Volume 15 - Issue 6 by The New Journal at Yale

Volume 15 number six

ewourna

Apri I 8, 1983

Silent Dissent: Taiwanese Students at Yale by Mo rris Pan ner O!t

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Publisher Ed Be n nett Editor-in-Chi'!( W. H a mpton Sides Des(f!.ner T om M cQuillen • Business Mana_f!,erS Ba rbara Bu rrell R obert Moore• Mana,P,in.f!. Editor Jim Lowe Production Manager H ilary Callahan Associate Business Mana_f!,ers .Jane K a m ensky Peter Phleger• Va nessa Sciar ra• Associate Editors P aul H ofheinz Tina K e lley • M o rr is Panner La ura Pa ppano• K atherine Scobey• Associate Production Mana_f!,ers A lex Savich C h ristianna W illia ms Staff Jim Ayer• Eduardo Cruz• Darren Gersh Larry Goon • Lisa Hin tz • K atie Kressmann Mike Otsuka Lauren R abin Tony Reese• Marilynn Sager Andy Vasey• Lelia Wardwell Lisa Yun •eucted March 2.9. 1.983 (Volume 15, Number 6) The N'w Journal is published six times during the school year by the New J our nal at Yale. Inc .. Post Office Box 3432 Yale Station . New H aven, C T 06520. Copyright 0 1983 by the New Journal at Yale. Inc. All r ights reserved. R eproduction either in whole or in part without written permission of the publishe r and editor-in-chief is prohibited. This magazine is published by Yale Collegt" students. and Yale University is not responsibll" for its contents. T en thousand copies of each issue art" distributed for free to all members of the YaltUniversity community.

The New .Journal i~ typeset by the Charlton Press of New Haven. CT and printed by the Trumbu ll Printin~ Company of Trumbull. C T . Bookkeeping and accounting services provided by Colman Bookkeeping of New H aven. CT Billing services by Comprehensive Business Services of H amden. C T . Office address: 105 Becton Center Phone: (203) 436-4525

2 The New JournaVApril 8, 1983

Volume 15 .\lnnhtn and Dirt'Ciorr Henry C. Chaunn·' . .Jr. Peter B. Cooper Brooks K ellev Peter Neill l\1 ichellc Press Thomas Strom~ Board q( Adl"imrt .John Herst·y Ro~er Kirwood Elizabeth T ate Executiur Board Ed Bennett W. Hampton Sides Tom McQuillen• Barbara Burrdl Robert M oon·• .Jim Lowe Hilary Callahan Paul H ofheinz *tlf'cltd A-larch 29, 1981 Frirndf· Anson l\1. Bt•ard . .Jr. t Ed"ard B. Bt•nnc: tt . .Jr :'\antv R. Bt•nnctt Jonarhan M. Clark Louise F Coc.pt•r .James \\' Coop<·r Pt'tn B. Coopn t .}t'rrv and Rat• Court Geoffr\' Fried Shen\ in Goldman Brooks K ellt•v Andrew .J. Kuznt•ski . .Jr. Lt•,.,is E. Lt•ht·man :\1r. & Mrs. E. Noblt-s LO\\l' Fairfax C Randall t Ni<·holao, X Rizopoulos Dt< k and Ot·bbit• St•ars t Ri<·hard Shidds Thom,ts Stron~.t t Alt·x and Bets\ Ton·llo Allen and Sarah \\'ard"ell Daniel Yt•rl{in

Number six

Letters

Comment

by jono uach

senior's tlwughls on lM art of kaving. by Andy Court

The writers of spring Toxic splash? Kagan's content Survivors confer

10 Major stories

Selling science Th~ perils and promises with industry.

of Yak:r new partnership by Mike Otsuka

Taiwan's private eyes: A question of student surveillance An inrtstr.~ation mto ~ovf'Tnmtnl is Pa.yin~

ihf' char~ts that Taiwan's Tarwantst t:raduatt studmls at Yalt to inform on thtrr jtllow studtnls. by ~1orris Panner

To remember Solidarity

Th~ N~ Havm Commrtt« in Support of Solidarity now possusts 1M on{;: /mown colkction of ilkgal Polish artwork and photographs in 1M world.

by David Sullivan

Profile

Confessions of an academic dropout AfUr tm y~ars in tht English DqJo.rtmmt, Rog~ F~w kaves 1M classroom for a diff~mtfonn of teaching. by Jack Lechner

•

Arts

Theatre

The music makers YtS, Vrrginia, rock iz rollu a business, aruJ ~haps in no city is this mort tTUL than Nro.~ Haem. by Gordon M . Henry

has ~it·m a ucond timt

cova

So, where are you going? On~

8 NewsJoumal

April 8, 1983

Supershows: Are there limits? The Speed and s~eener Todd luw~ cluzlkng~ 1M exptrtaJioru of tluturt aJ Yab-and both in 1M samt uttk. by Laura Pappano

caili.s:raphy by Apnl Hu

The

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journaliApril 8. 1983 3

About this issue

Letters

In our cover story this issue, we take a look at a n extre mely sensitive topicthe question of student spies on Yale's campus. Over the past three month s, TNJ associate edito r Morris P anner h as interviewed many foreign students, he re and elsewh ere, who are deeply concerned about the practice of surveillante o n American campuses. These a re people who fear they cannot speak freely o r critically about their governments without e ndangering their political sta tus back h ome. They are convinced that a small numbe r of paid stude nt informants a rc keepin g an eye on the university and are periodically filing reports about any suspicious political activity. . At the cente r of the controversy I S Taiwan , a country which n ow has over 20,000 citizens studying in the U nited States. At countless universitiesamong them, Stanford, U.C. Davis

The Alternative Tour

The literal translation of the cover calligraphy reads: •Jn the middle of darkness, not content, Taiwan mtn at Yale. • 4 The N ew J ournal/April 8, 1983

and the University of ChicagoTaiwanese h ave claimed that mo nitors are harrassing an d some tim es threatening them. Panner found a numbe r of T aiwa n ese gradua te students a t Yale -as many as a half d ozen- who have made similar accusations of surve illance. In researching the story, Panner confronted some special problems. First, many o f P a nner's sources did not speak Eng lish, and a large portion of the writte n evidence- including numerous Chinese newspapers and o ffi cial Taiwanese documents- had to be translated before he could even begin to piece the information together. Second, very few Taiwanese students were willing to talk about this question at all, and fewer still were willing to reveal their own names. Third, Panner found that the few wh o were willing to speak publicly about the surveillance question often had axes of their own to grind. Because Taiwan's security is so intimately tied to good relations with the U.S., and because so many Taiwanese a re studyi ng here, a whole constellatio n of political factors and loyalties come into play. And finall y, because of the sensitive n ature o f the topic, Panner had to consider carefully several legal questions. For invaluable advice in this area, we would like to thank Frank Cochran, a law partner o f one of our directo rs, Peter B. Cooper. Needless to say, Panner invested a n enormous amount o f time into the research. W e think the whole issue is a most serious and disturbin g one, a matte r which the university should take a hard look at.

On a more personal note, we'd like to say something about one of our g raduating seniors, someone who h as been an in tegral part of the magazine since its rebirth in 1981. Former editor- in-chief Andy Court helped establish the new magazine two years ago, givin ~ it its editorial identity. H e edited The New journal with careful eyes, a nd he listened to a nd advised a ll of us. H e is a special person. We11 miss him . Look fo r us in September.

•

To the Editor: In "Another New Haven" (The New Journal, February 25, 1983), Katherine Scob ey was right to say that the Alternative Tour does not directly decry the wealth of particular indi vidu als. H owever , to look at the contrasts of poverty a nd wealth in New H aven neighborhoods is to see structures of inequality and injustice. We cannot help but decry s u c h structu res if we are committed to attacking the root causes of poverty. Any g iven communi ty has a limited amount of material wealth. ff o ne gr oup has a disproportionate amount of that wealth, this implies poverty for m a n y of the rest. It is unfortunate th at K atherine Scobey did not devote mo re attention to this in her article. Failure to g rasp this point leads to a misunderstanding o f both the tour and, in my view, the city. Elizabeth J. Sh aw Co-coordinator, Center for Human Rights ·and Economic J ustice

Toob gets no respect T o the Editor: H ow disheartening that many still hold prejudices against inner tube water polo ("D as Toob," TN} February 25, 1983). But more dishearteni~g than this is that so many people sull hold prejudices against anyon e who doesn't share their own prio r ities and lifestyles. Perhaps when the varsitY athletes quit stereotyping non-athlete~ as "small, fat, pallid-faced people, then we non-athletes will stop referring to the m as "'big, dumb, insensitive jock s." Small, fat, pallid-faced, completely wimped o ut and sincerely yours, Be nne tt E. Howser

Dissident misfits To the Editor: I was surprised by how seriously and uncritically Lelia Wardwell treated the subject of "The Art School on Trial" in your last issue. It seems clear from the article's presentation of this group of self-proclaimed "aesthetic dissidents" that their concerns stem much more from a personal clash with the Art School than from any specific aesthetic ideal. It is a pity that these individuals felt their creativity constrained by the "controlling elite" of the Yale School of Art, but this is an inevitability at any school and in any department. I would pose, however, that the "aesthetic dissidents" do not even have a case, because their work does not substantiate their complaints with a truly responsive or original alternative. I am not offering an unqualified defense of the Yale School of Art, for it is a small school that perhaps lacks more variety of approach than other larger an institutions. But the school does not pretend to be otherwise . As far a!. the School's "Euro-centric" approach is concerned, it is, as Barnaby Fitzgerald suggested, not only pretentious, but also dishonest for the school to lay claims to an Asian or African aesthetic sensibility which it docs not possess. The creative isolation of which these dissidents complain seems to me to be self-imposc.-d. It is the role of an academic institution (and the Yale art community does center around it school) to offer the individual a specific ~t _of formal guidelines; it is the indtvtdual's duty to understand and then respond to them. As these dissidents have completely side-stepped these guidelines, rather than reacted to them constructively, they rob their crusade of either ideological or artistic credibilitv. The "crits" to which Bird B~enner . o~jt'cts so violently and, I mtght add, incoherently. provide an arena for this responsiveness. My only c<-?mplaint of them, as opposed to Btrd's, is that ther are not even specific enough, and that students do not take enoush advantage ol this opportunity to exclmngc ideas and yes, to provoke each. other (though not in the aggresstv(' '>cnse). For, I am afraid that,

with my Western orientation, I feel the purpose of art is to provoke thought and emotion.

M . Nina Belfor Stiles '83

Devil worship To the Editor: As a lover of both the form and content of Sterling Memorial Library, I wish to respond to your disturbing article, "The Underworld Around Us," by Geoff Hayward and Tom Feigelson, (TN}, December 1, 1982). The authors state that the building is "a monument to its creator," but it has always seemed to me to be a monument to craftsmanship, to an attention to details that has all but disappeared from public buildings. Far from irritattng or depressing me, the glimpse of one of Sterling's whimsical creatures invariably cheers me. It has never been my feeling that the "satire" is a contemptuous or cynical attack on the scholarly community from without, for my own sense of the ludicrousness, as well as the loftiness and sanctity of the scholar's calling is too highly developed to allow any reaction other than sympathy with the satirist. The scholar who has never seen the words "You are a joke" staring back at him from the page has simply not been a scholar long enough. The issue of maturity is certainly relevant here; the authors' fear of sculpted devils seems a bit immature, as though they had seen too many demonic-possession movies. If the depiction of demons is a sacrilege, the greatest artists of the Western world have all been frightful blasphemers. The paranoia and self-importance of your article reache'> its climax in the following passage: .. Above the most westerlY set of ~~indO\"s (of TrumbuJJ) I therc i~ a monke>· and an ass. \~'hat were thev trving to makt': out of us? Which w~ s~p~scd to bc:st characterize thc students of Trumbull College?" [ hope and trust that the average Yale student is not so solipsistic as to

assume that every detail of his college's architecturc is meant to express or symbolize his own personality. No, not even prim objections of the 1931 Harkness Hoot can convince me that Sterling is not a great building in its own heterogeneous, rambunctious American way. Yale is an American university, not Oxford or Cambridge, God be praised. I only hope that the authors someday become less "inwardlooking and hostile," and learn to love the poor little demons. Susanne Fusso M.A. 1977

Insensitivity? To the Editor: Lindsay Rodes, m her article on the kitchen under Commons, (TNJ, January 21, 1983) in an attempt to illustrate graphically the large size of an oven, writes that, "Five or six people could fit inside." The juxtaposition of this statement to a story in the same issue on the Holocaust Survivors' Film Project sickened me. Rarely have I ever been confronted with such an appalling editorial blunder. This is not all that I found objectionable; tht' comparison should have been deleted even were the food article to have appeared alone. In ovr time, to speak of an oven in terms of its capacity for human beings demonstrates an acute lack of either awareness or sensitivity to the Nazis' systematic mass murder of Jews and Gypsies, and, more generally, intellectuals, the handicapped, the clergy and dissidents. For many, the image of an oven with people inside forcefully recalls these horrors. Richard Golden Editor's response: »-nile TNJ slulru your concun about casual rtfn-mas ro th' holocaust, u·r uriously douht th4l tJu phrase which you cite betray~. as >'Ou s~)l. an acut' insm ritivity. Thr writer was attonpting to drscn"be m huTTUJn tnms somrlhing that is vrry.· larf!.e. That is all.

