Forage 2018

PUBLICATION

SPRING 2018 EDITION

tion potential and priced to sell. A REAL VALUE ON TODAY’S MARKET!

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FORAGE 2018 1

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What ranchers read.

The regions choice ag weekly since 1981

1501 5TH AVENUE, SUITE 101, BELLE FOURCHE, SOUTH DAKOTA 57717 | 1 (877) 347-9100 | (605) 723-7013 | www.tsln.com

SUBSCRIPTIONS: 1 (877) 347-9100 Publisher: SABRINA “BREE” POPPE Cell (605) 639-0356 | Office (877) 347-9104 spoppe@tsln-fre.com GM of Sales & Marketing & Fieldman: DENNIS GINKENS Cell (406) 670-9839 | dginkens@tsln-fre.com Editor: CARRIE STADHEIM cstadheim@tsln-fre.com Digital & Sections Editor: MARIA TIBBETTS mtibbetts@tsln-fre.com Audience Engagement Coordinator: LIZ BANMAN (970) 371-9073 |lbanman@tsln-fre.com Graphic Designer: CHRISTA VANDYKE

Table of Contents 10 NUTBAL Turning Manure into Money Saved

LIVESTOCK MARKETING DEPARTMENT Field Service & Ringmen

BY TERRYN DRIELING

18 Cattle Killers Managing Forage to Reduce the

SCOTT DIRK, Dept. Director & Fieldman (605) 380-6024 | sdirk@tsln-fre.com West River SD, NE Territory

CHRIS EFFLING, Fieldman (605) 769-0142 | ceffling@tsln-fre.com East River SD, NE & MN Territory

Risk of Toxic Plants

BY HEATHER SMITH THOMAS

26 With the Grain Economists Optimistic About Future

DIXON SCOTT, Fieldman (406) 231-1469 | dscott@tsln-fre.com Montana-Wyoming Territory DAN PIROUTEK, Fieldman (605) 544-3316

MATT WZNICK, Fieldman (406) 489-2414 | Mwznick@tsln-fre.com Cattle Marketing Assistant & Nebraska Territory Account Manager: CARISSA LEE (877) 347-9114 | clee@tsln-fre.com Special Projects Coordinator & Account Manager: DIANNA PALMER SD–N. of I-90 West of the River (605) 423-6045 | (877) 347-9112 | dpalmer@tsln-fre.com

of Grain-fed Beef BY AMANDA RADKE

34 High on Grass Meeting the Demand for Grass-Fed

Beef Despite Industry Challenges BY AMANDA RADKE

Account Manager: SUSAN CABLE SD–S. of I-90 Rosebud East Territory (605) 840-1986 | (888) 648-4449 | scable@tsln-fre.com Major Accounts Manager: SARAH SWENSON Wyoming & Montana (303) 710-9254 | (855) 370-0539 | sswenson@tsln-fre.com

CLASSIFIEDS: CLASSIFIEDS@TSLN-FRE.COM COPYRIGHT 2018. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. ERRORS: The Tri-State Livestock News & The Fence Post shall be responsible for errors or omission in connection with an advertisement only to the extent of the space covered by the error. Opinions stated in letters or signed columns do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of Tri-State News.

FORAGE 2018

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COVER PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

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42 Winter Grazing vs. Hay Harvesting Let the Debate Begin

BY TRACI EATHERTON

54 Marketing Hay In a Digital World

BY DEANNA NELSON-LICKING

60 Researching Sustainability Montana State University Selected to Host

Regional Sustainable Research Programs BY REBECCA COLNAR

68 A New Pulse in Farming Pulse Crops Becoming More Popular

With Dryland Farmers BY CURTIS DOUBET

79 Advertiser Index

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FORAGE 2018 7

SHORT ON WATER ? Two Alfalfas in One Plant If Your Pivot Only Pumps 400gal/

Plant On Dryland On the Market for 29 years

(and still unbeatable)

Greenway

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This Alfalfa has been called a tetraploid anomaly by alfalfa breeders. On the market for 25 years, and being improved twice, It remains the highest yeilding, low water alfalfa on the market! ad 100209523-01 HERE’S WHAT GROWERS ARE SAYING: "We plant 360-D every year, and we now have over 1000 acres. We took a second cutting when many other growers in our area only cut once." Bruce Davenport - Goldendale, WA

"We planted 360-D in an irrigated field that was very short on water. Side by side was field with normal water. The 360-D yielded with the well irrigated adjacent field! No difference in yield!" Ryan Telford - Richfield, ID

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Greenway Seeds Caldwell, ID w w w. g r e e n w a y s e e d a n d i n d u s t r i e s . c o m Alan Greenway We have sold out by March 1st each of 208-250-0159 (cell) the last 3 years. Order early! 208-454-8342TRI-STATE (message) FORAGE 2018 LIVESTOCK NEWS | FARMER & RANCHER EXCHANGE

GRAZING GRAZING CORN

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OVERSEED OVERSEED ALFALFA

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Plant grain drill second cutting on Plant with a with grain drilla following second cuttingfollowing on an older field of alfalfa. Ready to graze in early September. September.

“W e planted GX80 second cut alfalfa. “We planted GX80 following second cutfollowing alfalfa. If we had to do that over we would follow third cut. If w Wgrazed e grazed head for two weeks on 20 acres! ” We 400 head for400 two weeks on 20 acres! ” Cory Veterre - Greenriver, Utah

Note: GX80 really isthe acompetition weekwhich earlier Note: GX80 really is a week earlier than allows youthan to do this,the but youcompe can’t follow cut near sense! Billings, MT /common sense! follow third cutthird near Billings, MT /common Let’s talk. Alan Greenway. Maximum sugar occurs pre-tassel. The earlier the variety, thefrost! sooner you pre-tassel. The earlier the variety, the sooner you can reach high sugar before Over 40yrs Experience Alan Greenway Seedsman

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FORAGE 2018 9

Optimizing the resources available can improve the efficiency of a ranch. PHOTO BY TERRYN DREILING.

FORAGE 2018

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BY TERRYN DRIELING

NUTBAL Turning Manure into Money Saved

magine a tool that could tell you how to manage your livestock and range, just by analyzing a few manure samples. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exactly what the Nutrition Balance Profile (NUTBAL) does.

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The history of NUTBAL NUTBAL software was released in 1995 after years of research by the Grazingland Animal Nutrition Lab (GANLAB). Original research by the GANLAB was focused on animal nutrition, grazing behaviors, and monitoring range conditions through fecal profiling and Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS technology captures a fecal sample’s spectra chemistry, and calibration equations applied to the spectra yield the dietary crude protein, digestible

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organic matter, fecal phosphorus, and fecal nitrogen of the sample. The intent of the NIRS technology was to provide a non-invasive way to research range conditions. However, it became apparent early on that this technology could provide benefit to ranchers in the private sector as well, so GANLAB was opened to help livestock managers across the country. Building on NIRS, the NUTBAL software was developed. The idea behind the NIRS/NUTBAL system is to help producers monitor the nutrient concentration in their animals’ diet and make decisions on when and how much to supplement in order to reach performance goals.

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“Our biggest goal with the NUTBAL software is to benefit producers, helping them reduce the cost of feeding out of the bag and save them money on unnecessary supplements,” said Jay Angerer, associate professor at the Blackland Research and Extension Center.

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Many producers begin using the NUTBAL technology through Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) programs. Participation in the programs require six samples to be sent in throughout the year. “We got starting using NUTBAL about three years ago with the Conservation Stewardship Program through NRCS,” said Dawn Martin, Swenson Martin Horse and Cattle Company. Once a producer is enrolled in the program, they are sent six sample kits. Producers can use the kits to take and send in their own composite samples, or in

Manure is analyzed using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS).

some areas, they can have the Soil Conservation District come, collect, and send in samples for them.

COURTESY PHOTO.

The cost per sample is $45. The fee includes the sample kit and a nutritional balance analysis for up to three different animal profiles. “We also add further one-onone consultation with a nutritionist to help producers formulate a plan of action. The cost for that is an additional $30,” Angerer said.

