Volume 14 - Issue 3

Publisher Ed Bennett Editor-in-Chief Andy Court

Designer Geoffry Fried Business Manager Jeff Foster Production Manager Jane Hinson Photo Editor Rollin Riggs

Staff Paul Hofheinz Walter Jacob Jim Lowe• Geoff Pope •elected October 27, 1981

Does Yale Know Us? the third In a series of employment messages The mood in America is changing. Declining productivity has focussed new attention on the need to increase national savings as a means of replacing and modernizing outdated plant and equipment. Recognizing this, and also wishing to help their employees achieve personal savings goals, many large employers have established savings, profit sharing and stock ownership plans for their employees. ~ Kwasha Lipton is perhaps the nation's ~ leading consultant for these plans. We help design them, establish administrative structures, and maintain employee account records. These plans are deceptively complex, and working with them is both challenging and rewarding. Individuals with math, accounting, or computer aptitude and the ability to work well with other people should contact Deborah J. Marx, Director of Defined Contribution Services, Kwasha Lipton, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632, (201) 567-()()Q1 .

1

The New Journal, a monthly magazine of news and cbmment, is published by The New Journal at Yale, Inc. Ten thousand copies of each issue are distributed free to all members of the Yale University community. Send all correspondence to The New journal, 3432 Yale Station, New Haven, CT. 06520.

The New journal welcomes article proposals and letters to the editor. All letters for publication must be signed and addressed.

Send all correspondence to 3432 Yale Station New Haven, CT 06520 Cover photo by Rollin Riggs

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Graphic design for this issue by Heidi Callison and MaJtltew Gaynor.

December 5, 1881

TheNewJournal In this Issue:

4

Comment: Women's Studies; The Divinity School

8

The Tobin Committee: A Special Report Will Yale take risks?

A plan to test teachers A movement to lighten teaching load

14 ¡ 16

About this Issue

The strange case of WYBC The Odyssey of Kathleen Cleaver

23

Profile: Joel Schiavone, downtown developer

26

Research: The tiniest wires in town

28

Sports: A club that won't quit

30

Books: Thinking through China's revolution This issue of The Ntw journal should feel a bit thicker to you than previous editions. Since you last read us in October, we've added eight pages to our format. This new size gives us the kind of flexibility that a growing, aggressive publication needs; the extra space will allow us to publish more articles, use additional photos and run more ads while keeping our design intact.

The added pages are possible because of people like Geoff Fried and Jane Hinson. As Designer and Production Manager respectively, they make a magazine from piles of copy, ad orders, and contact sheets. Fried, a second year design student, has spent this semester creating the fundamental design for TN] and will serve as design consultant in the future.

Hinson, ajunior in Berkeley, is in charge of coordinating all aspects of the magazine and setting the deadlines that make TN] go.

We'd like to call your attention to this issue's Special Report written by Walter Jacob and Nathan Copple.

Jacob provides an analysis of the Tobin Committee report, a story which he first began working on last spring. Copple reports on a proposal made by junior faculty in the English department to reduce the number of courses they teach-a story which relates to the perennial tensions between teaching and scholarship.

Also in this issue, Ed Bennett and Andy Court interview Kathleen Cleaver, '83, the wife of former Black Panther leader Eldridge Cleaver. And Jim Lowe investigates student involvement in WYBC. Lowe, a freshman in M orse, was elected to the Staff on October 27. For the past two issues, be has worked on advertising and production , while also editing the copy to keep our style consistent. We welcome him to the Staff.

3

Comment----Confessions of·a divinity student Timothy B. Safford

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Not long ago, I was killing time in the Gypsy Bar and talking with a woman from the School of Organization and Management. For some reason, she took it upon herself to guess which school I studied at.

She immediately guessed med school, law school and graduate school, and was disappointed with the negative results. Not discouraged, she scrutinized me more carefully. "You don't look like a forestry student," she said, and she was sure that she hadn't seen me around the SOM. After exhausting nearly all of the professional schools, she peered at me and said, "You don't go to the divinity school, do you?" I admitted to the fact and pointed to the several tables in the bar crowded with div students. She was somewhat incredulous. "Oh come on," she said, as if I were pulling her leg.

It has not taken me long to learn that some in the Yale community are shocked when they find us out in public, behaving like "normal people,"

rather than at home in the cell reading the Bible and chanting. The divinity school is not some sort of brick, colonial, congregational monastary located two blocks beyond the science buildings. There is the assumption that every .one at the divinity school is extremely religious, spends every waking hour reading the Bible, preparing for the ministry in some organized church.

Thi'S is simply not the case.

To be sure, more than half of the div students are preparing for ministry in the 40 or so denominations they represent. But some will use their masters degree to go on to law school. Others • will go into counselling; some plan to fmd a career in social services. Frequently, I hear div students talking about their interest in working for the government or becoming a lobbyist in Washington. Some will pursue PhD's.

One student worked as an arChitect before coming to div school, and he will return to that profession upon leaving.

Many are plarming to work in the

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777-6271 church, but not in the context of or. dained minister or priest. The term coined for this is "lay m inistry," but there is very little agreement as to what the term means. I n the anxiety of the first week of d iv school, I kept on thinking to myself that I could get on a train and go to Columbia to study journalism- my original plan before deciding to come to Yale.

Even though more than 20 chapel services are scheduled each week in Marquand chapel and the nearby Berkeley Center, it wouldn't be right to say that div students are overly religious and devout-just more so than the norm. No one has the courage or the stamina to try to attend all of the chapel services. Most attend a few. Some attend none. I was worried when I arrived in September that there would be no place at YDS for someone with questions, anxieties and general doubts toward religion. Overly religious people had always made me nervous since I suffered through a Christian fellowship meeting in college, never to return. At every turn, though I met someone who was scared to death to be here. Frequently in conversation with entering students, we would discover that there was a mystery about how we ended up in New Haven on some sort of religious journey. Many have the need to answer some questions that date back to childhood.

The variety of religious experience and people is vast: Some celebrate the glory of God; others the glory of humanity. And others celebrate something in-between. Some arrive Jews and leave Christians and a few arrive Christians and leave Jews. Others are in search of unity in a spiritually .,. discordant world. The most common attribute of divinity students, with the possible exception of uncertainty, is the desire to bring justice and relief to a

world which has too much pain and too much suffering.

Part of this is participating in the permeating social awareness at the div school and trying to turn this awareness into action. Nuclear arms protests and hunger fasts are one aspect of the awareness, but it goes much further.

One first year student is working at the Begin Second Semester hospice in Branford. Another is trying to diminish welfare fraud in New well rested and well read .

Haven, and another trying to help in the child-sexual abuse program. The Prorated subscription-$11 .00 shelter for battered women h as a div student on staff, and the list goes on. Of $13.50 for mailed address course, there are several, like myself, who work in churches throughout Connecticut, hoping that our contributions to parishes will have positive effects inthe communities they serve.

As the stereotype would dictate, part of being a div student is reading the Bible. But plenty of time is spent questionPRINTING - COPYING ... ing it, and trying to make it a construce tive and useful text rather than one that ¡~ is confusing and burdensome. Divinity WE NOW PRINT T-SHIRTS students deal with the questions of God, AND CARRY A FULL LINE OF messiahs, ch ristology, liberation and OFFICE AND SCHOOL SUPPLIES. social concern every day, day in and 719-1100 day out. Answers are never defmite or 1207 CHAPEL STREET permanent; people disagree at every NEW HAVEN, CONN. tum, which increases the mystery of the questions. It is strange, I think, that it is 1----------------the questions and their unanswerability The New Journal thanks in defmite terms that draw so many people to div school. But the queStionTim Misner Philippe BkJch ing of what is most comfortable to the Jahe Blumenthal Jan Oschenwitz heart and mind is the most maddening.

Nicholas Rizopoulos Bird Brenner But the questioning must go on.

Hilary CalWw.n Joe Romano, Society is becoming increasingly Serena Collison secular; we are not oblivious to the fact.

Newsweek Peter Cooper Alex Savich There is the fear that religion may have Tom Strong no p ractical purpose, or may even be Ellen Hamilton W Hampton Sides Bernice Hausman harmful. Yale Divinity School used to Gevff Hayward Lelia Wardwell stand on the present site of Calhoun SkJan Walker College, much more in the thick of Barbara Landress Mark Mcintyre Larry w~inberg things until the move up Prospect Street Mike Madison occurred in the 1930s. The world has

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5

Dispelling doubts about women's studies · Lisa Clark

(continULd from previous page)

changed considerably since Jonathan Edward's time when Yale's primary task was to prepare men for the ministry.

Religion is not one of the central concerns of our pluralistic society, and the divinity school is no longer at the center, physically or spiritually, of Yale.

I know of no one at the div school that is searching for a totally sacred world, but a totally secular one may be dangerous as well. The goal for many at YDS is to have a mixture of the two. It seems of late that the secular and sacred are fighting each other when, in essence, they are partners in the same cause. That is possibly why the divinity school is sometimes a lonely place. Not because there is a lack of friendships or community. Rather there is the feeling, I think, that the nearby community in New Haven and the world beyond might rather have nothing to do with us and what we are trying to do.

I often feel that I and my fellow students at div school are beyond absurd. We study the nebulous, irrational, impractical and uncertain . We ask unanswerable questions. We prepare for dismally low paying professions.

And we try to fit into an increasingly secular and anti-religious society. But living in the 1980s with the absurdity of twentieth century behind us and more absurdity to come, I think that being "beyond absurd" is not such a bad thing at all.