The New Journal/April 8, 1983 5

Comment So, where are you going?

Andy Court

detected a common conviction that we were there because of our records, not because of something less easily articulated but more substantial- personality, in a most basic sense of the term, the totality, the whole. I wonder about the person who was just as qualified for Yale as I was but who received a rejection letter in the mail. He might be stronger than I am r ight now because he learned that regardless of what others decide, he could succeed on h is own terms wherever he went. Maybe he realized early what I am only realizin g nowinward qualities th at m ay not come across on paper, but wh ich will make all the difference at some unforeseen moment in some unforseen p lace.

Just as bad as the rejection is the lack of destination. We have been taught by our parents and teachers to make plans and pursue them, and that works well until we carry it too far and discover we cannot enjoy the present unless all aspects of our lives are on track. Fear of confusion, need for resolution of any vacant spaces or weak links in our lives. This view ignores what happens so frequen tly: People go places and do things for very good reasons, then fall into situations they never expected, then look back on it as if that was the way it was going to happen all along. I spend much of my time these days But we don't yet know what was going to happen all along, and that is one sending off chunks of myself to strangers, hoping they will take an inof the reasons for all the activity here, terest, and wondering wh at I'll be dothe time-race and the tension. So many ing this time next year. Freshman o f us are looking forward, uncertain of year, the one thing I could Âˇ always . what we will find, We seek through our worry about if I didn't have any imporexertion to obtain some assurance that, tan t p roblems or papers due was, wherever we are headed, we can get to "What am I going to do with my life?" where we want to go. Every moment But now that I'm standing on the spent on campus is informed by the brink, looking at the void through my knowledge of what we really should be Âˇmailbox window, I'm beginning to see doing, based on an invisible network of assumptions about where we might that leaving Yale, though sad, and job want to be, years from now. hunting, though anxiety-ridden, are It's easier for me to turn on the not the greatest causes of concern. The important issue: What do I do, sudachievement mode and say, "I'm going to work hard this week, so I can have denly, when I find I am vulnerable fun later," than it is for me to take that once again , when the paths are not so moment at any given time. The fallacy well-paved and the support systems are is not only that I can choose the time no longer supporting me? How do I when I'll be happy, but also that I can begin to think about myself? Perhaps the worst thing that can .Having learned to slice, dice ancf mete out my life in pure, productive ha p pen to any of us is that we can package ourselves for everything from blocks of either work or play. Again, begin to believe we are the packages we seminars and summer internships to _the rushing forward, all hopes and all present to others-simple, reductive graduate schools and jobs, we can all effort focused on the tape stretched resume-s to be accepted or rejected, too easily be led to believe th at apply- across the track in the distance. wan ted or not wanted, period. Even ing is the only way to succeed. Tunnelthe various images we project in inter- vision sets in. We begin to worry that v iews are packages. They are not us, we won't be good enough for the naro nly fragments of us. Yet if others do row tracks we pursue, viewing Career not want to see more, we question not Advisory Service not as a starting just our image, but our whole being. Âˇ point, but as a p lace to cram for life. And what if we don't get the internI remember visiting Yale as a high school senior and talking with other ship, or get turned down by our top prospectives who had also been ac- three choices for law school? T he cepted here. Most of us were less in- spring comes and ou r roommates are terested in where people came from winning fellowships and people are than in what "they did." Were we all so getting things left a nd right, and some well-rounded and involved because of us aren't getting anythin g this time that satisfied us, or was it because we around. It becomes difficult to believe knew th at was the package the admis- there's nothing wrong with us if we're sions otlicers wanted? Though not applying for things and not getting everyo_ne thought so narrowly, I them.

6 T he New Journal/April 8, 1983

A friend ran for weeks with the goal of getting in shape to run to the top of East Rock. But on the day she ran to the top she discovered the parking lot littered with trash and motorists blaring music. I have made the same trip m yself and fou nd the best part is a n unfo rseen bend on the shaded side of the h ill, long before the summit, a da rk , cool passage in the woods. Some of us spend four years here with the back-of-the-brain fear of not having somewhere equally safe and prestigious to go after college. After high school, people asked, "Where are you going?" Yale, they had all heard of that spot. What more could an uncertain high school senior have asked for than a destination with all the right conn otations? Now, if we become add icted to those connotatio n s, the cost of the n ext fix is becoming a package once again. And if we believe we are the package a n d little else, then we should devote every available moment to improving its appearance so it will im-

Spring of senior year, I fi nd myself drifting a nd dreaming. I nstead of focusing o n Darwinism at 9:45 a.m., I'm fl ailing in th e waves of m ore immediate concerns. Did I make e no u gh mailings? Is it worth it to drive up to Boston for th at interview? And whe re will I live? And will I be happy? I find my future needs and desires far more compelling than the ceaseless struggle of the species here and now. Often distracted, often enchanted, sometimes both at once, I have loved this place at the same time I've hated myself for taking it and everything else so seriously. And now in the last weeks, I find myself attempting to memor ize the texture of a ston e waJI or map the way the sh adows fall , or end my last article for a publication that means so much to me by just writinggoodbye .

•

Andy Court, a smior in &ybroolc, isjorrno tditor-in-chiif of TN] . press those who receive it. A Yale education becomes nothing more than a race to gather more credentials before the next round of applying. Bu t the one brand of applying we seem not to have mastered is applying our studies to our lives, connecting what we know to what we are. Most professors do not begin their lectures by saying, "Okay, there you are in you r scats and here's the topic of today's talk and here's how the topic relates to your life." We are expected to meet the materia] haJfway, swimming the emotional and intellectual distance from our scat to the podium .

The New J ournaJ thanks: Anne Applebaum joyce Banerjee Matthew Bartholomew Chris Berti Laura Boyer Sta" Collins Andy Court Peggy Edersheim Temma Ehrenfeld &rah Greenhill Lynn Cuggenheimer D®t Hanson L aura H offman &m K irby j ono Ltach Kate Levin Lisa Levine Norman Oder Catherine R inaldi R aj &ndhu Amy Stevens Corinne Tobin A ndi Vayda K evin Walsh Amy Wei/ Sylvia Yu

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April 8, 1983

The writers of spring "So tell me, Bruce, do they always have orgies on the beaches in Fort Lauderdale?" "No, sometimes they move into the hotels." It must have seem ed like strange dialogue coming in on· the TV set, especially at 8 in the morning. There on the screen was NBC's Bryant Gumbel talking with two young gen tlemen wearing goofy flowered shirts. The two guests on the Today show that March morning were talking from Florida about a project that has occupied much of their time since they graduated from Yale last May. They were two journalists who had come to America's breakfast table to culminate a promotional blitz for their recent book, The Rites of Spring: A Student's Guide to Sprin.e Break in Florida (Arbor H ouse, $4.95). Bruce Jacobsen, now a reporter for the M iami Herald, and Rollin Riggs, a photojournalist working in New H aven, are known throughout the land as experts-of a sort. Since J anuary they've been canvassing much of the East Coast and the Midwest, preaching the gospel of sun, surf and sex at universities from Chicago to Atlanta to Washington, D.C. They've done scores of TV appearances, radio talk shows, magazine interviews and autographing sessiou:s at bookstores throughout the country. Their 126-page guide to hot spots in the Sunshine State is the only book of its kind on the market, and, not surprisingly, it has received a great deal of attention in the national press now that spring has arrived. Articles about the book have appeared in the Boston Globe, the Chicago Tribune, the Washington Post, Time, Playboy, Seventeen, and Us, and stories have run over both the U P I and A P wire services. Whether people are buying it for its utility or simply for its novelty, The Rites of Spring is faring well by anyone's standards: the book has already sold over 20,000 copies and has gone into a second printing. Now, Jacobsen and Riggs are compiling research for an updated and revised second edition to appear in the fall. 8 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

Rollin Riggs and Bruce Jacobsen The Rites of Spring is aimed at the over 1.5 million college ·students who head for· the Florida beaches every spring break with high libidos and low budgets. The guide tells you where the cheap bars are, how to pick up dates, how to move in a meatmarket, what to wear on the beach- that sort of thing. I t tells you how to eat raw oysters and how not to sunburn. It explains how to avoid hangovers and the law. I t is a book written by students, for students, and from page one it is unashamedly sophomoric. The preface announces that the book is dedicated, among other things, to "Mary Sue, for a wonderfut night in Daytona (good luck with cheerleading)." Says Playboy: "This is good advice on how to get what you're looking for during spring break in Florida. These guys have been there." Whether or not Jacobsen and Riggs have "been there," quite a few Florida residents say t~eir book is pure garbage. "I think your book is the most

disgusting thi n g I've ever heard of," said one pertu rbed M iami resident during a phone-in radio talk show. "It should be banned." A number of public officials from some of th e areas listed in the book- Fort Lauderdale in particular -have criticized Jacobsen and Riggs for inaccurately portraying their fair cities as hotbeds o f vice and immorality. "Fort Lauderdale," reads the Rites of Spn·ng, "has as much d ig n ity as pro wrestling or roller derby, but provokes the same illicit sense of pleasure . . . As far as we can tell, there is no form of behavior considered unacceptable here." To that, Fort Lauderdale City Commissioner Virginia Young responded: "T hat's the sort of thing Yale students can be expected to write." "It's a d irty job," R iggs told Bryant Gumbel at the close of the Today sh ow interv iew in late March. " But somebody's got to do it."

•- W.

Hampton Sicks

Toxic splash?

The survivors confer

While Jacobsen and Riggs were stirring up some dirty business on nation al television, Yale crew was churning u p some of their own. Along with the rigors of spring training, Yale crew tearr.s m ay have a new p roblem to contend with : toxic waste. While the crews were rowing in Tampa ovP.r sp ring break , the Connecticut Departm.:-nt of E nviron mental P rotection (DEP) identified a chemical waste dump in Derby, 1.5 miles down the H ousaton ic River from the Yale boathouse. As of now, the D E P has found eleven whole barrels con taining chemicals; more worrisome is the undetermined number which are smashed and leaking. Environmentalists were surpr ised but not sh ocked by the discovery of toxic waste in the Housatonic. This area is one of the most industrially polluted regions in the country. The Federal governm en t h as given Connecticut $100,000 in emergency funds to fi nd out just how dangerous this particula r site is and what can be done about it. Although environmentalists believe that the crew is not directly endangered by this site because the waste is dow n stream from the practice area,

DEP scientists are still unsure of h ow this site will affect the surrounding area. Withou t clear eviden ce of a health hazard, the coaches were n ot overly concerned. "We just row across the top of it," explained D ave Vogel, men's lightweight coach. "As long as it doesn't dissolve our shells, the water quality is not of great concern. Besides, it hasn't caught fire yet." H e added that most Eastern rivers w h ere Yale competes are probably more polluted than the H ousatonic, p inpointing Columbia's H arlem River. M ost oarsmen weren't wor ried either. "Although I'm not very u pset about this particular incid ent, it is a little scary to thi n k that we are splashing that water all over our faces," said men's lightweight captain C h arles McGlashen. The most disturbing aspect o f this incident is that no one may be able to do anything about it. "More sites are being discovered daily," said Stephen H itchcock of the DEP . "The proble m becomes one of p r iorities."

