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A Holiday in a Tokyo not so far away.. A “Work Style Reform Holiday� for the Japanese modern samurais
by Terence Chek Wei Jie A0168493N
Architectural Design Research submitted to the Department of Architecture in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE At the National University of Singapore 20th November 2020
Signature of Author: Department of Architecture Certified by: Adjunct Assistant Professor Mr Peter Sim Architectural Design Research 02
Declaration
I declare that this thesis has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. I state that this dissertation is the result of my own independent investigation and work, except where otherwise stated.
Terence Chek Wei Jie 20th November 2020
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abstract
Corporate culture in japan created a culture of overworking causing stress and leading to depression, burnout, brain and heart diseases and the most extreme, karoshi, death by overwork. Current governmental solutions based on global corporate contemporary conventions of time off and vacations does not work due to the ingrain psychological trait of Bushido, shame and guilt culture in the Japanese stemming back to Edo Period Japan. Ideals of honor and loyalty has stayed throughout various eras of the Rising Sun. Drawing parallels between modern Japan and Edo period Japan, will an architectural reinterpretation of alternative rules using chanoyu as a metaphor to provide possibilities of a holiday within the Japanese work culture as a solution to an Edo rooted problem?
Keywords: Overworking, Loyalty, Shame, Escapism, Balance, Harmony
Guilt,
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Word Count: 7056 (Note: excludes Contents, Abstracts, List of Images, Bibliography, Appendices)
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Abbreviations List of Images
いち: one. Overworking - pg.16 Karoshi - pg.20 Genesis - pg.24 “Work Style Reform Bill” - pg.26
に: two. Bushido - pg.32 Culturally Sanctioned Suicide - pg.34 Shame and Guilt - pg.36 Sense of Self - pg.38
さん: three. Companies of Change - pg.42 Sanya Alliance - pg.44 Government’s Acknowledgement - pg.46
よん: four. “Work Style Reform Holiday” - pg.50 Sanya, The Obliterated District - pg.52 Chosen Sites - pg.54 Chanoyu - pg.56 Edo Ideologies - pg.58 Edo Practices - pg.60
ご: five. Ceremonial Cableway - pg.64 Lighthouse - pg.66 Listening Garden of Zen - pg.68 Rickshaw of Purity - pg.70 Bibliography Appendices 08
corporate culture
ingrained psychological trait
step towards change
“work style reform holiday”
“work style reform holiday” masterplan and tectonics 09
Abbreviations
Bushido: Way of the warrior Seppuku: Ritual suicide Daimyo: Feudal Lord Shogun: Military Dictator Karoshi: Overworked death Kachobyo: Bosses disease Chugi: Loyalty Haji: Shame Jouhatsu: Evaporated people Wa: Harmony Matsuri: Festival Chanoyu: Way of the Tea
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List of Images
Image 1: Corporate Culture and Overworking. Terence Chek, 2020 Image 2: Best Cities for Work-Life Balance 2019 | Kisi. (2020). Retrieved 5 November 2020, from https://www.getkisi.com/work-lifebalance#table Image 3: S. (2014). Regain Energy Drink New Product Announcement: News Release: SUNTORY BEVER-AGE & FOOD. Retrieved November 17, 2020, from https://www.suntory.com/softdrink/news/pr/d/SBF0145.html Image 4: Johnzeikin (2007, August 4). watch?v=b33hhP16pVM&ab_channel=johnzeikin
Japanese
Energy
Drink
Commercial.
Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/
Image 5: Hudson, C. (2019, January 03). How to use your vacation time. Retrieved November 17, 2020, from https://viewfinder.expedia. com/how-to-use-your-vacation-time/ Image 6: Ross, K. Karoshi: Death by Overwork · English grammar exercise (advanced level). Retrieved 5 November 2020, from https:// www.bitgab.com/exercise/karoshi-death-by-overwork Image 7: Petroff, A. (2017). Japanese reporter died after clocking 159 hours of overtime. Retrieved 5 November 2020, from https:// money.cnn.com/2017/10/05/news/japan-work-overwork-woman-dies-karoshi/index.html Image 8: UK, B. (2017, October 25). Japan’s toxic culture of overwork drove a 31-year-old woman to death - and it looks like there’s no end in sight. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://www.insider.com/karoshi-how-overwork-in-japan-killed-miwa-sado-andhundreds-like-her-2017-10 Image 9: Takami, T. (2019). Current state of working hours and overwork in Japan part I: how has it changed over the years?. Japan Labor Issues, 3(16), 18-21. Image 10: Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. (2016). Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms. Asia Pac Bus Econ Perspect, 4, 49-72. Image 11: Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. (2016). Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms. Asia Pac Bus Econ Perspect, 4, 49-72. Image 12: Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. (2016). Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms. Asia Pac Bus Econ Perspect, 4, 49-72. Image 13: Uehata, T. (1991). Karoshi due to occupational stress-related cardiovascular injuries among middle-aged workers in Japan. J Sci Labour, 67(1 Pt II), 20-28. Image 14: The Genesis of Overworking Culture, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 15: The Work Style Reform Bill, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 16: M. (2018, February 26). Angry youths, workers march in capital to protest against work-style reform bill. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20180226/p2a/00m/0na/005000c Image 17: Bushido, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 18: Morris, I. (2014). The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan. Cork: BookBaby. Image 19: Yamamoto, T. (2009). Hagakure. Tokyo: Isuto Puresu.
