Being Present | Independent Thesis by Xiaotian Wu

BY XIAOTIAN WU MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE

GRADUATE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: MILAGROS ZINGONI PHIELIPP Honors Faculty ISA- Interiors Students Alliance- Student Organization Faculty Advisor

THE HERBERGER INSTITUTE FOR DESIGN AND THE ARTS APRIL, 2020

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my faculty, Professor Milagros Zingoni. First, she provided encouragement and patience throughout the duration of the project. Her enthusiasm encouraged me to move forward because I knew she would always support me behind my back.

I also thank her for her guidance. Her guidance inspired me to maximize my potential in a limited time. She is like a beacon, guiding me in the right direction.

I also want to thank my whole family, because they always encourage me and support me to keep going. Whenever I encounter setbacks, they give me courage to face difficulties. My biggest thanks go to my mom. She always inspires me and gives me confidence that I can. Whenever I’m at a loss, she always tries her best to help me.

Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my boyfriend for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without him.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND

1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDY

11

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN PROPOSAL

47

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN PROJECT

55

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSES AND REFLECTION

110

BIBLIOGRAPHY

112

ABSTRACT The rapid development of urbanization often associated with stress. Stress became one of the sources of people feeling unwell. It has also been growing among college students due to undergoing major changes in their lives. For instance, the survey conducted in spring 2019 at Arizona State University (ASU), one of the largest public universities in the US, 64.8% of students expressed overwhelming anxiety in the past 12 months.

The thesis introduces the notion of mindfulness architecture through sensory experiences and takes from the urban design strategy “urban acupuncture” to propose interventions on campus to release students’ stress and promote wellbeing through a loop of mindfulness architecture interconnected spaces.

Each tactical intervention within the loop is designed to activate all senses and tackles a variety of programming activities. This is carried out at multiple scales, from spaces of individual experiences to communal experiences to serves campus “acupoint” towards helping students reduce vulnerability to mental health issues.

01 BACKGROUND

1

1.1 The rise of urbanization and effects Urbanization increase primarily began in 1950 as shown in Figure 1.1.1 (Our Would In Data,2018).

With rapid population growth, as of 2014, 54% of the world’s population lives in urban areas and by 2050, the urban population is expected to increase to 66% (UNDESA, 2014) (Figure 1.1.2).

Urbanization affects the lifestyles of most people in the world. People move from rural to urban areas to seek a higher standard of living. Figure 1.1.3 shows the reason why people migrate from rural areas to urban areas.

Population

Rural Areas

Medical

Urban Areas

Education Transportation

Job

Figure 1.1.3

7000

People who live in the cities can enjoy many social facilities that not found in rural areas, such as abundant educational resources, high-quality medical facilities, and convenient transportation options.

At the same time, cities provide people with more social resources and job opportunities.

Figure 1.1.1

Population (millions)

6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

Urban population Rural population

1950 1960 1970 1980 19901.1.2 2000 2010 2020 2030 Figure

2040

2

Rapid urbanization has promoted substantial economic growth, however, it also brings disadvantages such as “increased stressors, overcrowded and polluted environment, high levels of violence, and reduced social support” (Srivastava, 2009, para. 2). These issues become a cause of mental problems and poor lifestyles.

When referring to the well-being of people living in cities, urbanization has reduced the living standards of urban residents and has brought a greater negative impact on residents of densely populated counties and metropolitan areas (Winters, Li, 2017). Also, mood and anxiety disorders and substance use are more prevalent among urban residents (Peen, Schoevers, Beekman, Dekker, 2010). The results of this series show that promoting wellness in the urban environment is critical and urgent.

WELL-BEING Well-being has a positive meaning for individuals and societies. It can provide favorable life circumstances associated with people’s health, work, family, and finances. In July 2011, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution of 65/309, Happiness: Towards the Development. In April 2012, the gross national happiness was positioned as the main development indicator. A new economic Paradigm was defined through well-being and happiness. The first “New World Happiness Report” was released on April 1.

The release of this report has attracted widespread attention to happiness, and also reflects the importance of happiness to humans for longterm sustainable development of well-being.

In the Merriam-Webster dictionary, well-being is defined as the state of being happy, healthy or prosperous. In recent years, policy makers and social scientists have done a lot of research on well-being. In essence, happiness can be divided into two areas: subjective and objective. Objective happiness is concerned with happiness from a social perspective. Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as ‘a person’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life’ (Diener, Lucas, & Oshi, 2002, p. 63). This project intends to explore how to provide well-being experiences that allow us to slow down and increase subjective well-being to lead healthier lives.

3

1.2 STRESS AND EFFECTS STRESS

Stress is ubiquitous and follows us everywhere.

The first and most generic definition of stress was that proposed by Hans Selye: “Stress is “the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it.”(Selye, 1976). Stress is a normal reaction when people face everyday pressure. Everyone has different levels of stress due to their environment and location. According to American Psychological Association (APA), there are two different types of stress: acute and chronic.

Eustress — Positive stress in daily life

Under this pressure, people will work efficiently and enjoy the work.

Acute stress — Usually brief. Fight or flight.

Chronic stress — Usually tend to ignore or push down.

No matter which types of stress, it affects people’s performance. The figure shows the relationship between the level of stress and performance and how different levels of stress affect people’s preferences.

When it comes to stress, most people define it as harmful. However, the presence of stress is not always harmful. This figure shows that appropriate level of stress (Eustress) makes people perform well and works more efficiently.

4

This level of stress is healthy. Psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi described it as a method that helps people enter the “Flow� state. This state can be achieved in many situations, making the pressure drive successful (Time.com).

Distress — Negative stress in daily life

Under this pressure, people will work inefficiently, and can develop depression, anxiety, psychosis, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even life-threatening.

When the level of stress gets higher (Distress), it affects the quality of life and reduces work efficiency.

Being under Chronic distress for a long time not only affects mental health, but also gradually affects the health of the body and immune system. Based on the figure, it is not difficult to find that learning how to manage the level of stress is important.

5

1.3 STRESS IN COLLEGE “Stress” has been dubbed the “Health Epidemic of the 21st Century” by the World Health Organization.

The effect of stress on our emotional and physical health can be devastating (Fink, 2016, P.4-5). This epidemic is more outstanding in universities or colleges because college students are undergoing major changes in their lives.

Only 1.6 percent of undergraduates reported that they felt no stress in the last 12 months, according to the National College Health Assessment (NCHA). The stressors come from different factors such as families, finances, life, academies, etc. Dr. Anthony Rostain pointed out in the book The Stressed Years of Their Lives that today’s college students are experiencing an “inordinate amount of anxiety,” much of it centered on “surviving college and doing well” (2019). Being able to handle stress is beneficial to academic success and college life.

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COLLEGE STRESS BY THE NUMBERS

20%of college stu-

10%of college stu-

34%of college stu-

13%of college stu-

dents say they feel stressed “most of the time.�

dents report feeling depressed at least at one point within the last 90 days.

dents had thoughts of suicide.

dents have been diagnosed with depression, anxiety or other mental health condition.

80%of college stu-

dents say they sometimes or often feel stressed.

half

About of surveyed college students felt overwhelmed with anxiety at least once within the last 12 months.

7

DEMOGRAPHICS

Enrollment by College and Department Business

13,189

Design and the Art

4,922

Engineering Future of Innovation in Society Global Management Graduate College Health Solutions

16,159 148 472 269 4,053

Integrative Sciences and Art Journalism

Term: Fall 2018

Law Liberal Arts and Sciences

Enrollment by Campus of Major 51,585

70.9%

Downtown

11,584

15.9%

Polytechnic

Provost

5,095

7.0%

West

Public Service & Comm Solution

4,445

6.1%

Sustainability

72,709

100%

Teacher College

Undergraduate/ graduate 82.7%

17.3%

1,020 15,870 2,298

Nursing and Health Innovation

2,206 304 3,360 458 2,825

Female / male 47.6%

1,336

New College

Tempe

Total

3,820

52.4%

Resident / Non- Resident 63.9%

36.1%

Source: https://uoia.asu.edu/sites/default/files/asu_facts_at_a_glance_-_fall_2018_final.pdf College counts have been adjusted to reflect the current academic organizational structure/ Enrollment counts are based on IPEDS campus reporting.