Kagan's content

going to come out with some fairly provocative things," said Kagan. "And I think that is good. We have got to make the university stop and thi~k about some of these issues and make a plan to handle them in the future." In addition tO calling for an end to the present overcrowding in the colleges, the committee will call for substantial changes in the roles of the college fellows and masters. "Most of the recommendations hinge on our belief that the colleges have to p lay a larger educational- not just academic -role in the future," Kagan explained to a Yale College Council Forum two weeks ago. What effect will the report have on the future of the residential college system? "Well, we think we are .making recommendations for the P res1dent of Yale," said Kagan. "We think we have no power to actually make changes, and we are delighted by that.~ -Jtm Lowe

H ow about a thirteenth college? New buildings carefully designed and not overcrowded could add a new dimension to the residential college system. Don't get your hopes too high, because at best, this idea will be only one of a number of recommendations the Committee on the Future of the Residential Colleges will be making in its report to be released next week. "Overall the process has worked out much better than I had feared," commented Professor Donald Kagan, the committee's chairman. "We've become a kind of family, this committee of ours. We've found the whole process v~ry worthwhile, and hopefully others Will lind it so." Since we last reported on the K agan Committee members ("A Look at the Reside n tial College System," TNJ D ecember 1, 1982) they have completed all their research and are in the process of linish:>lg up their report to th e P resident. "I think we're

•

-Anne Applebaum

Leon Weinberg was one of the first holocaust survivors to contribute his experiences to the collt>ction of over 250 tapes in Yale's Videoarchive for Survivor T estimony ("The survivors speak," TNJ, January 21, 1983). Now at the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors in Washington next week. Weinberg will make a simple but expensive gesture. Weinberg is co-owner of a frozen dough business in Hamden and a survivor of the L odz ghetto in Poland. "The only thought in them days was hunger," Mr. Weinberg said during his videotaping session two years ago. Now for a gathering of people who knew the same suffering, Weinberg is baking thousands of loaves of bread to be distributed at the final ceremony. At first he had expected to bake about 3,000 loaves, but registration for the conference has already reached 10,000. including 85 survivors from the New Haven area. Laurel Vlock, co-founder of the videoarchive. will be one of those in attendance. She will co-host a televised report on the conference for PBS on April 13 at 10 p.m. In addition, she will film three survivors at the conference, show several tapes from the archive and run a seminar about the project in order to get more survivors involved. Meanwhile, in New H aven this Sunday, Holocaust Remembrance D ay. Yale Professor Annette lnsdorf will speak at a service at the Holocaust Memorial in Ede-ewood Park. Vlock expects some poignant moments at the Washington conference. With the help of an improved computer indexing system. survivors will now be able to look up the names of relatives and friends who might be attending the conference. As for Mr. Weinberg. he expects to spend about $6,000 on his own gesture. "In the ghetto, we used to eat black, hard bread," he said. "Ali i wanted was to let people know the bread was gi'>·en to them by a fellow survivor."

•-Ant{y Court

The New Journal/April 8, 1983 9

Selling Science

Mike Otsuka

In one of the more biting passages of an essay on Ivy League schools which appeared in New Republic last year, Paul Fussell quotes President Giamatti: The University is the guardian of the imagination that both defines and asserts our humanity. The University is not only the guardian of that human capacity, it is also its triumph Thus the University, rooted in history, opened to every new impulse, insists on its centrality to culture and on its uniqueness.

"You'd hardly gather," responds Fussell, "that the place runs a hockey rink and produces the most efficient stockbrokers on Wall Street." To some extent, Fussell_has exposed a schism which is becoming more apparent in Yale's identity: the determination to increase corporate and federal financial support while at the same time maintammg independence and integrity. Perhaps no one more aptly 10 The New JournaJ/April 8, 1983

symbolizes this schism than Giamatti himself. Giamatti, the English pro路 fessor and humanist, is also president of a multimillion dollar corporation. Giamatti, who is wont to expound upon the virtues of academic freedom and a liberal education, recently spoke to the question of industry's role in the university at a conference in Philadel路 phia. At the conference, he joked that before becoming president, "my official contact with corporate America peaked with the annual ordering of textbooks for my classes." During his five-year term, however, Giamatti has taken a long, hard look at the proper role of research support at Yale from the private sector. He has begun to articulate guidelines and principles which will affect the Univer路 sity for years to come. Giamatti believes that Yale has an overriding obligation to share the results of its research with society. He ~hinks the public wiiJ gain from the in路

"Our faculty became the InÂˇ dustry overnight."

dustrial application of basic research conducted on campuses. But he believes that the University must uphold certain principles- independence, free exchange of ideas on campus, freedom to publish- at the same time that it accepts corporate money to support its research. "The academic imperative to seek knowledge objectively and to share it openly and freely," he has said, clashes with "the industrial imperative to garner a profit , which creates the incentive to treat knowledge as private property." While some universities have had close relationships with business for decades, it was not until recendy that university-corporate relations have held such promise- and peril- for Yale and many other campuses. In the late seventies, a number of corporations discovered that they could benefit from interaction with universities just as the federal government had been doing for years. Recent breakthroughs in such fields as genetic engineering at universities alerted business to the possibqity of forming partnerships with academia and marketing such research . In 1980, for example, Exxon struck a controversial $8 million deal with M IT for combustion research. Other arangements which have attracted attention include a $6 million grant from Du Pont to the Harvard Medical School for genetic research and a ten-company, $7.5 million contribution to Stanford for a new computer center. Yale's relationship with business is in a formative state. It was not until early 1982 that Yale began to assert itself more fully in the corporate world. In February of 1982, the University entered into a three-year, S 1.1 million agreement with Celanese, a manufacturer of chemicals and fabrics, to conduct research in the composition and synthesis of enzymes. In lnformalion Pl~as~ Almanac's 1982 chronology, Yale's agreement with Celanese was ~ighlighted as a subsidy which has aroused academic controversy." "'ur faculty (in biotechnology) became the industry overnight," asserted Joseph Warner, director of Yale's Grant and Contract Administration. â&#x20AC;˘They were surprised to suddenly find themselves approached by multi-

cludin~ cutbacks in research support in virtually every area save those with military applications. Recalling a time during the 1960s when the federal government funded research in the social sciences with clandestine or military applications, History Professor David Montgomery remarked that universities strapped for funds might be "tempted to get back into the type of research that most of us were glad to get rid of in the first place." Montgomery added: "It's clear that there is a great deal of research money available from the Defense Department, not all of it for the hard sciences by any means. But it's not just research on how to overthrow the government Perils and promises of Chile that concerns me. Such In the midst of corporate America's research in general puts a damper on renewed inrerest in academia- both the Universiry because it must be kept locally and nationwide- Giamatti has secret." not been alone in voicing concerns Stanford President Donald K enover the potential dangers which might nedy, who visited Yale in the fall, stem from this new relationship. A spoke of the perils and promises of new number of professors at Yale, through avenues of research which are opening advisory committees and other ave- up with industry and the government. nues, have become deeply involved Recalling the lessons of the Manhattan with these issues. project, he warned of the dan~ers inAt an October meeting of the Yale herent in certain types of research. Chapter of the American Association "The drive to solve the problem fills the of University Professors (AAUP), field, and the rest retreats," he said. faculty members voiced concerns over "You have to put other things into the increased role of industry at Yale. focus and make a serious effort to They also voiced alarm at recent deci- foresee the consequences (of the sions of the Reagan administration, in- research) "'Genetic engineering is seen

million dollar corporations and newly forming firms asking them to become involved in the commercial applications of their research." Although Yale has been able to attract industry support in other fields, the most striking financial successes have come in the fields of biology and medicine. This fall, for example, Yale and Bristol-Meyers consummated a five-year, $3 million agreement to fund research in the development of new anti-cancer drugs. Provost William Brainard singles out the Office of Cooperative Research, established over the summer, as the most concrete example of Yale's renewed determination to cement ties with industry.

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Brainard: "Yale has not followed the market to determine emphasis-and don 't expect It to." by many as a potential Pandora's box for this decade. At the AAUP meeting, some faculty members suggested that a greater dependence upon external financial support might distort the teaching and research mission of the university. In the field of biology, one professor sugÂˇ gested that important but less "marketable" research in fields such as evolutionary b iology might be neglected in favor of an emphasis on biotechnology or oth er more "marketable" fields. Another suggested that th e University, in the hope o f attracting more funding from the current administration, might be inclined to hire more classical economists in a department dominated by Keynesian economists. Provost Brainard believes that there is a "good deal of concern in th e faculty and administration (about such issu es), enough to insure that interface with corporations does not sedu ce us away from our primary mission of the advancement and transmission of . . . precisely those areas of knowledge and culture which are not created by the market system." Brainard contends that a faculty member's ability to attract outside funding has no bearing on the granting of tenure. But in the sciences in particular a professor's research has a major bearing on tenure decisions. "And sometimes it's hard to make a distinction because those who a re good at research are likely to be successful in getting corporate or governme nt grants as well." The provost emphasizes, however, that those who

make appointments to tenured positions do not even have information regarding the professor's success in obtaining grants.

The case of MIT M IT, which perhaps epitomizes close university-industry ties, has grown accustomed to answering criticism about the ethics of such links. "Many of today's questions about the role of industrv in university research," commented MIT President Paul Gray, "arc the same that were asked about Government sponsorship (following World War II)- questions about the relevance of a proposed area of research to the essential mission of the university, about potemial constraints upon the direction of the research, and on possible pressures for immediate or practical results." George Dummer, who is Warner's counterpart at M IT, recalled that during the debate over government's role in universities years ago, "McGeorge Bundy said that if universities are concerned that the federal government will warp the values of the university, they should be concerned over university policies and their faculty, not the government. We're faced with the same problems now. It's a matter of internal standards." And the internal standards of MIT, claims Dummer, are not very different from those o f Yale. "Some of our specific practices may be different, a11d our style and traditions are different," he said . "But I can't recall a philosophical a rea in which we and Joe (Warner) a re at a differen ce." Warner concurs with Dummer's assessment.

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The general philosophies of Yale, MIT, Harvard and Stanford are very similar. All believe that a regulated partnership between industry and academia will benefit society, and all place limits on the extent of any delay of the publication of information a cor· poration may impose on the university. Many professors here would cringe at any attempt to place Yale, the liberal arts institution rooted in the humanities, in the same league as M IT, the undisputed leader of tech· nology transfers. When Yale profes· sors, and sometimes administrators, discuss the University's effort to form a policy on university-corporate rela· tions, they often point to M IT as an example of "what Yale doesn't wanr to become." I n an interview with the Yalt Daily Ntws, Biology Professor Clement Markert, who heads a faculty commit· tee on university-corporate relations, remarked that the role MIT plays in technological development is "not suitable for Yale." D espite similarities in stated prin· ciples, M IT and Yale differ con· siderably on a whole range of items from outward appearance to internal policies. While Yale's pseudo-gothic buildings bear the names of colonial heroes, M IT's campus is dotted with buildings donated by Exxon, Camp· bell Soup, Texas Instruments and George Eastman. Last year, Yale garnered approximately $3.4 million from industry, while M IT netted near· ly $20 million.

Living dangerously Giamatti emphasizes caution and re· flection as he helps formulate a policy which will guide Yale for the next few years. Many faculty members in the natural sciences, concerned about Yale's reputation in these disciplines, think that Yale is not aggressive enou~h in its dealings with industry. Even Markert, who has been described ~s one of the most cautious professors m the natural sciences when it comes to reaching out to industry, believes that Yale's administraiton is a bit too hesi· tam. "One docs not construct a policy out of a referendum." responds Giamaui. "These principles are not meant to ap· ply to just one segment of the Universi· ty · I want principles which will apply to everythin~ from philosophy to ph ysics."

M IT's administrators convey a dif· ferent spirit. "We have an aggressive faculty," Stuart Cowen, Vice President for Financial Operations, commented. "They don't sit on their hands (when it comes to obtaining grants and con· tracts). You either live dangerously or conservatively. We've always been willing to take chances." In recent years, Warner and others have detected a more aggressive at· titude among Yale's professors. "A growing number of faculty members in the sciences are now on the same wavelength as MIT with regard to taking risks," commented Warner. Warner cautions, however, that the risks involved when aggressively pur· suing outside support can be substan· tial. Even an institution \'l.ith a track record such as M IT'c; has been burned on occasion. In the earh seventies, M IT created an interdepartmental Energy Laboratory with an emphasis on fossil fuels and energy conservation. During the energy crises and the Carter administration, the lab pros· pered. But the Reagan administration has shifted the emphasis away from conservation and towards nuclear energy. Consequently, 30-40 people linked with the lab were laid off last fall. In terms of corporate support. Yale not only lags behind such science· oriented universities as M IT; but universities such as Harvard and Stanford, closer in tenor to Yale, are aJso able to outstrip it in this regard. "Stanford's entrepreneurial spirit is impressive," said Warner. "There's no comparison (between Yale and Stanford) . . . but I'm not sure some of the things they do would make sense here. There's a different ennronment. dif· ferent facultv and different traditions." He men(ioned that Yale is also limited by geos:traphy. Boston and Cambridge, for example have a much larger core of industries than New Haven. Stanford lies at the edge of California's Silicon Valley.

Principles over profit Manv of Yale's strons:te"t departments arc ones which are the least likely to benefit from increases in re earch sup· port. The social sciences. for example. have been hit hard b~· recent cutbacks in federal funding. They face little pro-;pect of recovering the'ie losse~ throu~h grants and contracts from tndustry.