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List of Images
Image 20: Shame Culture in Japan, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 21: He, T. (2018, October 25). Shame and Samurai. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from https://medium.com/@fakepixels/ shame-and-samurai-dfa36b896d84 Image 22: Creighton, M. R. (1990). Revisiting shame and guilt cultures: A forty-year pilgrimage. Ethos, 18(3), 279-307. Image 23: Yoshie Komuro, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 24: Mago Yoshihira, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 25: Hajime Shiraishi, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 26: Hankyu Tanida, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 27: Sanya Alliance Goals, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 28: Escape, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 29: Japan’s Government collaboration with Sanya Alliance, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 30: Work Style Reform Holiday Brochure, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 31: Grand Escape, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 32: Overall Site Plan of Sanya, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 33: Work Style Reform Holiday Brochure, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 34: Wa (Harmony), Terence Chek, 2020 Image 35: Matsuri (Festival), Terence Chek, 2020 Image 36: The Tea Ceremony Masterplan for “Work Style Reform Holiday”, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 37: Ceremonial Cableway, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 38: Ceremonial Cableway Collage, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 39: Lighthouse, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 40: Lighthouse Collage, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 41: Listening Garden of Zen, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 42: Listening Garden of Zen Collage, Terence Chek, 2020 Image 43: Rickshaw of Purity, Terence Chek, 2020
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いち: one. Corporate Culture
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Image 1: Corporate Culture and Overworking Terence Chek, 2020
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Overworking Japan has a reputation of being an overworked country, where the corporate culture in Japan created the most overworked city, Tokyo, due to the culture of overworking. This also made Japan the most vacation deprived country. The culture of overworking causes stress and also led to the phenomenon of karoshi, death by overworking. In a study done by KISI in 2019, it shows Tokyo as the number one overworked city. The information from the study is based on “a series of factors related to the amount of time a person dedicates to their job—such as total working hours, commuting, and vacation days taken.” (KISI, 2020)
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Image 2: Kisi. (2020)
Image 3: S. (2014) Image 4: Johnzeikin (2007)
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Image 5: Hudson, C. (2019)
Media Influence
Vacation Deprivation
It is interesting to note that the notion of overworking was also exaggerated with commercials and advertisements, where they would promote the idea of overworking and make it seem like an honor to oneself. For example the Regain Energy Drink Commercial in 2007 where they advertised the Regain Drink on television with a tagline saying “Can you fight 24 hours for your corporation?” This ideology pushes the Japanese corporate society in a way where the white collared workers would think working 24 hours a day is the ideal behavior they should achieve.
Japan is also a country where its workers take lesser than half of their allocated leaves. In a study done by Expedia in 2018 showing the Evolution of Vacation Deprivation in the U.S., it mentioned the countries which left the most time off on the table. Japan being the top of the list where on an average of 20 days received, workers would only use 10 days and leave the other 10 unused. An interview with a salary-man named Hideyuki said that it is “easier to work rather than them saying bad things about me or being told off.” (Demetriou, D. 2020) and when asked about his colleagues’ reactions to other workers taking leaves, his colleagues would react negatively and speak ill behind the person’s back. Another worker by the name of Tsuyoshi also mentioned that “there is a culture where you would be evaluated higher if you are not taking days off and working harder.” (Demetriou, D. 2020) The overworking culture also resulted in low birth rates and women and men did not dare to take maternity and paternity leaves. This overworking culture in Japan has led to mental and physical stress on the salary-man. Where some of them has even died from working too much. This is called Karoshi.
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Image 6: Ross, K (N.D.)
Image 7: Petroff, A. (2017)
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Karoshi
Example Cases
Karoshi’s first appearance was around the early 1970s, where it was derived from another term “kacho-byo” which means bosses disease. Kacho-Byo refers to the managers in the middle ranking of a corporation, where they worry about their promotions. Karoshi is the death of employees from committing suicide or from working long hours resulting in heart failure or stroke. The first known case of karoshi was reported in 1969 when a 29 year old man died suddenly while working. He was working for a major Japanese newspaper company. Many cases of karoshi were unknown and nothing was done about them until the late 1980s where several business executives died suddenly without any previous signs of illnesses. (Asgari, Behrooz & Peckar, Peter & Garay, Victoria. 2017)
Matsuri Takahashi, age 24: Committed suicide by jumping to her death on Christmas in 2015. She was a graduate from the University of Tokyo who had worked more than 100 hours of overtime every month ever since she entered the company, Dentsu, in April 2015. She was also affected by workplace harassment. (SIM, W. 2017) Miwa Sado, age 31: Died from congestive heart failure in July 2013. The political reporter from NHK was covering the Tokyo metropolitan assembly election on June 23 and the Upper House election on July 21. (SIM, W. 2017) She died three days after it, on her bed holding her phone tightly as though she was ready for a work call. Aya Kimoto, age 37: Committed suicide after four consecutive months of overworking in Niigata City General Hospital which amounted to 200 hours overtime per month. (SIM, W. 2017) This led to her depression. Tomomi Saito, age 50: Worked at a lunchbox sales company and died of heart disease in November 2015, working a minimum of 70 hours overtime for five months before she passed away. The government did not take this as karoshi as it was below the standard for it. However this is considered a karoshi case as she only took four days off during the past half a year before her death. (SIM, W. 2017) From this examples, it is shown that the karoshi can happen to anyone of age. Where the cause of it is mainly from overworking, resulting in mental stress, depression and heart failures.
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Image 8: UK, B. (2017)
Image 9: Takami, T. (2019)
Image 10: Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. (2016)
Image 11: Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. (2016)
Image 12: Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. (2016)
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Image 13: Uehata, T. (1991)
Stress Evaluation in Karoshi Oxidative Stress: Implication of atherosclerotic vascular diseases. LOX-Index: Biomarker for cardiovascular disease and stroke. It is important to look into how stress plays a role in karoshi as it is one of the leading factors. Nobutaka Inoue from the department of Cardiovascular Medicine in Kobe Rosai Hospital did an evaluation on how overworking leads to psychological and occupational stress. When looking into karoshi, it was found that cerebrovascular or cardiovascular diseases belonged to some of the major factors of karoshi. Occupational stress is also one of the contributing factors of karoshi. Depression and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is also closely tied with more evidences. Hence this investigations shows that depression plays an important role that is closely related to occupational stress and karoshi. The occupational stress is measured using qualitative constructs such as job control, job demands and worksite social support. Depression will also lead to higher job stress due to working inefficiently. (Inoue, Nobutaka. 2016) These findings allow us to confirm that occupational stress and depression are interconnected.