For best results For best results, Angerer recommends collecting composite samples comprised of fresh manure from five to ten different animals. “Unless you’re only after information on one animal, composite samples are best. They will give you a better idea of how the entire herd is performing. Producers can send in composite samples from different classes of livestock and different pastures to give them even more detailed information. However, the composite sample from one herd can also be used to get performance information for up to three different classes of animals for the cost of one sample,” Angerer said. The program is most beneficial when there is good representation of the herd – breed, age, sex, size, stage in production. The producers can set up to three different profiles for different herds, i.e. cows, bulls, heifers, steers, etc. Profiles for different classes of range land and pastures can also be set within the NUTBAL software as well.

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“We’ve found that the information you get back is only as valuable as the information you put in. So we try to get really specific about our herd profiles,” Martin said. For rotational grazers, Angerer recommends a slightly different sampling approach. “We recommend that those who implement rotational grazing take samples more frequently to know how quality changes with herd movement in the pasture. However, you should give cattle about three

Samples are taken by collecting fresh manure from the pasture, which are placed in the packaging provided in the shipping kits. COURTESY PHOTO.

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are

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days in a new pasture before sampling for the most accurate results,” Angerer said.

NUTBAL benefits NUTBAL is available on the interactive website, NUTBAL Online. On the website, producers can enter the information for each fecal sample they send to the GANLAB. When the GANLAB completes the analysis, the data is recorded and the website generates NUTBAL reports based on the producer-entered information. The GANLAB also offers the option to use the stand-alone NUTBAL PRO v1.1 Windows version of the software, which is not internet-based.

“We recognize that there are different needs and preferences across producers. So we do help producers get their computers set up with the stand-alone version if it’s something they ask for. However, the stand-alone version is not being kept up and updated as frequently as NUTBAL online is,” Angerer said. NUTBAL gives producers a detailed report showing plane of nutrition, weight gain or loss, the nutrient most limiting animal performance, a least cost feeding solution, and the amount of feed and forage consumed. The report also provides a nutrient analysis to show how much nitrogen and phosphorus the cattle are adding back to the soil. Producers can then take the information provided

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FORAGE 2018 15

For the most accurate evaluation of nutrition and grazing behaviors itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to gather samples throughout the year. PHOTO BY TERRYN DRIELING.

FORAGE 2018

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and use it to help impact their herds and soil health. “This past year, we were in a severe drought,” Martin said. “So the results we got back from our samples weren’t positive, but they were helpful. It’s nice, now that we’ve been sending in samples for three plus years, to have a history on what our range and pasture land can do and how different rainfall amounts affect our forage.”

“Overall, it’s been a beneficial tool. If we had one criticism it would be turnaround time. In the spring and summer, turnaround time is fairly quick. But in the fall, when lots of producers are sending in samples the turnaround time is a fair bit slower,” Martin said. Visit www.cnrit.tamu.edu/ganlab or the GANLAB YouTube channel for more information on the NIRS/NUTBAL system.

Knowing how your cattle are utilizing the forage they have access to can help determine management strategies.

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FORAGE 2018 17

BY HEATHER SMITH THOMAS

Managing forage to reduce the risk of toxic plants

hen an animal turns up sick or dead, poisoning isn’t usually the first thought. But in some situations, it should definitely be considered.

Different regions have different problem plants. Some can be safely eaten in small amounts or at certain stages of growth while others are toxic at all times. Poisoning often depends on palatability, stage of development, portion eaten, and growing conditions. Adele Harty, SDSU Extension cow/calf field Specialist, says there are several factors regarding plant-related toxicosis in livestock. These include weather conditions that influence plant metabolism, such as drought, resulting in an increase in nitrates and prussic acid. “Agricultural practices such as fertilization or herbicide treatments may also increase toxicity,” she says. Animal and pasture management may lead to ingestion of unpalatable toxic plants. “Nutrient deficiencies can play a role, and overgrazing may lead to ingestion of undesirable plants and increased weed populations. Moving hungry animals to new locations may result in consumption of toxic plants, and confinement may increase the risk due to curiosity or boredom—sampling plants they might not eat otherwise,” she says.

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Cattle Killers

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Jerry Volesky, range and forage specialist at the University of Nebraska, says that often you don’t know what the cow ate; you just find the animal dead. “When this happens, you might suspect poisonous plants but you don’t really know. You might walk through that pasture and see if there are any plants that might be toxic,” he says. Kevin Sedivec, North Dakota State University, says there are actually very few poisonous plants in North Dakota except nitrate accumulators, which are certain weeds and crops that may end up with toxic levels of nitrate. “Some weeds that can be a problem include lambsquarter, pigweed, kochia, and Russian thistle. They accumulate more nitrate on a dry year and would be consumed by cattle more readily if grass is dry or unpalatable,” he says.

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They tend not to eat it while grazing because it’s not very palatable, Sedivec said. ARROWGRASS –This is another plant that can be a problem in wet meadow zones, Sedivec says. “It’s actually not a grass, but a broadleaf plant. If cattle eat it, it’s similar to cyanide poisoning, like you’d see with chokecherry leaves, but even more toxic. The problems we see with arrowgrass are generally when it’s put up in hay because the cows don’t like to eat it if they are grazing. They have to be pretty hungry to graze it,” he says.

Arrowgrass

LARKSPUR – “One of the plants in Nebraska that causes livestock death is larkspur and there are several different species here,” says Volesky. “We have one called prairie larkspur that seems to cause the most problems when blooming. The cattle seem to like it at that stage and seek it out.” This is one of the taller varieties, growing 2 to 3 feet tall, but instead of a blue flower it has a light-colored, almost white flower. Toxicity can vary from year to year even in the same patch of plants, depending on moisture and growing conditions. “The amount a cow would have to eat before she showed signs of poisoning could vary from half a pound to two pounds,” he says.

Water Hemlock

PHOTO BY HEATHER SMITH THOMAS

He suggests lifting the cutter bar or header to 6 to 8 inches above the ground to reduce the risk if you are haying meadows that contain hemlock.

PHOTO BY WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

Sedivec says the most toxic parts are the root and lowest couple inches of stalk. One bite of the root will kill a cow, whereas she’d have to eat a lot more of the upper part of the plant to be affected. Cattle are most at risk if they pull up the roots, or eat the plant in hay. In North Dakota a lot of sloughs and wet areas get put up for hay, so the hemlock could end up in the hay, and the cattle wouldn’t sort it out. If it’s cut low enough, it could be a potentially fatal dose.

“We don’t have much larkspur here in the Dakotas, though it can be a problem in foothills and mountains areas of the West,” says Sedivec. Tall larkspur, a wild variety of the garden flower delphinium, which grows in patches in moist areas is usually more of a problem for cattle than the low larkspur (darker blue) that grows all over the foothills. Prairie Larkspur TRI-STATE LIVESTOCK NEWS

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PHOTO BY MATT LEVIN

Larkspur in small amounts is nutritious because it is high in protein, but cattle often eat too much. The toxic compounds are alkaloids. Signs of poisoning include muscle tremors and twitching, says Volesky. The animals also bloat because the gut shuts down and gas builds up in the rumen.

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Ponderosa Pine

PHOTO BY WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

PHOTO BY JIM PISAROWICZ, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE PHOTO BY JANE SHELBY RICHARDSON

Riddell Groundsel

Chockecherry

RIDDELL GROUNDSEL – This plant is toxic when flowering. “We see problems in cattle if there is a lot of it in a pasture. Usually these plants are widely scattered but once in a while you’ll find patches, and cattle are likely to eat more of it,” says Volesky. Grazing management also makes a difference, since they’re more likely to eat it if the grass is in short supply, as in a drought. CHOKECHERRY – Leaves of chokecherry trees/bushes can be toxic, especially after a frost, or if the leaves are wilted. They can also be toxic when green if cattle eat enough of it. “I’ve seen a case where it was very dry in midsummer, when cattle were put into a new pasture that wasn’t very green—not much grass. There were some chokecherry shrubs growing along the side of the pasture and the leaves were green and palatable and the cattle ate a lot of them,” says Volesky. In chokecherry leaves, prussic acid is the toxic compound. PONDEROSA PINE – Also called bull pine, blackjack pine, or western yellow-pine, these large pine trees grow in many regions, usually on dry, well-drained, and southerly slopes or plateaus in parts of Montana, Wyoming, and in the Black Hills of South Dakota. “The needles of these trees, both fresh and dried, can cause abortion in cattle, usually after substantial intake of needles for several days,” says Harty.

