Mardrid22. – 26. April 2013
linked . c h open the mind
Impressum LINK – Exchange 3: Madrid 22. – 24. April 2013 Gestaltung: Sandro Breu Samira Büchler Sandra Butz Taschina Gallusser Nadine Hauser Louis Hua Willi Oberhänsli Selina Slamanig Druck: IES Puerta Bonita, Madrid
Swiss Alps – a paradise of mountains that opens the mind
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Nulla aesthetica sin ethica
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The grid that made modern typography
Wolfgang Weingart, the father of new wave or swiss punk typography
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Max Frisch: „My greatest fear: repetition“
SWISS ALPS A paradise of mountains that opens the mind
The Alps span some 200 kilometres, at an average altitude of 1700 meters, and cover nearly two thirds of Switzerland’s total surface area. There are 48 mountains which are 4000 meters or higher and about 1800 glaciers.
The Swiss Alps are the portion of the Alps mountain range that lies within Switzerland. Because of their central position within the entire Alpine range, they are also known as the Central Alps. The highest summit in the Swiss Alps is Monte Rosa, near the SwissItalian border. Since the Middle Ages, transit across the Alps played an important role in history. The region north of the St. G otthard Pass became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century. The Swiss Alps are situated south of the Swiss plateau and north of the national border. The limit between the Alps and the plateau runs from Vevey on the shores of Lake Geneva to Rorschach on the shores of Lake Constance, passing close to the cities of Thun and Lucerne. Tourism in the Swiss Alps began with the first ascents of the main peaks of the Alps ( Jungfrau in 1811, Piz Bernina in 1850, Monte Rosa in 1855, Matterhorn in 1856, Dom in 1858, Weisshorn in 1861 ) mostly by British mountain climbers accompanied by the local guides. The construction of facilities for tourists started in the mid nineteenth century with the building of hotels and mountain huts ( creation of the Swiss Alpine Club in 1863 ) and the opening of mountain train lines. The Jungfraubahn
opened in 1912; it leads to the highest train station in Europe, the Jungfraujoch-Aletsch. Switzerland enjoys a 62 kilometers network of well-maintained trails, of which 23 000 are located in mountainous areas. Many mountains attract a large
�Switzerland enjoys a 62 kilometers network of well-maintained trails“ number of alpinists from around the world, especially the 4000 metre summits and the great north faces. The large winter resorts are also popular destinations in summer, as most of aerial tramways operate through the year, enabling hikers and mountaineers to reach high altitudes without much effort. The Matterhorn is the highest summit of the European continent to be served by cable car. The Alpine zone is situated above the tree line and is clear of trees because of low average temperatures. It contains mostly grass and small plants along with mountain flowers.
Below the permafrost limit ( at about 26 metres ), the alpine meadows are often used as pastures. Some villages can still be found on the lowest altitudes such as Riederalp ( 1940 meters ) or Juf ( 2130 meters ). The glacial zone is the area of permanent snow and ice. When the steepness of the slope is not too high it results in an accumulation and compaction of snow, which transforms into ice. The
glacier formed then flows down the valley and can reach as far down as 1500 metres ( the Upper Grindelwald Glacier ). Where the slopes are too steep, the snow accumulates to form overhanging seracs, which periodically fall off due to the downwards movement of the glacier and cause ice avalanches. The Bernese Alps, Pennine Alps and Mont Blanc Massif contain most of the glaciated areas in the Alps.
�The Jungfrau-Aletsch is the first World Heritage Site in the Alps“ Except research stations such as the Sphinx Observatory no settlements are to be found in those regions. The Alps are usually divided into two main parts, the Western Alps and Eastern Alps, whose division is along the Rhine from Lake Constance to the Splügen Pass. The western ranges occupy the greatest part of Switzerland while the more numerous eastern ranges are much smaller. The north side of the Swiss Alps is drained by the Rhone, Rhine and Inn river, while the south side is mainly drained by the Ticino river. Since the highest dams are located in Alpine regions, many large mountain lakes are artificial and are used as hydroelectric reservoirs. Some large artificial lakes can be found
above 2300 meters, but natural lakes larger than 1 square kilometers are generally below 1000 meters. The melting of low-altitude glaciers can generate new lakes, such as the 0.25 square kilometers large Triftsee which formed between 2002 – 2003. To protect endangered species some sites have been brought under protection. The Swiss National Park in Graubünden was established in 1914 as the first alpine national park. The Entlebuch area was designated a biosphere reserve in 2001. The largest protected area in the country is the Parc Ela, opened in 2006, which covers an area of 600 square kilometres. The Jungfrau-Aletsch Protected Area is the first World Heritage Site in the Alps.
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The father of New Wave
or Swiss Punk t ypography
Wolfgang Weingart
His typographic experiments were strongly grounded, and were based on an intimate understanding of the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic functions of typography.
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It was he who ignited the spark of ‘typographic anarchy’ that exploded on the verge of the nineteen nineties. It was he who fathered what was subsequently dubbed ‘Swiss Punk’, ‘New Wave’ or whatever you care to call it. His name is Wolfgang Weingart. He was born in the midst of the World War II in Germany, and completed a three-year typesetting apprenticeship in hot metal composition. There he came into contact with Karl-August Hanke, who encouraged him to study in Switzerland.
Weingart met Emil Ruder and Armin Hofmann in Basel in 1963 and moved there the following year. Following his rather unsuccessful attempt at completing his course, Armin Hoffmann, who was then the head of the Basel School, by the sheer admiration of his work, invited him to teach typography where he remained a highly influential instructor until 2005. To call what he did as ‘deconstructive’ would be too simplistic a comment. His typographic experiments were strongly grounded, and were based on an intimate understanding of the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic functions of typography. Whereas ‘traditional’ Swiss typography mainly focused on the syntactic function, Weingart was interested in how far the graphic qualities of typography can be pushed and still retain its meaning. The emotionally-charged lines, the potent, image-like qualities of his type, the almost cinematic impact of his layouts, all speak of his great passion of creating with graphical forms. His typographic layouts are compelling yet lucid, free yet controlled. Some of his personal work is almost akin to landscape paintings, only that his paintbrush is replaced by type, rules and screens. He doesn’t seem to perceive a divide between fine art and typography. His inspirations were mainly drawn from the processes of typesetting and reproduction, where he finds great pleasure in discovering their characteristics and pushing them to their limits.
Max Frisch is one of the most important Swiss writers of the 20th century. His major themes are the loss of individual’s identity, the spiritual crisis of the modern world and the belief that technology allows humans to control everything. It is remarkable that we just returned from the people, we love, at least statements can, as he is. We just love him. That is where the love is, of course, the wonderful thing about the love that you will give us in the suspension of the living, in the willingness to follow a man in all the different possible explanations. We know that every human being, if one loves him, is transformed feels, how unfolds and the loving everything that also develops, the
next, the long known. He sees how much for the first time. The frees it from any image. This is the worrying, the adventurous, the egg when exciting that we, with the people we love, not be eliminated: because we love you; as long as we love them. Do you hear the poets, if you love; they grope for compare, as they were drunk, they are after all, in all, flowers and animals, as clouds, stars and seas. Why? As the all of God’s inexhaustible space, absolute, everything possible, all secrets full, incredible is the man you love – only the love beareth him so. Why do we travel? This, too, so that we meet people who do not believe that the US once and for all, so that we once again find out what in this life is possible – There is already little enough…
MaX Frisch My greatest fear: repetition.
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