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The humanities, which have never benefitted significantly from outside financing, face virtually no prospect of reaping any of the benefits of business's increased interest in u niversities. Departmen ts such as engineering which have b een affected the least by cutbacks during the Reagan administration have a much better prospect of securing grants or contracts from industry. In the strictest sense, however, universities do not "profit" from government or corporate research support. The grants are considered reimburse· ments for the cost of the research and often do not cover the e n tire cost. Yet these grants supp ort graduate school students who serve as research assistants, and faculty members occasionally replace a portion of their university salaries with grant money, Overhead costs- ranging from heating bills and library upkeep to salaries for administrators- are also covered. These grants and contracts, therefore, contribute greatly to the size and growth of a university, especially at the graduate level. MIT, for example, continues to p r osper and has grown almost without p ause since World War II largely because of government and industry support. At a time when faculty members have voiced concerns over Yale's commitment to the physical sciences, G iamatti and Brainard say that Yale is striving to strengthen these departments. According to Giamatti, "It has been an active consideration and priority from my point of view and Provost Brainard's to do the most possible for the physical and natural sciences . . . not because of any prior n eglect but because it is vital to the health of the whole university, including the humanities." But Brainard stressed that Yale's renewed commitment to the sciences does not stem from a desire to attract more corporate and government dollars. "Yale became strong in the humanities and social sciences during a time when the federal government was pouring enormous amounts of money into the sciences," he commented. "I hope we can do more to stren gthen the sciences, burYale h as not followed the market to determine emphasis in the past. Don't expect it to in th e future."

•

Mike Otsuka is ajreshTTum in Trumbull. 14 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

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The :Sew journal/April 8, 1983 15

Silent Dissent: Taiwanese Students at Yale

Coordination Council for North American Affairs In Boston.

When Yang Huan-shi stepped o ff the plane at Taipei's international a irport on J anuary 5, government agents were waiting in the terminal. O nly minutes after he had returned from an extended stay in the United States, Yang found himself in the custody of the Garrison Command, Taiwan's major security service. The Command hustled him from the airport and accused him of carrying funds destined for Communist forces on the Island. Yang was in fact carryin~ a large sum of money, $10,000 in checks signed by his son-in-law John Shih, a 1980 Yale Ph.D who now lives in New Jersey. While Yang told the agents that Shih h ad given him the money fo r personal expenses, the Command was conv inced that Shih had collaborated with Communist C hinese forces in the United States and had provided his father-in-law with money for subvers ives in Taiwan . 16 The New J ourn a l/ April 8, 1983

-----~

,._,

Morris Panner

For some reason, the government didn't release the news of Yang's arrest for another two weeks, and, a month later, it had mysteriously dropped the most serious of the charges. The government (the Kuomintung or KMT) claimed that it had never heard of the $1 0,000. The KMT insisted that the newspapers had fabricated the whole idea of funds from Communist forces; the Yang incident was just another case of irresponsible journalism. No longer a state security threat, Yang was convicted by the KMT's military court of corresponding with Taiwanese Communist agents in Mainland China and was only sentenced to three years of "re-edu cation," a rigorous course in the works of Sun Yat-sen and Jiang•Kaishek. One month later, Denny Liang (a psuedonym) rested his elbows on the conference table in a college seminar room and asked the question which perplexed not only the 35 Taiwanese graduate students at Yale, but also the United States government: "How did the K MT know wh at John Shih had been doing at Yale?" Liang leaned forward and answered his own question: "The KMT must have someone watching us on campus." Liang, a Taiwanese graduate stude n t here, is not alone in his suspicions. A number of other Taiwanese at Yale-as many as a half dozen-have claimed that they cannot speak freely here. They believe that someone from the KMT will report on them, and that if they criticize the government they will risk endangering their families and their careers. In fact Newsweek, relying on these same anonymous sources, went so far as to claim quite definitively that there were three "student spies" ~t Yale wor king for the KMT ("Spies m the Classroom" May 1 7, 1982). R ecently Taiwanese at other university have openly stepped forward. "I can promise you that surveillance goes on in every campus in the country, including Yale," Lin Kuo-ching told The New journal. A graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Raleigh, L in was involved in a controversy over KMT surveillance last fall. "I know that I cannot go back to Taiwan safely. What more proof do you need?" Nor is this accusation without support from informed members of the Yale community. "It's an accepted assumption among those of us in the

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Yale Taiwanese students: no one spealrs of "spies," rather of " monitors," " officers," or "agents." The New Journal/April 8, 1983 17

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China field that surv'eillance takes place," said Mark Sheldon, Associate Director o f the Yale-China Association , a non-profit organization involved in student exchanges between Yale and Mainland China. "Generally any loud apologist for the KMT is suspect, but I don't have any evidence that surveillance goes on at Yale. It is a standard practice on other campuses I've been on, and I assume that it is here, too." Indeed, students have made accusations of monitoring on campuses around the country, such as MIT, Stanford, the University of Florida, U. C. Davis and the University of Chicago.

An exercise In diplomacy

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18 The New JournaVApril 8, 1983

Although other nations such as South Korea, Libya, Iran and the Philippines allegedly practice cameus su_rveillance, Taiwan has without question received the most publicity for this activity. There are approximately 20,000 Taiwanese studying at universities around the country. At Yale, there are 35 Taiwanese graduate students. Most of them are residents of the same dormitory, H elen Hadley Hall on Temple Street. Like the majority of Taiwanese students in this country, most of them at Yale are enrolled in the hard science o r engineering departments. One of them is on leave from the defense ministry in Taipei studying chemical engineering. Many of them will return and enter Taiwan's booming free-market economy or its emerging defense industry. But some will probably remain in the States, receiving lucrative positions from U.S. industries. All of these students will say that they have never taken part in student surveillance, and most will deny that any monitoring goes on at alL Then again, the controversy over KMT surveillance is a topic which few Taiwanese students here like to talk about. It is a loaded issue which easily lends itself to propaganda and misunderstanding. Ev~n phrasing the right question can be an exercise in diplomacy. No one speaks of"spies." Rather one delicately refers to "monitors," "officers" or at the very boundary of propriety, "agents." The issue of surveillance goes well beyond ethical questions about academic freedom and the University's responsibility for the

security of its foreig.n students. It also touches upon issues which are central to the existe nce of Taiwan. Questions of surveillance carry a host of political implications, both for Taiwan's international relations and for the Island's fragile internal affairs. Accusatio ns of monitoring have jeopardized U.S. arms sales in the past and have stirred student unrest on the Island. In short , the debate over student monitoring at Yale provide s a microcosm of Taiwanese politics 8,000 miles from Taipei. More than anything else, the KMT fears the Communist Chinese. But on U.S. campuses the KMT has had another worry: The Taiwanese Independent Movement. An outlawed group in Taiwan , the I ndependent Movement is based primarily in Japan and the United States, and is dedicated to overthrowing the present government on the Island. It seeks to establish an independent nation which is controlled neither by the KMT nor the Communists. The Movement emphasizes the distinction between those on the Island who are descendents of native Taiwanese, as opposed to those who are descendents of the Mainland Chinese who emigrated to the l slan·d at the end of the c ivil war when the Communists came to power in 1949.

A $500 "stipend" Denny Liang insisted upon meeting in a college seminar room where no one would overhear. Liang asserted that there were two or three o f his fellow Taiwanese students who would report him to the KMT if he made antigovernment state m ents. "The worst part ," insisted Liang, "is that you never know if your criticisms of the government have gone too far . You never know if they have reported you until an agent comes from the Garrison Command and visit<> your family warning them about your activities. Or worse, until you return to the Island and are refused a job because of the reports your employer has about you. I have a friend who graduated from the engineering school here, and his employer at first refused to hire him. He didn't understand why until he saw the employer's private file on him , which contained reports provided by KMT monitors at Yale ."

Th'e Propaganda War

One month ago Taiwan Gong Luin Pao, [left] the official newspaper of the Taiwanese Independent . Movement, printed an article announcing Panner's investigation of the surveillance question and taking credit for supplying the author with critical information. The same week Mei Li Dao, [right] another Chinese language journal sympathetic to the Independent Movement, published an editorial praising Panner's investigation. The headline

•

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(underlined) reads: "Yale University campus press will chase and attack [the KMT] by the wings of victory." After these two articles appeared, Parmer received long distance phone calls from students at universities around the country, none revealing their names, who claimed that they could prove the existence of KMT spies on their campuses and at Yale.

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A photostat of an issue of the Boston Tong Shing, (November 11 , 1977). The above article was a regular column "Mao Ch'ung" (Worms of Mao Tse· tung) which was written by pro-KMT students at campuses throughout the country and then compiled into one large column. This issue featured a denunciation of Cheng Pei-kai, a visiting professor in the History department at Yale, and his wife Hsu Chi-lieng. The story denounced the pair as communists and libertines.

A sampling of some of the pamphlets distributed by the Coordination Council for North American Mfairs in Boston. These brochures cover issues ranging in focus from "Paper Cutting in Taiwan• to "Better Fighter Planes for a Free China." All the m~~erials_ follow the KMT l~e, pr:esenting an uncnncal ptcture of a democratic Tatwan. The N ew Journal/April 8 , 1983 19

"I can promise you that surveillance goes on In every campus in the counÂˇ try, Including Yale."

Liang tells a story of KMT activities which anyone associated with the government will flatly deny: He says that the KMT recruits the student monitors from the party ranks before they leave for the United States. If a party member agrees to participate, he undergoes a week-long training session in which he learns basic surveillance techniques. Once he arrives in this country, he agrees to submit a regular report to a regional office know!] as the Coordination Council for North America~ Affairs, which for New England is located in Boston. The KMT, in return, agrees to pay the student a n extra "stipend" of $400-600 per month. "I know a student at Yale in engineering who has been made an offer. H e was offered $500 a month, but he refused it." "You can always tell a monitor," he said. "They have money to travel and for big phone bills. How else does a student get so much money?" The Coordination Council at Boston's Government Center is located in a new and spacious office, tastefully furnished with Chinese screens and oriental rugs. It would pass for a typical Boston law firm, except for the guard at the door and the neatlyarranged Taiwanese newspapers and pamphlets displayed on the end table. The pamphlets range in scope from "Ceramics in Taiwan" to "Better Fighter Planes for a Free China." Students filter in and out of the office throughout the day, sitting at a large dctsk in the reception room to renew their passports. Since 1979, when the U.S. and Taiwan broke diplomatic relations, the Coordination Council has taken the place of a consulate. A thin and circumspect man named S.C. Lin dâ&#x20AC;˘rects the office. R eluctant to speak about the issue of surveillance, Lin avoided sensitive questions with a studied caution. H e dismissed all further questions with a perfunctory official statement. "Students are here to study," he insisted. "They study hard. That's all that they have time to do." Not everyone believes that all the Taiwanese here are so studious. Denny Liang and several others have claimed that one of Yale's former monitors, who has since returned to Taiwan, was 20 The New Journal/April8 , 1983

a graduate student m Chemistry named Wang Li-dao. These students said that Wang had openly admitted that he was an agent for the KMT. Over the nine-year period that he was here, Wang allegedly threatened to file reports on a number of his fellow graduate students. Since Wang left last year, these students have strong suspicions about one other student. But since no major incident has taken place here since Wang left, their suspicions remain unconfirmed. While Wang was at Yale, there was a great deal of political conflict. One student who ran into trouble with the KMT then was a graduate student named Cheng P ei-kai , who is now a visiting professor in History. In the fall of 1978, the KMT indefinitely suspended the passports of both Cheng and his wife because of their alleged leftist beliefs. There is little doubt that someone was reporting something to the KMT about the Chengs while they were at Yale. In the months before the KMT suspended the Chengs' passports, a pro-KMT magazine published by Taiwanese students in America called the Boswn Tong Shing (Boston Communique) had repeatedly denounced the Chengs as communists and, on one occasion, made indiscreet allusions to their private lives. In an article from a column called "Mao Ch'ung" (Worms of Mao"), an anonymous author claimed that he had looked over his "records" about Cheng's relationship with his wife. He asserted that they were well known for their "shocking behavior" while dating at Yale, and that they had become leftists "because it was fashionable." (Boston Tong Sing, November 11, 1977) Cheng denied all the magazine's accusations, but, because of possible danger to his family still in Taiwan, he refused to comment on who could have given the KMT such information. But students have not been the only ones who have charged the KMT with monitoring. The United States government has also suspected that some form of surveillance takes place. The 1981 death of a Carnegie-Mellon professor named Chen Wen-chen on the Island increased their suspicions. The summer after the incident, the House Asian and Pacific Affairs subcommit-

tee held hearings on Chen's death. Having cited evidence that Chen and others must have been watched, the House ultimately passed legislation that would ban arms sales to any country which conducts organized surveillance on American campuses.

