the men’s team world championship in badminton. It is held every two years.

The Uber Cup—It is the women’s team world championship in badminton. It is held every two years.

The Sudirman Cup—It is a mixed-team (both men and women) world championship of badminton. It is held every two years.

India’s Achievements in Badminton

The Thomas Cup—Lakshya Sen, Kidambi Srikanth, H.S. Prannoy, Chirag Shetty and Satwiksairaj Rankireddy are some of the players who were part of the winning team in Thailand in 2022. The Olympic Games—Saina Nehwal won the bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics. PV Sindhu become the first Indian woman to win a silver medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. She also won the bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics.

The Badminton World Championship—PV Sindhu won the gold medal in 2019 and became the first Indian to do so.

Badminton is a very active sport that requires a lot of fitness and energy. It keeps us healthy and fit.

Viktor Axelsen (Denmark)

Chou Tien-Chen (Chinese Taipei)

An Se-Young (South Korea)

PV Sindhu (India)

Saina Nehwal (India)

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Name the country with which the following players are associated.

a Lakshya Sen

b An Se-Young

c Chou Tien-Chen

d PV Sindhu

e Viktor Axelsen

f Saina Nehwal

2 Write whether these badminton events feature male players, female players or both.

a The Sudirman Cup:

b The Thomas Cup:

c The Uber Cup:

d The Olympic Games:

3 Fill in the blanks.

a In the 2019 BWF World Championships, the female singles title was won by

b BWF stands for .

c In the 2012 London Olympics, won the bronze medal in badminton.

d Satwiksairaj Rankireddy was part of the winning team in , 2022.

e India had won medals in badminton in the Olympics by 2023.

f In the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, won the bronze medal in badminton.

ABC’s of First Aid

First aid is the immediate care given to a sick or injured person. Sometimes, the injured person might not be conscious (awake). We need to follow some basic life-saving steps in such cases. These are often called the ‘ABC’s of first aid’.

A = Airway

Airway is a passage that helps the air move in and out of our lungs. It is a part of our breathing system. A blocked airway can harm the person. We can clear the airway by:

1. Placing one hand on the person’s forehead.

2. Then, gently tilting their head back by lifting their chin up.

B = Breathing

To check whether a person is breathing or not, follow the given steps:

1. Check if the person is breathing by noticing the chest movement. Place your hand on the chest to check if it is moving up and down.

2. Listen to the sound of breathing by placing your ear near the victim’s mouth or by feeling the breath on your cheek.

C = Circulation

If the person is not breathing, then for restoring his breath, CPR is performed.

CPR is a special technique performed by healthcare or trained people if the person is not breathing. It includes pressing on the chest in a rhythm and providing artificial breathing.

We should always carry a small first aid kit when travelling by car or bus.

Practice Time

1 Write the full form of the ABC of first aid.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

2 Sequence the pictures (1–3) in order to provide first aid.

Write Do or Don’t for the given steps.

a We should start giving CPR to an unconscious person as the first step.

b We need to check the chest movements to make sure that the injured person is breathing.

c To perform CPR, we can use our elbows.

d We should not try to wake up an unconscious person.

e We need to tilt the head backwards to clear the airway.

f If the unconscious person does not wake up, we may leave him/her to recover.

g We can perform CPR if the person is breathing normally.

The Animation World

Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Animation Studios are two of the most successful animation studios in the world. The animated films created by them have won many awards, such as the Oscar and the Golden Globe.

Toy Story

This animated film was released in 1995. It was the first computer-animated feature film. There are three sequels of this film, released in 1999, 2010 and 2019. The stories of these films revolve around toys that come to life when humans are not present. Toy Story 3 won two Oscars in 2010.

Ice Age

This film was released in 2002. It has six parts (five of which have been released). The story of these films is set around 20,000 years ago, when the Earth was covered in ice. The story revolves around the friendship and adventures of Manfred the mammoth, Diego the sabre-toothed tiger and Sid the sloth.

This animated film was directed by Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich. It was released in 2003. It shows the journey of a clownfish named Marlin in search of his son, Nemo, from the Great Barrier Reef to Sydney. Finding Nemo won an Oscar for the Best Animated Feature in 2004. Its sequel, Finding Dory, was released in 2016.

Finding Nemo UP

It was a comedy drama released in 2009. It received an Oscar for the Best Animated Feature Film in 2010. The film shows the friendship between an old man, Carl, and a young boy named Russell. It shows their journey to the Paradise Falls with the help of more than 10,000 balloons tied to Carl’s house.

This film was released in 2013. It is a musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The film shows the story of two princesses—Elsa and Anna, and their friends. Elsa has the magical power to create ice but runs away to ensure that no one is hurt by it. Anna and her friends help her return home and drive away the people who are after her kingdom.

