Technograph Spring 2019

VOLUME 134: SPRING 2019

Mycology is an everexpanding field

Urban planning research targets Chicago heat vulnerability

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TECHNOSTAFF

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Technograph editor Molly Zupan Assistant Technograph editor Serina Taluja Editor-in-Chief Abby Paeth Managing editors Gillian Dunlop Rachael Bolek Bercham Kamber Design editors Cindy Om Cassidy Brandt Copy chief Alexandra Greulich Assistant copy chief Hannah Preston Writers Zack Fishman Molly Nguyen Ava Traverso Co-publishers Kit Donahue Melissa Pasco Contact (217) 337-8345 technograph@dailyillini.com

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Quantum Information Science emerging in University’s physics department PAGE 7

Urban planning research targets Chicago heat vulnerability PAGE 9

University experts warn of false information regarding vaccinations PAGE 12

Microplastics found to infiltrate Illinois groundwater

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Mycology is an ever-expanding field

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he study of the vast natural world around us is something humans have participated in since long before the term “ecology” was coined. Similarly, people studied things like plants, animals and fungi for thousands of years before words like “botany,” “zoology” and “mycology” were developed.

The last and probably least acknowledged of those areas of study, mycology, is also one of the most under-staffed natural history and science fields. While there are roughly 30 botanists per plant species in the world, there is an estimated 300-plus fungi species for every single mycologist in the world.

However, the field is lucky to have researchers like Dr. Andrew Miller, who is the director of the herbarium and fungarium here at the University. Miller co-authored the largest checklist of North American fungi of all time. This proto-checklist was published in November 2018 in the journal, Mycologia, which is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes papers on all aspects of fungi.

The work to create this massive list started at the New York Botanical Garden with herbarium director Barbara M. Thiers, who was exposed to mycology at a young age as her father was a mycologist.

“I grew up with fungi, and while I didn’t study fungi formally, I’m currently in charge of the second largest collection of fungi in the country at the New York Botanical Garden,” Thiers said.

This ongoing interest prompted Thiers to begin a digitization process of all herbaria and fungi collections in the U.S. Digitization is a movement which is currently sweeping natural history collections around the world, with the aim to provide interaction and learning about these specimens on a global scale.

“The reason that Miller and Bates could create this checklist was because I started this project,” Thiers said. “In 2012, I received a three million dollar grant from the National Science Foundation to permit about 30 herbaria nationwide to digitize their holdings of

macrofungi. And three years later, Andy got a companion group to digitize the microfungi.”

All of these collections were digitized and put in the mycology equivalent of Google, which is called MycoPortal.

“We could generate this list because my colleague and I are actually the hosts of the online database MycoPortal. Most of the collections in MycoPortal are from North America actually, and there’s about four and a half million specimens recorded currently,” Miller said.

Once all of the collections across the U.S. had been digitized, Miller and his co-author, Dr. Scott Bates, could begin compiling the list.

“Actually making the list didn’t take that long, it only took maybe a year to create, although we started thinking about this kind of project about eight years ago,” Miller said.

Miller and Bates had estimated, when this project was first discussed, that there were around four million fungi specimens that belonged to the U.S. These specimens were spread all over the country in many herbaria, so getting everyone on board with digitizing them in MycoPortal was key.

“Once the specimens are digitized, it’s a very straightforward work flow. All you have to do is search for North America and you can find all the information you need to make a list like this,” Miller said.

While it might have been a simple process, this is still a massive list to create, including nearly 45,000 species. And this list is far from

finished.

“An important thing to remember is that we called this a proto-checklist for a reason; it’ll need to be cleaned up and added to as time goes on,” Miller said.

This list not only provides the field of mycology with a basis of what has already been documented, collected and discovered, but it also a reference point for mycologists who may believe they have found a new species in North America.

“How are you supposed to know if you’ve found something new if you don’t know what you have to begin with?” Miller said.

The list also still needs to be double-checked for things like synonymous names or different names for the same species of fungus. These synonymous names are frequent in both mycology and plant biology, and it is imperative they are accounted for so that communication about various species across the country is easier.