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Image 14: The Genesis of Overworking Culture Terence Chek, 2020
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Genesis This is the genesis of how the overworking culture and karoshi begun in Japan. It was after World War II where Japan was defeated. During the early 1950s, the economy of Japan plunged due to World War II, as a result of this, the Prime Minister then, Shigeru Yoshida acted and ensured that the top priority of the nation to rebuild its economy. He then engaged several major corporations to offer their employees a safe and secure lifelong job where the only thing that was asked in return is for the workers to be loyal to their companies, dedicating their lives to their jobs and their devotion as a personal honor. (Tetsuji, O. 2015) Through this system, many workers would be enticed by it as it is definitely difficult to be able to find a secure job after the war when economy is at its lowest. This system worked as Japan’s economy is currently the third largest in the world. This postwar miracle allowed the 1956 GDP to overtake its prewar 1940 numbers. During the duration of the recovery period, the GDP rose at an average rate of 7.1% per annum. (Tetsuji, O. 2015)
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Image 15: Work Style Reform Bill Terence Chek, 2020
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Work Style Reform Bill In 2018, Japan government implemented the Work Style Reform Bill, making changes to the labor laws. In an effort to change the working style of the white collared workers and to address the issue of karoshi. These are some of the revisions made. 1. Overtime hours. Employees are not allowed to work overtime surpassing 100 hours in any one month, or 80 hours or more averaged over a period within two to six months, or 720 hours per year. The implementation takes effect on 1 Apr 2019 for larger companies and 1 Apr 2020 for small and medium-sized companies. Criminal punishments will be applied to the employers who breaks these rules. (Tanaka, A., & M. Sutton, T. 2019) 2. Equal Pay for Equal Work. This regulation focuses on equal pay for equal work between regular employees that are of the standard type of employment in Japan and irregular employees, for example part-time employees. (Tanaka, A., & M. Sutton, T. 2019) 3. Highly Skilled Professional Exemption. This exemption allows individuals to be exempted from overtime and late-night allowance. Implemented as a compromise, addressing the businesses that require certain positions remain flexible in terms of hours and pay especially for highly skilled employees. (Tanaka, A., & M. Sutton, T. 2019) 4. Requirement to Take Annual Leave. The rate of the annual leave taken in Japan on average is 51.1%, therefore, this new law requires employees to take a minimum of five days annual leave if their unused annual leaves amounts to more than 10 days. (Tanaka, A., & M. Sutton, T. 2019)
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Image 16: M. (2018)
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Flaws in Legislation However the Work Style Reform Bill was met with protests bringing up several flaws in it. The government in fact faked the data that was surveyed. The average salary-man was surveyed to have only worked one hour and 37 minutes overtime. Yet another data from the government shows that on an average week, workers had two hours and 47 minutes of overtime. Definitely something does not add up with the math in this case. “If the average overtime of ordinary Japanese workers is one hour and 37 minutes a day as the ministry says, the weekly overtime should be around five times that amount, far above two hours and 47 minutes.” (The Mainichi. 2018) This could be a bid to reduce what the public would assume the average overtime hours is. Majority of the public was worried about the high-level professional exemption rule, as this exemption would remove the maximum labor hours for working. In some interviews, it was mentioned that this legislation actually promotes the long working hours leading to karoshi and that it voids the responsibility of the employer, putting full responsibility on the individual. (Kamiashi, S. 2018) As a university student by the name of Kohei Kurihara expresses, “the expansion of the discretionary labor system would accelerate deaths by overwork.” (The Mainichi. 2018) President Rikio Kozu, the president of the Japanese Trade Union Confederation agreed, stating, “The pro system will lead to the promotion of overwork.” However, the failure of the Work Style Reform Bill is also due to the Japanese society being collectivist and hierarchical. Where salary-man feels that they cannot be the only person to take leaves and not work hard as his other colleagues are not doing so. This is further expressed in their ingrained psychological trait of the Japanese which will be uncovered more in-depth in the next chapter. 29
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ă Ť: two. Ingrained Psychological Trait
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Image 17: Bushido. Terence Chek, 2020
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Bushido The samurai of Edo period Japan follows this code of honor called bushido. The concept of bushido was used as the code of conduct for Japan’s warrior classes beginning from as early as the eighth century where its principles emphasized on honor, courage, skill in the martial arts, and loyalty to a warrior’s daimyo, his master, above all else. Bushido was also known as an ethical system with Buddhism rules, similar to feudal Europe knights’ ideals of chivalry. (Szczepanski, K. 2019) This code of conduct created these brave warriors of the east who did not fear death. One of the famous notions of bushido culture is the act of “seppuku”, ritual suicide by the samurais. Seppuku is elaborately done in a manner such that one would regain their lost honor. The samurai would have to split their abdomen open using a short blade called “tanto”. The ideal samurais have immunity from the fear of death. Where the only fear is to be disloyal and dishonor. Following the rules of bushido, a samurai would commit “seppuku”, a painful form of ritual suicide, if he felt that he had lost his honor. (Szczepanski, K. 2019)
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Image 18: Morris, I. (2014)
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Image 19: Yamamoto, T. (2009)
Culturally Sanctioned Suicide The book Hagakure (Hidden Leaves) by Yamamoto Tsunetomo, is a form of manual for the samurais regarding their behavior. “The Way of the Samurai is found in death.” and ”Meditation on inevitable death should be performed daily.” Were mentioned by the author. (Yamamoto, T. 2009) In the book “The Nobility Of Failure” by Ivan Morris, the author mentioned the term “failed heroes”, as someone struggling and fighting against impossible odds and dying a noble death in a crushing defeat. In the culture of bushido, this is the “ultimate achievement”. (Lipton, R. 1975) Another point is on when the Japanese were fighting in World War II, they used the tactic of kamikaze, by using their aircraft as suicide weapons as a heroic act to bring glory to their country and an effort to win the war. Many generations of Japanese have viewed these people as heroes. “These Japanese failed heroes transcend death by dying in a way that enables them and their deaths to live eternally.” (Lipton, R. 1975) “If only we might fall like cherry blossoms in the spring - So pure and radiant!” - Ivan Morris (Morris, I. 2014).