•

Timothy Salford has written for the Long &ach Press Telegram and the Kn~f!ht Ridckr News &rvi«. H e spmt his unckrgrad ~~ in Claremom, California lxfort venturing w Yale.

6

On November 5, the Yale College faculty approved the Women's Studies major. The recognition that women are worth studying is an important advance in the status of women at Yale. It also quells some of the doubts that a discipline devoted to women offers a valid and rigorous education.

Many students never take a Women's Studies course or take only one. Some complain that there are only white middle-class women in the classes; that the classes are too loosely structured while requiring too much work; or that outspoken and angry women dominate and intimidate other class members.

In the first place, Women's Studies does not intend to attract only white, middle-class women. Understandably, women will be drawn in larger numbers than men because they identify more implicitly with the study of women. But men can bent•fit from an enriched awareness of the female perspective; women learn from studying about men in most other classes here. The program is not equally relevant to all races and classes however. This deficiency will hopefully be a mended along with the community's increased acceptance of the major and with the addition of more course. offerings. Women's Studies will continue to grow; it already claims 38 courses cross-listed in 13 departments, though it was first implemented only four years ago.

Secondly, those who criticize the classes for being disorganized misperceive the value of informal discussions in which professors present themselves less as masters and more as guides or participants in sharedlearning situations. Like seminars, these classes demand considerable reading, writing and thinking. The students who complain about the workload are missing out on the chance to study an inspiring subject-women.

But of all grievances, the last one, that bitter feminists control the classes, needs the most attention and refutation.

It reflects the misunderstanding of feminism at Yale by supporting a myth that Women's Studies responds to leftist feminist concerns alone, or that Women's Studies shelters radical lesbian feminists and prefers to exclude the rest of the Yale community.

Women's Studies, like any other discipline, attracts students who speak up in class because they have an interest and background in the field. Unlike other disciplines, however, general topics often demand immediate personal application. Many discussions (on witch burnings, female poets, or Freudian analysis, as examples) ask important questions about female-male perceptions. Those students who explore and expose intimate views about the sexes can threaten other students.

Sometimes the confusion or bitterness of women who realize that their sex has been oppressed, slips into discussions.

Female-male relations are treated as private and sensitive topics in today's culture, and students are not trained to listen and respond well to personal reflections in an academic setting. Thus these comments are interpreted as antagonistic outbursts in Women's Studies classes.

If education is meant to teach students how to look critically at the world and its systems, then analysis of female-male differences is a crucial aspect of learning. If education aims to make students aware of their relationship to the world and to other students, then again the habits of the sexes need to be analyzed. The Women's Studies department is based upon the study of female-male relations from the perspective of women, who have been less properly studied. Its ultimate goal is the opposite of separatism and antagonism:

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Hopefully now that the major has been established, the program will reach more and more students in both sexes, and of all class and racial backgrounds at Yale .

•

Lisa Clark, Morse '82 is on the Women~ Studies Advisory Committee.

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A special report Tobin, teaching and tenure

Will Yale take risks?

Walter Jacob

8

In the first evaluation of Yale's tenure policy since 1965, an ad hoc committee recommended in October that Yale "take risks" in appointing more young, promising professors.

The committee, chaired by professor James Tobin, sent its report to every member of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Yet two weeks later, the faculty displayed no sign of enthusiasm. Few professors contacted had read the report; those who had gave it a lukewarm response. Robert Westbrook, an assistant professor in American Studies and History, said the report did not ensure a change in the university's treatment of junior faculty.

"The report doesn't really make any startling departures from prevailing practice," he said. "None of the provisions, none of the specific recommendations institutionalize risk-taking on behalf of younger faculty." .

Other faculty members agreed with Westbrook, and argued that a number of recommendations in the report counteract the risk-taking recommendation.

"I agree with the opinion that Yale has to do more risk-taking with its younger people," Professor of Applied Mechanics Robert Apfel said. "How it will do it is another question."

the last five years, 31 have come from outside the university. To make matters worse, Associate Provost Ellen Ryerson said the Provost's Academic Review Committee is currently looking at ways to reduce the size of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences over time.

The Tobin Committee's report shows concern for the junior faculty member faced with a shrinking job market. The report suggests that departments regularly review their professors' chances for tenure and discuss those chances with each candidate. Instructors and assistant professors should also be eligible for a term's paid leave after three years in the ranks, the report says, so that they may have time to do research that may qualify them for promotion. The report even goes so far as to ask that Yale provide professional training for junior faculty who cannot get tenure and want to change fields.

"We must do a much better job than we've been doing in keeping junior faculty . well-informed about their personal prospects . . . so that they can make an informed decision on whether to stay here or not," Tobin said in a press conference on October 25.

But tenure is what the junior faculty wants, and some faculty members doubt that the report's recommendations on risk-taking will give them a betA risky business ter crack at it.

Professor Horace Taft, who served For junior faculty, a university policy of ¡ risk-taking is much more than an on the Tobin Committee, said no abstract ideal. The Faculty Handbook, guidelines suggested by the committee says, "Candidates for professorships are could possibly guarantee risk-taking. expected to stand in competition with "There's no way to legislate it, it's a the foremost scholars in their fields matter of style and a matter of attitude," throughout the academic world." Con- he said. "It's a recommendation that sequently, Yale associate professors everybody realizes cannot be enforced." seeking tenure often find themselves up against men and women from outside Sacrifices for honesty Yale with much more academic ex- Some of the proposals in the report have perience and many more published led faculty members to wonder whether the Committee is giving risk-taking a works.

The decision to teach at Yale without fair chance. For example, the Committenure is its own kind of risk; the Tobin tee recommends the position of Committee's report reveals that of all Associate Professor with Tenure be those hired as assistant professors be- abolished. This may make the Univertween 1960 and 1969, an average of 15 sity more hesitant to appoint anyone to per cent from the Humanities, Social tenure, Taft admitted. Currently, Sciences and Natural Sciences were associate professors with tenure receive granted tenure. The prospects improve less pay than full professors but have the somewhat for those starting at higher same tenure security. The Committee ranks; of those entering Yale as argues that a tenured faculty member untenured associate professors between can never attain a full professorship.

Taft said the greater justice achieved 1960 and 1969, 46 per cent eventually in abolishing the rank outweighs the received tenure.

But competition from outsiders re- sacrifices the University may have to mains fierce. Frances Holloway, man- make in terms of risk-taking. "' think it ager for Yale's AffJimative Action Of- will make the tenure decision a sharper, fice , said that of the 60 new promotions perhaps tougher decision," he said. "It and appointments to tenure at Yale in may result in perhaps fewer tenure pro-

Julie o¡Nelll-The New Journal

Professor James Tobin chaired the first committee to review

posals. But it's more honest, in my opinion."

Keith Thomson, Dean of the Graduate School, said he favored the proposal but worried that professors would lose incentives for selfimprovement after getting tenure.

Thomson said he hoped Yale would maintain incentives by starting newly tenured professors at the salaries that associate professors with tenure now hold, and later moving them up.

"As far as I understand it, the notion would be to collapse the two pay scales," he said. "I would be opposed to starting everybody off at what is the current full professor's salary range."

Tobin said he had not considered a large salary difference between newly tenured professors and those who had held tenure for a long time.

Misdirected exP.rtlse?

Some faculty have worried that risktaking would decline if Yale uses advice from "experts" outside Yale in appointments as the Committee suggests. The Tobin report urges departments to use recommendations from people of "reâ&#x20AC;˘ cognized distinction" in their fields when making tenure or term associate professor appointments. The Committees on Senior Appointments would

Yale~

tenure policy since 1965

meet with three experts for each tenure case, the report said, and at least two of them would have to be outsiders. In no cases where outside experts are used would the expert have a vote in appointing or denying appointment to candidates, but they could clearly influence a department or committee's decision, Tobin said.

If advice is supplied by people who have read a professor's published work but are not experts on his teaching abilities and other skills, some faculty argue, tenure decisions will be based more on prior achievement than on potential, and junior faculty will be placed at a disadvantage with respect to more experienced outsiders.

Thomson predicted that the faculty would react negatively to the proposal because it represented a reduction in faculty power.

"Yale has always relied on the Yale faculty making its own proposals and appointments," he said. "I think the Yale faculty would not readily give up the tremendous responsibility it currently has."

Tobin admitted that he, too, expected debate on the issue.

"I expect there are going to be some misgivings about this . .. because it does give power to outsiders," he said.

"But usually you don't lose anything by broadening the scope of advice."

Risk-taking might also be jeopardized by the way outside advice would be solicited under the Committee's guidelines. The Tobin Report calls for the use of "blind letters" that request not a specific recommendation of one candidate but rather a comparative rating of each individual on a list of candidates for a given tenured position (hence the term "blind"). Outsiders asked to rate a young scholar against one with more credentials might place more emphasis on prior achievement and sway a department's opinion towards older candidates.

Flushing crimson Some indication of how risk-taking will be affected by proposals in the Tobin Report may be gleaned from Harvard's experience. Harvard abolished associate professorships with tenure in the late sixties and now uses both blind letters and outside consultants who sit on ad hoc appointments committees.

Two Yale faculty members who wished to go unnamed suggested that some of the committee's recommendations were partial imitations of Harvard's tenure policy.

Phyllis Keller, Harvard's Associate

9

" It's a recommendation that everybody realizes cannot be enforced."

Dean for Academic Planning, said the replies to blind letters play a vital role in tenure decisions at Harvard.