8

STRESS RATE ANALYSIS 60.9% of ASU students

have more than average or tremendous stress level.

29.5% of ASU students

did a good or outstanding job managing stress.

64.8% of ASU students in-

ing

to s

om eo

ne t

% ac 53.7

he

yt

ade

ru st

s mic

-8

0.2

%

dicated they felt overwhelming anxiety during the past 12 months.

na l is

su

es

tal k

m ot io

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By

%

2.8

-7

a

gh rou Th

c ysi ph

ing -

pe rs

on al e

46 .

at hy e healt ugh Thro

70.3

%

40.8%

By taking action to resolve the situation -

vercom mitted

being o

29.5%

Doing something

60.9%

% 39.9

By u

sing

.6%

fam

.7%

ssu

ractic es - 3

7.9%

es

e nc

ns hip s

ra ea ap

re

al

ate

n rso pe

int im lat io

32.0% career-related issues

.4%

31

34

ily i

66.3%

creative - 53.2%

mind fulne ss p

31

% .4 36

ep s le

64.8%

y vit cti la

Sources: American College Health Association.

American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment: Arizona State University Spring 2019. Baltimore: American College Health Association; Spring 2019 (n=2,096).

Bamber, M.D. & Schneider, J.K. (2016). Mindfulness-based meditation to decrease stress and anxiety in college students: A narrative synthesis of the research. Educational Research Review 18:1-32.

Mrazek, M.D., Franklin, M.D., Phillips, D.T, Baird, B., & Schooler, J.W. (2013). Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological Science 24(5) 776-781.

9

ces finan

u ffic di

ltie

s

STRESS ON CAMPUS

MANAGE STRESS

Arizona State University (ASU) is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the United States.

According to the official enrollment data released by ASU, in 2012, the total number of enrollment of students was 73,378; by 2018, the number increased to 111,249. It means ASU expanded enrollment by 51.6%. The high population of enrollment makes ASU face unprecedented challenges in terms of students’ mental health.

The survey also revealed that only 29.5% of ASU students reported that they take positive steps to manage stress. Many students said talking to people they trust, participating in physical activity, healthy eating, etc. can help proactively relieve stress.

In the spring of 2019, the American College of Health Association-National University Health Assessment conducted a mental health survey on ASU, and the results showed that 64.8% of ASU students said they felt overwhelming anxiety in the past 12 months. 60.9% of them have more than average or tremendous stress levels. Among them, academic problems, personal emotional issues, and being overcommitted are the three major causes of stress. These problems lead to the fragile mental health of college students.

TALKING TO SOMEONE THEY TRUST

THROUGH PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

THROUGH HEALTHY EATING

BY TAKING ACTION TO RESOLVE THE SITUATION

DOING SOMETHING CREATIVE

BY USING MINDFULNESS PRACTICES

STRESSORS

XX/4 LB XX/3 LB XX/2 LB

XX LB

LIFE FAMILIES PERSONAL EMOTIONAL ISSUES

ACADEMY

10

02

LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDY

11

2.1 MINDFULNESS AS SOLUTION BEING PRESENT : MINDFULNESS

DIFFICULTY OF BEING PRESENT

The core of being present is mindfulness. Mindfulness is: “…a moment-to-moment awareness of one’s experience without judgment. In this sense, mindfulness is a state and not a trait. While it might be promoted by certain practices or activities, such as meditation, it is not equivalent to or synonymous with them” (Davis, Hayes,2012)

Being present can greatly help our lives, but many people also pointed out that we cannot enjoy being present because of many reasons. The philosopher Alain de Botton (2017) made an animation to talk about why we are difficult to maintain stability at the moment, including character memory and thinking wandering.

According to J. Kabat Zinn’s theory, mindfulness could receive information from the five senses without judgement. It means that people pay attention to what they feel and think in the present. This method can make people stop dwelling on the anxiety about the future and the memories of the past so that people can enjoy the stability brought about by being present.

1) People are often nostalgic. Alain de Botton says “Nostalgic is the present enhanced by an editing machine”; 2) People feel anxious about the uncertainty in reality. Even if these situations do not happen, people shift this anxiety to the next moment. In addition, wandering thoughts make people have to face more complicated situations.

These circumstances impede people to be present (Mindful.org). The emergence of mindfulness can greatly help people to improve the occurrence of these situations so that people can relax psychologically and physically.

MINDFUL?

MIND FULL?

12

BENEFITS

BENEFITS FOR EDUCATORS

Mindfulness, like an island in your mind, has unique opportunities to help people create a better quality of life and release pressure under high level of stress.

Overall, mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety (Chiesa,Serretti, 2009), improve concentration(Laza, 2014), regulate emotions (Guendelman & Rampes, 2017), and help reduce feelings of isolation through compassion and positive relationships (Lindsay, Brown, Smyth & Creswell, 2019).

Mindfulness can reap personal benefits but also thas positive impacts on schools communities.

BENEFITS IN EDUCATION Research shows that stress has a great negative impact on teachers and students. Under appropriate pressure, students’ academic performance is better and teachers’ work efficiency is also more positive. Therefore, adjusting pressure can make people obtain higher well-being.

1. Less stress and better sleep 2.Providing greater efficacy instruction and manage behaviors 3.Higher engagement with students 4 Positive bond with students (Mindful.org)

BENEFITS FOR STUDENTS Mindfulness can help students improve their cognitive and attention ability, enhance students’ participation ability, manage their emotion, and reduce the consequences of stress for them.

ATTENTION & LEARNING SKILLS

SOCIAL SKILLS

EMOTION SKILLS

RESILIENCE SKILLS

13

2.2 MINDFULNESS ARCHITECTURE SENSORY AWARENESS MINDFULNESS

Nowadays, people are trying to address stress and promote well-being in mindfulness architectural field through sensory awareness.

Sensory awareness is concerned with ordinary activities, using people’s personal sensory experience to build and improve mindfulness. “In this process as sensations and responses which have been habitually restricted become revived, dysfunctional tensions, attitudes, and habits fall away and we become more truly and simply ourselves, more grounded in the here-andnow” (sensoryawareness.org, 2017).

SENSORY AWARENESS MINDFULNESS IN DESIGN When it comes to design, people tend to delicately design vision portion, because 75% of the knowledge comes from what people can see. The other four feelings account for only 25% and are often easily overlooked. But they are as important as vision. When five senses complied with it, people have various feelings and emotions. These emotions and feelings are directly linked to well-being.

In recent years, people have gradually tried to apply the five senses to the fields of product sales, industrial design, visual communication and so on. The use of the five senses greatly improved the quality of the design. For example, the brand Abmercrbe & Fitch uses a men’s perfume called Fierce in the store. People can smell it when they enter the store, even on the clothes they buy. When people smell this perfume in the other place, they can easily distinguish it and associate it with the brand. From a business perspective, this design can build a brand reputation in a unique way.

Many people are discussing that everyone’s feelings towards stimuli are different. Feelings are very subjective and difficult to measure with objective things. In the TED, Jinsop Lee, an industrial designer, created “5 senses graphs” to grade objects on how well in five senses experience on a scale of 1 to 10.

14

SENSORY AWARENESS MINDFULNESS IN ARCHITECTURE

He showed step by step how to transform the use of five senses from experience in life to industrial design.

For example, he graded eating noodles on sight, smell, touch, taste, and sound. Similarly, he applied graph to industrial design. Chris’ clock shows even raising one of those other senses can make a brilliant product.