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Image 20: Shame Culture in Japan. Terence Chek, 2020
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Shame and Guilt
Guilt and Self Blame
The Japanese are known to be very welcoming and kind to everyone. This is partially due to them lacking a sense of individualism, self-identity, or the concept of self. Whereby most Japanese’s decision is based on the considerations of how their social circle might feel about this decision and the consequences. (Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. 2016) Many a time, the Japanese state of mind is due to the anticipation of how other people feel and react. Hence, an ethical decision tends to be made for the feelings of others, and in some sense, a lack of individuality.
Self-Reflective tendency can be demonstrated by the result of sentence-completion tests given to adult samples of urban Japanese and Hong Kong Chinese. “After having committed all sorts of wrongdoing,” more Japanese referred to inner retribution, such as anxiety, repentance, confession, or reform, indicative of guilt feelings independent of external justice: “you feel uneasy at heart,” “he will feel regretful and guilty,” . Guilt is systematically aroused and intensified to cope with stress in many religious sects in Japan. The Gedatsu, for example, insists that illness or any other kind of suffering is to be imputed to the sufferer’s own fault such as negligence of his or her duty. Whatever adversity one encounters, one should reflect upon oneself in search for one’s own wrongdoing.
There is a saying in Japan that “the nail that sticks up gets hammered down”. (Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. 2016) This saying means that when anybody tries to stand out too much, they would be forced to go back to the norm and base of society. It can also mean that most Japanese see each other as equal status and not to The Japanese sense of guilt ties in with the allocentric outdo each other. concern in that one’s awareness of another as a victim It is expected for everyone to work hard in a highly of one’s action or inaction is essential. culturally appointed society, this would mean that the salary-man thinks he must work hard as well or he will feel a sense of guilt. There are also some corporations that are built up with traditional Japanese values as their base, these companies will be extremely concerned with order, structure and power. Originating from the Code of Bushido where the “Japanese believe they are creating conditions for happiness and making a moral person happy by allowing him to work hard and to deviate is considered disloyal and to question otherwise is considered morally unsound.” (Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. 2016)
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Image 21: He, T. (2018)
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Image 22: Creighton, M. R. (1990)
Sense of Self Japanese therapists have compared their clients to being onions as a metaphor, this is because similarly to an onion, when peeling off all the layers of an onion, one would get nothing left. In terms of their clients, most of them are unable to give an answer when they are asked about their personal feelings as “many patients are brought up to be closely in touch with others’ feelings, needs, and moods while being completely out of touch with their own.” (Sack, J. (2004) This is further amplified as we explore deeper into the psychocultural view of the Japanese. Shame and guilt are psychic channels defined as a form of self-punishment developing from stress. Shame is inescapable as Japan has well defined cultural norms such that violations are instantly recognizable. As compared to countries such as United States which has diverse societies culturally and ethically. The Japanese individual is surrounded by significant audiences to whom his action is exposed to. (Lebra, T. S. 1983) It is also mentioned in the journal that formal arts such as the tea ceremony goes against the ideals of the shame complex. The tea ceremony is a relaxing, therapeutic and tranquility-inducing formal and rulebounded self-presentation that is widely accepted by Japanese. It is in fact a dilemma for the anthropophobic Japanese as fearing the self-exposure to audience would push them to withdraw from social interaction. Yet, the Japanese is motivated to overcome this fear and to present himself in a perfectionist manner. (Lebra, T. S. 1983) This is the reason as to why Japanese are seen to be such perfectionists. The shame culture continues through the individual to the company where they share a collective social identity. The employee would have to uphold the reputation of their companies wherever they are at and regardless of their position in the company. This is because the employee will be reprimanded by the company for any wrongdoing that they have done would destroy their reputation. “The more reputable the company is, the more likely the media will reveal the company name in reporting when its employee does something bad.” (J. 2020) An example of this scenario is Pierre Taki, a Japanese voice-over actor for the movie “Frozen”. He was arrested for the use of cocaine as his blood test was positive in February 2019. Immediately after his arrest, Disney Japan withdrew all DVD copies of “Frozen” until another voice-over actor replaced him. The game company, SEGA, also withdrew all related games in which Pierre Taki was in. (Baseel, C. 2019)
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さん: three. Step Towards Change
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Companies of Change
Image 23: Yoshie Komuro Terence Chek, 2020
Success of Work Life Balance Co. Ltd. Yoshie Komuro founded Work Life Balance Co. in 2006, as a consultant firm. They pride themselves as a “sustainable work style reform group to reduce overtime and eliminate long working hours.” (W. 2020) As years pass after the company’s inception, work life balance has been getting more importance, which can be seen where the government has tried to implement a different work style. Work Life Balance Co functions by giving talks and programs to their client’s company, to improve their management system. As of date, they have provided consultations to organizations amounting to more than 1000. (W. 2020) Included in this thousand are various industries ranging from governments to research institutes of different sizes. This is evidence that the Work Life Balance Co. has been progressing with a good success rate. The then Prime Minister Shinzo Abe even invited Yoshie Komuro to promote a new work style reform to society. Some examples of their consulted corporations include the Cabinet Office, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Osaka Gas Co. Ltd., Sony Bank Co. Ltd., Nippon Express Co. Ltd and many others. (W. 2020)
Image 24: Mago Yoshihira Terence Chek, 2020
Success of YUI Associates Yui Associates was set up by Mago Yoshihira supporting the district development of Sanya, Tokyo. Sanya is an obliterated district in Tokyo due to its negative name from history and is now linked to homelessness and others which will be explained in detailed in the report. They aim to change the mindset of Sanya through accommodation and tourism, with diversity as the goal. They operate two hotels, Meigetsu and Juyoh, and a welfare inn, Ariake. (Y. 2018) They have also opened a café on the first storey of Hotel Juyoh. The Sanya café provides “compassionate coffee” as a charity to pay in advance for the poor or homeless people of the district. In addition, the café organizes regular clean-ups within the district of Sanya. They provide meals in exchange for helping in the clean-up, and an effort to make the team love the district more. This cleaning program is currently held every Monday. (Y. 2018) These are all done so in hopes of ridding the bad name of Sanya as well as to connect people.