“We’re excited for this list to encourage people to go out and find more of a type of fungus that perhaps has only been collected once. Right now, about a third of the list

5 only has one specimen associated with it, and it would be great to change that,” Miller said. “The list is also a useful tool for students just starting in mycology, as it can act as a reference point for things like identification, systematic, and taxonomic studies.”

By providing a baseline of knowledge for North American mycologists, this list may also encourage the expansion of the field itself.

“Having this baseline will make it possible for us to track progress toward increasing our knowledge, will allow us to fill gaps in knowledge, and will make it more likely that fungi are included in broader biodiversity surveys,” Thiers said. “I expect that fungi will receive more attention from researchers outside of mycology as a result.”

While the field of mycology may have a small headcount, it has a lot it can teach us about our global environments. This list will help move the field forward and give mycologists around the world the new and exciting task of making additions to the list. Miller’s proto-checklist acts as both a big step for mycology and for human understanding of the natural world. taluja2@readtechno.com

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uantum Information Science, or QIS, may not be present in everyday life, but pretty soon, it will be.

According to the Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology center’s newly named director Paul Kwiat, professor in LAS, this area of research may be the future’s foundation for solving certain complex questions.

For example, how do proteins fold up? How do particular medicines work in terms of interacting all of the atoms in a molecule with all of the complex things in our body? Or how can we create a telescope which can see far past what we have ever imagined?

To solve these problems, we need to incorporate the innovative capabilities of quantum mechanics, which involves the mathematical description of the interaction of subatomic particles, wave particle duality, superposition, randomness and quantum measurement.

Theories of quantum mechanics can be applied to the explanation of electrons and atoms and could potentially explain the big bang theory. As of now, quantum mechanics can “be a powerful platform for information processing, data storage and secure communications,” said Siv Schwink, communications coordinator for the physics department at the University.

The emerging area of QIS is pushing researchers in computer science and physics, engineers and various other scientists to work collaboratively to create unimaginable advancements in technology. According to

Schwink, the “recent surge in global QIS research efforts is signaling the next great scientific and technological revolution.”

Not only is this science going to be globally revolutionary, but our school is going to be playing a leading role in the QIS research and development, according

to Schwink. The University announced in October it would invest $15 million to create IQUIST. This center will allow QIS experts, engineers and researchers to capitalize on their skills, enhance their knowledge and collaborate on their ideas collectively. The

center will also provide a program for the next-generation quantum workforce, where undergraduate and graduate students will be educated in QIS. “Part of the center will contain a quantum test bed where we will try and make a multi-node quantum processor with a few nodes that will be able to talk to each other, and that could be a model for a small-scale quantum distributed quantum computer,” Kwiat said.

A quantum computer is not a classical computer, and it needs to be understood this device will not be replacing our classic computer because that is “unlikely given the laws of quantum mechanics.” A quantum computer will simply have the ability to do things a classical computer could never do. For example, classical computers are now used to watch videos, send emails and explore the internet, which involves copying classical information. But you cannot copy quantum information, “which makes quantum cryptography so secure,” Kwiat said.

“Classical computers are based on binary digits, or bits, so that all the information is stored as either a zero or one,” Kwait said. “Since classical computers can do error correction, the parts do not have to be accurate. Any bit that’s close to one will be noted as one and the same with zero.”

Whereas classical computer bits are binary and self correcting, quantum computer bits, or “qubits,” are nonbinary and can have limitless states, making them very powerful but also very sensitive to fluctuations.

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Kwiat pulls out three coins to create an analogy to explain the difference between a classical bit and a quantum bit. So if you imagine the three coins to be three classical registers with one face being zero and the other being one, with these three registers you get a total of one of eight numbers using binary counting. In the quantum case, however, which spins all three coins, you can get all eight numbers simultaneously on the computer. So, you wouldn’t just get one or zero but all eight instead.

“Since QIS is such a young field, we know some things that quantum computers are good and bad for,” Kwiat said.

“However, there are still a lot of things that we don’t know.”

Kwiat used the analogy of the development of a cellphone.

“When people first invented the cellphone, their thought was that this invention will be a way that a person can get a

call without having to be connected to a cable, and that was their only thought,” he said. “Although that still stands now, look at most of the phones today; they can get information all the time. It’s a sensor. It can take pictures and do all sorts of things.”