In 2014, it won Oscars in two categories: Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song for Let It Go. Its second part was released in 2019.

Animated films teach us about very important things, like the value of friendship and family, and how we should respect each other.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Write the years in which the following animated films were released.

a Toy Story

b Frozen

c Up

d Ice Age

e Finding Nemo

2 Name three Disney and Pixar films that have won the Oscar for Best Animated Feature. , ,

3 Read the features. Find the name of the correct films in the word grid and write them in the blanks.

a It was the first computer-animated feature film.

b In this film, a princess has the power to create ice.

c This film shows the adventures of the animals of prehistoric times on Earth.

d This film has characters named Carl and Russel.

e This film shows the journey of a clownfish to reach Sydney in search of his son.

Constellations

Have you ever observed the patterns that stars make in night sky? These patterns are called constellations. Let us learn more about them.

Constellations

A constellation is a group of stars that seem to make a pattern. People connect the stars with imaginary lines to form shapes and patterns. We see different constellations at different times of the year and from different places on Earth. As of 2024, there are 88 recognised constellations. Some of them are:

The Ursa Major is also called the ‘Great Bear.’

The ‘Big Dipper’ is a small pattern of the seven brightest stars that form the tail of the bear.

The Hydra constellation looks like a long, twisted snake. It is the largest constellation in the night sky.

The Orion constellation looks like a hunter. It has a belt of three stars called ‘Orion’s belt’ and a sword hanging from it.

The Crux constellation is in the shape of a cross. It is the smallest constellation in the night sky.

The Canis Major constellation is called the ‘Greater Dog’. Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, is part of this constellation.

The Cassiopeia has five bright stars which form an irregular ‘W’. It is also known as the ‘Seated Queen’.

Have you ever observed the stars forming a pattern in the night sky? Do they look like any constellation that you have studied?

Orion’s belt

Sirius

Big Dipper

Practice Time

1 Fill in the blanks.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

a Constellations are patterns made of a group of .

b is the brightest star in the night sky.

c As of 2024, there are official constellations.

d The Orion’s belt consists of stars.

e The Big Dipper consists of stars.

2 Which constellation is it?

3 Write the name of the correct constellation.

a The constellation also known as the Great Bear:

b The largest constellation in the night sky:

c The smallest constellation in the night sky:

d The constellation that looks like a hunter:

e The constellation also known as the Greater Dog:

f The W-shaped constellation:

g The constellation that has the star Sirius:

Manage Your Money

Money plays an important part in fulfilling our day-to-day needs. So, it is important to know how to manage it.

Earning Money

We have to work to earn money. The money that we earn by working is called our income. People can do different types of work to earn money.

Spending Money

When we buy things, we have to pay for them with money. This is how we spend the money we earn.

Every item or service has a price, which tells us the amount of money we need to spend to buy it. We should spend our money wisely.

Saving Money

We should also save some part of the money we earn for the future. To save money, we keep some money aside and do not spend it. We can save money in a piggy bank or in a bank.

The Role of a Bank

Banks help us save money. We can keep our money in a bank. Banks give us extra money, called interest, when we save money with them. We can also borrow money from a bank when we need it. They charge an extra amount for lending us, so we need to repay the money that we borrow from the bank.

It is important to save some money for the future. We should not waste money.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blanks.

a When we work, we money. (spend/earn)

b When we buy groceries, we money. (save/spend)

c Keeping money aside for future needs is money. (saving/lending)

d A bank can money to people who need and repay it. (lend/borrow)

2 Fill in the blanks.

a The money that we earn by working is called our .

b A lends money to the people who need it.

c When we buy things, we have to pay for them with .

d Banks give us extra money, called , when we save money with them.

3 Write True or False.

a Anu gets her salary. If she spends all her money on things she wants, she is saving money.

b Raj borrows some money from the bank. He does not have to repay it.

c Sana puts some money aside from her salary. She is saving money.

d Atish thinks that the only way to earn money is to work in a bank.

e Arnav receives money for doing his work. This is his income.

States and Union Territories of India

As of 2024, India has 28 states and 8 union territories. Let us learn about them.

States have their own elected governments. Union Territories are governed by the central government.

• On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir was changed from a state to a union territory.

• Telangana is the most recent state added to the list. It was established as a state in 2014.

• Rajasthan is the largest state by area, while Goa is the smallest state by area.

• Jammu and Kashmir is the largest union territory by area and Lakshadweep is the smallest union territory by area.

• The union territory of Chandigarh serves as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana.

India is a land of diverse cultures, languages and traditions, which contribute to its richness. We should respect our diversity while staying united as one nation.