"Our letters go back to the department, but they also go .along to the President," she said. "It's generally viewed as a very critical, acute and highly valuable, important method cf evaluation."

Keller said the blind letters evoke much more insightful advice from experts than simple requests for personal recommendations could.

"There's a very big difference between a blind letter and a letter of recommendation," she said. "If people are asked to write a letter of recommendation, they really don't respond unless they have something positive to say."

The blind letter, Keller added, "puts the appointment in competitive context."

Keller maintained that neither the use of outside recommendations nor the abolition of associate professorships with tenure in the late 1960s have caused a decline in risk-taking. She estimated that one-third of Harvard's tenured spots go to people who are promoted through the school's junior ranks, a figure that ranks low next to Yale's 50 per cent.

"People have complained about a lack of risk-taking, but the evidence doesn't really back it up," she said. "It clearly is the case that younger people do get appointed."

That doesn't mean that many junior faculty at Harvard make it to tenure, however.

"We're looking for the best qualified candidate," said Bertrand . Dreben, Special Assistant to the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard. "'nly a very small proportion of junior faculty ever get promoted."

Tobin noted that Harvard's tenure policy relies much more heavily on outside advice and presidential opinion 10

than would Yale even under the Report's recommendations. At Harvard, he said, the president makes every tenure decision by himself based on recommendations from an ad hoc committee.

"T~at's quite a difTereJ~t constitutional system," Tobin said. '

Self¡lnterest 'P Tobin foresees slow progress for his committee's report in the upcoming faculty and administration debates. The report must still be reviewed by the Executive Committee of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Faculty of Yale College and that of the Graduate School, the Joint Boards of P ermanent Officers, and, finally, if warranted, the Yale Corporation.

He reacts to arguments about risktaking with exasperation.

"The report says we're always forward-looking," he said. "We're using achievement only as an index of what the future may tum up. (A junior faculty member] is not competing outside his weight class, provided there's good reason to believe that when he's 55 he'll have a similar record to show."

Tobin suggested that the Committee's recommendations on risktaking don't need to be enforced.

Departments would only be hurting themselves, he implied, if they didn't follow the Committee's guidelines.

"What forces them to do it is their self-interest in having a good department, one would hope!" he said,"' don't know how else you'd do it!"

â&#x20AC;˘

Walter Jacob, a senior in Silliman, has

written for The Washington Monthly, The National Journal and The Miami Herald. He wrote last month on jacuhy evaluations.

A plan to test teachers

•

One of the Tobin Committee's recommendations was that Yale should examine more closely the teaching abilities of its candidates for promotion (see TNJ Oct. 24). The committee proposed a teacher evaluation form system in many ways similar to that which exists at Princeton. Studen ts would be required to fill out standardized anonymous forms at the end of each semester. The results would go to the professor and his department chairmen fc_>r consideration in promotion decistons.

Unlike Princeton's forms , however, Yale's forms would not be made public record and could not be reviewed by students. Tobin said his committee did not consider making evaluation form results available to students. "If all questionnaires are just going to be public property, they may be filled out with something else in mind," he said.

P rofessor Robert Apfel, who studied teacher evaluation systems as chairman of the Teaching and Learning Committee in 1980, saw the omission o f the public record provision as a political concession. Apfel has stated his belief that the faculty would react unfavorably to any teacher evaluation form system.

"I think probably the Tobin Committee was taking a pragmatic position there," he said. •If the faculty is feeling persecuted by evaluation forms, they'll feel even more persecuted if they are made a matter of public record."

Associate Professor Robert \Vestbrook agreed. •My sense is that if the proposal passes muster, it will be in part because of the restricted access people have to the questionnaire," he said.

Apfel worried that the Tobin Committee had not fully considered a format for the teacher evaluation forms it was proposing. The functions of a Course Improvement Form , which Yale now uses, are very different from those of a

Rollin Riggs-The New Joumat

Robert Apfel, former chairman

of lht

Teo.ching and Learning Committee

teacher evaluation form and should be kept separate, he said. Course Improvement forms are for recommendations for improvement alone, he stressed, while evaluation forms are for rating a professor's performance.

"Any anempt to do two things at once would be a mistake," Apfel said. • If I think it's too confusing to the student about what role the forms are playing, I will oppose it.., To resolve the problem, Apfel suggested putting the two forms on separate sheets of paper. As at Princeton , the Course Improvement sheet could be sent to the professor for his personal use, while the evaluation sheet could be processed separately.

Apfel also urged that the Teaching

and Learning Committee not be given responsibility for distributing and processing the forms, as it does now for Course Improvement Forms. Apfel said the forms could not be administered and evaluated consistently by a body whose membership changes every year.

"The Teaching and Learning Comminee should not become an implementation organization," he said .

"There is really very little long-term memory. It has to be adopted by the administration.,.

The battle over evaluation forms is just beginning, Apfel said. •1 think there's going to be a lot of negative talk about evaluation forms, I think student input is going to be very important. •

•

W.J .

11

A movement to lighten teaching load Nathan Copple

Associate and assistant professors are often faced with a conflict between devoting their energies toward teaching which is what they are paid to do, or towards research, which is what is most likely to get them tenure. While The Tobin report attempts to address the concerns of the junior faculty, some junior faculty members in the English Department are seeking to reduce the number of courses they must teach.

This would theoretically give them more time for scholarship, as well as improve the quality of teaching.

The plan ciills for reducing the junior faculty teaching load by two courses every three years. Ounior faculty currently teach five courses per year; senior professors teach only four.) The proposal was approved on November 6 by the English Department's Undergraduate Studies Committee (USC). If it passes the rest of the department, and then the senior faculty, it will be achieved by eliminating the Intensive Major Program, dropping seven of the upperlevel seminars, and adding two students to all of the sections of English 115, 125 and 129.

"I think this is as honorable a compromise as they could have reached," observed Assistant Professor Bryan Wolf. "Junior faculty in the English Department are vastly overworked. In addition to teaching one course more than most humanities professors, they must teach the courses (i.e., the freshman writing courses) farthest from their own research."

If the proposal passes, a significant

12

amount of teaching t1me will be lost.

With about 40 junior faculty members losing an average of two-thirds of a term per year, some 26-27 terms must be cut. Associate Provost Ellen Ryerson called the possibility of a junior faculty course load reduction "unreasonable, at best. We've made studies of this sort of thing before, and we don't believe it's academically feasible."

This year's push for load reduction began in October when the department's Director of Undergraduate Studies (DUS), Patricia Spacks, and the Associate DUS, Thomas Hyde, were asked to draft a list of places to trim the department's curriculum should some cutbacks be necessary. Hyde noted that the projected budget for next year made some cuts inevitable, and there was a "fairly widespread dissatisfaction with the shape of the curriculum. For example, there are seminars with only three people in them, and I think that this is because there's so~e unnecessary and unproductive duplication among our courses."

The initial report detailed some changes even more drastic than those currently under consideration, such as teaching English 129 as a lecture course, eliminating 13 seminars (vs. the current seven), or tossing out English 120 altogether. None of this was known to any undergraduates, with the exception of four seniors who, as members of the English Student Advisory Committee (ESAC), attended sessions of the USC. Jonothan Rak '82 , the head of

this years ESAC, had seen the proposal in advance and conducted a small, informal survey of students whose choice of courses would be affected by it. Majors and non-majors alike agreed that many of the suggested cutbacks were drastic, some unacceptable. Rak assembled these opinions and presented them to the USC. He also argued that "many of these cutbacks are on paper only. Clearly, some one will have to teach all of these displaced students, regardless of how they are all shifted around." Between Rak's objections and others which ranged from "practical to political," the committee eventually rejected the motion as it stood.

This action, however, only served to prolong what Hyde called "a sense of urgency among junior faculty members this fall. We probably won't have another opportunity to make a proposal like this for a long time." A different course reduction plan was proposed last year, only to be sent back by the senior faculty members for further planning and data.

The English department places a lot of emphasis on its freshman courses.

The most objectionable aspect of the current proposal is thus that it would inflate the size of freshman courses. But Hyde is quick to point out that grading the papers of the 22 students of one section is a far easier thing to do than grading those for the 40 students of two sections. "If anything," he said, "I would hope that the quality of teaching in these larger sections would go up."

The loss of seven seminars would not

..

Keep up with the times Clothing jewlery Leather Goods Gifts from around the world affect as many students as does this section size increase, but it will,for the first time, effectively exclude non-majors from most seminars as well as limit the choices of majors who will be taking them. The English Department intends to compensate for this seminar loss by offering four additional lecture courses.

But lecture sections do not substitute for seminars since many sections have 30 people and are taught by graduate students.

It is difficult to assess the validity of 1022 Ch IS the junior faculty's objection to their ape t . workload. Five courses per year is the New Haven, CT. 06510 norm for all language and literature departments at Yale., but by no means does it apply to the other distributional groups. Most humanities departments, ITAI.IA" for example, require only four courses RESTAlRA"'T from their junior faculty; in the natural and P IZZA 1 Oo/o OFF WITH THIS AD sciences, all faculty teach only one lab on delicious pizza and or course per semester, but about half of calzone baked specialties their work is for the government, and they are paid accordingly. and grinders Courseload comparisons are difficult even within Group I. While much of the time invested by the foreign literature departments is spent simply Complete Take out Service in teaching the language, the University 1 004 Chapel near College expects the English Department to sharpen everyone's critical reading skills Tel: 777-4322 and fme-polish their command of 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - writing. "Everyone" here can be taken pretty literally- this year, for example, there are 14 freshman who arm~ taking an English course .