According to Kwiat, in 10 to 15 years, quantum sensing could be used to develop a device which could make the MRI process much simpler and quicker, potentially dropping the scan time to just one minute.

So, there are many types of applications that might not be initially planned, but as the field of quantum physics grows and more people get involved, more ideas will come to the surface and the unimaginable can be created. mxnguyen@readtechno.com

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hen we think about climate change, immediate thoughts jump to extreme storms or rising sea levels. But the repercussions of excessive greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of natural ecosystems are much greater than the average person acknowledges, particularly in metropolitan regions where residents are more dispersed throughout the inner-city and suburbs.

Arnab Chakraborty and Bev Wilson, professors in FAA, have taken the reigns on heat vulnerability research, focusing specifically on the Chicagoland area.

The collected research shows patterns of decentralization of vulnerable populations within the city of Chicago and the Chicagoland region over time, with gentrification of city regions and the movement of poverty to suburbs as likely contributing factors.

The goals of their collaborative research include identifying the most vulnerable communities, developing beneficial strategies for land use and the built environment, improving emergency management methods and spreading awareness on the subject.

In recent decades, fluctuations in climate have harshly impacted the livelihood of millions living in urban communities worldwide.

One of the worst weather-related disasters in the history of Illinois occurred in July 1995 when more than 700 people in Cook County

died over a span of five days from exposure to a heat wave.

The motivation for this research, which began roughly three years ago, was the increasing presence of extreme heat in urban spaces worldwide and fatal heat wave events like the one that hit Chicago. According to Chakraborty and Wilson, the National Weather Service estimates that extreme heat is the largest cause of U.S. weather-related fatalities in the last 30 years, with an average of 131 deaths per year attributable to heat.

Vulnerability, the key component of the research, is typically understood as a combination of sensitivity, adaptive capacity and exposure. The concept in relation to Chicago heat waves has been adapted into a web application, which was developed by Chakraborty, Wilson and Elizabeth Bastian, graduate student in FAA. They published their research in the Journal of Environmental Planning and Management in May of last year. A key component of the research is the recognition that the distribution of vulnerable populations in particular areas changes over time, fluctuating with some impact from certain social, economic and political factors.

“A more dispersed and decentralized target population during an extreme heat event can make it more difficult to quickly and efficiently deliver relief and medical attention when needed,” they

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efficiently deliver relief and medical attention and low adaptive capacity to heat reside. The when needed,” they wrote. process of calculating the HVI considers variables The virtual web tool includes a heat vulnerabilsuch as poverty rate, mean household income ity index that can be calibrated to other regions and proportion of people under 18. in the U.S. It shows exposure and vulnerability Wilson and Chakraborty looked at census data trends simultaneously to highlight the locations for the Chicago metropolitan region for 1990, of the hottest and most vulnerable populations.

2000 and 2010 in order to pinpoint the most A featured vulnerable interactive populations timeline to extreme demonstrates heat. Strong how heat and concenvulnerability trations of have shifted vulnerability over time. were found “We in the south wanted (to) and west provide an sides of index and Chicago and web applicainner-ring Arnab Chakraborty and Bev Wilson wrote in tion as a way suburbs.

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management of looking Urban longitudinalspaces ly at where worldwide vulnerable populations were over time and how are growing in population and density at an those locations changed,” Wilson said. incredible rate; the United Nations predicts 68 Also incorporated in the web tool is the Heat percent of the world’s population will live in Vulnerability Index of the Chicagoland area, urban areas by 2050. As this growth occurs, so which is based on data collected from the U.S. do habitual urban issues, such as gentrification, Census Bureau. It measures where residents of resource disparities and poverty, which are being the Chicago region with high sensitivity to heat magnified by the damaging impacts of climate

“A more dispersed and decentralized target population during an extreme heat event can make it more difficult to quickly and efficiently deliver relief and medical attention when needed.”

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change.

Each of the factors listed above are just some examples of discussions and considerations in urban and regional planning courses offered at the University, which revolve around four concentrations: sustainability, social justice, policy and planning and global studies.