Locoweed 22

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PHOTO BY MATT LEVIN

Lupine

PHOTO BY MATT LEVIN

“Abortions are most common in the last trimester, often accompanied by swelling of the udder and vulva, retained placentas and uterine infection. Prevention consists of restricting access of pregnant cattle to pine needles or providing supplemental feed to decrease pine needle intake,” she says.

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LUPINE – This wildflower rarely kills cattle but the alkaloids can cause birth defects such as crooked legs and fused joints in calves if the cow eats lupine during early pregnancy when the fetus is 40 to 70 days old. “We have some lupine in western parts of the Dakotas, becoming more prevalent in Wyoming, Colorado and Montana. In the Dakotas these plants tend to be scattered and cows rarely eat enough to cause problems, unless the pasture is overgrazed,” Sedivec says. LOCOWEED – “We see more deformities in calves from cows eating locoweed during pregnancy. Locoweed can also adversely affect cattle if they eat enough of it. It’s not very palatable, but some cattle get hooked on it. An individual cow may seek it out, and eat too much,” says Sedivec.

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PHOTO BY MATT LEVIN

Milkweed is found in open, sunny areas, and all parts of the plant are toxic.

Milkweed

“In western Nebraska and southwestern South Dakota, we see several varieties of locoweed,” says Volesky. “They contain alkaloids and are also selenium accumulators and if cattle eat very much they can be poisoned. Some of the vetches are also selenium accumulators,” he says. Some of these plants also cause photosensitization.

DEATH CAMAS – All parts of this plant are toxic, but the bulb is most toxic. This is one of the first plants to emerge in the spring, so cattle may eat it if grass is scarce or during a dry year. “We have some death camas here but it rarely causes poisoning because cattle generally have to eat the root (bulb),” says Sedivec. “Death camas actually affects more humans than cattle, because they think it’s a wild onion and dig it up. The bulb is very toxic,” he says.

Death Camas

PHOTO BY MATT LEVIN

MILKWEED – “The narrow-leafed variety is most toxic,” says Harty. “This plant is found in open, sunny areas, and all parts of the plant are toxic. Consuming as little as 0.1 percent to 0.5 percent of the animal’s body weight may cause problems. Clinical signs include profuse salivation, incoordination, violent seizures, bloating (ruminants), colic (horses), increased or decreased heart rate, irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, and low body temperature. Death may occur one to three days post-ingestion,” she says.

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NIGHTSHADE – Cattle generally don’t eat this plant. “We’ve sometimes seen problems with it in cornfields, however,” says Volesky. “If corn had hail damage in summer and thinned out, the canopy gets opened up and black nightshade may start growing in there. In late fall when cattle are grazing the cornstalks they may be poisoned,” he says. MAPLE LEAVES – The leaves and seeds of maple trees can be very toxic to horses. “If horses eat very much it can kill them. You don’t see this type of poisoning as often with cattle,” says Sedivec. This can be an issue farther east, like in Minnesota and Iowa, where there are more maple trees and box elder trees.

Treatment of Poisoned Animals

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Often you find the animal too late, but in some cases you can treat with certain antidotes, like for nitrate poisoning or chokecherry poisoning, or try to detoxify. Harty says sometimes this can be done with gastric lavage, which is washing the material out of the stomach, followed by administration of activated charcoal and laxatives to bind the toxic material and rush it on through the digestive tract to be eliminated if you find the animal soon enough.

Prevention Harty says best prevention is to reduce exposure. “Remove livestock from the area, provide adequate water, and alternative feed sources. Allow for a gradual acclimation period when moving to

pasture containing toxic plants. You could start with just a few hours per day and gradually increase grazing time, though this tactic is often impractical. Other preventative measures include providing an alternative feed source to limit initial consumption. Avoid overgrazing, avoid withholding water, and avoid access to areas recently sprayed with herbicides. For instance, 2,4-D enhances palatability of some toxic plants. Avoid feeding chopped or ground forages that might contain poisonous plants, since the animals are unable to sort them out,” she says.

were planted can cause trouble if the crop had too much nitrogen fertilizer.” If crops were unable to grow to full potential and use up the nitrogen, it remains in the stunted plant. “In the same category of problems we see sudangrass and forage sorghum and sudangrass hybrids. When some of these forages are harvested you can run into toxicity issues in certain conditions,” he says.

Controlling Toxic Plants Be able to identify a toxic plant when looking through a pasture or rangeland. Evaluate how much is out there—whether it’s just a few sporadic plants or big patches. In patches you might be able to spray them. “After becoming familiar with the potentially toxic plants in your area, avoid grazing those areas during drought conditions when there’s not much grass left in that pasture,” Volesky says. Some times of year you might be able to graze certain pastures and other times you might have problems unless you control those plants first.

Nitrate Toxicity in Crops In farmed crops that end up as forage, nitrates can be a huge issue under certain conditions, especially in cereal grains like oats. “This is one of our big problems in terms of poisoning across Nebraska,” Volesky says. “Corn residue grazing, such as areas of hailed-out corn where cover crops like oats

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WITH THE GRAIN Economists optimistic about future of grain-fed beef 26

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BY AMANDA RADKE

American beef producers enjoyed a record-breaking year in 2017 for U.S. red meat exports. Beef export value reached $7.27 billion, up 15 percent year-over-year and 2 percent above the previously high achieved 2014 levels, $7.13 billion, according to the U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF). GETTY IMAGES.

BY AMANDA RADKE

outh Dakota farmers raised $2.2 billion worth of corn in 2017, while ranchers in the state maintain a beef herd of 3,893,251 head of cattle and calves, according to the USDA National Agricultural Statistic Service (NASS).

The advantage for this part of cattle country is the access to an abundance of cheap corn, and feedlot producers recognize the opportunities. In fact, a recent USDA Cattle Report showed that in South Dakota, there are more cattle on feed in 2018 compared to 2017 in both large and small feedlots. What’s more, Bloomberg reports that Americans are set to eat a record amount of meat in 2018 (222.2 pounds per capita), while ranchers are set to surpass 100 billion pounds of meat produced as they capitalize on the current cheap price of grains.

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With domestic demand up and cheap feed ingredients abundant, it would seem the future is optimistic for the grain-fed beef industry to thrive in 2018. However, with heated trade agreements underway and other unexpected market factors occurring around the world, uncertainty is shadowing the optimism for U.S. beef producers. “What will it take for us to grow the U.S. beef industry?” asked Brett Stuart, economist and founding partner of Global AgriTrends. “What it really takes is market access. It’s great that domestic demand is up, but there will come a time where we hit a glass ceiling for how much we can get U.S. consumers to eat. Our grain-fed beef is very competitive compared to grass-fed beef sold in retail stores around the world, and I believe if we can bust down walls to gain access to other countries, we can pretty much compete anywhere with anyone. It all comes down to access.”

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Foreign demand is up for high-quality U.S. grain-fed beef. GETTY IMAGES.

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The good news is American beef producers enjoyed a record-breaking year in 2017 for U.S. red meat exports. Beef export value reached $7.27 billion, up 15 percent year-over-year and 2 percent above the previously high achieved 2014 levels, $7.13 billion, according to the U.S. Meat Export Federation (USMEF). “We had huge export gains last year, and it will continue some again this year,” said Stuart. “From 2015 to 2017, Japan grew by $500 million, Korea by $400 million and Hong Kong by $200 million. In the next 12 months, with both domestic and export demand growing, beef producers will make money. As long as demand holds, I think we could enjoy profitability at the cow-calf, feeder and packer levels.”

success of the U.S. beef industry, but with emerging grain-fed markets around the world, do American producers have reason to worry? “Australia’s grain-fed beef exports were record-large last year, at 272,680 metric tons, up 5 percent year over year, with grain-fed accounting for about a third of their production,” said Borror. “Thus the growth in U.S. exports is that much more impressive, given that our primary competitor also shipped more grain-fed beef into the global market.” She explained that Australia’s cattle on feed numbers are expected to moderate back below 1 million head this year due to higher feed prices for wheat and barley, but the weather and pasture conditions could also be a factor.