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Companies of Change
Image 25: Hajime Shiraishi Terence Chek, 2020
Success of Black Corp Award The Black Corp Award is made up of lawyers and journalists who aim to define and call out the specific companies that have been abusing their power. Black companies are defined with the use of power or sexual harassment, long working hours, unpaid overtime and many others. (B. 2012) Their goal is to create a work environment where the white collared workers are able to have a peace of mind. They would have an award ceremony and presentation every year while sending out invitations to the “winning” companies. However no company has shown up before. Citizens are able to vote out the black companies and the Black Corp Award would list them out with their reasons for being nominated. This is in hope that by naming and shaming the various companies, they would then realize shame and make a change in their work culture.
Image 26: Hankyu Tanida Terence Chek, 2020
Success of 910Ryu Tea Ceremony The Kyuto Ryu Tradition of Tea is a movement founded in 2010 by Hankyu Tanida, an office worker in Tokyo. It aspires to implement a different variation of the Tea Ceremony in the office setting for business people. As she compares and draws a parallel between the samurais of Edo Period Japan to the business people of modern Japan. The samurais would take a break to have tea, she inspires business people to take their time to refresh their spirit by having tea as well. “The tearoom was a haven to refresh their spirit away from the tumultuous battlefield.” (9. 2010) But instead of a formal and ritualistic tea ceremony, it could be in the pantry of an office, using whatever utensils they are able to find, such as the hot water dispenser. Around 120 tea ceremonies has been held with more than 2400 participants. (9. 2010)
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Image 27: Sanya Alliance Goals Terence Chek, 2020
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Image 28: Escape Terence Chek, 2020
ESCAPISM
Using ideas of escapism to change societal norms, taking the white collared workers from the black companies to escape to Sanya.
SANYA ALLIANCE
The thesis speculates the collaboration of the above mentioned four companies, under the name of Sanya Alliance. The goals of Sanya Alliance is a combination of the companies individual goal, but coming together would form a greater entity and voice of change for societal norms. 45
Image 29: Japan’s Government collaboration with Sanya Alliance Terence Chek, 2020
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Government’s Acknowledgement After the successful collaboration of the four companies forming Sanya Alliance, the thesis also speculates that the government of Japan recognizes their effort taking a step to change modern corporate culture. The government then join hands with Sanya Alliance, coming up with a new and improved legislation, “The Work Style Reform Holiday.”
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よん: four. “Work Style Reform Holiday”
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Image 30: Work Style Reform Holiday Brochure Terence Chek, 2020
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“Work Style Reform Holiday” The Work Style Reform Holiday is a holiday where the Japanese white collared workers escape to without the feeling of guilt or shame with an alternative set of rules from their workplace. It takes inspiration from the successes of the four companies and the widespread acknowledgement of the failure of the work style reform bill, to question if this uniquely Japanese holiday that is rooted in edo concepts might be a possible solution to an essentially edo rooted problem. The holiday takes place in Sanya, the currently obliterated district of Tokyo which is occupied majoritively by the former day-labourers whom are outcasted by society, often compared to minority races in racially heterogeneous society. The reason why Sanya is chosen is because of this group of people called Jouhatsu, evaporated people escape their lives to live in the shadows of Sanya. Sanya’s identity is expunged from official records due to its association with negativity, Edo period Sanya was home to the “lower caste” workers and an execution ground. Many citizens of Tokyo feel that Sanya is dangerous and do not want to be associated with its bad name. A holiday here would only be logical to rid shame and guilt of the Japanese while having enjoyment. Guests would go through a series of programs involving discipline and relaxation. As corporate overworking culture of Bushido begun in Edo, this set of practices and rituals are inspired by the Edo Period, informing some of the programs to take the salaryman away from work yet not making them feel guilt or shame. Chanoyu, the way of the tea, uses harmony, respect, purity and tranquillity symbolizing an entry into a tranquil world, leaving the outside world behind, a form of escapism. The significance of chanoyu in the Edo period is for conflict resolution, equal ranking, stress management and to center oneself. Chanoyu is used as a metaphor in the holiday where there will not be any engagement of tea ceremony, whereas they will experience the whole retreat as part of the tea ceremony itself.