For architecture, the experience of the five senses is an inseparable part. These experiences make the space more than the meaning of “dwelling”.

Because of the existence of perception, space has a greater significance. In architectural design, although there is no specific mindfulness architecture theory, there are many architectural typologies that have successfully implemented the design by leverage the five senses. These buildings enable people to receive mindfulness through sensory experience.

FIVE SENSES GRAPH

THE FIVE SENSES GRAPHIC EATING INSTANT NOODLES

CHRIS' CLOCK

10 9

VALUE OF SENSES

8 7 6 5 4

MINDFULNESS ARCHITECTURE

3 2 1 0

0

1

SIGHT

2

TOUCH

3

SMELL

4

SOUND

5

TASTE

VISION

6

SOUND

SMELL

The five sense graphic starts from the five senses of a person, visualizes the perception by using data to provide strong evidence to help designers leverage the experiences to evoke people’s sensory perception in design.

TOUCH

TASTE

15

EXPERIENCE THROUGH MINDFULNESS IN ARCHITECTURE FIVE SENSES ELEMENTS

1

2

3

4

5

SIGHT

SOUND

SMELL

TOUCH

TASTE

The experience in mindfulness focuses on the way in which people experience space. In this way, it stimulates the effect of mindfulness, thereby helping people actively participate in the building to experience the meaning of being present.

1 2 3 5 Experience supports everyone ’s opportunity to obtain 4information, explores the world, and experiences joy, miracles, and social relationships (Lupton, 2019). By orienting the five senses, the framework can stimulate its potential so that people can maintain their enthusiasm for things.

16

ARCHITECTURAL TYPOLOGIES These architectural spaces help people evoke emotion and experience architecture to establish a network with mindfulness even though certain architectural typologies were originally designed and built for different purposes (See Figure 2.1.4).

FAITH

MEMORIALS

NATURE

ART SPACE

RESORT

1

2

3

4

5

Relax Peace

Reflection Introspection

Relax Happiness

Feel Better, Well-being

Curiosity, Reflection

Feel Better, Well-being

Charisma Respect

Feel Better

Emotion Memory

Cherish

Being Present

17

SIGHT IN ARCHITECTURE The dominance of sight is over other senses. The U.S. Department of Labor found in recent studies that 83 percent of human experiential learning is derived from sight. Architectural aesthetics, spatial form judgments all start visually. In phenomenology, according to the opinion of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, eyesight is an embodied vision and an embodied part of the fabric of world. Pallasmaa states that the sight separates us from the world, while the rest of the senses joins him (Pallasmaa, The Eyes of the Skin, 1994). In the expression of architectural language, light, space, color, contrast, layout and other architectural elements can affect people’s emotions.

Light is an indispensable element in design. Its appearance gives the building a soul and enables people to perceive the building.

“Space and light and order. Those are the things that men need just as much as they need bread or a place to sleep”--- Le Corbusier, August 27, 1965.

In the Well-Premised Well Building Standard published in October 2014, the inclusion of light in the standard aims to create a lighting environment that is most suitable for visual, psychological and biological health. This further illustrates the importance of light for well-being in architecture. Emotionally, light is the medium through which we see and appreciate aesthetic. Light brings emotional value to architecture --- creating atmospheres helping stimulate people’s perception.

Light can enhance people’s experience in architectural space and make people understand the meaning of being moment.

Natural Light

Artificial Light

SOURCES There are two types of sources of light in architecture;’Natural and artificial’ (Major, Spiers, & Tischhauser, 2004, P13). These types of light have important research significance in architecture.

The use of light can be used in many places to express the possibilities that light can create in different forms.

Faith --- For prayers, the existence of light is sacred. It is the bridge between them and God. Memorials --- For visitors, the existence of light is emotion. It is a bond among past, present and future.

Nature --- For experiencers, the existence of light is a miracle. It is the outlet of injury and pain.

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Art space --- For visitors and artists, the existence of light is the medium. It is a shuttle between the spiritual world and the real world.

Resort --- For the occupants, the existence of light is a stop. It is the footsteps of time.

Light is the foundation of space and is essential for human well-being. Light quality affects human behavior, health, comfort and mood. It can improve people’s emotions and make people feel happy. When people feel sunlight, their optic nerves can send signals to the brain. Serotonin is a chemical substance that satisfies the human body and its increases content makes people feel the presence of sunlight and improves mood (bbc.com, 2019).

“No space, architecturally, is a space unless it has natural light.”

---- Louis Kahn Natural Light Natural light comes from the sun. This is a light source that is not easy to control. This light does not change with changes in human subjective consciousness. Natural light changes from morning to night, day after day.

Its existence makes the building life and has emotional value for the building space. The relationship between natural light and architecture is as important as the relationship between human life and air.

The Kamppi Chapel Of Silence Artificial Light Artificial light has evolved as a technological response to the need to illuminate our world after dark (Major, Spiers, & Tischhauser, 2004, P13).

This is a light source that is easy to control manually. This light does change with changes in human subjective consciousness. When natural light is insufficient, the existence of natural light will supplement people’s demand for light. The development of architecture has an internal connection with the development of artificial lighting, which is an alternative light source in today’s world.

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Natural light changes constantly as the sun moves. Artificial light changes are often affected by multiple light sources although the contrast between light and dark is predictable and controllable.

Figure 2.2.3 Artificial Sunlight

Americans spend 90% of their time indoors. The quality of artificial light is directly linked to people’s health issues such as “circadian rhythm”, stress levels and more (Duffy, & Czeisler, 2009, P165).

Whether natural or artificial light, light can attract people’s attention in different ways to help the building reflect its value. Light has the power to create emotion in 4 different and distinct ways: contrast, quality, color, and direction.

CONTRAST Contrast is the ratio between the light and dark parts. The degree of light and shadow not only helps people change the way they see things, but also changes people’s mood and expression (Major, Spiers, & Tischhauser, 2004, P58).

Figure 2.2.4 Church of the Light

MOVEMENT The movement of light makes a linear process of time and space rendezvous (Major, Spiers, & Tischhauser, 2004, p133). The movement of daylight cannot be changed. The movement of light in the sun, earth, moon, solar system, and the universe makes people feel the day and night alternation. Through the spread of light, people can work according to the change of daylight, from sunrise to sunset. Artificial light is also promoting movement. The artificial light can change movement by certain adjustments.

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Whether it is daylight or artificial light, they can change the space visually through the characteristics of light, and thus stimulate human perception.

DIRECTION The direction of light also determines the quality of light. The same light source emits from different angles and will produce different shadows.

Sunlight is a direct light source that produces clear, contrasting light and shadow effects. Artificial light produces a controllable light source, which produces different kinds of light. In general, the designers utilize architecture to express their ideas in the different types of light. In the space, light is used as a conductor of the building to convey the designer’s ideas.