“Demand was in the driver’s seat in 2017, and the “When it rains, Australians rebuild and don’t kill data points to the same trends carrying into 2018,” added Erin Borror, USMEF economist. “Chilled U.S. as many cattle,” said Stuart. “When it’s dry, they beef ($3.38 billion, up 26 percent) drove the growth don’t have the ability to stockpile hay, so they send last year, and we expect for that to be the case again more beef to market. I’m watching the weather in this year — a real testament to consumer acceptance Australia very closely this year, and forecasters are of U.S. beef and recognition of its safety and high quality. It is exciting to see growing shelf space for U.S. beef in key Asian markets, especialTwo C-Force models available include Grapple option ly Japan, Korea and Taiwan; Come standard with plumb chain as well as strong demand at Wear parts are easily replaced with 3 cup sizes available foodservice. We are seeing a Mechanical impact breaker design is simple to maintain. Control speed with hydraulic regulator wider range of cuts, and not Alpha Driver INNOVATIVE Capable of driving railroadties in most conditions just taking Australian mar1300 pounds operating weight ATTACHMENTS ket share (U.S. beef accountOmega Driver Tilt option available with 900 pounds operating weight ed for more than 50 percent & Post holder available Post Drivers • Wire Winders of chilled beef imports into Calf Catchers • Bunk Cleaners Japan, Korea and Taiwan last year), but also growing total ad 100207739-01 beef consumption. I just returned from Korea and it was exciting to hear key retailers talk about the growth last year, TREE & POST PULLER 23247 N. Main Street and their expectations for furTubular jaws provide a large contact area Artesian, SD 57314 to be easy on post Capable of pulling ther growth in sales of U.S. (605) 770-3440 steal t-posts to railroad tie Jaw can open beef this year.” up to 11 inches.

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Americans are set to eat a record amount of meat in 2018 (222.2 pounds per capita), while ranchers are set to surpass 100 billion pounds of meat produced as they capitalize on the current cheap price of grains. PHOTO BY AMANDA RADKE

predicting an uptick of exports this year by 2-3 percent due to the very dry weather and soil moisture. Our Asian markets are split at almost 50-50 percent between the U.S. and Australia, so when they have a problem, it’s great for us.” Borror listed the other major exporters of grainfed beef including Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay, but she said, “These producers are growing their grain-fed production, but we are really only competing with them (Uruguay and Argentina, specifically) in the EU, under the grain-fed duty-free quota. Otherwise much of their grain-fed production is actually staying in South America. They are not yet able to compete with U.S. beef in much of the world, due partly to access terms but also because they do not produce enough, or high enough quality and differentiable quality. They have no recognizable quality grading systems and some grain-feeding is really just supplemental feeding in pastures. There is demand for grain-finished beef in South America (usually marketed as British breed with some feeding

FORAGE 2018

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claims) and much of their grain-fed beef thus goes to markets in Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Santiago, etc. The exciting thing is that we are also competing in these markets, with U.S. beef exports to South America reaching $115 million last year including things like chilled chuck rolls to Chile.” Despite competition from other markets, it’s a great time to be optimistic if you’re a beef producer in the U.S. However, many are concerned about a potential trade war as President Donald Trump negotiates changes to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). So how important is trade to U.S. agriculture? In a recent article, Joseph Glauber, senior research fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute and former USDA chief economist, writes, “NAFTA has been instrumental in the development of a single North American livestock market. Mexican feeder cattle are brought to the United States for finishing and slaughter. Canadian hogs and cattle are finished

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DURABILITY REDEFINED. and brought to slaughter facilities in the United States. Two-way trade in beef and pork products has grown between the U.S. and Canada, as has two-way beef trade between the U.S. and Mexico. Disrupting agricultural trade by imposing punitive tariffs on Canada and Mexican exports would play havoc with supply chains and likely mean the loss of several billion dollars to U.S., Introducing Vermeer N-series balers – the newest models in the flagship line from the company it all. Heavy-duty components Canadian andthat started Mexican pro-provide superior strength and durability. Smart features like the available automatic pickup clutch auto lube system further extend machine life. Plus, they’re backed by the best ducers and and processors. ” distribution network in the industry. Vermeer 604N/605N balers are here to stay. Stuart agrees. “We can’t ignore NAFTA,” he said. “We can’t do any better than we are currently doing as we have duty-free trade to Canada and Mexico. If Trump withdraws from NAFTA and it’s null and void, we would revert to the pre-existing agreement with Canada going from 0 to 2025 percent tariffs to Mexico, and they would go up to 26 percent. On a net trade basis, our markets would go up because we are net importers. However, here’s the problem— 1.8 billion pounds of pork to Mexico would increase to 20 percent duty, and the 1.3 billion pounds of chicken we export to Mexico would increase to 80-100 percent duty. That’s a lot of chicken weighing on the market, and that could be a huge risk for U.S. beef.” So what’s ahead for U.S. beef producers? Despite the pending market challenges, Stuart says it’s never been a better time to be in the cattle business.

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“I’ve never been more optimistic than I am right now,” said Stuart. “There are so many opportunities to diversify, add value and work on genetics — it’s an incredible time to be a beef producer. Profitability has been amazing; beef producers have made more money in the last three years than they have in the last 25 years. Sure, we won’t be going back to $3/lb. calves; we got lucky thanks to 10 years of no beef production

growth globally (2006-2016) and adding $16 trillion in global GDP that fueled that bubble. However, the reality is, U.S. producers are good at what they do, and beef is unique. People here and around the world love beef and are willing to pay 4-5 times more for it than they would for pork or chicken. The market is there, so there is no room for pessimism.”

There are so many opportunities to diversify, add value and work on genetics — it’s an incredible time to be a beef producer, said Brett Stuart, economist and founding partner of Global AgriTrends.

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Grass-fed beef producers face a unique set of challenges, but also have a unique marketing opportunity. PHOTO BY KELLIE LASSACK

BY AMANDA RADKE

HIGH ON GRASS Meeting The Demand For Grass-Fed Beef Despite Industry Challenges

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u r i ng t he su m mer months, you’ll often find cattle ranchers Larry and Julie Wagner at farmers markets selling their Bijou Hills Grass Fed Meat to local customers in Burke and Chamberlain, South Dakota.

For 12 years, the Wagners, who raise Hereford and Irish Black cattle near Chamberlain, have been raising grass-fed beef, making the switch from a traditional grain-fed commercial cattle operation. “My wife started researching the benefits of grassfed beef, and when we stopped raising crops, it just made sense for our business to go to a grass-fed model,” said Larry Wagner. “There are a lot of opportunities to market grass-fed beef; we sell locally at

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FORAGE 2018 35

“Where money can be made in the grass-fed business is if producers can figure out how to extend their grazing season,” said Todd Churchill, founder of Thousand Hills Cattle Company in Cannon Falls, Minn.

farmers markets, at a few retail stores and via word of mouth. Interest in grass-fed beef continues to grow, and we enjoy selling directly to our consumers.” According to a report titled, “Back To Grass: The Market Potential For U.S. Grass-fed Beef,” released by the Stone Barns Center for Food & Agriculture, “The labeled grass-fed beef market is growing at an extraordinary pace. Retail sales of labeled fresh grass-fed beef grew from $17 million in 2012 to $272 million in 2016, doubling every year.”

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Yet, despite the growing demand, the grass-fed industry must overcome some major hurdles in order to remain a viable business. For starters, scale and aggregation are critical to improve supply chain inefficiencies. For producers like Wagner, selling their beef at a premium directly to consumers has been a profitable avenue and is how 19 percent of all grass-fed cattle are sold by small-scale producers in the U.S. However, the direct marketing route is challenging and time consuming, so for the remaining 81

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percent, operating on a larger scale to lower production costs and selling through branded grassfed programs has been the preferred route to earning a premium and marketing this beef to retailers. Yet, with few aggregators in the space, meeting the growing demand and consistently providing grassfed beef year-round has been a challenge. That’s why Todd Churchill founded Thousand Hills Cattle Company in 2003 as a way to meet the demand for fresh grass-fed beef for retail distribution. “At that point, there weren’t any aggregators operating in this space, so we essentially created a wholesale market for grass-fed beef for retailers,” said Churchill, of Cannon Falls, Minn., one of the pioneering grass-fed brands and foundation member of the Grassfed Exchange, a conference for regenerative producers and sustainable food supporters. “It used to be a very expensive, premium product that cost more to produce and more to buy; that’s just the natural evolution of bringing a new product to the marketplace. The additional costs didn’t really have much to do with the cost of production; the costs at retail came form inefficiencies of taking a small scale production through trucking, processing and getting to the retailers.”

need to offer high quality baylage and hay the rest of the year. That’s where costs double.” As a result, he says the price advantage isn’t much. If commodity grain-fed cattle average $2 a pound (plus or minus $.10), grass-fed cattle bring $2.40 a pound for USDA Select and $2.50 per pound for USDA Choice. “Where money can be made in the grass-fed business is if producers can figure out how to extend their grazing season,” said Churchill. “This can be done by grazing on native pastures two to three months of the year and following with both cool and warm season cover crop mixes. This can be challenging though because most consumers, when they buy grass-fed beef, they also want it to be GMO-free, so that means corn stalks are out, and molasses from beet sugar is out, and alfalfa is out because it must not be from a Roundup Ready alfalfa stand.”