Wilson and Chakraborty stressed that urban planners need to pay more attention to extreme heat events in urban areas, as they are becoming particularly more cataclysmic.

Policies that manage urban growth need to provide access to infrastructure and social services for all; urban planners need to focus on the needs of vulnerable groups and develop emergency management methods to help these residents in such sudden cases of extreme heat.

Chakraborty discussed a variety of potential methods, including the implementation of cooling centers in public places such as libraries or schools, investing in trees as coverage from heat in parks or helping residents with air conditioning services or power supply.

Their work is nowhere near finished; Chakraborty and Wilson have started research on Mumbai, a densely populated city on India’s west coast. According to Chakraborty, “There is a lot of work that is yet to be done.”

Urban areas have become integral parts of our economy, culture and social fabric worldwide. Extensive research on complex issues that threaten urbanized areas, such as heat vulnerability, is absolutely essential if we want to continue to live, work and play comfortably and safely within them. mollyz2@readtechno.com

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In

a time where health sciences are more advanced than they have ever been in human history, many health issues remain highly politicized. One of the most hotly debated issues in modern times is vaccinations. Whether or not to get vaccinated in today’s society has become a hot-ticket issue and has resulted in dangerous consequences.

Measles, hepatitis, polio and other avoidable diseases have been making returns as of late because of decreased herd immunity in our population. Herd immunity is a form of indirect protection from infectious diseases which occurs when a large percentage of a population becomes immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune.

One of the most questioned vaccines of all remains the annual flu shot. Many people do not fully understand the importance of making sure your flu vaccination is up to date each year, and this can be especially dangerous during cold and flu season. It is more crucial than ever to ensure people understand the value and function of vaccinations to help prevent these avoidable outbreaks which can threaten human life.

To get a deeper understanding of how viruses behave and how flu shots combat them, experts in the field of epidemiology and

virology were consulted. Dr. Christopher Brooke, assistant professor in LAS, does research largely focused on virology, with a specific concentration on the flu virus and how it evolves.

On the topic of why the flu shot has to be replaced each year, Brooke said, “There’s a clinical surveillance network, where people around the world are collecting samples from people who may have flu, then they sequence them … so every year a team of people from the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control look at the samples and try to predict which strains are going to be a problem six months down the road.”

The flu virus is ever-evolving; while it has been around for a long time, scientists and researchers are still unsure of how to treat it most efficiently.

“The flu has persisted and we don’t know the answer to that.

That’s a huge question. That’s one of the reasons of why we are so focused to understand how this virus evolves and how it replicates … if we really understand how that virus works it allows us to more effectively target it,” Brooke said.

A key focus in the field of epidemiology is the concept of herd immunity. Brooke discussed specific groups which are largely protected by herd immunity.

13 “Influenza virus kind of blows me away with how much damage it does each year. I think the estimate last year was that about 90,000 people were killed by flu infections,” Brooke said. “It doesn’t really affect younger people as much … it can be really bad for babies and really young children.”

According to Brooke, the elderly, pregnant women and people who are immunocompromised due to diseases, such as AIDS or Lyme disease, are also at a greater risk. This means even if someone does not get vaccinated knowing their immune system is strong enough to fight off the virus, they can still transmit the flu to those more vulnerable individuals.

Dr. Rebecca Smith, assistant professor in Veterinary Medicine, offered a plethora of knowledge surrounding the topic of vaccinations and the misunderstanding that often surrounds it. Smith discussed how false information can be destructive to scientific initiatives such as vaccinations.

In specific reference to the whole argument that “vaccines cause autism,” Smith said, “That study started off a whole thing, and most people don’t understand that it was started unethically and done for commercial reasons … one of my arguments against that was, is autism so bad?

Which is worse to you, autism or the measles? One of them kills.”

Beyond debunked myths and false information is the mistrust in scientific research.

“That’s not the only reason people have (not gotten vaccinated). A lot of people don’t trust science anymore, so that’s just a big problem in society,” she said.

Even though the study was disavowed in the scientific community, it still influences the trust and the perceived validity of the studies done on diseases and vaccines. However, the stereotype that only uneducated people remain unvaccinated is simply false.