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Nallum Copple ira soplwmme in Saybrook.

13

...

Jeff Strong-The N - Journal

Dj Holly Oliver on the air in tlu FM studio -

The strange case of WYBC Jim Lowe For at least the past five years, WYBC, the Yale Broadcasting Company, has been in a peculiar position. Wellrespected and with high listener ratings in the New Haven area, the radio station does n ot reach many Yale students.

Although it is a registered undergraduate organization and receives rent-free space in Hendrie Hall from the University, few Yale students are involved in the station.

Currently less than half of the approximately 85 station members are Yale students, according to station Treasurer Ralph Lopez. At times in the past few years the percentages bave been as low as 10-20 per cent.

Over the past few years the Universi14

ty administration h as expressed concern over this situation. Said Dean of Student Affairs David H enson , "I don't want to force WYBC to do anything, but I do want to make sure that their facilities are available to make contributions to the lives of students. Their charter states that that is what they are supposed to do."

The officers of WYBC say they are trying to change the situation. Last year they reactivated WYBC-AM, a closedcircuit station broadcasting exclusively to the Yale campus. They hope that the presence of Yale-oriented broadcasting will encourage students to get involved.

"We really want Yale students to get involved," said Diana Riesman, the station's General Manager. "There's a lot of promise here, we just need people to take advantage of the facilities. It seems that almost no one knows we're here."

Reasons Why is there such a weak link between WYBC and Yale? One reason certainly is that the station's 1200 watt commercial FM station is not geared toward a Yale audience. Bodt Riesman and Lopez readily admit that WYBC-FM is a New Haven and not a Yale station, and that it will almost definitely remain as such. It broadcasts a programing schedule of daytime jazz, Sunday classical and nightly Spectrum, a show

of black programing consisting for the most part of disco and soul. In addition the station broadcasts a number of public access shows aimed at the New Haven community.

WYBC is not the only college station that directs it.s programing at the surrounding community rather than to the University. Dan Geller, the General Manager of Cornell's WVBR-FM admitted, "We play a game. Our logo says that we are the radio station of Tompkins County, but at the same time our charter requires us to 'train Cornell students in radio.' We try to balance these two callings." H owever, unlike WYBC , WVBR is "90 per cent students." WFRD-FM and WDCR-AM at Dartmouth have similar student percentages, though they too aim their programing at the neighboring communities.

Yalies have not always been absent from WYBC. When it was founded 40 years ago and up until 1959 the station was solely closed-circuit AM, broadcasting only to the Yale campus and operated entirely by Yale students. By the mid-1950s the station had grown into one of the most popular student activities. However, as soon as it was installed in 1959, the FM station, which covers New Haven and surrounding communities, began to gain precedence at WYBC. The AM station became

basically a training ground for the FM. In 1968 major changes hit WYBC. The programing changed from a con· servative blend of classical and folk music to a schedule of progressive rock, black programing, jazz and community-related talk programs. During the same period of time the Federal Communications Commission began to press college stations to operate during vacations and summer periods and thus non-Yale people were encouraged to join in order to operate the station dur· ing those months.

For a short time in the late 1960s and early 1970s WYBC dominated the radio ratings in New Haven. In the ear· ly 1970s, however, WPLR joined the New Haven radio market and took much of WYBC's format and hired away the best of the station's air staff.

The station began to lose its ratings position, and it reexamined its programing. Black Spectrum began to grow in importance as did WYBC's New Haven-oriented public access programs.

In 1972 the link to the Yale campus was lost. A studio frre knocked the closed-circuit WYBC-AM off the air.

All Yale related programing generated by the Yale Broadcasting Company came to a halt.

When on July 4 , 1977 WYBC cancelled almost all of its progressive rock programing and moved to the present schedule even more student interest was lost. By 1979 WYBC had only limited student involvement. The top three executive positions remained in the hands of Yale students mostly because the sta· tion by-laws required it. For the most part, Yale students were looked upon as foreigners at WYBC. As Joanne Lipman, a junior who spent her freshman year working at WYBC , said, "Yale didn't count at the station." The Yale community didn't figure in WYBC's focus.

tion Manager at WPLR, said that most of the people she had met from WYBC were "very fine people. I have been very impressed with a number of them." She also points out that a college education, in addition to previous radio experie~ce, is becoming increasingly important in the industry, WYBC's facilities also have a lot to offer. Despite the fact that the station receives no operating funds from the University, it has managed to maintain an impressive record library and has obtained a good, if not state of the art, collection of equipment. Both Riesman and Lopez insist that the equipment situation will improve significantly in the future. "We don't have the revenue from ads like WDCR has but then they're number one in their market. We don't have that opportunity here. It's good stuff, but it could be better," said Lopez.

Succeaa?

The success ofWYBC's current effort to attract students will depend largely on the revitalized AM station. Riesman and others are counting on it to be the main Yale link. "The AM is already providing the rock music most Yalies

Jeff Strong-The New Journal

The opportunities

WYBC General MatUJ.ger Diana Riesmo.n hopes to attract more students to the station

"This place is a goldmine," said Riesman. "Where else could I be head of a legitimate company at my age? I mean, WYBC has respect everywhere but Yale."

WYBC has the greatest respect in New Haven, particularly in the black community. But perhaps more impor· tantly from a Yale student's point of view, WYBC has a good reputation in the radio industry. Dick Cavett and joe Smith of ElektralAsylum Records are both WYBC alums. As mentioned earlier WPLR went to the trouble of hiring away a portion of the WYBC air staff. Indeed, Paula Schneider, the Sta·

want to hear. Also, we are already broadcasting every football game .

We're just starting," Riesman said. She talks of adding more live sports coverage and perhaps increasing the AM broadcast hours. Much depends on more manpower.

All is not well at the AM, however.

At present the station can be received at only a very few locations on campus.

Much of the station's transmitting system needs to be replaced. This will take a great deal of money, something the station does not have at the moment. Lopez says that attempts are be-

ing made to raise funds for the AM and also for new FM equipment, but as of yet there have been no measurable results.

There are other problems with the AM. Not only do people complain they cannot hear the station, they feel that even where it can be received its 3:00 p.m. to midnight schedule is not sufficient to serve the community. As Dean Henson said, "The AM is a good step, but it is only a step."

What Dean Henson and others want to see in the end are more students working at WYBC. But student recruitment by the station and student access to station membership are both prob· lems. WYBC did not include information in the information packet sent to freshmen over the summer and did not submit information to the Yale College Council Student Handbook for publication in the 1981-82 edition. Even if a student were to fmd out about WYBC it would still be necessary for him to attend the station's six week training program and then pass a test in order to become a member. Not only is the time commitment excessive for many students, but some who have attended part of the program had criticisms for the way it was run. The station is not blind to those criticisms. Lopez admitted that the training program might be a deterrent to some students.

"Wt; understand there might be a problem there," Lopez said. "We're thinking about bringing back the heeling system the station used to use. We haven't made a decision yet."

Finally, there remains some question as to the depth of the station's commitment to bring in Yale students.

Riesman and Lopez both leave their positions at the end of this month, and thus this situtation is basically out of their hands. Only time will tell what the new officers will do.

While WYBC has made steps toward integrating Yale and its students into its operation , there has yet to be a concerted effort to complete the task.

Without improvements in the AM and without a concerted effort to recruit students little will be accomplished. It remains to be seen if the station will actually take these steps, and if the Yale Broadcasting Company can offer opportunities and an .atmosphere that will attract Yale students- the people the station's charter says it is supposed to train .

•

Jim Lowe, a.freshman in Morse, was General MatUJ.ger of WSPS-FM, a ten watt staJion in Concord, New Hampshire.

15

Kathleen

Cleaver~

Kathlem Cleaver, a j unior at Yale, is the wife former Black Panther leader Eldridge Cleaver. She returned to college this semester after a 15-year odyssey of activism and exile.

After bnejly attmding Oberlin and Barnard, Kathletm. worlcd for the Stw:knt Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1966. She mam"ed Eldridge in 1967 and became communications secretary for the Black Panther Party. Four months after their marriage, Eldridge was a"ested in connection with a shoot-out betwem Black Panther members and the Oakland Police.

Eldridge Cleaver was evmtually released .from prison on a wn"t of habeas corpus, but when he was later ordrred to return, hefod the country. Kathlem met him in Algiers in 1969 and they later moved to Paris. In 1975, Eldridge su"mdered to U.S. authon"ties, and returned to prison. His statements reflected such a change .from previous positions that critics charged he had sold out. Two years ago, he pleaded guilty to a reduced charge, and was smtmced to five years probation.

Cu"mtly, Eldn"dge is writing, lectun"ng, and planning to run for mayor of Oakland in 1984. Kathletm. is taking care of their two childrm, studying history at Yale and wn"ting her autobiography, On October 31, Ed Emnett and Andy Court intervUwed Kathletm.

Cleaver in The New Journal offices m / 05 Becton Cmter.

of

The Cleavers with attorney Charles Garry outside of an Oakland Courthouse in September, 1968 up-,

NJ: W hen you and your husband decided to return to the States, you knew that meant that he was going to have to go to prison.

Cleaver: Yes. It took about six weeks to m ake all the arrangements, and before he left, he knew what prison h e was going to and the people in the Depanment ofJustice that were responsible. But, the three years before that, I

16

had been going back and forth trying to get various attorneys in Washington or California or somewhere to do something so he could come back to the U.S. a n d be o u t on bail. After three years it became obvious that this was impossible. T hat was his desire; he preferred to come back and be free on bail, but he couldn't . So, he chose to come back and go to jail .