Churchill said when comparing grass-fed to grain-fed cattle, the costs of production are no different up to 900 lbs. From 900-1,200 pounds is where the big difference comes in. “Grain-finished cattle in a feedlot will cost $.75 to $.85 per pound, and grass-fed cattle will cost $1.20-$1.30 per pound, depending on where you operate,” said Churchill. “We want them to gain two to three pounds per day, and we want them to end up as USDA high Select to high Choice. If grass-fed beef was a seasonal product, it would cost $.60 per pound, but the problem is the market doesn’t want to eat grass-fed beef just two to three months out of the year. Most want the beef fresh not frozen, so we must have a constant supply to these retailers every week of the year. That’s where it gets complicated. Most producers can graze on standing forage two to five months out of the year, but beyond that, they

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That’s where marketing grass-fed beef becomes increasingly challenging. Consumers’ expectations of the grass-fed label and realities of production don’t always match up. “When a consumer buys grass-fed beef, they often also assume that it means it’s GMO-free, with no hormones, no grains, no antibiotics and probably never confined in a feedlot, but consumers are pretty far removed from the practical realities of raising cattle, keeping them alive and having them gain weight at a cost that is profitable,” said Churchill. “Producing cattle that meets all of these objectives at a price that consumers will pay is a perpetual challenge.” There is plenty of market confusion over the definition of grass-fed beef. In 2007, USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service established a voluntary U.S. standard for livestock and meat marketing claims, grass-fed claims for ruminant livestock and the meat products derived from these cattle. However, in 2016,

USDA AMS withdrew the standards and no longer has a part in verifying claims of grass-fed beef. Today, multiple grass-fed certification programs are working together to improve the standards and provide a better definition for consumers through brand-building initiatives. Despite the confusing labeling, health-conscious consumers love the advantages that grass-fed beef has to offer. Several studies have shown that grass-finishing increases the concentration of conjugated linoleum acids and also results in higher levels of antioxidants, including vitamins E and A. Grass-fed beef has also been found to have a better omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio, when compared to grain-fed beef. “In the last 10 years, the consumer has really started to focus more on the health benefits of foods instead of the cost,” said Churchill. “As our nation has gotten better at producing large quantities of food, the quality maybe has suffered. Meanwhile, as our grocery bills have declined, our medical bills have substantially

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increased. Is there a correlation? Based on research and anecdotal evidence, more than likely, yes, and it’s not like grass-fed beef is a magic bullet to health, but for many it’s worth a try. Our largest consumers of grass-fed beef are affluent, well-educated moms in urban areas who want to provide the most healthful food they can to their children.” Another huge challenge U.S. producers face is cheap imports of grass-fed beef from places like Australia, New Zealand and South America. According to the Stone Barns Center, “These imports account for an estimated 75-80 percent of total U.S. grass-fed beef sales by value. U.S. grassfed beef producers, therefore, face competition on two fronts: domestic conventional feedlots with efficient supply chains that produce grain-fed beef at low cost (often relying on financial hedges to prevent huge losses and indirectly benefiting from government subsidies for grain production); and Southern Hemisphere

countries such as Australia that take advantage of year-round grazing and scale to produce large quantities of grass-fed beef for export.” “The U.S. has been importing huge amounts of grass-fed beef for years, but it’s never been labeled that way,” Churchill said. “They can produce huge amounts of this predominantly grass-fed, all-natural beef, but they can rarely make select, so it’s often mixed with cheap grain-fed 50-50 trim coming from feedlot animals. It works very well. However, we’ve figured out that because this imported beef is already

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Retail sales of labeled fresh grass-fed beef grew from $17 million in 2012 to $272 million in 2016. PHOTO BY AMANDA RADKE

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FORAGE 2018 39

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grass-finished, it would work well to help meet the domestic demand of ground beef. The problem is Australians can’t produce a well-marbled grass-fed steak, so as a U.S. producer, I can produce that USDA Choice grass-fed ribeye and get a good price for it, but I have to compete with the imported cheap grind that is $2 a pound cheaper.” Achieving a great beef-eating experience every time is another challenge the grass-fed community faces. Both Churchill and Wagner agree that maturity and breed type are important. Typically, cattle are harvested at 1,150-1,250 pounds and 20-30 months, with the older animals having more flavor and fat. English breeds tend to perform better in this environment, as they tend to be more moderate and easy-fleshing, they say. “We love utilizing our pastures to produce great-tasting grass-fed beef,” said Wagner. “It’s really enjoyable to meet our customers in person and answer their questions. I think there are great opportunities in this quickly growing market.” “Cattle grazing and environmental stewardship go handin-hand,” added Churchill. “The relationship between cattle and soil health is strong, and when you manage the interaction between livestock and land in a certain way, you can often get two to three times the forage per acre. That’s what the Grassfed Exchange is all about and why we want all producers, not just grass-fed producers, to attend our upcoming annual meeting.”

To address the ongoing challenges in the grassfed space, as well as provide educational resources for pasture and forage management, the Grassfed Exchange is an event held annually across the country. This year’s Grassfed Exchange will take place June 20-22 in Rapid City, S.D.

ranch tours, breakout sessions on bison, grass-fed genetics, grazing management and young producers, as well as keynotes from Nina Teicholz, author of “The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet,” SDSU President Barry Dunn and more.”

“This is a gathering of ranchers who want to exchange their experiences and ideas about regenerative grassland agriculture,” said Russ Conser, vicechair of the event. “The meeting will include five

For more information about the Grassfed Exchange, check out grassfedexchange.com.

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FORAGE 2018 41

Winter grazing versus hay harvesting

LET THE DEBATE BEGIN

It’s important to know all your costs, as well as the capability of the land you have available, when deciding whether it’s more efficient to put up hay or to let the cows harvest it. Hay prices were up across the country in 2018, thanks in part to a continuing drought in some areas. PHOTO BY TRACI ETHERTON

FORAGE 2018

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BY TRACI EATHERTON

ven though walking in a winter wonderland is the last thing producers want to think about as the last dregs of the snow and muck fade into spring, planning ahead for next winter’s feed supply is better not procrastinated.

Harvesting versus grazing forage has long been a topic of debate among livestock producers when it comes to cattle and wintering costs - one of the biggest expenses of producing beef. According to extension specialists, the cost of equipment-harvested feed can run three to four times the cost of letting the cattle harvest the feed. Numbers from a Virginia study put an added $200 per ton on equipment depreciation alone, and that’s before “out-of-pocket” expenses. Lower equipment and fertilizer requirements could be enough to sway some producers into rethinking winter grazing systems. Obviously winter snow depth in the tri-state area is a factor in winter grazing plans, but producers do have options to extend grazing periods and adjust winter feeding plans, according to extension specialists. “Maintaining herds on reserved pastures in the winter can be accomplished most years with some type of protein supplementation and an allocation of about double the number of acres for an animal unit month that would be necessary during the summer,” said Llewellyn L. Manske Ph.D., associate range scientist at North Dakota State University.

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Manske points out that there are a number of things to consider, in addition to the cost of the harvested forage.

“The basic question is which strategy efficiently captures the protein and energy produced on the ranch,” says Manske.

“An important but often overlooked cost of grazing winter pastures is the amount of calf production lost to the ranch when pastures are held for winter use,” says Manske.

The animal performance data presented in Manske’s research report, Economic Returns as Affected by Grazing Strategies (Manske 1995, 1996), were used to simulate the economic returns of three strategies of providing 12 months of forage for a cow-calf operation with 6,000 acres. This study was intended to be a comparison of feed and pasture costs and relative dollar value for the different calf weight production levels.