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Image 31: Grand Escape Terence Chek, 2020
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Sanya, The Obliterated District & Jouhatsu Going into the site of Sanya, the obliterated district, we will first understand its importance in this project. The reason being Jouhatsu (evaporated people). This term of jouhatsu came about during the 1960s, referring to missing people and these missing people voluntarily goes missing. The jouhatsu chooses to escape their own lives for many reasons ranging from financial reasons to social reasons from ego, domestic violence or debts. With the help of “night movers”, the jouhatsu would escape to an area far from home, mostly to Sanya as its name is written off by authorities. (Hartman, A. 2020) Many a time, a salary-man would get fired from his company, but feels too shameful to break this news to his family, disappearing is seen as an attractive alternative. (Hincks, J. 2017) A Japan based journalist, Jake Adelstein “Faced with a choice of suicide, working to death, or simply vanishing and starting life over, vanishing would seem a better option, better missing than dead.” (Hincks, J. 2017) This sentence amplifies the point of escapism and the seriousness of Japan’s corporate culture. In addition, they are able to live without a proper identification and most of the time, the jouhatsu’s family will be unable to search for the missing person unless he was involved in a crime. The Bad Name of Sanya During the Edo Period, Sanya was home to the “lower caste” workers and was home to the execution ground of Kozukappara. (Dayman, L. 2018) Until today, Sanya is still home to negativity such as alcohol, crime and unemployment. It is due to all these negativity that Japan’s government removed its name from all records and it cannot be found on any map now. Tom Gill, a professor at the Faculty of International Studies at Meiji Gakuin University mentioned that “There’s a parallel between the expunging of outcast settlements from Edo maps and the removal of the name Sanya from the Tokyo map.” (Hincks, J. 2017) This shows that the concept of shame has been prevalent since the Edo Period, and that even Japan’s government feels shameful for the negativity of Sanya. In the book The Vanished by Lena Mauger, she and her husband documented the story and process of jouhatsu for five years. (Mauger, L., Remael, S., & Phalen, B. 2016) What they found out from the research documented is that the mentioning of Sanya itself is a taboo and many workers in Tokyo said “they were too busy to work, and in some way, they disappeared.” (Mauger, L., Remael, S., & Phalen, B. 2016) One might wonder what happens after the jouhatsu escapes from their normal lives and go into hiding at Sanya. For the jouhatsu coming into this shadow economy of Sanya, they would search for jobs as day labourers, which is the occupation of majority of the people at Sanya. These Sanya day labourers are the people who built Japan after World War II, constructing highways and megastructures leading to the megalopolis of modern Japan. The former labourers are now in their 60s and 70s, and most of them are now homeless. One of the inn owners also said that “on average, one person at my hotel dies every month due to causes related to old age.” (Matsubara, H. 2000) This is very saddening to hear as this group of labourers were the ones who helped build modern Japan, yet they do not receive proper well-being, care and concern. They are also avoided by the community of Tokyo. It can be compared to the racially heterogeneous society minority races. Many citizens of Tokyo would claim that they know nothing about Sanya and do not dare to enter Sanya because they feel that it is dangerous and they do not want to be associated with its bad name. (Nee, B. 1974)
Grand Escape
We ride on the sound of the firework, ready to depart from this planet When he had awoken from his sleep, we head to a place of no return on the count of “go” we slam our feet on the ground, to a planet that’s not here (Radwimps. 2019)
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Image 32: Overall Site Plan of Sanya Terence Chek, 2020
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Chosen Sites within Sanya 1. YUI Associates Community Clean Up Zone YUI Associates started a community clean up program that occurs every Monday. As Sanya has many homeless, there is increasing difficulty in cleaning up the garbage. They also provide a free meal under Sanya Cafe for the participants in this cleaning up. They do this in hopes that by cleaning up, it will allow everyone to further love the district and rid the bad name of Sanya by being a part of it. (Y. 2018) 2. Hotel Juyoh / Sanya Cafe Sanya Cafe is on the first storey of Hotel Juyoh, under YUI Associates. This hotel is for tourists and the idea of Sanya Cafe is to attract more foreigners and a place of interaction as the different groups of people in Sanya rarely get a chance to interact. This is to increase the social participation in the city. There is also the concept of “Compassion Coffee” where guests are able to prepay a cup of coffee for someone that can not afford it. (Y. 2018) 3. “Bridge of Tears” Namidabashi Namidabashi, the bridge of tears was located at the main cross junction of Sanya Dori. However, there is no bridge in the present. This was known as the bridge of tears because prisoners were to say their last goodbye to their family before heading to the Kozukappara Execution ground. (Mcbride, B. 2009) 4. Sanya Dori (Kotsu Dori/Bone Street) The Sanya Dori is the main street of Sanya, with the portion highlighted as the Kotsu Dori, or Bone Street. Kotsu Dori is near to the old execution ground of Kozukappara. This street is called Kotsu Dori because of its history where after the execution of prisoners, their severed heads were displayed along this street for around three days, serving as a reminder and a show of power of the shogun. (Star, M. 2020) 5. Kozukappara Execution Ground This execution ground was infamous since the Edo period where approximately 200,000 people were executed here, under the Tokugawa Shogunate. (Star, M. 2020) Infamous for Kozukappara Execution Grounds, one of the three sites in Edo, where the Tokugawa Shogunate (1650-1873) executed criminals. Anywhere from 100,000 to 200,000 people were executed at Kozukappara for crimes ranging in seriousness dependent on the whims of the laws of the current shogun.
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Image 33: Work Style Reform Holiday Brochure Terence Chek, 2020
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Chanoyu and its Symbolism The Japanese tea ceremony is a “highly structured method of preparing powdered green tea in the company of guests” with four principles: Harmony, Respect, Purity and Tranquillity. Chanoyu allows participants to be at one with their surroundings. Throughout chanoyu, Zen symbolism is experienced where the tea relieves the aridness of life. Whereas the slow, silent and careful movement before entering the tearoom symbolizes the entrance to a tranquil world of tea, leaving the noisy outside world behind. The entrance to the tearoom, the nijiriguchi, is a small square opening that one has to crawl through to enter. It symbolizes that those who enter are humble as they leave their pride and status outside. (Turay, M. D. 2001) “The teahouse is constructed with perishable material -bamboo, wood, mud, reeds, and straw-all denoting a natural simplicity that symbolizes the temporary nature of life.” (Turay, M. D. 2001)
Stress Management and Conflict Resolution The Alternative Rules from Chanoyu During Edo period Japan, the samurais would enter the tearoom together with merchants and monks, where they meet on equal grounds, rid of their ranks to enjoy a bowl of tea together.