J

Changing with the times

NJ: Why? Why that decision?

Cleaver: Well, he didn't want to stay out of the U.S. any longer. Reagan wasn't governor in California any longer. They had a different governor; it was Jerry Brown. Nixon had been driven out of the White House in disgrace. John Mitchell, who was the chief architect of the whole repression that we were up against, had been convicted. I think he was in trial or else he had been convicted of obstruction of justice, which is about the mildest thing you can say about what he did. The CIA had been exposed. The commit• tees had come out and proved, and Senate investigations had documented, how the FBI and the CIA and other federal agencies had conducted surreptitious attacks in efforts to destroy the movement and organization and kill the leaders. All the hit lists that they had and tactics, all their documents were coming out. Even the FBI agents that accompanied Eldridge back on the airplane to New York said, "Who knows? We might be in jail together."

They didn't know what was going to happen to them. All the stuff they were doing was illegal.

•

NJ: They said this on the way back, on the plane?

Cleaver: Yes. We knew; it wasn't any surprise to us. All these things were being done to us. If people are conspiring to kill you, you know it. If eight years later it comes out in the press, you know, the FBI conspired to kill you, you're not surprised. It's just that you feel vindicated, and that your point has been acknowledged. And, furthermore, they'd stopped.

Also, the Vietnam War was over. A lot of the polarization that our movement was operating in, the very polarized political and social situation where

you had people vehemently and violently opposed to the Vietnam War, was gone. The whole system of confidence in the government had eroded, and by this time it was so low that the power relationship between the government and the citizen had changed a lot.

NJ: You were no longer afraid that he might be killed in prison?

Cleaver: No, well, not in the prison he was sent to. He was sent to a high security federal installation in San Diego. That wasn't the prison that he was supposed to go to when he left the country. He was supposed to go to San Quentin.

Rollin Riggs-The N - Journal

NJ: When he came back to prison , what did you do?

Cleaver: I packed up; I cleaned out our house and packed it up and stored the stuff. Then, I flew to Los Angeles.

NJ: The two children?

Cleaver: I had sent them earlier.

NJ: They were old enough that you had to try to explain to them what was going on.

Cleaver: Yes. NJ: Was it hard?

Cleaver: It wasn't hard; they couldn't really understand. You can always tell them their Daddy's going to jail. They didn't get it. They didn't like Nixon too much. They figured somehow he was connected. They had a very infantile understanding, but they were there when he surrendered, so they saw him on televisio n , they saw him being handcuffed. They saw him being taken off.

They'd go and visit him in jail. They wanted to know. They'd ask, "Daddy, did you kill somebody?" and he'd say "No." "Well, that's what they said on the news." You know these types of things.

Kalhken CWwn- today You know, there was a shoot-out.

The case for which he was under indictment was for participating in an encounter with the Oakland police in which one Black Panther was killed and eight Black Panther members were arrested. I think there were 50 to 65 (policemen] shooting at him.

NJ: This is when your husband and Bobby Hutton were in a house?

Cleaver: Yes, but there were other people there, they just ended up being trapped there. It was for that incident in Oakland for which he was going to stand trial. All the other people had already been tried, and the manner in which the case was handled was very hysterical . You can imagine "Armed black [men) in our city, threatening the police, threatening order.• The manner in which the police responded in Oakland exposed a lot of the things that the Black Panther party and the left were about, what they were against: violence. P eople hadn't really believed 17

"If eight years later It comes out In the press [that] the FBI conspired to kill you, you're not surprised."

diat that's the way they operated until then.

NJ: You're saying that the Black Panthers were against violence at that point?

Cleaver: They were against random and arbitrary police violence on the black community. Their position was that they should exercise self-defense.

They shouldn't allow the police to be violent in the neighborhood. It became really a very vicious struggle over who was in charge. The police assumed they were in charge. They wanted to destroy any group that challenged their authority. The Panthers challenged it constantly by their very existence.

discrimination in terms of employment, education and housing. All of these things were very deliberately intertwined in a society that was violently disturbing black people. So, the response that the Black Panther party articulated was one of self-defense, not of passively protesting. If it came to a question of violence, then they should retaliate with violence.

and I was very idealistic. I had been brought up as a Christian; I was in a Quaker school and I really believed in the Bible. It seemed that there was a spiritual dimension in the civil rights struggle that I responded to. It was just for people not to be oppressed, so all we had to do was demonstrate to the people that they're doing wrong and by being gentle and Christian, you will shame your enemy into changing his ways.

NJ: How did the transformation take 1 That's the basic philosophy of nonplace in your head from the non-violent violence.

...

NJ: By carrying guns?

Cleaver: At the time, that was legal, but they quickly insisted that the law be changed. So, the Panthers weren't carrying guns publicly, but they all owned guns.

NJ: Was violence viewed as a legitimate means to achieve political ends?

Cleaver: It's not that it's legitimate, but that it might be necessary. Prior to then, prior to the Black Panther party, the whole civil rights movement believed that they should pursue what they wanted by non-violent means.

They should use political pressure, marches, demonstrations, even civil disobedience.

NJ: So what changed that?

Cleaver: Well, the Black Panthers didn't believe that. We felt that all that had been accompanied by a lot of brutality. The central issues, the real hard problems that black people had to deal with were crummy housing, indecent schools, total lack of political input,

18

KaJhlem Cleaver takes notes in John Blum's Amenean Public Policy course

integrationalist tactics of Martin Luther King to the tactics of the Black Panthers?

Cleaver: When I became interested in the tactics of Martin Luther King, I was about 15 or 16 years old.

NJ: This was in what year?

Cleaver: 1962. I was in high school

NJ: So what happened? How did that change?

Cleaver: It didn't work that well. The enemy didn't seem to get transformed quickly enough.

NJ: But it did get some specific legislation: the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Civil Rights Act. Things were moving.

Cleaver: Yes, but at the age of 20, there's nothing that can move fast enough if you think that your people have been opp ressed and enslaved and held down for 400 years by these vicious United States.

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NJ: So your attitude changed before you met Eldridge?

Clea v e r : Yes. I t seemed to me that the way to rearrange things was through war. W hen people reach the point that they won't respect you, they won't give you what you want and they won't be reason able, then just shoot them. Then , you can talk to them.

NJ : Shoot ftrst and ask questions later?

Clever: No. If you make it clear that you're not going to be pushed around any more, that anyone who tries will be shot, it changes the dialogue a lot.

NJ: Then what happened?

Clever: The entire weight of the government was thrown against it (the movement] and eventually that weight su ppressed it and broke it apart. It wasn't that organized to begin with. It didn't destroy the beliefs in the people, but it did destroy the manner in which they could carry them out in an organized fashion. Once that happens, in my case anyway, you ask questions.

What if the whole government dropped d ead and said O.K ., it's all yours, you change it? Could this group of revolutionaries have done it? Frankly I don't think so.

NJ : W hy?

Cleaver: Because they were so busy trying to destroy something. There were two reasons why they failed. One, they didn't understand what they were trying to destroy. They only had a partial appreciation of it. The other thing,

Aollln Riggs- n.. N - Journal

K aJhlem aruJ Eldridge Cktwn- with their children Joju, age 11 (kft), aruJ Maceo, age 12 (righJ)

the destruction of it won't be the total solution to the problem. The problem they were protesting in a large part was a spiritual problem which will exist regardless of your economic, political, or social structure. T hey will always manifest themselves in different ways.

People kill and hate and try to ruin each other's happiness in any society. This is not limited to the United States of America.

NJ: Do you think being forced to live o u tside the society for so many years changed your view of America?

Cleaver: Yes. It made it look a lot bette r . You get to make some realistic comparisons. That's what happened to Eldridge in a lot of ways. H e got to see the Soviet Union and the communist world and the Third World and Europe. He saw that America was a lor better off in many respects than any of

those societies. You have a different perspective.

NJ: Did the transform ation of you and your husband's ideas happen fairly parallel when you lived abroad?

C le aver: Probably, but not consciously. He seemed to be more radicalJy changed. He was more vocal about it.

My change was less articulate and more personal. I got tired of people ripping me off and telling me lies. I had to reexamine who were these people who claimed to be revolutionary.

NJ: Were you religiously moved?

Cleave r : Yes, yes.

NJ: But did what was happening ro- your political ideas somehow tie into what was happening to your religious ideas?

C lever: It could be. My religious ideas

19

"I got tired of people ripping me off and telling me lies. I had to re-examine who were these people who claimed to be revolutionary."

had been abandoned about the time of my graduation from high school. I was 18. By the time my revolutionary ideas started collapsing, they were revived. In a way I was startled to d iscover that things I though t I no longer believed I still d id believe. T he character of some people who claimed to be revolutionary was very disturbing to me. They were doing things and saying things I really couldn't go along with. I had to realize that the reason I couldn't go along with it was because there was a conflict in values.

NJ: What specific religious values?

C leave r : That you should be generous and kind, you shouldn't shoot and steal, that you shouldn't lie. All revolutionaries lie.

NJ:

P ropaganda?

C leaver: Yes, they talk only about the negative qualities of the thing they're opposing, and they're not going to be able to present a balanced view. The truth is lost. That began to disturb me.

NJ : You were communications secretary, so you were aware of this. It was your job.

Cleave r : Yes. NJ: So you were lying?