“In order for scientists to help producers decide whether to graze winter pastures or feed harvested forage, we need to address this question: Is converting the protein and energy produced on the land into saleable calf weight more efficient than using that forage for winter feed for the cow herd?” Manske points out that a typical ranch with winter grazing systems utilizes approximately 40 percent of the land base as summer pasture, 40 percent as winter pasture and 20 percent as hay fields and calving, bull and horse pastures, with herds rotating 6 months on summer pasture, 3 months on winter pasture and 3 months on harvested feed.

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One strategy used six months season-long grazing on 2,500 acres of native range, three months grazing on 2,500 acres of reserved winter pasture, and three months in drylot with purchased harvested forage. The second strategy converted the winter pasture to summer pasture and had two 6-month season-long grazing pastures of 2,500 acres each on native range and six months in drylot with purchased harvested forage. The third

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Hay prices were up across the country in 2018, thanks in part to a continuing drought in some areas. PHOTO BY TRACI ETHERTON

FORAGE 2018

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strategy used two twice-over rotation systems with complementary domesticated grass pastures with each system consisting of 2,500 acres with 7 percent crested wheatgrass pasture, 12 percent altai wildrye pasture, and 81 percent native range pastures grazed for a total of 6.5 months. For the remaining 5.5 months cows were fed purchased harvested forage in drylot. The first strategy, with six months season-long grazing and three months winter pasture, had net returns for a year of -$13,326.42. The second strategy, with the winter pasture converted into a second summer pasture grazed season-long, had a net return for the year of +$183.06. The third strategy, with 2 twice-over rotation systems with complementary domesticated grass pastures on the same amount of land, had net returns for the year of +$78,353.48.

According to Manske, the season-long strategy with purchased winter forage had greater net return than did the season-long strategy with winter pasture. The total amount of calf production was greater on the twice-over rotation strategy than on the season-long strategies. The net return for a year was greater on the twice-over rotation strategy with purchased harvested forage than on the season-long strategies. The value of the additional pounds of calf production on summer pasture was greater than the cost savings from reserving the pasture for winter grazing. Kevin Dhuyvetter, who worked as a Kansas State Economist, looked at the equipment value and harvesting costs, compared to grazing. In his study, he found that herd size was a variable in decision making, in part because the biggest producers can buy and sell in volume, using equipment to its full advantage. However, Dhuyvetter found that small

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FORAGE 2018 47

producers could still compete if they were able to control their winter feed cost, by grazing in the dormant season.

USDA HAY/ALFALFA PRICES AND EXPORT NUMBERS

Hay and alfalfa prices are weighing heavy on producers’ minds, which could play a role in the 2018 and 2019 winter feeding plans.

products rose by $6 per ton from the previous month to $124, $6 per ton above January 2017. The January alfalfa hay price jumped $4 per ton from the previous month, averaging $152 per ton, $26 higher than the previous year.

There is no doubt that hay and forage will remain big business this year, as it was last year. Hay and alfalfa prices are weighing heavy on producers’ minds, which could play a role in the 2018 and 2019 winter feeding plans.

Almost all states experienced alfalfa price gains for January. Those with the largest gains included drought-stricken Oklahoma (plus $22), Nevada (plus $20), North Dakota (plus $18), and California (plus $15). Only four states had price reductions and all of those were minimal.

In January, hay prices were averaging $3 per ton higher than December’s $136 per ton, and that is $17 per ton higher than January 2017. Other hay

The highest alfalfa hay prices are being reported from New York ($238 per ton), Kentucky ($210 per ton), California ($200 per ton), and Nevada

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($190 per ton). The lowest prices can be found in Nebraska ($102 per ton), North Dakota ($108 per ton), and Iowa ($116 per ton). In addition, weather factors are already playing a role for 2018. As of February 20, approximately 37 percent of U.S. hay acres were experiencing some level of drought. And in the Midwest and East, rain and ice have producers worried about the hay and alfalfa crop. The USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) posted U.S. hay export totals for 2017 and made some predictions for 2018. Total exports of alfalfa and other hay hit 4.2 million metric tons (MT). That exceeds 2016’s exports by 6.3 percent and marks the first time that the total of alfalfa and other hay exports have exceeded 4 million MT, based on USDA-FAS data.

Alfalfa hay exports in 2017 totaled a record 2.7 million MT, up 7.2 percent from 2016 and the third consecutive year of alfalfa export year-over-year growth. China purchased 1.17 million MT of U.S. alfalfa during 2017, more than double the amount bought by Japan, the second-place importer of U.S. alfalfa. Exports to China were 6.8 percent more than 2016. This percentage bump was less than during the previous two years, but during the past five years, alfalfa hay exports to China have risen 226 percent. Japan’s alfalfa hay import total of 0.56 million MT was 14.6 percent higher than 2016 and was that country’s largest amount of U.S. alfalfa purchased since 2011. The past year marked the third consecutive year of higher U.S. alfalfa exports to Japan. Saudi Arabia was the third largest, importing 0.36 million MT in 2017, a 40 percent increase from the

PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

TRI-STATE LIVESTOCK NEWS

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FORAGE 2018 49

previous year. The large increase is in part because of the country phasing out domestic alfalfa production to conserve water, while trying to maintain a domestic dairy industry. USDA-FAS reported 1.53 million MT of other hay products exported from the U.S. in 2017. That was 5 percent more than in 2016 and a similar amount to what was exported in 2015. Japan leads all export partners for non-alfalfa hay. They imported 0.76 million MT in 2017, 5 percent more than the previous year.

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Despite these numbers, according to USDA, only 3.5 percent of all hay produced enters the export market and about 5.3 percent of U.S. alfalfa. But in the seven Western states of Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington, hay exports play a much larger role in impacting markets and prices. According to Dan Putnam, University of California forage extension specialist, hay exports make up about 51 percent of the grass hay production and 15 percent of the total alfalfa production in those Western states.

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Hay exports are a relatively small part of the total U.S. market, but exports are on the rise.

PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

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1-877-347-9100 • www.tsln.com

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Cattle Sales on Thursday Special Feeder Sales Fall, Winter & Spring Greg Arendt, Mgr. 402-376-3611 • 800-682-4874 www.valentinelivestock.net Internet & Private Placements Available

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Cattle Sale Every Tuesday

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Cattle Sales Every Thursday Monday IN Season Northern Livestock Video Auction Horse Sale the 4th weekend of each month

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• BASSETT, NE

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Owners: Jake Maurer • 402-822-0080 Shane Kaczor • 402-336-7011

J.R. Scott: 605-359-7358 Kent Fjeldhein: 605-848-3459

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STORY AND PHOTOS BY DEANNA NELSON-LICKING

one are the days when hay was traded at the local coffee shop. With the advent of the internet, market reach expanded far beyond the “my neighbor knows a guy” network. Though for many, word of mouth is still the most reliable method of buying and selling hay, new technology has brought new options.

Many people still use classified ads printed in local and regional newspapers to reach people who may prefer paper to screens. Most publications also post their classifieds online, reaching both audiences. Facebook has opened up even more advertising opportunities for producers and buyers of livestock forage. The Hay Shed page is one such source where high quality hay and straw of all shapes and sizes is offered for sale at set prices with scheduled delivery available. The hay is sold and delivered from a central location, so the couple who runs the site sees every bale of hay they sell, and can represent it accurately. Other Facebook options include the free advertising available on farm, ranch and livestock group pages such

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as Nebraska Ranch group, SDSU Extension Feed & Forage Finder or South Dakota Farm and Ranch Listings, where buyers and sellers are able to post their hay or their needs and are able to contact each other through the site or by messaging. Some of those groups have more than 20,000 members, offering a lot of opportunity to make the necessary connections. Wyoming Hay and Forage Association (http://wyhay.com) is a non-profit organization that was formed to support and promote the high-quality hay that is grown in Wyoming. Its goal is to reach markets regionally, nationally and internationality all while helping to educate producers. The association is working to create links between hay producers, purchasers and Wyoming’s transportation industry to enhance marketability of high quality forage. The Internet Hay Exchange (www. hayexchange.com) is a free hay listing and locator website that links buyers and sellers from around the nation. The hay is listed by state and buyers are also able to list what they need. The site also helps to arrange for trucking if needed. Many livestock sale barns offer scheduled hay auctions, which allow buyers a chance to see the bales and bid. Most of these methods are still relying on trust, as there are no guarantees or safeguards if either party fails to meet expectations.