Figure 2.2.5 Pantheono (Movement of Daylight)

Figure 2.2.6 Skyspace Air Apparent (Movement of Artificial Light) Figure 2.2.7

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倀唀刀倀䰀䔀 一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 䌀漀氀搀渀攀猀猀 䄀氀漀漀昀渀攀猀猀 䔀洀漀琀椀漀渀氀攀猀猀 唀渀昀爀椀攀渀搀氀椀渀攀猀猀 唀渀挀愀爀椀渀最 唀渀愀瀀瀀攀琀椀稀椀渀最

䈀䰀䄀䌀䬀 一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 䠀甀洀漀爀氀攀猀猀渀攀猀猀 䠀攀愀瘀椀渀攀猀猀 唀渀猀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀攀搀 匀愀搀渀攀猀猀 䐀椀爀琀椀渀攀猀猀 䌀漀渀猀攀爀瘀愀琀椀瘀攀渀攀猀猀

倀伀匀䤀吀䤀嘀䔀 伀瀀琀椀洀椀猀洀 圀愀爀洀琀栀 䠀愀瀀瀀椀渀攀猀猀 䌀爀攀愀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 䤀渀琀攀氀氀攀挀琀 䔀砀琀爀愀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀

䜀刀䔀䔀一

倀伀匀䤀吀䤀嘀䔀 圀椀猀搀漀洀 䰀甀砀甀爀礀 圀攀愀氀琀栀 匀瀀椀爀椀琀甀愀氀椀琀礀 䤀洀愀最椀渀愀琀椀瘀攀 匀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀

䴀䄀䜀䔀一吀䄀 一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 䤀渀琀爀漀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 䐀攀挀愀搀攀渀挀攀 匀甀瀀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀昀攀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 䔀砀琀爀愀瘀愀最愀渀挀攀 䴀漀漀搀椀渀攀猀猀

䜀刀䄀夀 一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 伀瀀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 䌀漀氀搀渀攀猀猀 䴀攀渀愀挀攀 䠀攀愀瘀椀渀攀猀猀 䔀瘀椀氀 䴀漀甀爀渀椀渀最

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一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 䈀漀爀攀搀漀洀 匀琀愀最渀愀琀椀漀渀 䔀渀瘀礀 䈀氀愀渀搀渀攀猀猀 䔀渀攀爀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 匀椀挀欀渀攀猀猀

倀伀匀䤀吀䤀嘀䔀 䠀攀愀氀琀栀 䠀漀瀀攀 䘀爀攀猀栀渀攀猀猀 一愀琀甀爀攀 䜀爀漀眀琀栀 倀爀漀猀瀀攀爀椀琀礀

倀伀匀䤀吀䤀嘀䔀 䤀洀愀最椀渀愀琀椀瘀攀 倀愀猀猀椀漀渀 吀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 䌀爀攀愀琀椀瘀攀 䤀渀渀漀瘀愀琀椀漀渀 䈀愀氀愀渀挀攀

一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 伀甀琀爀愀最攀漀甀猀渀攀猀猀 一漀渀挀漀渀昀漀爀洀椀琀礀 䘀氀椀瀀瀀愀渀挀礀 䤀洀瀀甀氀猀椀瘀攀渀攀猀猀 䔀挀挀攀渀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 䔀瀀栀攀洀攀爀愀氀渀攀猀猀

圀䠀䤀吀䔀 一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 唀渀挀漀渀昀椀搀攀渀琀 䐀愀洀瀀渀攀猀猀 䐀攀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 䠀椀戀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀 䰀愀挀欀 漀昀 攀渀攀爀最礀 䈀氀愀渀搀渀攀猀猀

倀伀匀䤀吀䤀嘀䔀 䌀氀攀愀渀渀攀猀猀 䌀氀愀爀椀琀礀 倀甀爀椀琀礀 匀椀洀瀀氀椀挀椀琀礀 匀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 䘀爀攀猀栀渀攀猀猀

一䔀䜀䄀吀䤀嘀䔀 匀琀攀爀椀氀椀琀礀 䌀漀氀搀渀攀猀猀 唀渀昀爀椀攀渀搀氀椀渀攀猀猀 䔀氀椀琀椀猀洀 䤀猀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀 䔀洀瀀琀椀渀攀猀猀

眀眀眀⸀椀最渀礀琀攀戀爀愀渀搀猀⸀挀漀洀

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SOUND Sound is the perception of things through the cochlea.

Humans use their sense of hearing to understand space.

Sound works together with the other senses to help people navigate and construct an understanding of forms, objects, and distances. In the exhibition The Senses: Design Beyond Vision, Touche Videoproduktion performed in different locations, from a cozy bedroom to the knave of a church. The sound changes as it interacts with the architecture. These different architectural forms make the same thing produce different effects in different spaces, which can arouse people’s feelings and emotions when listening. People connect sounds through hearing and enjoy the mindfulness experience.

Space is the relative position of one three-dimensional object relative to another three-dimensional object. It is one of the most important considerations. As space began to be captured, enclosed, molded and organized by the elements of mass, architecture came into being (Ching, 2014, P101).

CONTRAST OF SPACE According to human vision, we can plan space as “positive elements, which are perceived as figures and negative elements, which provide a background for the figures” (Ching, 2014, P102). The elements are unified. For example, in the two faces or vases, only the existence of positive space and negative space give the painting identity.

This figure was lost identity when it lacked one of the elements. Similarly, in architecture, the building’s positive elements are only affected by the negative elements of the surrounding space. The use of expressions of different scales enables the space to meet visual and auditory requirements.

The Wikisinger

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SMELL

Two Faces or vases

Vertical and horizontal elements help define the formation of space.

HORIZONTAL PLANE Elements like the base plane, elevated base plane, depressed base plane, and overhead plane extend, isolate, and define volume and ground space in different ways to make the building generate a specific type of space. Each of these space types naturally expresses the volume of the space surrounding it (Ching, 2014).

Horizontal elements help people define spatial extent from a horizontal perspective.

“…Unlike the other senses, smell needs no interpreter. The effect is immediate and undiluted by language, thought, or translation.”

--- Diane Ackerman The smell is the perception of things through the nose. People are very sensitive to smells and can convert this preference into memory and store it in the brain. The strong smell of disinfection water in the space makes people think of the hospital environment. When the popcorn smell permeates the air, it is naturally associated with the cinema. The ash is reminiscent of a dirty environment. These odors can usually exist in people’s daily lives and affect people’s preferences. Although it occupies a small part of our senses and is easily overlooked, the appearance of smell makes the building more experiential.

POPCORN

DISINFECTION WATER

ASH

VERTICAL ELEMENT DEFINED SPACE Among the vertical elements, the boundaries and scope of space are further clarified, and at the same time, the interior space and the exterior space can be connected for different purposes.

CINEMA

HOSPITAL

DIRTY ENVIRONMENT

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TOUCH In recent years, “Aroma architecture” has become increasingly popular. This kind of architecture refers to the use of artificial fragrance or natural materials to decorate the interior of the building so that the building always emits fragrance, meets the functional requirements of a specific space, and increases the comfort or intrinsic value of the building. For example, Native Americans made people feel peaceful by lighting lemongrass or sage; Abercrombie & Fitch used perfumes indoors to enhance the brand image, and so on. These examples can reflect the use of olfactory experience in design and successfully affect people’s daily life.

LEMON GRASS

SAGE

In his book, The Eyes of the Skin, Juhani Pallasmaa mentioned “[H] ands are a complicated organism, a delta in which life from the most distant sources flows together surging into the great current of action. Hands have histories; they even have their own culture and their own particular beauty. We grant them the right to have their own development, their own wishes, feelings, moods, and occupations, ‘writes RainerMaria Rilke in his essay on Auguste Rodin. And touch is the perception of things through hands to help people read the textures, weight, density, and temperature of matter”(Pallasmaa, 1996). It can affect our emotions and behaviors at various levels, such as the softness of wood. People feel warm and comfortable; Water links to nature have more energy and joy; The cold and stones make people feel eternal, peaceful and so on.

WOOD

WATER

STONE

WARM

JOYFUL

NATURAL

COMFORTABLE

ENERGETIC

PEACEFUL

ARTIFICIAL AROMA

25

TASTE

Loss of one sense impacts the others

Taste is the perception of things through the mouth. It usually coordinates work with other senses to enhance perception, for example, light, colors, textures, smells, etc. In the book, The Eyes of the Skin, Pallasmaa said “There is a subtle transference between tactile and taste experiences. Vision becomes transferred to taste as well; certain colors and delicate details evoke oral sensations” (1996, p58). All sensory experiences, from Tadao Ando ’s Church of Light, which endows the soul of light, to Luis Barragan ’s house of sensual colors, and then to Peter Zumthor ’s Bruder Klaus Kapelle church with a strong olfactory and tactile experience shaped by “fire,” allow people to experience space and integrate architecture and body.