Ridiculous rumors But for all the accusations of KMT surveillance, there is also a large group of Taiwanese Yale students who openly deny the charges, and who describe life at Yale in a vastly different way from those who tell stories of suspicion and intrigue. "Such rumors only hurt my country," said C.T. Chang, a thirdyear Chemical Engineering graduate student who in 1982 chaired the Chinese Student Service, Yale's Taiwanese club. As for Yang Huanshi's arrest in Taipei, Chang has a simple explanation: "Yang was arrested because he is a Communist. The newspapers in Taiwan printed the letters that he wrote to Chinese Communists. The KMT had been watching him for a long time. How did they get the letters in the Mainland? Well, that's where our intelligence is." Chang denied that any students are on the KMT payroll. "The idea of one of us receiving money to report on a fellow student is only an insult," he insisted . Opening the bottom drawer of his desk, he pulled out a large black notebook, a record of all his activities as chairman. He flipped open the book and pointed to a photo-copy of a letter written and signed by a group of 32 "Taiwanese students and scholars at Yale" denying Newsweek's claims. "They had no evidence to support their charges," said Chang. "Maybe they print the article to discourage public opinion against arms sales to Taiwan. Maybe they were listening co Independent Movement propaganda. Whatever the case, I nor anyone of my friends had ever heard of such things until we read the article. We were very surprised." Newsweek never printed the letter. Chang also denied that the Coordination Council is a center of surveillance. "Such a charge is ridiculous," claimed Chang. The officers of the Coordination Council occasionally

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visit Yale. "They visited us on January 8 of this year, at o ur p arty at the beginning of the term," explained C h ang. " They came just to introduce themselves, and to let us know that they were availa ble if we needed any advice or help. It was a very friendly visit, everyone a t th e party seemed to be having a good time." Chan g said he had never heard of a special training session for KMT agents, but he did expla in that each student goes through an orientation before he com es to the United States. The orientation consists of a series of seminars which cover everything from where the students can get tutoring in English to information abou t housing. At the end of the session , said Chang, "those stude nts wh o are members o f the KMT a re asked to stay an extra few minutes-no more than ten or 15. They are g iven a form which they can fill out to keep in touch with the Coordination Council, but it is totally voluntary. I know many who never filled it out. I t's no problem; it's their choice." Nor is Chang an unqualified supporter o f the KMT himself. "We all know that our government isn't perfect. We all wish it was more democratic , a nd it will be. We improve every day. None of us are afraid to cri ticize the government. That is how it w ill improve." But T aiwan tolerates only so much criticism. On an isla nd which still (ears an attack from Communist Chin a, cri ticisms of government policies are too easily mistaken for subversion. Despite its democratic pretensions, Taiwan still has a decidedly undemocratic set of martial laws. Chang admitted that if he had evidence of a n yone doing anything which he felt endangered T aiwan, he would report it to the Coordination Council. Although he emphasized that he himself never had any occasion to report anyone at Yale, nevertheless, he believes that he or a n yone else would feel a natural obligation to protect his country.

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ate Secretary of the University is in charge of foreign student affairs. "But I don't have any evidence. We do know that Iran was heavily involved in student surveillance in this country several years ago. This is certainly not of that magnitude." "Although we certainly don't encourage it, we couldn't do much to stop it," added Wilson. "The University has form s which foreign students can fill out so that we won't release their names. But, basically we just ignore the whole issue of other countries' politics being brought onto campus." Espadrilles $10.00

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"The Idea of one of us receiving money to report on a fellow student Is only an Insult." But not everyone agrees with this "common sense." T. P. Ma, an electrical engineering professor and advisor to the Chinese Student Service, adamantly denied that monitoring, in any form, ·takes place. "Nothing like that happens here," said Ma. "I'm close to many of the Taiwanese students on campus. If anything was going on, I'd know about it. I don't know where the others have gotten their information."

The case of Yang Amidst all this debate, Yang Huan-shi's arrest at the airport in Taipei and the implication of his son-in-law, John Shih, pose some serious questions. How did the KMT come to suspect John Shih in the first place? (Shih is not Taiwanese, but an American who married a Taiwanese student while they were both in graduate school here.) And how, if at aJI. does the KMT keep track of its nation's students who study in this country? The official party newspaper, Chung Yan R i Pao in Taipei, reported on January 31 that during the trial the government presented evidence that John Shih had contacted people with ..special political leanings" while he was at Yale. This presumabl): was a reference to Chinese Communist agents. The KMT also originally charged that Shih had signed checks for $10.000 with money provided by these same Communist elements. 22 The New Journal/ April 8. 1983

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ROSEY'S Tailors & Cleaners Established 1888 Even though the KMT has si n ce dropped all these c h arges, the KMT must still answer some tough questions about how it gathered its evidence. There is also evidence that the U.S. government played an indirect, but decisive role in the outcome of Yang's case. Some have suggested that the reason the KMT denied ever having made some of the original charges had very little to do with Yang's guilt or innocence. but more likely was the result of U.S. concern for Yang. "The Congressman made every effort to see th at Mr. Yang was released from prison," acknowledged a sp okesman for Solarz. "He was very disturbed that the original charges involved the allegation that Mr. Yang had visited a native Taiwanese club in New J e rsey. This allegation implied that the visit was something illegal, which it clearly is not." But a source o n Capitol Hill told The New Journal that there was quite a bit more to Solarz's reaction than his official statement revealed. "He did his damndest to make sure th at the right people knew a b out this," claimed the source, "and that the KMT knew how concerned the United States would be if they continued to press the charges against Mr. Yang."

"It's an accepted assump· tlon among those of us in the China field that surveil· lance takes place." "The charges about the $10,000 were simply false," he added. "That is why the KMT dropped them. But the KMT didn't just drop the charges. It claimed that it had never made them. It had to. The KMT couldn't admit that it had gotten false intelligence. It can't admit th at it has any agents here at all. Those are the rules." "The KMT simply accused the Taiwanese papers o f printing the wrong story," h e said. "But even the papers wouldn't stand for that. One paper printed an editorial denying that It had acted irresponsibly, claiming that the KMT had given the paper the story in the first place."

High stakes Regardless of how one judges these charges and counter-charges, there has been a disturbing series of events in the past several years at Yale and elsewhere which makes little sense w ithout assu ming some level of campus surveillance. The question that remains is the precise nature of this monitoring. H as it been a tight security network on the Island itself? Or has it been merely isolated cases of wellmeaning students trying to protect their country? Or, has it been something more extensive, like a coordinated spy network with paid informan ts operatin g illegally on university campuses in this country? It is probably unrealistic to suspect that Taiwan runs a system of full-time professional agents in the U.S. The logistics of such an operation would boggle the mind, especially a network run by a government whose security is so intimately tied to good relations with the U nited States. But it is equally unrealistic to believe that the KMT leaves Taiwan's students unwatched. The stakes are simply too high. Since Wang Li-dao's graduation last May, Taiwanese students agree that Yale is a campus relatively free from the Island's political turmoil. Most here seem more worried about their future careers than about their political status back home. But Yale cannot ignore the half-dozen students who still feel threatened. If there are paid informants at Yale, as some have claimed, th ese students have good reason to worry. Paid informants pose a con stant threat. Even if they have nothing to say, their contract requires a report. Whether one chooses to call them monitors, agents or simply spies, students who are paid to keep an eye on others violate both U.S. law and the principles of a university

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24 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

David Sullivan

dozens ot unpublished photographs In the Art ot Solidarity Collection.

"We were very vocal," remembered David Taylor. "We harrassed a lot of people. We sold a lot of buttons to people who didn't want to buy buttons." Taylor is proud that he harrassed people over the last year and a half, because harrassment achieved some important goals for a small group of dedicated students he has been working with since December of 1981: The New H aven Committee in Support of Solidarity. Chances are Taylor stepped up to you sometime last semester out in front of Yale Station and asked you if you were aware of the workers' plight and the scarcity of food in Poland. Chances are he or one of his co-workers tried to sell you a red and white Solidarity button to stick on your lapel. They made a special point of being obnoxious, and by anyone's standards, they succeeded. Taylor doesn't spend as much time on the pavement as he did last fall. Instead. he and the Olher members are supporting- Solidarity in a very quiet way-collecting art. The committee now possesses the only known collection of Solidarity artwork in the world. Irena Gross, a Polish dissident living in New Haven who works close)>Âˇ with the committee, has accumulaâ&#x20AC;˘ed a vast number of illegal Solidarity items smuggled out of Poland- anti-government poste r s, undeq~round ne\vsletters, political caricatures, satirical counterfeit bills and unpublished photos taken after the imposition of martial law. Much of the art is political in nature. and many of the drawings and engraving-~ are the work of amateur artists in prison for their affiliation with Solidaritr. For example. there are numerous mock postage stamps. used for envelopes illegally circulated amon~ political prisoner... \\hich play off \\ell-known symbolic imagery in Poland. The stamps include variations on a number of themes. like the ea~lc (Poli<>h St.ttehood). the cro'" (the Catholic Church). the crow (the military junta) and the anchor (syntbol of hope related to the shipworker: -.trike in Gdansk) -:..tany of the pieces in the The ;>.;ew Journal/April 8. 1983 25

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collection," said Taylor, kare beautiful examples of incredibly sophisticated political art." The committee has turned the art collection into an exhibit which they have been displaying at uni"erstues and churches all over the Northeast during the winter. Taylor and Gross ultimately want to take the exhi bit to the United Nations building. probably this summer. They han• received offers from the AFL-CIO and numerous universities across th e country to send the exhibit. "The exhibit i<> quite unique," explained Gross. " It indudes artifacts from internment camps made by Solidarity activists and smugglt•d o ut. This exhibit marks the first time that the art of SolidaritY has been collected. This verv st;iking artwork sh ows that the political rreativitv of the movement was accompanied by tremendous artistic creativitv. Tht·re "'as an unbelievable amouni of trapped energy in P oland. and I think it comes across quite well in the art.ft

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Though Taylor has toned dm' n tht• hardsell approach- at least durin~ tht• winter months since ht· ha-. bt·t·n "'orking o n the exhibit- ht• has no apolo~tl'" for it. H e believes it '1.\0rkt·d Yalt· students bought ove.r 1000 button..,, and several hundred t-shirts and

posters last year. The committee sen t over $5000 (including a S 125 donation from the St. Thomas More H ouse) to Poland. It raised almost h alf of that total with a benefit showing of lvlan of Iron, a documentary film featurin'g Lech Walesa. The Solidarity committee established itself as an active and vocal student volun teer organization on campus, and one of the most su ccessful Solidarity support groups in the Northeast. The committee's response to student apathy last year was to get loud . The ir standard pitch when people passed b y their tables at CCL o r Yale Station was usually something like "H elp send food to the Polish people!" But when they got bored with the phrase. the Solidarity advocates tried more arresting and humorous variations on that appeal. .. Help send arms tO support insurrection in Poland!" turned a few heads and woke people up. During the war in the Falklands. the members tried out a ne\'\ line: .. H elp send the British neet to the Baltic!~ One member of the Solidarity committee. Anthony Russell , remembered feeling a bit embarrassed at first. standing on the street corner yelling one-liners at people. But workin~" ith Taylor for a f<""... days changed all that. Tavlor looks about like any other stude'nt on the street except for the

black beret and the holes in the clothes he nonchalantly wears around. But if you stop long enough to listen to what he has to say, you will see that he is anything but nonchalant. His dedication is evident when he talks, and he will talk about Solidarity for hours at a stretch, with a note of urgency in his voice. Anthony Russell and Peter Casarella, the other two students most involved, seem exact cpposites of Taylor. Both speak slowly and softly, and with more reserve. The students learned a lot about Yale students from manning their tables. "When you stand on the street all day, you see a whole range of emotions," explained Taylor. "The majority of people just walk past you. Most people's reaction is just to turn their head." Taylor said that he was original-

ly surprised by the extent of indifference. When students would ignore his appeal, Taylor said he would think, "How hard-assed can people be?" "After a while you get pissed," he said. "Every time you're out there you eventually get sick of it. We sometimes would get rude to people behind their backs." And when people did respond, Taylor said he often wondered why. "I think that the majority of people who buy buttons are doing it out of guilt or pity," he explained. "Some are buying buttons because they have some knowledge of what Solidarity is, and they support it, but the rest do it because they think it's cool to have a button, because it's the newest fad. Or they feel guilty when I c;ay, 'Help send food to the Polish people.'"