Cleave r: No, it wasn't so much that I was lying, but it became clear to me that revolutionaries require lying. It wasn't so much the Black Panthers. I d idn't think so much that we were lying, but we were only talking about the bad stuff. The enemy. We were making the United States government our enemy by only talking about the most terrible aspects of it. We never gave any credit to anything good. T he black and white: that's a d istortion. After I'd been in Paris I was reading a lot of radical newspapers and newsletters from all of them, and the communist stuff would always say they won. Their newsleuers were not valid.

NJ What did they charge when you came back and your husband went to prison?

C leaver: They charged that he was an agent, that he had made a deal.

NJ Did they charge this against you personally also?

C leaver: I must have been in there somewhere. I think some Communist made a statement that m y father worked for the CIA.

20

NJ: How did you feel about that? Did you feel betrayed?

Clea ver: I thought it was rather absurd. I didn't feel betrayed. I felt that people were just saying stuff that they didn't know anything about. People love to do that. That's their favorite activity.

NJ: When you look back at the 1960s, do you see yourself in that mold?

C leaver : As a person who doesn't know? Sure, but I was only twenty-one.

I knew a lot for 21, but maybe just not enough .

NJ : Do you think it was a combination of being young and the times?

C lea ver: Yes. NJ: You would say you were naive?

Cleaver: No more than anyone else. I was a lot less naive than some people, but I was naive. We were all naive.

That's why we were revolutionaries.

NJ: But the decision that you made then really affected your life in a very serious way.

C leaver: They did. They also affected my outlook on life. They still affect my outlook on life, but I'm older, and I see there are explanations and historical processes that operate in any society to the disadvantage of somebody.

NJ: You have no contacts with the radicals anymore?

C leaver: What do you mean by that?

Why do you ask me that question?

NJ : I meant more in terms of the people who used to be Black Panthers who you still see.

Cle a ver : I know some, but the people I'm in touch with are no longer Black Panthers.

NJ : What are they doing?

C leaver: Everything. They're ratSmg families , going to school, working for the government.

NJ : A re they activists anymore?

C leaver: No, they're all too busy.

NJ : Are you active anymore politically?

Cleaver: No. NJ : Why not?

C leaver: Well, I'm busy.

NJ: Busy with what?

C leaver: Raising my kids, going to

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school. I've been working. If you decide to live within a society as a responsible citizen , then you get all the burdens. If you want to destroy your society, you d on't get caught up in it, and you don't want to be a part of it. You just want to stir up the people inside to be against it and challenge everybody. If you don't do that, then you become a part of society. That's why I've been so busy.

NJ: You've only been here a little while.

Cleaver: About 12 weeks.

NJ: You dropped out of college twice.

Why? Because it seemed irrelevant?

Cleaver: Yes, it was boring, dull, cold.

It didn't seem to relate to what the world was about.

NJ: Do you find that it's relevant now?

Cleaver: Yes. NJ: Do you think it's a change in place, in institution, or is it the way you're approaching it?

Cleaver: I think I have a better ability to select things to study that are relevant now.

In the last 20 years, a lot of things have changed, but they haven't changed right away. A lot of attitudes have changed; practices have changed.

They've changed a lot more quickly than they would have in any other society. That's the thing that's really intriguing to me: how is it possible that America can change so quickly in so many things? And, at the same time, not change really. The rock bottom stays the same. It's absolutely fascinating to me. I'd like to study that.

The fact that I'm intrigued by that and I've observed that makes the things that I study more interesting to me. I'm looking for certain pieces of information.

NJ: You can make the connection between history and people's Jives.

Cleaver: Yes. NJ: I think today we sometimes have trouble making that connection, because history hasn't imposed itself on our lives.

Cleaver: Well, it has, but you don't know it. There are a lot of things you take for granted.

NJ: It hasn't clobbered us yet.

Cleaver: No, but it looks like ¡ it just might. Don't worry, I think that you

might get a chance for history to clobber you, too.

NJ: I was just wondering whether since you've been in classes with a number of Yale students, and I'm sure you've had a chance to talk with them, do you perceive the differences?

Cleaver: I can't judge, because when I was 18 or 19 and in college, I was with other people like me. Now, I'm different. Students seem kind of nebulous.

They don't know one way or the other what they're going to be. What they are one week they might be different the next. They're not really fixed on anything. I think I was, in a way, a lot more fixed on certain things.

NJ: I'm very interested in what you said earlier about students today being more sophisticated. Do you perceive us as being more selfish ?

Cleaver: Yes, you're not spiritual and idealistic. Some are, but we all were.

We did believe in democracy and things. Do you think about that stufl? I guess it was romantic. Maybe that was the difference. Your generation isn't very romantic. They listen to that terrible, disgusting music, like what my son listens to.

NJ: What did you listen to?

Cleaver: What my parents thought was terrible and disgusting: rock and roll. I don't listen to it anymore, that's the difference. I also listen to jazz. now I like to listen to the symphony. Maybe it has to do with age.

NJ: For someone who was an activist-and I feel you're not a revolutionary anymore, but you still consider yourself an activist, someone who'd be willing to become involved againdoesn't it disturb you to see people who are much more oriented along career and personal lines, but not political lines?

Cleaver: Everybody talks about it.

NJ: It's a cliche.

Cleaver: Yes. You ask me if that's disturbing. I'm not sure, because I think I need to know what kinds of attitudes and people are they who are going to become the future. What kinds of attitudes are they going to exhibit as lawyer, businessman, surgeon, politician? If they are really humane and really people who are concerned about their schools, their neighbors, the environment, then they'll take positive steps. If the issue arises that they're not,

and they don't care; they're out to make money; they're out for themselves; that's very destructive and alienating. If they want to participate in a destructive and alienating way, they have an enormous opportunity to do that. That's disturbing to me. M y generation didn't want to participate as professionals within that kind of society. We'd rather change it. We'd rather spend our time figuring out how to get rid of that stuff than helping it grow. There's a revolutionary undercurrent in America. It pops up and it goes away, and then it pops up again.

NJ: It's like a phoenix.

Cleaver: Yes, it is. Every time it pops up it gets completely destroyed.

NJ: There will probably be another spurt.

Cleaver: Probably.

NJ: And it will mess up a lot of peoples' lives. Did it mess up your life?

Cleaver: Well, it made a big dent in it, but I don't think it messed it up.

NJ: I'm very interested aboutCleaver: Why I'm in college at the same time as you? I d on't mind the fact that I'm in school and I have to go back and start over. That's not the worst thing in the world. There are a lot of people who didn't even survive. Their lives really are messed up. They're in a penitentiary and they're going to be there for the rest of their lives. They're in the underground.

NJ: Could that have happened to you?

Cleaver: Yes, it could have happened, easily.

NJ: Do you think about that a lot?

Cleaver: No, it's not the kind of thing you want to dwell on. I think about it; I'm very conscious of it. I'm very happy that it didn't happen to me.

NJ: Now you're working on your autobiography?

Cleaver: Yes, I think this deserves one. It would take a while to explain all of this.

â&#x20AC;˘

Hikzry Callo.Jum, a .freshrntul in Morse, providu.l editorial assistona for this inuroimJ.

21

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Profile: Joel Schiavone developing downtown Linda Schupack The mem bers of "B. B . Hind and the Blue Mooners" do not have to worry about finding a New Haven gig. Their guitarist, J oel Schiavone, owns New H aven R estaurant.

And quite a bit more.

Since he became active in New H aven developm ent four year s ago, Schiavone, Yale '58, has become a main mover in the down town revitalization effort. H e owns over $5 million in New Haven real estate and his interests include the New Haven Restaurant, the New Haven Nighthawks, and the Connecticut Limosine Service.

Although he owns eight corporations, Schiavone eschews the staid and stodgy three-piece suited business world, attending meetings clad in khakis and lzods.

Several years ago, he sent a Christmas card which featured him in somber pinstripes standing next to his office desk.

A n engraved insert explained that he had been asked for an official portrait.

No lamb in wolfs clothing, Sch iavone had the inside of the card show the same scene- except his back was to th e camera, stark naked.

Not everyone appreciates Schiavone's style.

"When you're dealing with the conservative banking community," said one city staffer, "it basically comes down to the fact that he doesn't wear socks.

"He is erratic. H e's in two different bands and he's appeared on the Green in a tutu. Bankers have to ask, 'Do we want to be out on the line several million dollars in mortgage money on him?'"

Schiavone recognizes that his personal style may be difficult for the business community to accept, but says people eventually come around. Com-

NruJ H aDen tkv~loptr, busitUsmuur, banjo player, jOt[ SchiavotU

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"It basically comes down to the fact that he doesn't wear socks."

24

menting on the infamous pink tutu that he sported at the New Haven Bed Race, Schiavone smiled sheepishly and said, "I've had my moments. It's too bad I don't have a photo. I've got great legs."

Schiavone was not always a colorful character in New Haven. A selfdescribed "non-entity" at Yale, he explained, "I didn't go to the right prep school and I did not do the right things.

I always felt kind of awkward."

In Silliman, Schiavone played intramural soccer and tennis. When he ventured out of the confines Of Yale it was not necessary to frequent downtown New Haven night spots.

"I went to girls' colleges-Conn. College and Smith. There was no reason. I just didn't have anything else to do."

Schiavone doesn't blame Yale entirely for his ambivalent feelings. "I was not a very mature person at the time. Fifteen years later, I became secretary of the class and am still. I met a large number of people I was sure I didn't like and now I found out I like them."

After graduating from Harvard Business School in 1961, Schiavone took a temporary leave of absence from the family scrap metal business. Unable to get a banjo gig in Boston, he bought his own bar. In a matter of several years, over a dozen Your Father's Mustaches- a gay Nineties style pub- stretched across the United States and Europe.