Figure 2.2.4 Church of the Light

Figure 2.2.4 Luis Barragan House

Figure 2.2.4 Bruder

Kapelle

Klaus

What happens to the remaining senses when someone loses one? Why does this happen?

In the surroundings, people are often imprisoned in a fixed lifestyle with the same routine and repeated seasons. People are too accustomed to their surroundings, and it is easy to overlook beautiful scenery around them. What will happen to the world if someone voluntarily gives up one of their senses?

In fact, someone who loses one sense can gain almost superpowers over other senses (Fredhutch.org).

The brain is known as a “plastic” feature. Imagine that people are planning a commute to work in the morning and find that the road they usually take is closed due to construction. They most likely choose a different route that still takes them to the same place. This is similar to how the brain achieves this reshaping ability.

When certain pathways are “closed,” the brain is able to make detours. New connections are always forming, and old or unused connections will weaken over time; therefore, the brain is always reforming and responding to the environment and the signals provided to it. Since some signals do not reach the brain, other sensations extend from their usual position in the brain to areas where sensations are lacking. As a result, these senses are overrepresented in people who lack a certain sense. The lack of sensory input causes a sequence of events within the brain that allows the other senses to take over the roles left unoccupied. Now it becomes clear how the blind, for example, are able to isolate sounds with greater acuity or have the ability to experience their food in a way the rest of us usually do not.

26

LITERATURE

CASE STUDY After researching the literature of five senses in architecture, I have come up with a series of metrics to help me refine elements.

27

1

2

3

4

5

Faith THE Church of Light

The Kamppi Chapel

Islamic Cultural Center

THE Prayer Pavilion of Light

Kuokkala Church

Memorials Yad Vashem

The National Memorial National September 11 for Peace and Justice Memorial

Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Berlin Holocaust Memorial

Walking Wall

The Treetop Trampoline Park

Nature Falling Water House

Kiyotsu Gorge Tunnel

Skyspace Lech

Tverrfjellhytta

Kakslauttanen Arctic Resort

Anji Erlu Resort

Aurland Lookout

Art Space Jewish Museum, Berlin

Infinity Mirrored Room

9-11 Tribute In Lightrored Room

AMANGIRI RESORT

Therme Vals

Resort Mist Hot-spring Hotel

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1

2

3

4

5

FAITH THE Prayer Pavilion of Light

MEMORIALS The National Memorial for Peace and Justice

NATURE Aurland Lookout

ART SPACE Skyspace Lech

RESORT Therme Vals

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2.2

Case Study

SKYSPACE-LECH Location: Vorarlberg, Austria Year: 2014-2019 Artist: James Turrell

Skyspace Lech is a walk-in art installation by James Turrell. It is located in Tannerg / Oberlech in the westernmost federal state of Austria, Vorarlberg.

In 2014, James Turrell designed an enclosed space for the location that could accommodate 15 people. This space was open to the public in 2019. The ceiling opens to the sky. During the daytime, people can reflect by observing the changes in light. At night, colors change, creating different experiences in space through different properties of light (skyspace-lech.com).

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NATURAL LIGHT

FEATURE ARCHITECTURE EMOTION: Contemplative, Reflective, Comfortable, and Peaceful LIGHT AND SHADOW

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

LIGHT AND SHADOW

COLOR

SCALE

MOVEMENT

SOFT VALUE Perceive as Reflective and pause Create Imagination Enable to feel Comfortable and escape from life Foster Contemplation

COLORS

Color of light constantly changes with the sun.

Daytime

Night

(Natural Light)

(Artificial Light)

Red

Pink

Love Excitement Romance, Kindness Calmness, Sadness Wealth, Mystery Wisdom

Direct Sunlight

Reflection

Blue

Purple

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The National Memorial for Peace and Justice Location: Alabama, the United State Year: 2018 Architect: MASS Design Group The National Memorial to Peace and Justice is sited on six acres of land in Montgomery, Alabama. It was conceived with the hope of creating a sober, meaningful site where people can gather and reflect on America’s history of racial inequality. The memorial is composed of four parts: a garden, four sculpture groups, a memorial wall and a memorial. Visitors enter through long corridors in the garden and memorial walls. The entire park flows in one direction. Sculptures, art, and design contextualize racial terror to help people be present and respect the past.

Using narrative techniques stimulates people’s true emotions. The O-shaped memorial makes people temporarily unforgettable. They use the changes in height difference and the overlapping rusty Corten steel memorials to hang inside, so people are immersed in the atmosphere created by the architect.

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FEATURE ARCHITECTURE EMOTION: Contemplative and Reflective SOFT VALUE Perceive as Reflective Create Awareness Integrate with Story

SPATIAL MOVEMENT The Memorial flows along one direction.

Narrative plot --- whole landscape Exposition (the beginning) --- Garden Rising action --- Sculpture Groups and Memorial wall Climax --- Memorial building Falling action --- Memorial wall Resolution --- Garden with nature

Foster Contemplation

SCALES

SLATS

Natural Energy

Shift

WALL

Simplicity

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NATURAL LIGHT

COLOR

MOVEMENT

SCALE

VERTICAL ELEMENT

MATERIAL

NATURAL AROMA

MATERIAL

Rusty Corten steel

Concrete

Wood

Landscape

Color Bole

Pale Sliver

Pastel Brown

Dark Olive Green

Rusty

Smooth

Graining

Scatter

Nature

Comfort

Texture

Emotion Important

Psychological Neutrality

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Aurland Lookout Location: Aurland, Norway Year: 2005 Architect: Saunders arkitektur, Wilhelmsen arkitektur Aurland Lookout ( Aurlandsfjord stegastein) is located at Aurland, a small town in Sogn og Fjordane, one of the larger fjords on the West Coast of Norway. Aurland is three hours’ drive from Bergen, Norway’s second largest city. In the design, the architect minimized the building through the design of the architectural form and materials in order to melt the stag stein melted in the beautiful environment. It inspires people to experience nature. At the same time, the architects use the stag stein to create a unique vision that allows people to experience leaving the mountainside to build interaction between architecture, people, and nature. Better understanding the relationship between mindfulness and nature connectedness (NC) is valuable given the many ways in which nature interacts with the human experience.

35

NATURAL LIGHT

COLOR

MOVEMENT

SCALE

WITH NATURE

MATERIAL

NATURAL AROMA

FEATURE ARCHITECTURE ATTITUDE: Happy, comfortable, and peaceful The place has two entrances that hide in the landscape SCALE The space emphasizes the scale of building and nature.

ELEMENTS

SOFT VALUE Perceive as reflective and pause Create creative and imagination Enable to feel comfortable and escape from life Foster contemplation

Vegetation

Landscape

Water

Fresh Air

Wood

Peaceful

Calm

Joyful

Calm

Relax

Relax

Fresh

Warm

Energetic

Comfortable

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THE PRAYER PAVILION OF LIGHT Location: Pheonix, The United State Year: 2007 Area: 2992.37 ft2 Architect: Debartolo Architects LTD. The prayer pavilion of light is a 250-seat glass chapel located at a large Protestant church in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. It is connected to the church by a 600-foot long sidewalk. As people climb this long winding sidewalk, the pavilion gradually appears.

The translucent glass church rises nearly 30 feet, and the double glass skin cover is suspended from a black concrete wall windmill, 8 feet above the ground. The pavilion was conceived as a ‘lantern on a hill’. Below the lantern, sliding glass doors retract on three sides, thus opening the interior to the surrounding courtyard. The sparse interior with open sides turns into a “desert pavilion”(archdaily.com).

37

NATURAL LIGHT

THE UNITY OF OPPOSITES

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

HORIZONTAL PLANE LOCATED OVERHEAD

MOVEMENT

SCALE

WITH NATURE

MATERIAL

NATURAL AROMA

SOUND

VERTICAL ELEMENT DEFINED SPACE

22feet

8feet

The pavilion stands free within its site but extend its interior spaces to merge with exterior spaces.