Examples of postage stamp artwork, secretly circulated among Imprisoned Solidarity ectMsts and smuggled out of Poland. The stamps play ott well-understood symbolic Imagery In Poland, such as the cross end the anchor. The Ne .... JoumaJIApril 8, 1983 27

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Taylor, Casarella and Russell, all Morse sophomores, are roommates. "The fact that the three of us room together keeps things together," Russell said, "and our room acts as a kind of nucleus for the organization." But keeping shop in a single dorm room has sometimes created problems. Like the time earlier this year when the three students had to store dozens of boxes of donated clothes in their room in the Morse basement. The boxes overflowed into the hallway, creating a fire hazard. So they had to hide all the boxes from the fire marshal when she inspected the room. The committee has arranged numerous lectures and panel discussions over the year and a half of its ex~ istence, but the largest and bestattended of these , by far, was "Solidarity Week" in January 1982. A rally drew about 250 students and featured speeches b y Jan Gross, Slavic Languages and Literature professor Victor Ehrlich, History professors Ivo Banac, David Montgomery, Wolfgang Leonhard and two Solidarity leaders. Othe r professors and leaders of the Polish labor movement conducted a panel and a workshop. The Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz, a Nobel laureate, read his work. For most people in the West, Solidarity is a movement that seems next to impossible to oppose. "It's not a left-right issue," argued lvo Banac, a

"Somehow we have to keep the situation in the public eye." hjstory professor who has been actively involved with the committee in the past. "It's a perfectly black-and-white issue." Only one group has ever seriously questioned Taylor's reasons for supporting Solidarity- the Sparticists (a Communist group that also supported the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan). While everyone seems to support Solidarity, nobody seems to support it for exactly the same reason , said Taylor. To conservatives. it is often a weapon against Communism and the Soviet Union. To socialists, it is a step closer to true socialism. Others support

Jerold's Solidarity because they are Polish or because they are Catholic. But to most people, it simply represents a humanitarian movement of an oppressed people. " I see it more as a constructive social movement and not as a foreign policy weapon," said Taylor. "I mean, R eagan sees it as a club which he can use to beat the Soviet Union."

" The political creativity of Solidarity was accompanied by tremendous artistic creativity." Despite this universal appeal, people often wonder whether Taylor's brand of activism in the community can make any impact on the real situation in Poland, especially now that Solidarity has been outlawed and driven underground. Are the efforts of the New H aven Solidarity community making a difference where it ultimately counts? "Short of com~itting acts of terror ism, there is very little we can do here at Yale," admitted Taylor. "We h ave to deal with the government as a legal entity. We're not going to have any effect on whatjaruzelski does. The global reality is such that we can't have an influence in a great sense People ask, 'What the hell are five people at Yale going to matter?' The impact v.. e can have is that we can keep people here thinking about it. And the symbolism, I say, is crucial." T he most effective response that the West can show Solidarity, Sanae believes. is to demonstrate widespr<"ad public support. And. he said, uni,·ersity campuses are important centel"i for generating that support. "Somehow ''e ha\'e to keep the situation in the public ev·c." Sanae o;aid ...This kind of support '~ill prevent Polish authoriti<"s from demoralizing the workers by telling them, 'Stop all of this nonsense- nobody outside really cares."' "We arc combatting public amnesia," said Taylor. "People forget. T here are a lot of people hert· ,,ho think Solidarity was just Lech \\alesa, and that it is all over now. And orne people don't e,·en kno" who Le(·h \\'ale.• sa is.~

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Profile

Confessions of an academic dropout

Ferlo: " I don't want to SfHind my life writing tomes." 30 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

Jack Lechner

"You have to take what I say about Yale with a grain of salt," said Roger Ferlo. "In some ways, I'm disillusioned with it." The popular English professor had much to say about Yale as he sat in his book-lined penthouse in Ezra Stiles. But he was not complaining. Rather, he was explaining his decision to leave Yale and academia for a different form of teaching. After 10 years here, Ferlo is planning to become an Episcopal priest. Ferlo might well have ended up in the priesthood anyway-as a teenager, he lived the life of a "sanctuary rat," singing in the choir and playing the organ. Yet his frustration with Yale certainly hastened his change of career. Roger Ferlo is not shy about saying that he is disappointed in the University: in the careerism of the faculty and in the strictures of the tenure system. But he is quick to stress that his decision is not a break in his career but an extension of it. "I'm closing off a ten-year parenthesis and resuming the sentence," he explained. "It feels much more continuous to do this than to be an academic." Over these 10 years, Roger Ferlo has been something of a maverick in the English Department. In faculty meetings and in public, he has criticized its ivory-tower isolation in general and its rigid tenure process in particular. "In the best of all possible worlds, tenure would be abolished," Ferlo said with a sigh. "Only if you produce these printed pages are you worth anything: Without a published book by 29 or 30, in this league, you might as well give up." A mischievous look crept into the 31-year-old Ferlo's eyes. "I didn't play by the rules. If you spend your time on teaching, you tend to get penalized. If you teach well now, you're not likely to stay teaching very long." If there is a physical stereotype for English professors, Ferlo does not conform to it. With his longish black hair, closely-cut beard, and short, wiry build, he looks more like Ringo Starr than Mr. Chips. Only his large brown eyes seem appropriate for a professor. They are alert, playful and sometimes a triOe detached, as if each new thing Ferlo learns causes him to adjust a

complicated model in his mind. And Ferlo's manner is hardly that of an absent-minded professor. Talking to him , one is struck by his awareness and his involvement in the conversation. Words have an almost physical substance for him. He launches them in rapid volleys, speeding them to their destination with dramatic gestures. He listens with his body, tensing and curling in his chair in response to what is said. He speaks clearly, often poking fun at himself. Ferlo's aim is not to impress the listener with his knowledge but to share it. In short, to teach. He takes his teaching seriously and is often dismayed at the way it seems to get lot_t in the academic world.

The glitz place "For many years, I was very bitter about Yale," Ferlo said. "Not so much what it did to me, but what it did to others. It's the profession itself: from being a calling to teach and to learn, it's caved in to become a careerist scramble up the ladder. The hardest

There was just one problem: he hadn 't published anything. ~thing

is to realize that there's a world outside, something else to measure self-worth by~" Ferlo smiled wryly. "When I was deciding to become an academic, Yale was the glitz place. You wanted to get there. Someone told me at the time, 'You go to Yale, you lose your soul.' I scoffed. I still think that's an exaggeration, but the pressure can be deadly. It would have been nice to teach at a small college like the one I attendedto get tenure and to feel that sense of 'collegiality' that's lacking here." Ferlo's alma mater is Colgate University, a small college in upstate New York, where he first studied philosophy. Colgate was an intellectual watershed for Ferlo. Following the example of teachers he admired there, he decided to become one himself. Ferlo's forem ost influence was a literature professor named Jonathan Kistler, who turned him on to Shakespeare. Re-

called Ferlo: "Kistler knows he's a legend. As with most good teachers, he has a real charlatan-showman streak." Ferlo smiled. "I'm no exception." He admired Kistler's intellect and magnetism but was disturbed by "the way the course turned into a cult of personality- Kistler's personality, not Shakespeare's." In this way, Kistler gave Ferlo a model for intellectual showmanship and an illustration of how it can go too far. Ferlo has tried to walk this tightrope ever since, with varying degrees of success. Ferlo came to Yale in 1973 as a graduate student in English. He drifted from philosophy to English the same way he drifted from Catholicism to Episcopalianism: not with a crisis of conversion, but with a pleasant feeling of settling into something more comfortable. He spent his apprenticeship period as a T A and as a professorial jack-of-all-trades. "I've taught 'em all," he drawled in the world-weary tones of a riverboat gambler. "115, 125, 129, both terms of Shakespeare, a senior seminar, a college seminar . . . "

Writer's block By 1981, Ferlo had a devoted following among students and a growing reputation as a dynamic teacher. There was just one problem: he hadn't published anything. His writer's block was so intense that he could barely finish his dissertation, let alone a sciJO!arly article of the type smiled upon by the English Department. As a result, the Department terminated Ferlo's contract. "It was the nadir of my fortunes ," he recalled. Within a month, however, an extraordinary event reversed those fortunes. Ferlo was one of three winners of the first annual Undergraduate Teaching Prize. "I felt tremendously vindicated, amused- and furious!" Ferlo said. He promptly wrote a letter to the chairman of the English Department, suggesting that his termination be reconsidered. "Three days later, I was reinstated. It was very gratifying to see the egg on their faces," he said with satisfaction. Ferlo accepted an invitation to become a resident fellow of Ezra Stiles. He and his family have lived in Stiles since then. Their apartment is orderly The New JournaVApril 8, 1983 31

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and spacious, taking up the entire lOth floor of the Stiles Tower. The living room is dominated by a green harpsichord that is half the size of a squash court. Beneath that is the cello Ferlo is learning to play. Music is a very private enjoyment for this otherwise outgoing person: he can play for hours at a time in private but will freeze up when asked to play for someone else. The exception to this is a certain flautist with whom he plays duets: his wife. Anne Harlan is as short as Ferlo. Below her long brown bangs are calm· blue eyes that look straight ahead as she speaks. The fact that Harlan, who programs computers for a public library, did not take her husband's surname is characteristic of her independence. She hates to be thought of as "Mrs. Him," and Ferlo is happy to support her on that. "It's been a great satisfaction to us that only one of us is attached to this institution ," he said. "I was always determined that I was marrying him and not a Yale professor," she added. "It's nice being a professor's wife- you have a lot of freedom, certainly more than a priest's wife . But I'm in touch with a different work philosophy and a different reality." "I t's an odd sort of situation here at Stiles. I don't feel like I lit in very well here," said Harlan. "We're on display, and we're meant to be on display. I think Elizabeth is probably happiest here, because she doesn't mind being on display." "Lizzie" is a tiny, talkative threeyear-old, whose dark hair and sharp features strongly resemble her father's.

At the end of his first term of Shakespeare, Ferto had lost 15 pounds.

HAPPY HOUR PRICES IN EFFECT ALL EVENING MON.-WED. S1.25 PER DRINK YALE STUDENT l.D. MUST BE SHOWN 32 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

She also resembles him in her sense for the theatrical, her artistic bent. She is seriously involved in finger painting at the Calvin Hill Day Care Center and will display her creations at a moment's notice. Her parenrs encourage her, commenting on each painting she pulls out of her stack. The stack is nearly as tall as she. "Roger and Anne use a very benign

kind of authority," said one Yale student who sits for Elizabeth. "She never seems aware of the fact that someone's saying no."

Sweating blood When the English Departmen t said "no" to Ferlo, he was planning to spend the next semester looking for a job. Instead, he found h imself taking over the mammoth lecture course on Shakespeare, originated by M arjorie Garber and A. Bar tlett Giamatti. His reaction was understandable: "I was terrified. In a small seminar, you walk in with a sheet of paper. If you're teachin g well that day, you get students to talk, manipulate them to come up with things they might not have thought of. But in a lecture, it's all you." His wife accompanied him to his first Shakespeare lecture, which drew a crowd that overflowed Linsly-Chit 101. "He was sweating blood beforehand," she said, "but when he got up to deliver the lecture, he just soared. Unlike me, he loves an audience - ! just have to drag him to the auditorium, and then he's line." Preparing for lectures was another story. "With fifty students, I can speak from notes," said Ferlo. "With 250, I have to wr ite it out." T o his surp rise, he produced 50 pages of lecture material each week, o r 600 pages per term. "This was the guy with writer's b lock!" h e said, laughing. The block persisted, however, in that he was unable to write without the spur of immediate pressure. So Ferlo developed a routine for writing his lectures: he would go to bed at 7 p.m. the night before, wake up at four in the morning, type until 11:28, then dash to LC I 01. "I can't believe my wife put up with it," he said. At the end of the first term of Shakespeare, Ferlo had lost fifteen pounds. Many students remember those Shakespeare lectures with pleasure. "His lectures were incredibly comprehensive and comprehensible," said JE senior Amy Adels-:>n. "H e wasn't as self-absorbed as many English professors are. H e's in terested in what he teaches, and that interest and insight are infectious." Clair Prestone, who was

a TA for the course, agreed: "He a lways seems to have twice as many ideas as h e has time for, but somehow he manages to fit them all in- and at a clip th at's just slow enough to take n otes at." But some students found Fe rlo's lectures over-intellectual and difficult to follow. "I don't know w h ether it's a problem with Fcrlo or

"I felt as if I were in the wrong business." with the English department," said one student. On the other side of the podium, Ferlo is uncomfortable with the lecture format. "If I had my choice, I would not lecture," he said. "I'm convinced th at students don't know how to listen, th at they're hostile to oral presentation. I f I presented two ideas in a lecture, they wanted one idea over and over. Like my colleagues, I've had the experience of leaving a class and thinking, 'Why was I there?' There have been more moments like that than I wish there were." While Ferlo has experienced some u n successful moments in his lectures, he has created many memorable ones fo r his students. His flamboyant mann er and dramatic style of reading made each lecture a performance. The charlatan -showman in Fer lo was in his e le m ent: Ferlo often read aloud from the plays in class acting out entire scenes. "The plays were meant to be listened to," he said. "That's what's fun about teaching Shakespeare. I could w r ite a book based on my lectures, but who wants another book about Shakespeare? I'd rather perform one of his plays." This highly theatrical approach required the familiar balancin~ act. Ferlo was determined to keep in its place what he calls "the staginess of the lecture performance." When students applauded at the end of his first lecture, he said, "I felt as if I were in the wrong business." After his fifth lecture, he fi nally asked the class to stop applauding- the tightrope walker was losin g his balance. '"The fact of appla u se is a significant action, and it dri ves me crazy," he explained. "A lee-