Schiavone phased out most of the clubs by the early seventies. "The oldtime nostalgia was selling less and less.

Drugs and hard rock were not a part of our philosophy of life."

The realization that night-club night life was not conducive to a wife and child brought Schiavone back to the family business that he now owns with his brother. The company diversified in 1974, and soon Joel Schiavone scrap metal alchemist was also owner of the Shoreline Times, Connecticut Limosine Service, and the New Haven Nighthawks.

Beginning in 1978, Schiavone strategically bought up properties in what he considered "the emotional heart" of downtown New Haven. By showing his faith in the economic vitality of the city, Schiavone hoped to lure other investors downtown.

..

Rollin Rlgga-Yale Dally N-â&#x20AC;˘

&hiavone, dressed here in a pinlc tutu for the New Haven Bed Race

Schiavone renovated two run-down downtown buildings which now house Bryan Alden and the New Haven Restaurant. The New Haven Restaurant with all its New Haven memorabilia exemplifies Schiavone's role in the city.

With its slogan, "A great town-A great restaurant," it sells not only french fried ice cream but an image of the city as well.

Currently, Schiavone's main projects are the Elisha Blackman building on the corner of York and Chapel and the Warner building across from the Art and Architecture building, plans for commercial space on the bottom and either esidential or office space above.

The Warner building will also have stores on the first floor and twenty-two luxury apartments above. Using photos of the buildings in 1895, Schiavone will attempt to have it look exactly as it did in that era.

In the future, Schiavone plans to tum the College St./Crown St. area into an entertainment district. He has brought up buildings surrounding the Shubert Theater and proposed to convert the Roger Sherman Theater, across the

street, into a performing arts complex.

Financial negotiations with the city have been strained in the past, but talks have resumed recently. H e anticipates an important announcement regarding its status later this year.

Schiavone has been criticized for not living up to his visions.

"He came on the scene, two or three year s ago, as Mr. Downtown Developer. H e built an image that I don't think is sustained by his performance," said Andrew Houlding, managing editor of the New Haven AdvocilU. "The image is that he'll spend a lot of money to do things right. The fact is-either he doesn't pay attention to the specifics of the work or he had no intention of doing it in the first place."

The AdoocilU had run a story in March detailing thr- Schiavone Realty and Development Corporation's violation of fire codes at 1044 C hapel St. Fire escapes were in disrepair and workmen had nailed fire escape doors shut, according to Houlding. A Legal Assistance lawyer said the Corporation moved to force tenants out of the building by raising rents before renovations were completed . The Schiavone Realty and Development Corporation has been involved in 17 eviction cases since 1976.

Critics also point out that it is taking Schiavone more than three years to renovate the Blackman building, during which time it has been left an ugly, gutted hulk.

Schiavone admits that development is a "slower process than rd imagined. rve only been involved in real estate for four years, and the past two to three have been an cilisolute disaster from a development point of view.• Interest rates have risen from eight to 21 percent.

"It's impossible to do developr;nent work without mortgage money. Neather Yale nor any finanical institution has made any attempt to provide mortgage m oney in downtown New Haven.

Unless som eone in the city takes the leadership, it's going to prolong the process ad infinitum."

Some see Schiavone's impulsiveness as his real problem.

"In his three buildings on Crown and College St., he had the tenants out and

the demolition started before the financial package was together," said a city government source. "This is not the conservative 'one step at a time' theory operating. It basically guarantees the building sitting vacant for a while."

The tendency to change seemingly 350 Orange Street faxed attitudes is characteristic of - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - Schiavone. "It can be very positive in that it gives him a flexibility, but it also ROSEY'S TAILORS means you can't pin him down. You & CLEANERS think a building is going to be commercial on the first floor and residential EST. 1888 above, then you discover it's all residential. There are code implications in this • Superior Dry Cleaning change." said a source in city government.

• Lapels narrowed H enry Milone, owner of Gentree, • Zippers Ltd. and The Brewery, offers another • Custom Alterations perspective on Schiavone's protean • Leather & Suede Cleaning tendency. "He never answers your questions, but he'll navigate you towards solving your own. He somehow instills the interest and en- 82 WALL ST. 562-8336 thusiasm to answer the question yourself. You leave saying 'Yes, there is an answer and I can find it myself.'"

Milone sees the showman side of Schiavone as an "escape from the methodical very calculated life he leads.'' For four hours a day he's flamboyant, Milone says; he spends the remaining time concentrating on the conGREEK • IT ALIA cer_ns of eight major corporations.

• AMERICA FOODS Schiavone's self-awareness impresses Milone. "Joel took me to Boston, to a class on family-held corporations at Specializing in Harvard. It was a case study course and they were studying his. I sat in on the Moussaka Pastichio lecture he gave and was amazed at his awareness of who he is, his honesty Spanakopita Suvlaki regarding his limitations, and his candidness about his abilities.• Giro Schiavone has indeed reflected on his Greek Salad activities, past and present.

"There's an enormous amount of ego involved," he said. "When I was at Yale, I had a lot of inferiority and insecurity.

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25

Research---The tiniest wires In town Timothy Misner

In the last ten years, no area of technology has changed how Americans live and work more than microelectronics, which each year has produced smaller, cheaper, more sophisticated devices, ranging from wrist-watches to computers. But industry is gradually approaching the limit of how much circuitry it can cram onto a tiny silicon chip using today's most advanced technique. As researchers discover new ways to make smaller structures, they find that the materials they work with behave differently.

At Yale, Professor of Engineering and Applied Science Daniel Prober is working with some of the smallest electronic structures ever made. His research has shown that the resistance of very thin wires increases as the temperature is lowered, the direct opposite of what happens with thicker wires. In fact, a thin wire can change. from being a conductor at room temperature to being an insulator at temperatures close to absolute zero.

In order to study this unusual property, Prober pioneered several new techniques in microfabrication. He and associates M.D. Feuer and N. Gior-

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dano made a major breakthrough two years ago when they found a way to construct a true thin wire, ten-thousand times smaller than a strand of hair, becoming the world's smallest wire.

Though it can only make simple structures, Prober's technique can d efine features 20 times smaller than the most common industrial technique. These structures are so small that he examines his work using an electron m icroscope, and even then it appears a little fuzzy.

To make a thin, metal wire, Prober first creates a microscopic step on a glass slide. He covers the step with a metal film and then shoots Argon ions at the slide from an angle. The ions eat away all the exposed metal, b u t they cannot reach a thin sliver protected by the step. The idea is a simple one.

When someone shines a flash!ight down a flight of stairs, a certain area of each step remains sh aded. Similarly, P rober's step shades an area from the ions, and that is where the wire is formed.

Prober became interested in studying thin wires when he heard Dr. D.].

Thouless, a renowned theoretical physicist, speak at Yale. T houless explained his theory that thin wires would stop conducting electricity as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

But before Probq could conduct any experiments, he had to fmd a way to make them.

Strangely enough, Prober's inspiration for making thin wires struck him while standing in the fourth floor men's room of Becton Center.

"I remember I was thinking of smearing a wire against a step, just like you apply puddy to a window edge," said Prober. "Then it occurred to me-coat the whole window with puddy and then remove everything, except [the puddy] along the edge of the window . . . As soon as I thought of it, I knew it was right."

Once they had the small wires, they proceeded to test Thouless' theory and found it, despite some quantitative differences, to be correct. The Yale experimentalists were the first to prove this, scooping Lincoln Labs, Bell Lab and IBM, all of which have greater facilities and resources.

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Prober also applied his technique to creating a special electronic circuit called ajosephsonjunction, which may one day be a key component in a new breed of computers. In the nearer future, they will be the sensing elements of the most precise magnotometers, which measure magnetic fields, and microwave detectors, which fingerprint the molecular components of stars.

Many of the practical applications of techniques developed today may not materialize for 10 to 20 years. But even more importantly, before engineers can build extremely small electronic devices, researchers, like Daniel Prober, will have to discover the basic physical relationships at these small size scales.

Because scientists are just beginning to investigate that end of the physical world, Prober is optimistic about the future.

"There are a huge number of scientific experiments that are yet to be created, let alone carried out. And as our capabilities for doing experiments extends down towards the molecular size scale, we can hope for a whole new realm of scientific exploration. Within 20 years, we will be able to conduct experiments at the same size scale as one does genetic engineering."

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27

Sports----A club that won't quit

It has been two years since men's gymnastics lost varsity sport status, and a year and a half since he has last been employed, yet Don Tonry returns daily to Payne-Whitney Gymnasium to volunteer his time as coach of the men's gymnastics club.

After founding the Yale gymnastics program, and spending 18 years as a coach and physical education instructor, Tonry was told in 1978 that budget cuts forced the Athletic Departm ent to terminate his position and reduce his sport to club status. Tonry took his case

Ed Sevilla

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Though no longer on tM Athletic Department's payroll, Don Tonry continues to coach gymnastics at Yale 28

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•

to a University grievance committee, which found his dismissal "not just" and called for his retention as men's gymnastic coach. However, the University declined to act on the committee's ruling, saying the committee had exceeded its authority. In 1978 Tonry sued Yale for breach of contract and age discrimination, but in 1980 a Connecticut District Court upheld the University.

At the same time Tonry was striken by multiple sclerosis, whose attacks, although never immobilizing, have at various times caused numbness, loss of speech, and partial blindness.

After all this, why does Tonry volunteer to coach gymnastics at Yale?