A horizontal plane located overhead defines a volume of space between itself and the ground plane.

When the glass doors are closed, edges and corners are formed in the church to create space. Four vertical planes establish the boundaries of an introverted space and influence the field of space around the enclosure.

38

MOVEMENT

WITH NATURE

SOUND

E

N

When the glass door opens, no volume of space can be established in the building. However, single vertical planes can define the main facade of a building fronting a public space, establish a gateway through which one passes, as well as articulates spatial zones within a larger volume.

S

W

E

S

N

W

L-shaped configurations of planes are stable and self-supporting and can stand alone in space because they are open-ended. They can be used in combination with one another to define a rich variety of spaces.

A pair of parallel vertical planes define a space region between them. The open end of the field is established by the vertical edges of the plane, providing strong directivity to space. Space could reflect sound to form echo.

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NATURAL LIGHT

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

MOVEMENT

SCALE

WITH NATURE

MATERIAL

AROMA

TEMPERATURE

NATURAL SOUND

COLOR

Therme Vals Location: 7132 Vals, Switzerland Year: 1996 Architect: Peter Zumthor The building respects the previously existing hotel complex, while acknowledging the unique emotional and physical conditions is required by contemporary bathing rituals. This phenomenon is referred to the “art of bathing” and influenced the ebb and flow of the building’s spatial character, not only internally and externally, but also its identity within the spatial matrix of the village (Hauser & Zumthor, 2007).

The informed design approach is reflected in the materiality (locally quarried Valser Quarzite slabs), intimacy of the various spaces, the sounds and the overall tension between interior and exterior. Visitors are encouraged to meander through the various areas, creating their own journey towards tranquillity and restoration. The various thresholds between areas are composed with light and darkness, sounds and varying levels of intimacy. The Therme Vals is considered a particularly well designed model for enchanted space. The arrangement and configuration of the different environments, as well as their varying characters, all contribute to the bathing complex being experienced as enchanting (Hauser & Zumthor, 2007).

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FEATURES

SITE WITH NATURE

Architecture Attitude: Relaxed, Comfortable, and Peaceful The place tis ightly linked to nature.

SOFT VALUE Perceive as reflective and pause Embraces with nature Enable to feel comfortable and escape from life Foster contemplation MATERIALS

Landscape

Water

Stone

Calm

Joyful

Natural

Relaxed

Energetic

Peaceful

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LAYOUT

LIGHTING

MOVEMENT

STRUCTURE

OUTSIDE

INSIDE

42

TEMPERATURE (°C) AND ELEMENT Sweat stone and steam Stone air humidity (Humidity)

85-100%

Fire bath (Red)

42­°C

Outdoor pool in winter (Nature)

36­°C

Sound bath Resonance room (Steam sound)

35­°C

Flower bath (Flower)

33­°C

Indoor pool (Light)

32­°C

Outdoor pool in summer (Nature)

30­°C

Fire bath (Red)

Drinking stone with naturally warm, ferrous spring water (Stone) Ice bath (Blue)

14°C

Outdoor pool in winter (Nature)

Indoor pool (Light)

43

After accessing the elements of these architecture typologies and researching the literature of five senses in architecture, I have come up with a series of design criteria for the bone structure of a toolbox. This toolbox will guide my further design for addressing stress and implement mindfulness elements in architecture.

44

TOOLBOX

WITH LANDSCAPE WITH NATURE

LIGHT

CONTRAST

COLOR

SCALE

SPACE MATERIAL

MOVEMENT

NATURAL LIGHT

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT DIRECTION

HORIZONTAL ELEMENT

VERTICAL ELEMENT

NATURAL

45

COLOR SCALE NEUTRAL

TEXTURE

LAYOUT

EXPERIENCE SOUND

AROMA

WEIGHT

ARTIFICIAL TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY MATERIAL

NATURAL

46

03 DESIGN PROPOSAL

47

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE Urban acupuncture is proposed by Finnish urbanist Marco Casagrande and the urban revivalist architect Jamie Lerner in combination with the Chinese acupuncture theory (Casagrande, 2010; Tortosa, 2010). The theory regards the city as a living organism providing new energy to “acupoint” through small interventions, heal the flaw in the city to heal flaw(Barbora, n.d.).

The university as a microcosm in the social organism towards solving issues of “stress” students, has irreplaceable importance and strong representativeness.

I take from the urban design strategy “urban acupuncture” and propose to build small interventions applying in ASU Tempe campus to form a loop to balance the organism. The goal is to release student’s pressure through these small interventions that enable students to decompress between classes and promote well-being in the loop of mutual influence.

48

EXISTING MOMENT OF MINDFULNESS

SECRET GARDEN

SKYSPACE

ZEN DEN MINDFULNESS ROOM

49

THINKING

REFLECTION

JOIN EVENTS

WAITING

EATING

WORKING/STUDY

TAKING A NAP

READ

THINKING

REFLECTION

TAKING WITH FRIEND

WAITING

CURIOSITY

WORKING/STUDY

READING

THINKING

HELP

REFLECTION

JOINING EVENTS

WORKING/STUDYING

READING

WAITING

Some efforts have been made in the university to deal with mental health issues faced by students.

The establishment of these places has helped students relieve the pressure they face to a certain extent. These places allow students to gain a mindfulness experience in their daily lives such as James Turrell’s skyspace, secret garden, and zen den mindfulness room. Skyspace takes full advantage of people’s perception of light phenomena to create mindfulness space. Secret garden is located in the courtyard of an enclosed building, which provides a quieter environment and conditions for the creation of mindfulness. Zen Den Mindfulness room is in the building, using the existing room to create the senses of being present. This space helps people improve the sense of comfort by controlling the environment, providing decompression products and music.

However, for the constantly increasing population of students and the expansion of the campus, there are more possibilities to help students improve their well-being.

50

ASU POTENTIAL MINDFULNESS SPACE

ALUMNI LAWN

LATTIE F. COOR HALL

THE SITE NEAR EDUCATION LECTURE HALL

51

MINDFULNESS LOOP I proposed to utilize these existing places with mindfulness and coordinate some potential mindfulness places to form a loop. This loop can be permeated to the entire campus. Each student can easily reach and implement these mindfulness spaces to help them reduce stress and improve resilience to stress.

Each small intervention spot in the loop is designed to activate all senses, tackle a variety of programmings at multiple scales, from spaces of individual experiences to communal experiences to interact with each other in the loop. These interventions stimulate the “nerve” of

the campus and work up local reactions, so that the health problems of people of different scales can tend to be reconciled in the mindfulness space. Through this “meridian” transmission, the purpose of “treatment” and “prevention” of mental health problems is achieved.

52

ASU POTENTIAL MINDFULNESS SPACE The ASU Master Plan Update released in 2011 said “Ironically, Tempe’s best physical attribute is its least exploited.

Many of ASU’s innovative programs and initiatives are hidden behind opaque building walls with no visibility or exposure to the campus life outside.” For students, faculty, and staff, transition spaces on campus are more important and these spaces offer time for them to mitigate stress or reflect themselves.

However, these spaces are often overlooked in design.

There are many potential spaces in ASU that can be used with mindfulness through design. For example, The pathway of the lower floor of Lattie F. Coor Hall (Occupation), the site near Education Lecture Hall (Final destination), and Alumni Lawn (Transition). In the project, I take these three spaces as the content of the design and integrate the five senses design to help students get a spiritual experience and help them relieve stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues.

53

OCCUPATION

TRANSITION

FINAL DESTINATION

54

04 DESIGN PROJECT

55

SITE 1

CHOSEN LOCATION: THE SITE BETWEEN THE NELSON ART CENTER AND EDUCATION LECTURE HALL The site was an empty space. It is located at the western edge of the Tempe campus and enclosed by the Nelson Art Center, Education Lecture Hall, the ASU art museum and music building. The total area of ​​the site is 13011.1764 sq ft. It can be accessible in four directions.