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Ferlo welcomes applause, though, in its proper place: the theatre. He has acted in several Yale productions, playing Mr. Peachum in Tht ThrttÂˇ Ptnny Opaa, the bishop in Michael Malone's Diftnder of the Faith, and the psychiatrist in Equus. The latter was "the most ambitious thing I've ever tried, and the best p rod u ction I've been in," Ferlo said. Applause may have driven him crazy in lectures, but he was delighted when the final performance of Equus received a 15-minute standing ovation. "When everything was up in the air," said Harlan, "we talked about Roger's going to New York as an actor." But they concluded that the one thing less likely than Roger getting tenure at Yale would be Roger finding steady work in the equally overcrowded fie ld of theatre. Everything was "up in the air" last year when Ferlo, still unpublished, decided that tenure was an impossible dream. H e began to put out feelers to other collc~es but got nowhere fast. "The longer one stays here, the harder it is to ~et a job somewhere else. They all say, 'If you were there, wh y come here?' There are fewer jobs for teachers now than ever- it's a buyer's market. One small college I approached said I'd have to start up the academic ladder all over again if they hired me." Ferlo didn't like the academic ladder the first time he climbed it. As the prospect of finding a secure, tenured niche somewhere grew fainter, Ferlo returned to an old and deep ambition: the priesthood. Suddenly, it seemed to be not only honorable but practical. He could be a teaching priest, either using his teaching abilities to serve the church and its community or letting a new perspective inform his l;ecular teaching. "It's a decision to act much more publicly,., said Ferlo. "Temperamentally, I'm just not suited to academia, to that separation from people and their needs. I don't want to spend the rest of my life writing tOmes." As a priest. Ferlo hopes to get off the tightrope and join the different

drives within him: performing, teaching, worshipping, learning. The idea was not as appealing to his wife, at first. "I was aware when I married R oger that he was interested in the priesthood in some way," Harlan recalled. "I fought against it fiercely." She was afraid of losing her identity as a priest's wife; it was a role that she felt had little to do with who she was. "But a fter the job-h unting frustrations, I had to agree that he might as well bag it. H e needs to get away from Yale in order to make a change in his identity. H e couldn't do that with another piece of paper from Yale."

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Ferlo is unsure of the form his m inistry will take. He hopes to find a parish in need of a pastor but will not rule out some form of secular teaching. H e will teach the Yale Summer Program's Shakespeare course before he enters the General Theological Seminary in New York this fall. In the meantime, he is studying Hebrew and Greek, parenting Lizzie, cooking (pasta is a specialty), and preparing for the big move. "Yale is basically giving me six months severance pay by allowing me not to teach this term," Ferlo said. "It's very generous of them." H e reflected for a moment. "You know, I'm perversely grateful to the English Department. If I hadn't had my problems here, I might not have examined the reasons I was teaching. I might not have realized what I really wanted to do."

â&#x20AC;˘

jack Lechner, a junior in Berkelry, is author q[The Ivy League Rock 'n Roll Quiz Book which was published last month.

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The :-.:ev. JournaVApril 8, 1983 35

Arts The music makers

Gordon M. Henry

Meet the people who decide what you hear.

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PLR's Kampmaler: "We're not the only game. In town. It's just too easy to change the channel." Buy an album at Cutler's Record Shop, and it will come in a bag with a WP L R logo on it. Turn on WPLR and within an hour or so you'll hear a promotion for a concert at Toad's Place or the Agora Ballroom, possibly mentioning that PLR is sponsoring the show. Check out the show and, while waiting for the band to arrive onstage, you can watch Music Television (MTV), cable's rock 'n' roll channel, on a giant silver screen. On your way home, take a look in Cutler's and chances are you'll find the display window plastered with copies of the newest release by the band you just saw. Yes, Virginia, rock 'n roll is a business. It is a business that feeds off itself, where one hand washes the other- and perhaps in no city is this more true than ew Haven. The city has a well-coordinated network of al{ents, salesmen and promoters whose job is to keep the business movinl{ along. The musical bandwagon in ew H aven operates by what has been called the "triangle theory:" a belief among businessmen that at least three separate signals are needed to penetrate the market and spur the musical consumer to plunk down seven 36 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

or eight dollars for a record album or show ticket. "One of us can't exist without the other," said Lucy Sabini of Toad's Place, referring to the other clubs, •·adio stations and record stores whose promotional efforts comprise New Haven's musical nexus. The players in ew Haven's music business have to be coordinated to profit off the city's unique location. It might seem strange that New Haven, a city slightly smaller than Peoria, Illinois, has one of the liveliest concert scenes in the country. New H aven's status on the rock 'n' roll map is disproportionate to the city's population size primarily because it's the logical stopover hetween ew York and Boston. Bands touring either or both of those towns generally book a gig in Connecticut, either to warm up for a show in the city or just to pick up some extra money on the way to someplace else. And while Hartford's Civic Center and the H artford Agora Ballroom attract big names to the state capital, New Haven does even better. "The two hottest musical cemers in the country, without a doubt, are New York and L.A.- but New H aven could well be number three," said one

•

New Haven radio pt·rsonalit\. "This isn't in terms of qerwrating lontl mu!:>icians. but in tt·rm~; ol the qualit) and quanti ty of national acts that romt• throu~h this area.~ New H aven Agora Ballroom booking agent Buddy I kndt·rson rt•c ailed a week when six major national acts played New ll avt·n. "It was about the third month f was hen· (Man·h 1982)." said H enderson, whose rock star looks -lithe frame, blm· ~ilk Agora jackt•t and shoulder-length gn:y-flecked locks -seem out of plact• batlwd in the morning sunlight at a window tabk in the Brewery. "Then• was a wt·ek in town when: w<.· had Talking Heads on VVednesday night, and Genesis was at the Coliseum tlw sanw night. On Thursday Toad's had .J ot• .Jarkson, on Friday and Saturclav wt• had tht· B-52s. on Sunday wt• had tht• C la~;h, and on Monday Charlit• Danit•ls ''a-, plaring the Colis<.·um. That's a who!«: vcar'<; worth of entertainnwnt w ht•rt· I come from in South Carolina. and those ''en.· stiff tickets. Tlwrt.• '"-"'n't a '\inctle ticket under t<.·n ·lollars, and every sho'" was sold out. ·• I knderson added in his soft Southt·rn twang. " If Nt•w H aven was in South Dakota vou would never set· a singlt· hand ht•rt•, t'ver." Club owners attribuH· murh of ew H aven's edge to a poll•ntial markt·t of 22.000 college stucknts. Thi;;, combined with a low c;tatc drinking age that allows students 10 drink at bars, makes for a club s<. t•m· that outdot•s far lar~er cit ies . Local businessmen ft•arcd re,·enues could shrink bv as mu< h as 70 perc-ent if Connt·rti< ut .h<tcl rai'>ed its drink in!{ aqt· to 21.To fight th<· drinkiuct legislation, dub' and other musicre lated busmesse... band<.·d tog(·th(·r to pay for a radio adH·rti-;ing blitz that asked somberlv. w\'\'ht•re would vou be if the drinking. agt' was 21 T' . "P hiladelphia, the fourth largest city in the U.S .• has no drinking rock clubs, only concen halls that sell no liquor," explained \1\'PLR General Manager Chris Kampmaier. "They have a fe"" jazz clubs do""ntown. but nothing like a Toad's Place. People in their late twenties and thirties just don't spend money in dubs the way college-age people do."

At least once a wC<.·k. the thr('t' top directors of \1\'PLR !{ather in tlw st•cond noor of the station's unassuming beige brick building in a decay in'{ area downtown. There. they decide which five or six songs 10 add to the plnvlist of the number one rock music station in New Haven. The plaqli(.'S on the walls allest to the importann· of tlw deciliions being made: million-sdling albums by bands as disparatt• as Labelle and .Joan .Jett and the Blackhcarts. whose smn·ss PLR has fostered in the past. Tht• ckc·i,ions th,u these three men arrin· at ead1 \H't·k affect more than what got·s on•r tlw airwa,es at 99.1 megahertz in '\;(•w Haven (and rough!) 75 mile-, out in any direction). Thev also influt·m t• what goes on th<.· stages of ~t·w Haven's clubs and concert halls. in tht• display windows of Cutler's Record

Shop. and. presumably. into the rt•t·orcl and tape collections of countless musiral ronsumers. PLR- whose call letters originally stood for " P opular 99"- differs dramatically from other top rock stations in the way it makes programmmg decisions: a small in-house staff calls the shots. Since the mid-1970s, most top rock stations across the country have followed what is known as a "superstar" format. T hey pay market research consultants - superstarswho do national studies and then compile formats and playlists which the affiliates follow like gospel, and which as many as 90 percent of non-affiliates mim,ic. "It's been the rage now for eight or ten years," said Kampmaier. "And it's responsible for giving you three or four stations in the same city all playing the same thing- stations that ha,·e been playing 'Stairway to Heaven' every two or three days for six years now."

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Agora's Henderson: " If New Ha~en was In South Dakota, you would ne~er see a single band, e~er." lht· :'\t•"' .JournaiiApril R. 1983 37

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TOAD'S WATERBURY 38 The Nt'W .Journal/April 8, 1983

PLR never bought the superstars format. Instead, PLR's gang of three -Program Director Rich Allison, Music Director Mike Kervin and Kampmaier - have tried to rely on instincts and personal preference more than the media consultants' pearls of wisdom. Still, nobody denies that PLR closely monitors superstar affiliates such as rival stations WHCN and I-95. "That's just a question of wanting to know thine enemy," said Kampmaier, w ith a snicker. "Let's say the three managers are sitting around over a beer and say 'Culture Club is a stupid record ,and we aren't gonna play it.' Then a week later H C N, 1-95 and CCC star t wailing it. Then three months later it's selling 500 copies a week out of Cutler's. We'll start playing it. The difference at PLR is, we have our own destiny to worry about. When H CN has a bad book. thev fire the consultant. When we have a bad book. we get a new program d trector." Noble as it mi~ht sound, PLR's progressive policy of maintaining flexibility and independence in programmm~ raises a serious question Should a select two or three people have the power to determine so much of what the public sees and listens 10? To answer that. it's necessary first to see just how the P L R power ~exus works. Radio airplay acts as a catalyst for a chain reaction of promotional eOorts. K am p maier explained how initial airplay sets off the reaction. first with

record sales. then with increased radio and video exposure. The process, he said, culminates in a local club date. What happens. actually, is not that simple. In between all those stages arc crucial contacts and phone calls. Before booking a band at Toad's or the Agora, both clubs' booking agents will consult PLR, plus other radio stations. record stores and local industry insiders to ascertain a band's popularity in town. When deciding which records to stock, Cutler's Record Shop scans WPLR's current playlist, which is mailed to them every week. And the record company agents who come to Cutler's to arrange window displaysCutler's leaves all in-store promotions to the record companies-"are perhaps equally aware of who's coming to town or playing on PLR as Cutler's is," according to owner Jason Cutler. PLR airplay, local booking agents agree, is the seal of approval a club looks for when it is unsure whether to book a band, except in the rare case of a "cult" band such as Kin~ Sunny Ade whose fame at Yale spread mostly by word of mouth when he played at Toad'<; in February.