The set of alternative rules being translated to the programs and tectonics involving a slow pace of chanoyu, values of Edo period will be uncovered through these “rehabilitation” programs
A samurai warlord called Hideyoshi, went to war with - Zenki, notification of arrival, translated to the a portable golden teahouse for chanoyu so as to “Ceremonial cableway”, a direct transportation and center oneself to be ready to fight and die in battle. arrival into the holiday. (Turay, M. D. 2001) - Machiai, garden shed of waiting, symbolising tranquillity, a “Lighthouse” where guests would rest, emitting a beam of light as an awareness for other citizens. - Roji, the tea garden, a translation to the “Listening Garden of Zen”, a place for Zen Gardening while listening to Work Life Balance talks. - The Inner Roji, rinsing of hands and mouth as purification, to the “Rickshaw of Purity”, to clean up Sanya as a purification of self. - Ritual Ushering, a place to “Learn & Grow”, a place for the guests to continue helping the homeless and welfare recipients by growing various crops for food, a respect given to the homeless whom are stereotypically outcast by the majority of Tokyo citizens. - Chashitsu, the tearoom. The end of the holiday, a celebration and party of recovery and self-renewal. The programs takes a slow approach to them, where the guests would experience only a single program per day, being in line with the slow pace of the way of the tea.
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Image 34: Wa (Harmony) Terence Chek, 2020
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The Edo Parallel - Ideologies In this chapter I will explore the different ideologies and practices that have happened from Edo Period and carried out till current modern Japan. The first ideology is of bushido, the way of the warriors and loyalty to their masters in Edo Period as mentioned above. Mono no Aware Another would be Mono no Aware, which means the pathos of things. It translates to a melancholic appreciation of the transiency of existence. “The beautiful sadness in the passing of lives and objects� (Cotton, J. 2018) This is very beautiful in my opinion to be able to understand and enjoy a fleeting moment, the impermanence of life. This allows us to have a greater knowledge and self-enlightenment to be able to let go of our attachment to objects. A common example of this is the cherry blossom season. The sight of the cherry blossom in full bloom is a beauty, however in a few days, the flowers will wilt and fall. In this manner, the observer of the cherry blossom must remember each component of this process to fully understand what mono no aware means. (Prusinksi, L. 2012) Shintoism Japan is known for being a very clean country where there is also rarely any dustbins seen on the street. This phenomenon is based off the Shintoism ideology putting heavy emphasis where being clean is to be pure. Believers would complete purification rituals to ward off kegare (dirt or impurity). It is expected of everyone to act for the community or city, hence everyone will ensure that they are clean and to take their rubbish back home. The teaching of cleaning up begins from children where they are subjected to their school routine. (Horner, C. 2020) Harmony Another ideology is wa (harmony), the value of keeping a good relationship, achieving a peaceful agreement, a good balance and a peaceful, gentle state of mind. (Konishi, E., Yahiro, M., Nakajima, N., & Ono, M. 2009) The idea of harmony is present in most Japanese companies. In the year 604, harmony was stated to be the guiding principle that bridges Shintoism, Buddhist and Confucianism. (Hays, J. 2011) Continuing the concept of harmony, chanoyu, the Japanese tea ceremony is guided by the principle of harmony, respect, purity and tranquillity. Throughout the tea ceremony, the slowness and silence kept symbolizes tranquillity. (Turay, M. D. 2001) In addition to this, in the Edo Period, samurais and other merchants of various ranks would enter the tearoom, void of their ranks to have a humbling discussion. Interestingly, a samurai warlord by the name of Hideyoshi has a golden tearoom that is mobile for him to meditate while in battle. (Turay, M. D. 2001)
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Image 35: Matsuri (Festival) Terence Chek, 2020
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The Edo Parallel - Practices Matsuri Festivals in Japan are a popular tourist attraction now, as many of them are of a huge scale, with a lot of manpower needed. Festivals are called matsuri in Japanese. Matsuri can be a duality of both a solemn religious occasion and a joyful and rowdy celebration. Or an entertainment and offering of thanks to a deity at a shrine. Several of these matsuri will be explained. Hanabi Hanabi is translated as fire flower, which is known as fireworks. Hanabi was known to be popular in Edo Period Japan with a significant point in 1733 where Tokugawa Yoshimune honoured the water deity with a ceremony of hanabi, praying for success of crops and epidemic purification. Hanabi also takes the concept of mono no aware with its ephemeral nature. (Liu-Brennan, D., & Bryce, M. 2010) Nebuta Matsuri A summer festival by the name of Aomori Nebuta Matsuri takes the form of huge floating lanterns carried by people. These floats can take the shape of samurais fighting demons in the Edo Period, with different districts having a variation to the nebutas. These would serve as a cleansing ritual or prayer for good health. (A. n.d.) These nebuta floats got bigger in size after Japan entered the Meiji Era, where a particular float was stated to have been 20 meters tall and carried by a hundred people. (A. n.d.) Kanda Matsuri The next matsuri explored is the Kanda Matsuri which started during the Edo Period. This festival is a celebration of prosperity under a new regime, after the Tokugawa shogun started to rule Edo Period. There is a Kanda Myojin Shrine in Tokyo which enshrines three deities: “Daikokuten - the god of good harvest and matrimony, Ebisu - the god of fishermen and businessmen, and Taira Masakado - a feudal lord of the 10th century who was revered and deified”. (J. 2019) Interestingly, this festival takes place only in odd numbered years as in the past, there were only two festivals that had permission to enter Edo Castle, namely the Kanda Matsuri and the Sanno Matsuri. However the intensity of the matsuri was too overwhelming and was ordered to be held alternately between odd and even years. (J. 2019) Kabuki Kabuki is a traditional Japanese song and dance in a highly stylized performance. It was an entertainment for the commoners and thought to be low class. However