"Initially I did it to keep my sanity," he said. "I kept doing what I'd always been doing. I also felt an obligation, a guilt feeling I guess, towards the kids on the team I'd recruited."

Tonry says he harbors no iU feelings towards Yale. "I would like to be very bitter. But I've spent my whole teaching career here; I have a strong attachment to Yale. You have to, right? Also, I don't really know any other gym. I've been coming here for the past 20 years."

Don Tonry's commitment to the sport of gymnastics began at age 14 when he wandered into a Brooklyn YMCA and first saw a gymnastics class. Tonry went on to compete for the University of Illinois, winning the 1956 NCAA all-around competition. He has competed in three World Games and two Pan-American Games, and in 1960 he was a member of the United States Olympic Team.

Tonry's experience is part of what makes him an excellent coach, club members say. "Don is probably one of the top two or three men's gymnastics coaches in the nation," said Dan Leahy, captain of the men's gymnastics club.

"He essentially· grew up with the sport.

He personally knows the people who have invented the new moves in recent years. He's the kingpin , the piUarthere's certainly no better."

Tonry and his wife Barbara, the coach of the women's varsity, have created a unique gymnastics team spirit. "Don and Barb have been the surrogate parents of the club," said Kevin Shrock, defending Ivy League

"You look forward to winning and suddenly the prospect Is no longer there. It's been dlf· flcult for the club and the coach, It takes the hope away." all-around champion. ""We've gone to the Tonrys' house for club dinners and to see old gymnastics films- that adds to the family atmosphere. It makes the club work together a lot better. It makes it fun to work out."

This spirit keeps men's gymanstics alive at Yale, for the program has been hurt by the loss of varsity status. "We lost four things when we became a club sport," said Tonry. "We lost a coaching position, which is the most important factor. We lost money-now individuals must purchase their own uniforms; and if they can't afford to we look sloppy on the floor. We lose publicitystudents aren't recognized as athletes.

Because the level of competition among club sports varies, newspapers don't want club sports results. And we lose recruiting power automatically. Any athlete who wants to compete and study obviously goes to a school where they have both." ""We haven't had any recruits for two years," said Dan Leahy. "I know of a couple of gymnasts who were accepted

by Yale, but went elsewhere because we don't have a varsity program. This year four or five freshmen and sophomores have been coming out, but none have much experience."

For the inexperienced men's gymnastics club, then, victory is no longer the primary goal. ""We lost three seniors to graduation, and generally we lack depth," said Coach Tonry. "Of the twelve people in the club, five are beginners. I like to teach, but it's difficult. You look forward to winning, and suddenly the prospect is no longer there. It's difficult for the club and the coach, it takes the hope away. You do it for the sheer enjoyment of doing it."

"Our goals have changed since we've lost our talented guys," said Dan Leahy.

"We're going to have a good club, lots of

fun , with excellent individual performances." He pointed out Shrock, George Ostrow on the pommel horse, Adam Chin on the rings, and Bill Quinn in vaulting as examples of individual achievers. "We're not winoriented," he said. "Our goal now is individual highlights, having a good time, and doing our best."

"Gymnastics is not like football or basketball, where you either win or you lose," continued Leahy. "There's room for individual improvement in meets.

We're not in it to be heroes. The type of rewards we're after are types that can be satisfied if the club doesn't win."

But some club members wonder if the relaxed, less competitive tone of Yale men's gymnastics is enough to keep the program going. "The future of men's gymanstics at Yale is very unclear," said Leahy, a senior. "There is interest in the program- we've got a bunch of new guys, and we've had three prospective inquiries. Right now the program is kept together due to Dan's contribution of his free time. If he can keep up, the program could grow."

So the future of the Yale men's gymnastics program depends upon its founder, Don Tonry. "I'm working with lots of beginners again, and it's tough," he said. "As long as I'm up here, I suppose I'll do something. Without me, the~ people would train. But they would have no direction."

•

Ed &villa i.r a smior in Davmport

Colk_g~.

29

Books----Thinking through China's revolution Stephen Long

The Gau of Heavenly Peace

by Jonathan Spence 1981 Viking Press 465 pp.

Cheers, the thousands of mountains and rivers, aU liberated now, Unfurl the glowing red flag with five gold stars Chairman Mao waves his hand at the Gate of Heavenly Peace; In an instant, history has rolled away so many centuries.

- Lu Ping, 1962 At the South entrance of the old Imperial palace in Peking stands the Gateway of Heavenly Peace, which Chinese history professor Jonathan Spence has chosen as an emblem of the changes in China during 85 years of revolution and the title for his latest book. In The GaJe of Heavtn/y Peace, the political and social upheaval from 1895 to 1980 forms a backdrop for an exquisite portrayal of the lives of several of China's most distinguished writers, philosophers and intellectuals.

Spence makes his account personal and interesting by focusing on three individuals who tried to make sense of their lives in this turbulent period.

Kang Youwei was a Confucian scholar and political activist who struggled to revitalize the dying Ch'ing monarchy.

Lu Xun was a brilliant novelist and journalist during the period of warlordism and the subsequent struggle against Japan. Ding Ling, a feminist, became a major spokesman and critic of Mao's regime.

These intellectuals appear as adventurous, romantic figures who were willing to make difficult life decisions as they saw the results of China's social tunnoil. Ding Ling suffered through the arrest and murder of her lover, Hu Yepin, by the Guomintang. Even in these circumstances, Ding managed to continue writing. Ultimately, she decided to stake her fortunes with the Communist party. Her decision was perilous, for at the time of her arrival the Communists were in acute danger of being exterminated. Kang Youwei had stridently urged that China avoid bloodshed by enacting peaceful,

30

gradual political changes. But he came to despise a dictator, Yuan Shikai, so profoundly that he joined in assassination intrigues against the ruler. Lu Xun, while studying medicine in Japan, realized that China's weakness lay in its improverished spirit; he returned to China to pursue writing.

Burdened with a broader historical vision than that possessed by the ruling elite, the intellectuals were often frustrated in the activist political roles.

Kang Youwei repeatedly petitioned the surrogate Empress Dowager Cixi to instigate political reforms in order to ward-ofT disaster, but the conservative empress would not listen. Kang then made a futile attempt to restore the boy emperor Guangxu to the throne. The attempted insurrection was a disaster.

45 years later, Ding Ling found herself wavering in her loyalty to the Communists. She published an essay criticizing the regime. Women, she wrote, were not entirely emancipated in the new order: party cadres sneered at women who sought a career or refused to marry. In response, Mao quickly removed Ding from her editorial position and demanded that she and other intellectuals â&#x20AC;˘reflect on their attitudes concerning the Communist Party. â&#x20AC;˘ Ding Ling gave in and recanted.

Other characters emerge in Spence's account. Xu Zhimo's life, for instance, was both comic and very tragic. Xu came to the U.S. to study at Columbia, and then moved his residence to Cambridge, where he m et notable aesthetes

•

and fell in love with the wntmgs of Shelley. He returned to China, determined to discover an aesthetic spirit. In a period of brutality and hunger, Xu believed that China's hope lay in poetry and in the fearlessness and infinitude within the individual.

Spence manages to combine these diverse elements of characters' lives into a cohesive portrait. His narrative moves freely from character to character; like a novel, its interest increases as more characters are introduced and they begin to interact.

It seems a pattern is emerging in Spence's works. In The Death of Woman Wang, Spence explored the limitations and brutality of early Ch'ing life through the story of a woman who tried to run away from her husband. In both books, he presents history, not as a continuum of causes and effects, but rather as a collection of individual experiences.

The reader of The Gate of Heavenly Peace feels a deep empathy with the events in China because of this humanist approach.

•

Stephen Long is a junior in Saybrook.

new this fallPower and Politics THE PURPOSES OF AMERICAN POWER An Essay on National Security Robert W. Tucker, The Johns Hopkins University We have reached a maJOr turning point in Amer1can foreign policy; a period of withdrawal and of pass1vity has come to an end. Tucker portrays the visible decline of Amencan power and position as havmg led to a greater dissausfacuon over policy than we have experienced in a decade. Notes. b1bhography.

CONTENTS: 1. A Cnucal juncture. 2. Amenca 10 Decl10e: The 1970s. 3. The Significance of the Present Debate. 4. The Arms Balance and the Pers1an Gulf.

5. The Two Conta10ments: An Argument Retraced.

ZOO pp. September 1981 $12.00 (Cloth) ISBN 0-03-059974-1 $5.95 (Student Edmon) ISBN 0-03-059976-8 A LEHRMAN INSTITUTE BOOK

CRITICAL ACCLAIM FOR ROBERT W. TUCKER'S PREVIOUS BOOKS The Radical Left and American Foreign Policy "Tucker, as ruugh-m10ded a rauonahst as th~~ come. we1gh:. th~ convenmm.tl and radical VI~P\Hnts agamst each other 10 bnl11ant and rel~ntle:.sly ol--JeCtl\'e style ... An extremely lmP\lrtant book:· The New lsol.a tionism "A cogent challenge. rad1cal yet sol--er. ru the recent and current orthodox\· of Amencan fore1gn P\>hcv~ Swnk;. Hojfrrwnn The Inequality of Nations "Professor Tucker's luc1d, forceful. unorthodox and lffiP\>rtant argument should continue the debates engendered by h1s earher essa\·s un th1~ subJeCt. li> try to mduce greater equahry mro mtemauQnal relauoru. the authur 1ns1sts, wtll be quixotiC and counterproductive:'

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