56

EVALUATION MATERIAL ANALYSIS

VALUE

Five Senses Evaluation 10

GRAVEL

CEMENT

GRASS

ROUGH

SMOOTH

SOFT

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 VISION TOUCH

SMELL

SOUND TASTE FIVE SENSES

ACTIVITIES

DO HOMEWORK

EAT

RELAX

CONTEMPLATE THOUGHTS

MEET WITH FRIENDS

WAITING

The site has the potential to take advantage from transportation strategies of existing conditions to create spaces with mindfulness. It was found in the survey that the site is easily overlooked.

A lot of people even don’t have much impression about this place. The site makes full use of the feature of the nature to focus on this specific experience and enrich people’s experience. In the performance of the building, the combination of light and shadow and the combination of space give the entire building life. These aspects have provided favorable resources for the formation of mindfulness space.

57

EXISTING CONDITION:

COMMUNITY SURVEY: DISLIKE

LIKE GOOD PLACE CONNECT WITH NATURE

CONVENIENT

TOO WARM

BORING

HAVE SEATS

NO SHADE

SEATS ARE HOT

NO ATTRACTIVE

NO FEATURE

58

SUN ANALYSIS

SURROUNDING ANALYSIS PAYNE HALL NELSON FINE ARTS CENTER MARY LOU FULTON TEACHERS COLLEGE

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

MUSIC BUILDING

SITE

EDUCATION LECTURE HALL

Legend Walk Circulation Car Circulation Parking Bus Station

This space is the center of these 4 buildings. The site takes an advantage of nature. It has a lot of natural materials to help people build connection with nature. The new design will be based on the advantages to develop a new idea to reach the goal of mindfulness.

It was found from the survey that students, faculty and staff usually come here during class time. However, this place doesn’t have attractive features for relaxation, meditation, rest, etc.

59

ROLE

DANCE

CLEAR ZONING

WALKING WORKING READING

ACCESSIBLE

LOUNGE

IDENTITY

SPORT COURT

PARK

ART MEDITATION WANDER COMMUNITY CENTER PLAYGROUND 60

PROGRAM The design as a flexible, open, friendly space is uniquely positioned to enable and host various activities.

RELAXING SPACE

WAITING SPACE

MEETING SPACE

PLAYGROUND

CONTEMPLATIVE SPACE

WORKING SPACE

CHAT SPACE

EXERCISE CIRCUIT

EATING SPACE

NAP SPACE

EXPERIENCE SPACE

PERFORMANCE SPACE

61

SITE PLAN

N

0

10

20

50

62

North 1/16" = 1'-0"

West 1/16" = 1'-0"

FLOOR PLAN

AXO

ROOF

STRUCTURE Roof 16' - 0"

Roof 16' - 0"

Level 1 1' - 0" 1

North 1/16" = 1'-0"

0

WEST ELEVATION 1/16”=1’-0”

2

Roof 16' - 0"

Roof 16' - 0"

Level 1 1' - 0"

Level 1 1' - 0"

10

N

20

Level 1 1' - 0"

SLAT 50

FLOOR

West 1/16" = 1'-0"

NORTH ELEVATION 1/16”=1’-0” Roof 16' - 0"

LANDSCAPE Level 1 1' - 0" 1

North 1/16" = 1'-0"

63

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

64

65

EXPERIENCE ANALYSIS

NATURAL MATERIAL

NATURAL LIGHT

LAYOUT

SCALE

AROMA TEXTURE

LIGHT

SPACE DIRECTION

EXPERIENCE

SOUND

MOVEMENT ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

66

LIGHT EXPERIENCE

9AM

12PM

3PM

6PM

67

68

PERSPECTIVE

N

0

10

20

50

The addition of lights at night makes the changes in light and shadow attractive and enhances the sensory experiences. In people spare time, space engages the community to utilize it to receive sensory perceptions in different scales, so that people can relax in this pavilion.

69

COMMUNAL EXPERIENCE

70

PERSPECTIVE

N

0

10

20

50

The pavilion is composed of different layers, and each layer could provide plenty senses of experiences. The outermost Prosopis Chilensis trees offer shade and sensual color experiences in exterior space. The floors of the hexagonal pavilion are elevated at different heights, allowing people to taste this place while walking. The impact sound between the touchable wooden wind chimes under the action of the breeze forms an auditory experience. The extended slats and a big courtyard in the middle create different experiencing space for respite, making the space full of variety.

71

SEMI PUBLIC EXPERIENCE

72

INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE

73

STRUCTURE DETAILS

MATERIAL GRAVEL

TEAK

GRASS

WOOD SLAT

WOOD SLAT

CONNECT TO ROOF ROUGH

SMOOTH

SOUND CLOSED STATUS

SOFT

OPEN STATUS

STEEL CONCRETE

SLIDING WIND CHIMES

CONNECT TO FOOTING 74

WOOD CHIMES EXPERIENCE

75

LIGHT EXPERIENCE 76

SITE 2

CHOSEN LOCATION: LOWER FLOOR OF LATTIE F. COOR HALL Lattie F. Coor Hall is named in honor of the 15th President of ASU. The building was built by architects Gensler and Jones Studio. It opened on January 7, 2004. The total area of the building is 274,000 sq ft. The height is 91’7�--- It contains six floors and a lower floor.

The building integrates three buildings and retains the original campus circulation path. It provides ASU with multi-purpose educational resources and facilities such as classrooms, open computer laboratories, research laboratories, and offices, etc.

77

LATTIE F. COOR HALL Location: 976 S. Forest Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281 Built year: 2004 Architects: Gensler and Jones Studio SUN ANALYSIS

SURROUNDING ANALYSIS MATTHEWS HALL STAUF

MCCLINTOCK HALL

WEST HALL

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS TEMPE CENTER

NELSON FINE ARTS CENTER

SITE

PAYNE HALL

Legend Walk Circulation Car Circulation Parking Bus Station

78

EXISTING CONDITION:

LIKE

DISLIKE TOO COLD THE SPACE IS TOO DARK

79

COMMUNITY SURVEY: VALUE

Five Senses Evaluation

LIKE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

10 9

LIKE BAMBOO QUIET

GOOD FOR STAY ALONE

8 7

GOOD FOR EAT ALONE RIGHT EQUIPMENTS

6 5

GOOD LAYOUT

4

CONVENIENT

DISLIKE

3 2 1

SEATS MATERIALS SIGHT

TOUCH

SMELL

SOUND TASTE FIVE SENSES

ACTIVITIES

DO HOMEWORK

EAT

MEET WITH FRIENDS

RELAX

CONTEMPLATE THOUGHTS

WAITING

NO LANDSCAPE

BORING

COLOR MAKES MORE COLDER

DIRT

NO A LOT OF SIGNS

LEAKING

TOO COLD

Among the 10 people surveyed, most people often come here to rest and wait during breaks and meals.

They usually come here to do homework alone, eat, relax, and chat with friends, etc. In the survey, the five senses graphic is used to quantified the feeling of space to evaluate this space to help people better understand the impact of the environment on them. In terms of sound, they generally think that this space is quieter than other seating spaces. From the perspective of taste, although the void part of the space helps people feel warm, the concrete material makes the whole space colder.

80

SUN ANALYSIS

MATERIAL ANALYSIS

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

Walk Circulation Car Circulation Parking Bus Station

CONCRETE

METAL

ROUGH

SMOOTH

GLASS

TRANSPARENT

This space has a relatively large area for gathering and distributing activities. Because it is located underground, the light is poor and the temperature of the entire space is relatively low.

In addition, the gray and heavy concrete material is prone to makes people more colder in a certain extent.

81

PROGRAM The design for a flexible, friendly space is uniquely positioned to enable a user-centric space.