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MARKETING

HAY

In A Digital World

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One tried and true method is buying your hay by private contact from a local producer who you know and trust. John Kraye of Mullen, Nebraska raises high quality alfalfa hay on his pivots in the heart of the Sandhills. “We put up about 5,000 big round bales every year and after it is all put up we figure what we need for our own cows and then sell the extra by private treaty to local ranchers.” Shannon Tibbetts, near Rapid City, S.D., usually puts up enough hay for his own cattle, but two years of drought have prompted him to buy hay through various avenues. “The internet may be a good way to find hay in years that hay in your area is short, but we’ve learned through experience that you need to see the hay in person, or have someone you trust check it out before that first load comes in the yard,” he said. “It’s easy for someone to send

800-246-6094 56

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pictures of one stack of hay and send another, and you’re stuck with it. We understand there’s some variability in hay, and allow for that. We bought some ‘good cow hay, put up right this year’ through a video auction, but when it arrived, the twine was rotten and the bales were barely grinder quality. We could hardly get them off the truck without them falling apart.“ The auction gave a discount, because the hay wasn’t as represented, but they were still stuck with hay they never would have bought, even at the discounted price. They learned their lesson, and when they were buying hay last fall, found several places selling hay within 50 miles of each other, and spent a day on a “hay tour.”

“We bought some and passed on some, but we knew what we were getting when it pulled in the yard. We’ve also bought some that was referred by a friend we trust and that worked out well. It came from farther away, but since they had plenty of hay it was cheaper, even with the trucking, and it was as good as they said it was,” Tibbetts said. “When you’re looking at investing thousands of dollars, it’s probably worth your time to make sure you know what you’re getting.” High Plains Hay Exchange is a network of hay buyers and sellers, said Thorpe Thompson of Lusk, Wyoming, a representative of the company. Thompson said he personally sees 99 percent of the hay he sells, and stakes his reputation and business on accurately representing it. “I have

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3,500 names on my contact list and it builds every day,” he says. Thompson said he has tried advertising online and in print, but he prefers to be more hands-on and most of his business comes from word-of-mouth. “Word of mouth builds customers that know what I’m going send them,” he said. “I’ve had very

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few people that the hay wasn’t what I told them it was. I tell guys that if the first load isn’t what I said it was, we’ll get you something you do like. I found out some of those people you cannot make happy, no matter what you send them.” Thompson helps his customers set their prices, making sure they’re competitive based on where the hay is being delivered. “I know what guys are paying and go into areas as close as I can and try to find hay.” The closest hay might not necessarily be the cheapest. Thompson said he takes into account delivery, supply and demand and tries to make sure his customers on both sides—the buyers and the sellers—get what they need out of the transactions. Thompson said that whenever possible, know who you’re dealing with, whether you’re buying or selling. “A good product is easy to sell. Find people who take pride in what they do.

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Sustainable agriculture isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a one-size-fits-all endeavor. The SARE grants help farmers and ranchers study issues that will help them produce food and fiber sustainably. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

BY REBECCA COLNAR

Researching Montana State University selected to host regional sustainable research programs

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Sustainability

ontana State University in Bozeman has been selected to run the Western Sustainable Ag Research and Education (SARE) program. Although the word “sustainable” has several differing connotations, SARE has a specific mission, which is to “advance sustainable agriculture that is profitable, environmentally sound and good for communities.” SARE, which is funded through the National Institute for Food and Agriculture, is supported through competitive grants that are conducted cooperatively by farmers, ranchers, researchers and agriculture professionals. It is the national program that supports agricultural research and education.

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e nd

ructio Mount Dr. Fabian Mellenad, professor of weed ecology and integrated pest management in the Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences in MSU’s College of Agriculture

However, unlike many national programs headquartered in Washington, D.C., SARE itself is divided into four regions: Northeast, North Central, Southern and Western. The Western SARE region encompasses 13 western states, as well as American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia and Guam. MSU will administer four of five grant programs through Western SARE: research and education grants, farmer-rancher grants, professional and producer grants, and graduate student grants. The University of

Wyoming will administer Western SARE’s professional development grant program. “The funding comes from Congress, and each region receives a certain amount of money,” explained Dr. Fabian Mellenad, professor of weed ecology and integrated pest management in the Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences in MSU’s College of Agriculture. He is thrilled to have been named the Western SARE regional coordinator, a position that calls for him to help promote sustainable

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agriculture locally through noncompetitive grants operated through SARE. “The amount of funding each region receives to run its programs changes every year. This year, MSU will receive $5.5 million to be used in administration and the grants,” he said. “What we want everyone to understand is that the SARE program works from the bottom up; it starts with the farmer or rancher and the program is managed by farmers, ranchers and other people associated with agriculture,” Mellenad said “If a farmer or rancher has a great idea that is ‘outside the box,’ we say ‘Great.’ We want to test and get the research sponsored.”

Wasson praises the program, and echoes Mellenad regarding its implementation. “It’s the only grassroots, farmer-driven grant system with funding allocated by the federal government.” He says he’s “tickled that MSU came out on top of the selection process to be the host institution. It was down to MSU and one other school. This is a very high level of achievement for

Kent Wasson

The professor is expecting about 120 applications across the region, but only 30-40 will be selected for SARE funding. Kent Wasson, who ranches and farms in northern Phillips County, is the incoming chair. His family runs 500 mother cows, and also grows a variety of crops from peas, lentils and spring wheat to canola, legumes and cereal crops on about 11,000 acres. He has been on the MSU research advisory committee for many years and has served on the SARE Advisory Council (AC) for seven years.

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The council is made up of a diverse group of individuals from a wide variety of disciplines working together to set guidelines, calls for proposals, prioritize projects and ensure balanced diversity within the large geography and subject matter from which the grant applications come. The Administrative Council meets twice a year and additionally to review grants.

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Montana State University. I believe it will lift them to a new level of administration.” He explains that submitted applications for grants come from all over the region, including the islands. “It’s very competitive. We see grants from the tropics to the deserts, from Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Nevada, Montana, Wyoming Idaho and Washington. Unfortunately, there’s not enough money to fund all of the projects we receive applications for.” The amount of the grant varies anywhere from $350,000 for professors who have to implement at least three farmers and ranchers in their project to $75,000 for a grant for a farmer or rancher who hopes to work on an idea for more sustainability on their operation.

Grant-awarded research runs the gamut. “One project might deal with the loss of pollinators on anything from a two-acre organic crop to a large farm having to deal with fruit flies. Another grant might center around building enhanced greenhouses in New Mexico and Alaska to get new genetics more quickly on the ground. We’ve had projects that looked at pine needle abortions in cattle to how to rescue the land after fires to bovine genetics. It’s mind-boggling what innovative ideas come out of this research.” Anna Merriman is another Montanan on the Western SARE AC. The young farmer started her four-year term in July 2017. Merriman explains that SARE is “critically important to sustainable agriculture, as it supports and funds some truly innovative projects that will

The world will always need food, so it’s important to find the best, most sustainable methods of producing that food. The SARE grants help farmers and ranchers do just that. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

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enhance and further agriculture in this region and the world. It is producer-led and starts on the ground, so the ideas and innovations are exciting and potentially ground breaking.”

MSU that they were selected as the host institution. The search was very competitive and I have every expectation MSU will continue to improve and facilitate the mission of SARE.”

Merriman and her husband practice sustainable farming; their farm is an organic grain operation and incorporates green manure, soil building crop rotations and include livestock grazing as part of our system.

The mission of SARE is, indeed, is an honorable one to Wasson who sums up the word “sustainable.” “To me, sustainable means we leave this ground in a better place for the next generation than what we found it. Sustainable is a system-type of structure of economics and legacy and nutrients – everything you want to do on the ground that enhances it for the next generations and generations to come.”