“There are two groups of people who are most commonly involved in the vaccine movement. One is the lower educated and one is the highly educated,” Smith said. “They are more likely to feel like they understand what’s going on and that they don’t need expert opinions.

There are pockets of unvaccinated people among the lowly educated, who have been convinced that there is something wrong with the vaccine. There are also pockets of unvaccinated among the highly educated rich, who feel that they should be able to protect their children naturally.”

Vaccines should not be dubbed a race, class or political issue; it is a scientific fact that vaccines are broadly influential in only a positive manner. Vaccinations and flu shots have become highly politicized, and it is necessary to educate yourself and others on the matter in an unbiased way.

During a time where vaccination rates are dropping significantly, it is more important now than ever to protect yourself and your loved ones from contracting diseases which can be combated for the sake of the greater good. avat2@readtechno.comw

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amuel Panno is concerned about plastic pollution in the environment.

He recalled clusters of water bottles in the ocean while in North Carolina and described images of washed-up whale carcasses full of plastic as “shocking.” The geochemist said 8 million tons of the petroleum-based material is added to the ocean every year, and the statistic elicited a sigh of exasperation from John Scott, a chemist and co-worker in the same room. The two scientists at the University-affiliated Prairie Research Institute can’t even escape the substance during fieldwork in Illinois.

“Single-use grocery bags are like little parachutes,” Panno said. “We go to landfills for other studies, and the farm fields next to land are just strewn with plastic bags.”

Plastic pollution stretches beyond the surface and into the ground, according to new research by their team. They published a new study finding microscopic plastic fragments and other contaminants in local underground aquifers, a source of drinking water for many. Published in the journal “Groundwater,” their research is some of the first to examine the presence of these “microplastics” in limestone aquifers, which provide 25 percent of the world’s potable water.

Unlike the microbeads banned by many countries in 2015, the microplastics found in the aquifers — smaller than a grain of rice — likely originated from plastic trash broken down by environmental weathering.

Now they’re piling up over 100 feet below the surface in caves and cracks that comprise aquifer systems.

The research team conducted the exper-

THA

iment by sampling two aquifers along the western border of Illinois, one near St. Louis and another in the northwest corner of the state. After conducting a laboratory analysis at Loyola University Chicago, it found small plastic fibers present in nearly every water sample.

The team also identified compounds of medicine and personal care products in the water. Panno and Scott speculate they stem from runoff produced by septic tanks and sewage treatment plants.

“We’ve looked at contamination in these aquifers, and it’s fairly substantial,” Panno said. “We’re seeing bacterial contamination, agricultural contamination, contaminants from septic systems, particulate matter — a little bit of everything.”

They make for a potentially hazardous cocktail of pollutants, according to Wei Zheng, environmental chemist and co-author. Microplastics can pose a health risk by acting as a sponge and absorbing a variety of compounds.

“They have a very small size, but a large surface area,” Zheng said. “They can accumulate toxicity, even pathogens.”

Due to the prevalence of limestone aquifers on the planet, similar concentrations of microplastic may be widespread in drinking water. However, Scott said the toxicity and risks of microplastic contamination are not well studied, which makes determining a “safe” amount of plastic to ingest difficult to determine. He is concerned about the effects of long-term exposure to the contaminant.

“How much pharmaceuticals would you want in your drinking water?” he asked

rhetorically. “What’s your answer?”

This issue has caught the attention of experts in other fields, such as Cory David Suski, a professor in ACES who was not involved in the research. Suski studies animal behavior and physiology and has developed several fish conservation strategies. The study raises questions about microplastic safety that have implications in aquatic ecosystems, he said, such as how the swimming, feeding and reproduction of fish are affected.

Suski also sees the study as an important reminder of the ubiquity of plastic pollution.

“Most people are aware of plastic pollution, but it seems very distant; it’s in the ocean, it’s in the floating garbage patch,” he said. “But this study is in Illinois. It’s not too far from here. It’s in our environment, so I think this hopefully would bring home how it’s not just something happening in a different part of the world. It’s something that’s happening here.”

Other contributors to the research include the Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Loyola University Chicago and the League of Women Voters of Jo Daviess County. zbf2@readtechno.com

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