By looking at the map of India, find out if you live in a state or a union territory.

Practice Time

1 Name the correct union territory.

a It is the smallest by area.

b It is the largest by area.

c It is the capital of two states—Punjab and Haryana.

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

2 Write the names of any two states of India that start with the following letters.

a A: ,

b G: ,

c H: ,

d K: ,

e M: ,

f T: ,

g U: ,

3 Fill in the blanks.

a India has states and union territories.

b is the largest state in India by area.

c was the last state to be formed in India in 2014.

d was changed from a state to a union territory in 2019.

e is the smallest state in India by area.

Sport Events in India, 2024

India has a rich history of sport. Let us explore some of the events that India hosted in 2024.

India Open 2024

The 2024 India Open is a badminton tournament that was held from 16 to 21 January. It took place at the K. D. Jadhav Indoor Stadium, New Delhi. Indian and international players took part in it. This tournament has been held since 1973.

Khelo India Youth Games 2024

The 2024 Khelo India Youth Games were held from 19 to 31 January. It took place in Tamil Nadu. It was the sixth edition of the event. Over 5600 athletes from all over India participated in this event.

WTT Star Contender Goa 2024

The 2024 WTT Star Contender Goa is a table tennis tournament that was held from 23 to 28 January. It was held at the Peddem Indoor Stadium in Goa.

Indian Premiere League 2024

The 2024 Indian Premiere League was held from 22 March to 26 May. It was the 17th edition of the tournament. It was held across thirteen cities in India. Ten teams participated in this season.

World Junior Chess Championship 2024

The 2024 World Junior Chess Championship was held from 1 to 14 June in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. It featured the players in open and women’s categories under the age of twenty.

Playing sport teaches us to work together as a team and develops good leadership skills.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Write down the dates when the following events took place in 2024.

a India Open

b World Junior Chess Championship

c Indian Premier League

d Khelo India Youth Games

e WTT Star Contender Goa

2 Name the cities or states where the following sports events took place in 2024.

a India Open

b WTT Star Contender

c Khelo India Youth Games

d World Junior Chess Championship

3 Fill in the blanks.

a The 2024 WTT Star Contender Goa was held at the Indoor Stadium.

b The 2024 India Open was held at the Indoor Stadium, New Delhi.

c The 2024 Indian Premiere League was held across cities.

d The World Junior Chess Championship is a tournament for players under the age of

e Over athletes participated in the 2024 Khelo India Youth Games.

Great Inventions

We use different machines every day that have made our lives easier. Have you ever wondered who invented them? Let us learn about some inventors and their important inventions.

The Microscope

Inventor: Hans and Zacharias Janssen

Year: 1590

This father-son team from the Netherlands invented the first microscope. It is used to magnify objects. The earliest microscope could magnify an object around 3–10 times.

The Telescope

Inventor: Hans Lippershey Year: 1608

He was a spectacle maker in the Netherlands who invented the first telescope. It is used to see faraway objects. It is a useful tool for studying stars and planets.

The Computer

Inventor: Charles Babbage Year: 1833–1871

Charles Babbage is also known as the ‘Father of Computers’. He worked on the first computer until he passed away in 1871. The first computer was called the ‘Analytical Engine’. It was able to perform many mathematical calculations.

The Light Bulb

Inventor: Thomas Alva Edison Year: 1880

Edison was an American scientist who developed the first commercial light bulb. He was popularly known as the ‘Wizard of Menlo Park’. A light bulb has a thin wire called a filament that heats up and gives light.

The Motorcar

Inventor: Karl Benz Year: 1886

Benz’s car was a three-wheeled vehicle with a single-cylinder engine. It had a top speed of about 16 kilometres per hour.

The Telephone

Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell Year: 1876

Graham Bell was studying ways to teach the deaf. In the process, he invented the telephone. The first words spoken in the first telephone call were Alexander Graham Bells’s instruction to his assistant, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.”

the internet to find out the inventors of the machines you use daily.

Practice Time

Scan this QR code to see the quiz.

1 Write the year of the following inventions and the person who invented them.

Inventions

a The light bulb

b The motorcar

c The telescope

d The telephone

e The microscope

2 Write the correct answers.

Year of invention

Person who invented it

a The nickname of Thomas Alva Edison:

b The top speed of the first motorcar:

c The profession of the person who made the first telescope:

d The number of wheels on Benz’s first car:

e The name of the first computer:

f The magnifying ability of the first microscope:

Answers

1. Leaders of India, 2024

1. a. 2022 b. 2014 c. 2019 d. 2021

2. a. Ashwini Vaishnaw b. Jagdeep Dhankar

c. Narendra Modi d. Nirmala Sitharaman

e. Rajnath Singh f. Droupadi Murmu

3. a. Droupadi Murmu b. Electronics, Information

c. Governor d. third e. Nirmala Sitharaman

2. Unique Trees and Forests

1. a. Yemen b. Madagascar c. Kazakhstan

d. The Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

2. a. red b. fans c. Kaindy Lake

d. north e. umbrella

3. a. Traveller’s Trees b. Rainbow Eucalyptus Tree

c. Dragon’s Blood Tree d. Pine trees

e. Trees of the Sunken Forest

3. Armed Forces of India

1. a. The Indian Army b. The Indian Air Force

c. The Indian Navy

2. a. The Indian Air Force b. The Indian Army

c. The Indian Navy

3. a. The Indian Air Force b. The Indian Navy

c. The Indian Army d. The Indian Navy

e. The Indian Air Force f. The Indian Navy

4. India and Its Neighbours

1. a. False b. True c. True d. False e. True

2. a. the Maldives b. Rabindranath Tagore

c. China d. Sri Lanka e. Afghanistan

3. ACROSS: 1. KATHMANDU 2. MALE DOWN: 1. KABUL 2. DHAKA

5. Badminton

1. a. India b. South Korea c. Chinese Taipei d. India e. Denmark f. India

2. a. Both b. Male c. Female d. Both

3. a. PV Sindhu b. Badminton World Federation c. Saina Nehwal d. Thomas Cup e. three f. PV Sindhu

6. ABC’s of First Aid

1. A = Airway; B = Breathing; C = Circulation

7. The Animation World

1. a. 1995 b. 2013 c. 2009 d. 2002 e. 2003

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2. 3, 1, 2

3. a. Don’t b. Do c. Don’t d. Don’t e. Do f. Don’t g. Don’t

2. Finding Nemo, Up, Frozen

3. a. Toy Story b. Frozen c. Ice Age d. Up e. Finding Nemo

8. Constellations

1. a. stars b. Sirius c. 88 d. three e. seven

2. a. Crux b. Orion’s Belt c. Cassiopeia

3. a. Ursa Major b. Hydra c. Crux d. Orion e. Canis Major f. Cassiopeia g. Canis Major

9. Manage Your Money

1. a. earn b. spend c. saving d. lend

2. a. income b. bank c. money d. interest

3. a. False b. False c. True d. False e. True

10. States and Union Territories of India

1. a. Lakshadweep b. Jammu and Kashmir

c. Chandigarh

2. a. Assam, Andhra Pradesh

b. Gujarat, Goa c. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh d. Karnataka, Kerala e. Maharashtra, Meghalaya f. Tripura, Tamil Nadu g. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh

3. a. 28, 8 b. Rajasthan c. Telangana

d. Jammu and Kashmir e. Goa

11. Sports Events in India, 2024

1. a. 16 to 21 January b. 1 to 4 June

c. 22 March to 26 May d. 19 to 31 January

e. 23 to 28 January

2. a. New Delhi b. Goa

c. Tamil Nadu d. Gandhinagar

3. a. Peddem b. K.D. Jadhav c. thirteen d. twenty e. 5600

12. Great Inventions

1. a. 1880, Thomas Alva Edison b. 1886, Karl Benz c. 1608, Hans Lippershey d. 1876, Alexander Graham Bell e. 1590, Hans and Zacharias Janssen

2. a. Wizard of Menlo Park b. 16 kilometres per hour

c. spectacle maker d. three e. Analytical Engine f. 3-10 times

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About the Book

Introducing WISDOM, a 21st-century product for the learners of grades 3 to 5. It includes all curricular areas—English, Mathematics, Science, Social Science and General Knowledge. WISDOM is aligned with the NEP 2020 in terms of its design principles, and fulfils all recommendations of the NCF 2023.

Key Features

Product Package

• Semester Books

• Uolo App

• Teacher Guide

• Focus on HOTS and Critical Thinking: Intellectually stimulating questions designed to encourage deep, analytical, critical and evaluative thought processes

• Digital Aids: Animated talking books, interactive quizzes for additional practice and curated learning videos

• Experiential and Applicative Learning: Projects and activities designed for real-life settings, like lab activities and community projects, to enable the development and practice of life skills

• Rootedness to India: Examples from India’s unique culture and history, linked to each topic, to inculcate a sense of pride and love for the nation

• Model Assessments: Test papers designed to evaluate the understanding of core concepts and the application of skills

About Uolo

Uolo partners with K-12 schools to provide technology-enabled learning programs. We believe that pedagogy and technology must come together to deliver scalable learning experiences that generate measurable outcomes. Uolo is trusted by over 15,000+ schools across India, Southeast Asia and the Middle East.

ISBN 978-81-980880-4-8