The young farmer was extremely pleased that MSU was selected to run the Western SARE program. “It’s very valuable to the entire Western region and it’s a great accomplishment for

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BHSS means ranch business

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right now, so it’s ber 30, and excitin for going to be a on Page A13 -cow-calf producers g fall run.” pretty are in a One factor that good spot this is playing into the decision of their calf crop,year as they sell cow-calf operator of how long the calves to hold his weane HLA Field Rep. says J.R. Scott, that’s is corn, and the overall abund d at his disposal ance of grain now that the “While every 2015 corn harves one would love is winding down. t to see prices According to as 2014, folks at the same levels Statistics Servicethe USDA National Agricu ltural (NASS), “Corn production about the fact are still optimistic cast at 13.6 billion bushe OUTSIDE that this will ls, down 4 percenis forelast year’s secon record be the t from d-highest year produ CIRCLE on record for percent from the Augusction and down less than 1 calves,” said t foreca oys Scott. st. Based on A cowb condi-

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The only one of four brothe “see action” rs to in ard Palczewski,World War II, Richbackground gave91, said his ranch in the U.S. Navy. him an advantage “I got to run and I only had this landing craft ucation.” Palczean eighth grade edwski said whenhe menti oned his limited education to one of his superiors, the respo nse was “I know, but you have common sense.” Palczewski One brother, Carl, also served the second Worldin the Navy during left home soil, War but he never chanic station working as a meed in Palczewski spent Florida. his young years helping his family on the ranch west of Haley, North farmin the extrem Dakot e southwest corner a the state. of At the age of to herd sheep twelve, he was hired for of Ralph, South a big outfit south Dakota. “I was suppo sed ling ewes away to keep the yearfrom the lambi ewes. I didn’t ng have a horse or a dog, just my feet.” lar per day plusThe job paid a dolMeals, Palcze “room and board.” wski said, consis ted

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l soon. Lako ta Triba The Oglal a June 11, 2013, Council voted ance 13-21, that to adopt Ordin 1,000 head of uce the would introd South Unit of buffalo to the nal park, part of By Amanda Radke Badlands natio Indian Reserfor Tri-State Livest A quick snapsh ock News ot of current the Pine Ridge Unit is manScott says 400 pound steers prices at press time, the vation. The South cwt; 500 pound are bringing ership with $260-275/ lose to 3,500 steers are $220-2 aged in partnService (NPS). pound steers 40/cwt; and 600 are $205-220, moved throu calves the National Park respectively. ted “We are just direc gh the That ordinance Affairs to nosale ring at at the sale barn,getting started on our fall n calf run Herr and India our peak will eid and Decem grazBureau of Live stock be in November ber,” he said. who held the Auct ion the cow-ca “Things are pretty (HLA) on Octo tify ranchers lf guy

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Volume 53 • Issue 44

g By Maria Tussin r Assistant Edito the South Unit Ranchers in are National Park of Badlands . Their sigh of relief by breathing a be replaced e not cattle will buffalo anytim tribally-owned

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aude Hamilton-M By Heather ock News for Tri-State Livest cers, states produ ® For western Stock Show Hills are the Black chance to compnew (BHSS) is a bly buy a chute s, possi and price bulls. ng geldi ranch that typically It’s a social eventess transaction includes a busin for those on the ver, , or two. Howe the vendor table other side of show stick, it is or saddle horn to engage with an opportunity while community the ranching eting in one comp or in attending ier stock shows of the prem is the country. ing customer “The ranch and of the BHSS, the foundation I’m involved in it’s the only deal that kind of meet can I r where horse traine customer,” said mers custo r. “The evJamie Stove your rancher, at BHSS are types who have oy eryday cowb they breed each 10 or so mares horse pick a stud to year. If they it’s mares, to use on thoses a really nice raise themselve

tion to give es new evalua lls Genex launch fertility of bu on ta da s er produc heim, Editor By Carrie Stad

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BY CURTIS DOUBET

A NEW PULSE

IN FARMING

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Pulse crops becoming more popular with dryland farmers

Scott Inbody, of Inbody Farms, harvests wheat with his John Deere S680 combine near Dutton, Montana. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

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griculture is a proud tradition. In many businesses, current generations are carrying on an ag tradition that extends back to an era when horsepower referred to actual horses. But many farmers today recognize that staying profitable—or even simply staying in business—means embracing change and looking more to the future than the past.

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The benefits of pulses are beginning to appeal to dryland farmers and nobody understands that better than Shannon Berndt, Executive of the Northern Pulse Growers Association. “Pulse crop production has long been focused on domestic markets because in many foreign countries pulses are the main source of protein found in the diet,” said Berndt, “Since they (many foreign countries) eat a whole version of a food.” Berndt said, “Here in the United States, fractionation is so common that until recently, pulse crop consumption and usage in the

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A silhouette of a combine and waiting truck on a chickpea farm near Dutton, Montana. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

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Roy Inbody, of Inbody Farms, watches as chickpeas are unloaded into a truck on a farm near Dutton, Montana. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

domestic market was fairly insignificant. Local demand, overwhelming benefits and a U.S. brand campaign have sparked a great interest in pulses.” Pulse crops are broken down into three main categories: peas, lentils, and chickpeas (often called garbanzo beans) with multiple subgroups making up each category. “Pulses are beneficial across the

board regardless of type though,” said Berndt. Most commonly, pulses are used in the standard off-year cycle of our traditional crop production technique to utilize the otherwise fallow ground. “The agronomic benefits are huge for producers with a great upside economically. Not only can pulses increase yields, but maybe as big as anything is the fact that pulse crop production builds the health of the soil,”

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Berndt said, “Pulses help replenish nitrogen, drastically decreasing overall input cost as well as the obvious addition in revenue generated by another production year on the field.” According to the Montana State University Extension publication, Montana Cool Season Pulse Production Guide, “The traditional wheat-fallow system of crop production common in Montana lacks diversity, does not efficiently manage precipitation, and leads to declines in soil organic matter (OM) and soil productivity. Growing a pulse crop in rotation with wheat can help bring some balance to soil in terms of health, biological activity, and overall potential productivity.” Pulses can be susceptible to some diseases and it is important to look into the disease resistance necessary for an area prior to planting but, “A huge up-side to pulse crop production is a break in the standard disease cycles of a field, offering a rotational benefit,” said Berndt. Not only are the pulses injecting nitrogen back in to the soil without requiring fertilization, they are also interrupting harmful and yield-killing disease cycles, something not always easy to do. Prior to planting pulses however, Berndt recommends visiting with a grain processor to find a market for

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Scott Inbody, of Inbody Farms, holds out a hand of his bountiful harvest of chickpeas. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

the pulse crops grown. “Pulses are a little different than wheat and corn, say, in the fact that the markets for wheat and corn are very big,” Berndt said, “And thus, everything with production is a little different. Producers should study and understand the market in order to best sell for a premium number one, but also to make sure proper storage and housing is provided and available,” said Berndt. The new market does not seem to be slowing down the trend or scaring any buyers away. In fact, “2016 was marked by the United Nations as the Year of the Pulse in order to raise awareness around the globe as to the many benefits pulse

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TRI-STATE LIVESTOCK NEWS

crops can offer farmers,” said Berndt. Quite possibly the strongest push as of late to demonstrate the value in pulse crops has come here at home in the domestic markets. “Pulses now have a North American brand campaign to help make farmers and consumer both more familiar with pulse crops. Everything from recipes to nutrient information is being made available to help market pulse crop products,” Berndt said. In fact, large grants and research dollars are being provided to fund projects to further expand and develop the benefits of pulse crop production. The state of Montana is on the forefront of pulse

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Filling GSI grain bins at Inbody Farms, near Choteau, Montana using a Harvest International auger. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

crop production, out-producing every other state quite significantly, with 1.1 million acres already in production. Barry Jacobsen, Associate Director of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station said, “Montana currently has 4.6 million acres that sit fallow every year in an attempt to accumulate moisture and provide for the coming years’ crop. Pulse crops however, require very little moisture and are a great way to generate revenue in replacement of the fallow ground.” As a result of the strong interest in pulse crop production, Montana State University has been awarded over $2.2 million to perform research

on pulse crop production made possible through a grant from the Montana Research & Economic Development Initiative. “An 18-month study that has been custom made for Montana crop production has been designed that aims to develop a cover crop system for areas of Montana receiving between 12-14 inches of rainfall to target the right varieties of pulse crops for fertility as well as weed and pest management,” Jacobsen said. “The study really looks at everything from planting all the way to harvest finding any barriers in between and getting them addressed,” said Jacobsen.

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A combine from Inbody Farms, of Choteau, Montana, harvests chickpeas at sunset. PHOTO BY TODD KLASSY

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