RELAXING SPACE

WAITING SPACE

MEETING SPACE

TEAMWORK SPACE

CONTEMPLATIVE SPACE

WORKING SPACE

CHAT SPACE

ACTIVITIES SPACE

EATING SPACE

NAP SPACE

EXPERIENCE SPACE

PRESENTATION SPACE

82

EXPERIENCE ANALYSIS

NATURAL

MATERIAL

NATURAL LIGHT

SCALE

AROMA TEXTURE

LIGHT

SPACE

EXPERIENCE LAYOUT

DIRECTION

MOVEMENT ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

TEMPERATURE

83

FLOOR PLAN

SECTION

84

N

0

10

20

50

N

0

10

20

50

85

86

PERSPECTIVE

N

In shaping the public space, the design is dedicated to using strings to create interesting interior spaces. These string facades effectively divide the space and connect with open spaces. According to color theory, the use of colors that can make people feel calm, relaxed, and safe creates a more comfortable environment for mindfulness.

0

10

20

50

87

FLEXIBLE FURNITURE MODULES

TYPE 1

TYPE 4

TYPE 2

TYPE 5

TYPE 3

TYPE 6

FLEXIBLE SPACES

TYPE 1

+

TYPE 2

=

INDIVIDUAL SOFA

TYPE 2

+

TYPE 3

=

GROUP SOFA

2TYPE 5 +

TYPE 6

=

INDIVIDUAL TABLE

TYPE 1

+

TYPE 2

+

TYPE 6

+

TYPE 6

=

TYPE 3

+

TYPE 4

+

BIG GROUP SOFA

TYPE 1

TYPE 2

TYPE 3

TYPE 1

TYPE 2

TYPE 3

88

89

90

MATERIAL CONCRETE

MOVEMENT STRING

WOOD

FORMAL

SAFE

NATURE

HARD

SOFT

HARD

COLD

NORMAL

WARM

COLOR

SCALE AREA

PEOPLE

1-2 PEOPLE

3-6 PEOPLE

7+ PEOPLE

CALM

SAFE

+

PEACEFUL

91

SITE 3

CHOSEN LOCATION: ALUMNI LAWN The Alumni Lawn is a flexible and open space that provides students with a cool, green environment to relax and gather. Many students come to sit on the lawn in order to have full of enjoyment brought by nature.

92

ASU ALUMNI LAWN Location: Near 400 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281 SUN ANALYSIS

SURROUNDING ANALYSIS SCHOOL OF SUSTAINABILITY HEALTH SERVICE BUILDING

SITE

VIRGINIA G. PIPER CENTER FOR CREATIVE WRITING

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS COWDEN FAMILY RESOURCES

SCHOOL OF ASU ALUMNI HUMAN EVOLUTION INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND SOCIAL LETTERS AND CULTURES CHANGE

UNIVERSITY CLUB AT ASU

Legend Walk Circulation Car Circulation Parking Bus Station

93

EXISTING CONDITION:

COMMUNITY SURVEY: LIKE CLOSE TO NATURE WATER FEATURE OPEN SPACE HAVE BUS STATION WARM

OLD BUILDING CLEAN

DISLIKE NOT ATTRACTIVE NO RIGHT EQUIPMENT

CONVENIENT

TOO WARM

HAVE EVENTS

UNSAFE TOO NOISY TOO MUCH SUN

94

VALUE

Five Senses Evaluation

MATERIAL ANALYSIS CEMENT

10

GRASS

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 VISION TOUCH

SMELL

SOUND TASTE FIVE SENSES

ROUGH

SOFT

ACTIVITIES

JOINING EVENTS

READING

MEET WITH FRIENDS

RELAXING

CONTEMPLATE THOUGHTS

WAITING

EATING

WORKING/ STUDY

TAKE PHOTOS

In the survey, most people mentioned that this place looks great, but they don’t want to go to rest and stay here. This place is close to the road to cause relatively noisy. Sitting on the lawn, there is a feeling of being seen by others. In addition, there is no right element that attracts them here.

Old Main as the iconic building of ASU gives this place an important meaning. In the design, the influence of the design on the iconic building should be considered, and the subtle method should be used to deal with this mindful space with great potential.

95

PROGRAM The design for a flexible, open, friendly space is uniquely positioned to enable and host various activities.

RELAXING SPACE

WAITING SPACE

MEETING SPACE

PLAYGROUND

CONTEMPLATIVE SPACE

WALKING SPACE

CHATTING SPACE

EXERCISE CIRCUIT

EATING SPACE

NAP SPACE

EXPERIENCE SPACE

REFLECTION SPACE

96

CONCEPT Old Main is a landmark building on campus alumni lawn. Therefore, the alumni lawn is an important place to show changes in university cultural thoughts and behaviors. The upgrade will make the empty lawn an encouraging place, welcoming people, and encouraging community interaction throughout the year.

The design puts the human experience first and is inspired by the hiking experience and fully considers the relationship between the site and the natural elements.

It is combined with elaborate landscape interventions, which have been carefully integrated into the existing important places, allowing people to shuttle through the environment with different experiences to play the role of promoting well-being.

97

SITE PLAN

98

EXPERIENCE ANALYSIS

NATURAL WITH LANDSCAPE

SOUND

MATERIAL

NATURAL LIGHT

SCALE

AROMA TEXTURE

LIGHT

SPACE

EXPERIENCE LAYOUT

DIRECTION

MOVEMENT ARTIFICIAL LIGHT

TEMPERATURE

99

SECTION

100

101

102

PERSPECTIVE

The upgraded lawn engages people to interact with each other, but also encourages interaction between people and nature. The ever-changing height of the site and lawn add interesting elements to serve multi-users.

103

104

PERSPECTIVE

Benches of different heights surround the precise changes of the landscape, from upright seats to more loose recliners, adding warmth and humanity to the space. The ever-changing height of the site and lawn add interesting elements to the site. This relatively intimate space provides space for people with different needs to rest and contemplate.

105

106

PERSPECTIVE

This 12 feet wide waterfall pathway invites people to experience the water. The water flow on the left is relatively slow. Through the granite behind the water, the reflections stimulate their own reflection in this simple way. The water flow on the right is more turbulent than the left, which blocks out the city sounds and allows a moment for peace and contemplation.

107

108

PERSPECTIVE

Adding water elements to the transition space to blur the edges of the interior and exterior spaces and improve people’s sense of happiness through the experience of nature. The interior and exterior spaces have been precisely designed and arranged to provide physical and experience flow between them, breaking the real and perceivable gap between “inside and outside”.

109

05 DISCUSSION

110

CONCLUSION With the development of society, architectural design no longer only concentrates on functions affecting form.

More attention is aimed at solving acute social problems through design. The purpose of this project is to address the psychological problems of college students and provide a systematic sensory experience structure to improve their well-being.

The designs create an environment conducive to the formation of mindfulness in the space of occupation, transition and destination. Through designing these environments to stimulate the user’s sensory experience, provide multi-users with more opportunities for rest and reflection to mitigate their mental health issues.

For design, my regret is that I haven’t grasped more time to do more iterations. I wasted much time in the thinking stage of the first step, without going into more in-depth details. However, I am quite satisfied with what I did. I believe I will further apply the concepts and methods taught by the professor and the direction of my research to my future projects.

Finally, in the case of this pandemic outbreak, the entire thesis process is unusual, painful but satisfying, nervous but happy.

Being present is a small tip to find ourselves.

Thank you!

REFLECTION

Xiaotian Wu

The end of this project has made me gain a lot. The theme of the project is to be present. But I must admit that this is difficult to do especially in a pandemic period.

When I was working on this project, I struggled, lost, and wanted to give up. My professor is like a bright light in the night, illuminating me towards the light. It was she who made me courageous to deal with it when facing difficulties; it was she who told me that I was great when I lost confidence. I am very proud to have her as my professor.

Arizona State University 2020

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