the samurai class still snuck into the kabuki theatre to watch under veils and blinds to hide themselves. (Wanczura, D. 2001) Zen Garden There are people who embrace mountains, rivers, plants and rocks…every element in nature as the core part of their lives. It’s different from gardening as a hobby, because it can become their sincere religious pursuit. By attempting to embrace elusive nature reflected in water, rocks, plants and trees that keep changing as the seasons change, you can become closer to fundamental truth of the world we are in and who we are. (Abundance, Z. 2020) The garden design manual by Jiro Takei and Marc P. Keane explains the garden design principle focusing on harmony and making sure they follow the law of nature. (Abundance, Z. 2020) Bonenkai Bonenkai is a forget the year party, held during the year end. It is to look forward to the next year and forget the worries and troubles. The samurais would also hold the party in the past, involving activities such as music, dance, kabuki, talent shows and a feast. (Sceaphierde, C. 2019) During the party, forgetting the ranks of people and having the freedom to speak freely is also allowed in bonenkai, which is similar to the tea ceremony. Troubles and worries whether they are job related or interpersonal relations will be voiced and listened to with a keen ear at the casual party, with people often trying to improve the situation in the next year. (L. 2019) 61
Image 36: The Tea Ceremony Masterplan for the “Work Style Reform Holiday” Terence Chek, 2020
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ご: five. “Work Style Reform Holiday” Masterplan and Tectonics
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Image 37: Ceremonial Cableway Terence Chek, 2020
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Ceremonial Cableway The Ceremonial Cableway, a direct transportation system to Sanya is then implemented. This cableway takes on a mobile retractable tower that connects to each other, forming a cableway to transport the white collared workers to Sanya. This would also be seen as a form of Nebuta Matsuri, but in the sky. Functions - Structure Deployable Military Vehicle - Retractable structural tower - Cable drone sender - Cable drone catcher - Storage for nebuta car - Device to pump air into nebuta car Image 38: Ceremonial Cableway Collage Terence Chek, 2020
Zenki, notification of arrival, translated to the “Ceremonial cableway�, a direct transportation and arrival into the holiday.
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Image 39: Lighthouse Terence Chek, 2020
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Lighthouse Sanya is occupied majoritively by the former daylabourers whom are outcasted by society although they have built the foundation to modern Tokyo. Many are homeless and jobless. Lighthouse aims to build homes and to raise awareness by emitting a beam of light to the sky, an precedence taken from “Tribute in Light”. Energy will be generated using windmills attached to supply energy to the searchlight as well as to the occupants. Functions - Housing - Light Beam as awareness - Windmill to generate electricity
Image 40: Lighthouse Collage Terence Chek, 2020
Machiai, garden shed of waiting, symbolising tranquillity, a “Lighthouse” where guests would rest, emitting a beam of light as an awareness for other citizens.
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Image 41: Listening Garden of Zen Terence Chek, 2020
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Listening Garden of Zen The Listening Garden of Zen allows guests to feel tranquil as though they are walking through the Roji, tea garden. However the ceremonial silence in the roji will then be a broken rule here whereby guests would break their relaxation and enjoyment by listening to talks and consultations about work life balance. Functions - Openable Fans providing shade and shelter - Megaphones for Work Life Balance talks
Image 42: Listening Garden of Zen Collage Terence Chek, 2020
Roji, the tea garden, a translation to the “Listening Garden of Zen�, a place for Zen Gardening while listening to Work Life Balance talks. A silence no more.
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Image 43: Rickshaw of Purity Terence Chek, 2020
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Rickshaw of Purity The Rickshaw of Purity is a mobile device for collection of trash, However in order to rid shame, guilt as well as to implement a regimentation, guests would collect garbage physically from the streets of Sanya as a form of purification from Shintoism. Functions - Purification of Self - A physical clean up of Sanya - The rickshaw for collection of garbage and trash
The Inner Roji, rinsing of hands and mouth as purification, to the “Rickshaw of Purity�, to clean up Sanya as a purification of self.
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Bibliography
Books and Journals Sack, J. (2004). Shame in Japan. Theologia Diakonia, (37), 111-126. Lebra, T. S. (1983). Shame and guilt: A psychocultural view of the Japanese self. Ethos, 11(3), 192-209. Prusinksi, L. (2012). Wabi-sabi, mono no aware, and ma: Tracing traditional Japanese aesthetics through Japanese history. Studies on Asia, 4(2), 25-49. Konishi, E., Yahiro, M., Nakajima, N., & Ono, M. (2009). The Japanese value of harmony and nursing ethics. Nursing ethics, 16(5), 625-636. Turay, M. D. (2001). The Social Significance of the Japanese Tea Ceremony. Japan Studies Association Journal, 2001., 49. Liu-Brennan, D., & Bryce, M. (2010). Japanese fireworks (Hanabi): the ephemeral nature and symbolism. Morris, I. (2014). The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan. Cork: BookBaby. Asgari, B., Pickar, P., & Garay, V. (2016). Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms. Asia Pac Bus Econ Perspect, 4, 49-72 Yamamoto, T. (2009). Hagakure. Tokyo: Isuto Puresu. Asgari, Behrooz & Peckar, Peter & Garay, Victoria. (2017). Karoshi and Karou-jisatsu in Japan: causes, statistics and prevention mechanisms.
Song Radwimps. (2019). Grand Escape feat. Toko Miura. Voque Ting Co., Ltd. Japan.
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Appendices
Redemption, Terence Chek, 2020
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Appendices
Site of Sanya and Black Companies, Terence Chek, 2020
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Appendices
Ministry of Finance, Terence Chek, 2020
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Appendices
Guilt-Free Guilty, Terence Chek, 2020
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Appendices
Collage of Tea Ceremony, Terence Chek, 2020
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