Nightlife Like New Haven 5 Never Seen

Rodgers and Hart's It's a little like the joke about the guy who was the onlv Iawver in a small town. but who h~d no. work to dountil another lawyer moved into town. And like the two lawvers. the relation· ship is at once competitive and sym· biotic . .Just as PLR lights for market shares and advertisers with stations such as KC-101 and W H CN, concert halls such as the Agora Ballroom and Toad's P lace battle for name acts. That war began in .J uly, 1981, when the Agora opened, and has only recently become more even as the Agora, which holds about 1200 max· imum to T oad's 650, has managed to book such stellar national groups as Missing Persons, Stray Cats and Culture Club. T he Agora's uphill battle was against not only Toad's but the entire musical establishment, which. according to Hen derson, had "become entranced with the Toad's organization." Much of the attachment- and none was closer than that between Toad's and W P LR -was built up over a period of six years, beginning in 1977. I n those years, Toad's shed its image and much of its clientele, changing from a local eatery where bikers hung out to a na· tionally known rock club that now at· tracts up to 40 pc rcent of its audience from Yale. As or..:: local agent put it, "Toad's had become a well-respected organization, a famous little club known for treating musicians like artists." T oad's booking agent Lucy Sabini is a pleasant, energetic woman who answers most questions in quick bursts of three or four words. She grinned when recalling the club's late seventies metamorphosis. She sat explaining the club's history in a stark second-Ooor reception room clutrered with the hand-painted canvas window displays T oad's uses to alert passers-by to up· coming shows. "Toad's Place was put on the map," she said, "when B illy J oel played the club as pan of his tour in the summer of 1980." The concert was recorded and included on Joel's live album. The Toad's mystique grew: Cutler's Record Shop held "in-store" promotions where Toad's artists would st~p by and s ign a lbums. Established acts such asJoeJackson would choose to kick off tours of 10- 15,000 seat arenas with a gig at the imimate, prestigious New H aven venue. And W P L R , New H aven's number one rock music sta-

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tion, came to sound like "Toad's Radio," in the words of H enderson. He smugly added that thanks to his club, "They don't sound like that anymore." As Henderson chuckled over his cup of lukewarm Brewery coffee, a note of vindictiveness surfaced in his attitude toward PLR. Yet he spoke politely, calmly. He explained the animosities that develop in a town where aggressive clubs and promoters vie for support and sponsorship from one pivotal actor- WPLR. "This is the perfect example. Let's say there are two shows going on the same night, one at Toad's and one at the Agora. Let's say we offered PLR sponsorship for Squeeze and instead they chose to sponsor J onath an Edwards at Toad's. I'd think that Chris Kampmaier was an idiot, because he let his personal feelings get in the way of his business sense -if he has any business sense." Though Kampmaier said PLR is now "as promotionally active with the Agora as with Toad's," he acknowledged that his personal friendship with T oad's Place owner Mike Spoerndle makes the distance between 1294 Chapel and 300 York Street perhaps the shortest six blocks in New Haven.

~:~&ltt:coRo st-'of'

All the interlocking strands of commitment and hand-washing come together most clearly in the promotion of a new band's record: radio support, followed by a local club date, followed by record company promotion in the local record store and radio advertisements- what most people lump together as "hype"culminating in the final promotional push the day or two before and after an act's local gig. Does it work? How strong is the connection between what PLR's managers decide they like and what ends up playing and seiJing in New Haven? An illustration: the case of the GoGo's, the all-girl group from Los Angeles whose million-seiJing 1981 album Beauty and the Beat resurrected a sound not heard since Diana R oss and the Supremes- and with a new wave 40 The New JournaJ/April 8, 1983

sensibility. PLR's musical overseers heard the record before its release, "said 'y'know that's damned good,' and began playing-wailing-the Co-Go's nine months before any radio station in the country," said Kampmaier, getting excited at the recollection. PLR helped bring the Go-Go's to T oad's before the band h ad any national following- and only 100 people showed up at the club; the station brought the band back to Toad's a second time, and 650 people came; a third time and the club was packed, with another 1000 waiting outside unable to get tickets; the fourth time the Go-Go's came to town they played to 14,000 fans standing on their seats · at the New Haven Coliseum. But such seemingly flagrant tastemaking p ower does have its checks and balances. Music, industry insiders will tell vou, is a commodity, a product promoted and sold much like any other. Given· the constraints of a competitive marketplace,. the consumer, and not the producer, is the ultimate arbiter of taste. While jason Cutler admits that PLR airplay, MTV videoplay and local club dates a re all important pieces of "the pie graph" telling him which records to stock, the day-to-day preferences of his customers prevail. But what subliminal medium or message induces a consumer to request a record in the first place? Deductive reasoning points to a few primary decision-makers at the center of the yarn: the guys at PLR. "Sure, I agree that our three guys are important," Kampmai<;r said grudgingly. "But you'll only listen to them once or twice if they're wrong. The tail does not wag the dog- and we a re the tail." Kampmaier lifted his feet ofT the table, swiveled in the chair, and put his hand on the dial of his office FM receiver. He gave the knob a twirl and swiveled back around , looking pained. "You can jam good shit down peoples' throats," h e said, "but you can't jam bad shit down their throats. The fact is we're not the only game in town. It's just too easy to change the channel."

•

Gordon M . H enry, a senior in Saybrook, is former features editor of the Yale Daily News.

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Theatre Supershows: Are there limits? The Speed and Sweeney Todd have challenged the expectations of theatre at Yaleand both in the same week.

They knew they'd need five quarts of blood, six silver barber's razors and an audience of 200 people a night. They also knew they'd have to fit it into the Ezra Stiles dining hall . But they decided to do Sw~mey Todd anyway. On the other side of campus, three writers were trying to convince two directors and a choreographer that their ideas could be turned into something tangible. After months of hairpulling, they chose to call it The Speed. E ither one alone could have created a stir. Either one alone cou ld have replaced last year's production ofjesus Christ Superstar as the supershow, the

S...ney Todd (Adam Grouper) 42 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

Laura Pappano

new model of undergraduate theatre. But more remarkable than the possibility of either of them was the fact of them both-and at the same time. Tht Speed and Swtmey Todd caused a kind o f neurosis in the theatre world here, issuing a challenge that neither was sure could be met. "D espite what we were saying," recalled Sweenty musical direcÂˇ tor Scott Freiman, "we were scared to death. We didn't just want to do it -we wanted to do it right." David Loud, director of The Speed felt some of the same tension in the early going: " I think it's about all the campus can take." [t all began in December when the

•

6 supershows held their auditions, an unprecedented four months before the spring productions were to open. And for good reason: Th~ Sp~~d needed to cast parts early so the writers could tailor the details of the script and lyrics to the specific actors. And Swunty Todd was an enormous undertaking that would require every minute it could get. In the early scramble for dramat sponsorhip and talent, there were a lot of hard feelings. Other productions felt that they couldn't compete for actors and production crews because so many people had drifted toward the supershows. "I think that both Th~ Spud and Sw~mty Todd sent shivers around Yale " said Freiman, "they were two excitin'g projects, and that's probably why there was some competition."

"I think It's about all the campus can take." From the outset, the competition between the two shows was inevitable. Both would require an extraordinary amount of talent, ~nergy and money. The question seeMed to hang in the air: was there enough to go around? No one was placing any bets. Sw«nty was prepared to fold if it didn't get the singers it wanted. "We couldn't have done the show without excellent leads, because the music is on an almost operatic level," explained Freiman. But once auditions were over, it was evident that the talent was there. It was not impossible to cast two major musicals at the same time. "In a physical sense, there was competition," acknowled~d Loud. "But they got their people and we got ours."

Aesthetic Inconvenience When students in Ezra Stiles College ~eturned from spring break, their dintng hall looked more like a construction site than a place to eat. One-bythrees sliced through would-be meal conversations. Metal bars trapped students in their chairs. Half of the tables were placed under scaffolding platfonns, in the dark. But everyone found notes in their boxes to explain: -rhe Stiles Drarnat is well underway with its spring production of sw~mty

Josephine Perry of The Speed (Sarah Young). Todd,"' read the note . . . "we apologize for any aesthetic or other inconvenience that anyone might po:-.sibly experience.""! feel like I'm in the middJe of a transistor radio . ., complained one Stiles student. ~It's really neat that these theatre people can come in here late at night and put together this stufT,~ said one Stile" sophomore. referring to the t"xpansivc Swrmt'); set. "But somebody's got to tell them that there are limits .., Are there limits? Are there shows that college dramats samplv shouJd not attempt? As cramped and inconvenient as it is. dining hall theatre has become a "a)' of I i fc ar Yale. In rhc ca~e of most 'ho''"• if, an inconvenience thar a rcsidt·nrial college can tolerate. But in some '<ituauons. a' with these o;uper,how'<, it i<t impraotical

for cveryont· invoked. The crew of Todd. a tcchnicallr demanding sho", s~nt the three "eeks prior to the show \\.Orking all night, usually until the start of breakfast, because it was the only time thev had access to the dining hall . And Th, Sp~ had to 5eatter rehearsals in odd rvoms around the campu~ bccau'e there \\.ere no places lar'tc enou~h to accomodate all its different components. Clearly. much of Yale undergraduate college thcatrt• is reachinl{ a plateau of size and quality that \'>arrant'< ~orne new consideration. At the '-t·ry lea,t. the super,hows have lent <·n·dencc to the arguments of tho e "ho ha\'C Jon'{ demanded more theatre ·pace on campu.;. SW«11t') Todd i' a musical ha ed on an old Englio:h legend about the -demon barber of Fleet Street" '"ho Su-,m~

The :".t·\-. .Journal/April 8, 1983 43

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supposedly murdered his customers and turned them into meat pies. It was the biggest show ever staged on Broadway, and it's the biggest show in Yale college theatre to date. "It doesn't dwarf Superstar," said Miguel Valenti, director of Sweeney Todd. "But it is bigger." Valenti said that he had wanted a show that was ambitious enough to risk jeopardizing his future career. "I love this show," he said, "I may fail out of law school, but it's worth it." Valenti couldn't have found a more ambitious project. Sweeney Todd has a $6000 budget, a cast of 37 and a 30-piece orchestra. Before it closes on Sunday, it will have combined the labors of over 200 people. More than any other show, Sweeney Todd is a technical monster. It has employed some of the most detailed lighting and set design around, and in the process has brought together nearly every technical person on campus. "We pr-obably have the best electrics crew that's ever been assembled for an undergraduate show," said Valenti. When he decided to do the show, Valenti knew that the technical end would be crucial to its success. "We're not trying to recreate Broadway," he said, "but you need to create the same atmosphere in which it was performed. You don't have to create it the same way,

but you have to create that very special mood- hence Tom and Remie." Working together, lighting designer Remie Constable and set designer Tom McQuillen have tried to create the atmosphere that Valenti feels is so important. "The biggest problem is that the dining hall is too small to do it in," said McQuillen. "We had to create the illusion that there is a huge, expansive space." Both designers worked toward this goal by suggesting that the stage has no concrete bounds. "We had this idea of ver y concrete to abstractnot having the edges of the set anywhere," explained Constable. "My lights are intended in a lot of cases to be patchy and murky and obscure .. People will be walking in and out of shadow." McQuillen, an architecture major who is receiving academic credit for his desi~n work, has been working on the show since the fall semester. Part of his preparation included a 1: 24 scale model of the dining han and set. He designed and built the most intricate set pieces, such as Sweeney Todd's barber chair over the winter break, snipping them from Wisconsin by freight. He has also been keeping and training six white rats, which make an appearance in the show's graveyard scene. Obviously, this set involves

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The Sweeney set: "Industrial madness." 44 The New Journal/April 8, 1983

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lacks the vulgar implications of 'fast•... more than building a few fancy platforms: its style and effect have been carefully planned. "I'm trying to create a kind of industrial madness." explained McQuillen. "The way I understand the play, you have normal everyday lifethen suddenly people are getting baked into pies," said McQuillen. It is the sudden, shocking chan"ge of scale -the jump from ordinary to terrifying-that M cQuillen has tried to capture in his set clesi~n. "The thing that impressed me most was the play's sense of little tiny places versus huge. terrifying, awe-inspiring spaces," he said. McQuillen borrowed several loads of garbage from a local junkyard and suspended it from the roof struts and scaffolding to help create the eerie London atmosphere. Valenti has launched a show that is not only technically demanding, but that is demanding in terms of acting and music as well. To allow his cast to meet the challenge of Swmrry Todd, Valenti began his rehearsals as earl;. as January 16. teaching his actors skills that they otherwise might not acquire. .. 1 think you could liken it to a training program ," said Valenti. "We've taught them dance, mime, improvisation and character work- we've even given them hand-outs on period information . I'm really making the actors work. They are putting in a lot of time, ~nd I want them to get something for lt."

No Rodgers and Hammersteln Th~ Sp~~d was also an enormously complex and time-consuming work-but in a way quite different 'from Swtmry

Todd. The technical end of Th~ Sp~~d was quite simple. "There's a sort of lighting mafia ~ that seems to have gravitated towards sw~mry," Loud observed. "What I'm interested in is what has been written and not how we can light it beautifully. I've been trying to keep most o f the show very abstract and clean to emphasize what is going on between the people." Th~ Spe~d is a new, l920s-Oavored, student-written musical based on the F. Scott Fitzgerald story "'A Nice Quiet Place." Composer Jon Ehrlich began working on the show a year and a half ago. Last spring he outlined the show with lyricist Dan Klotz and proposed the idea to director Da" id Loud and musical director Ted Sperling. Elizabeth Stauderman soon became the scriptwriter. Finally, at the end of the fall term, Midori Nakamurajoined as the show's choreographer, and a production crew was assembled. From the beginning, everyone took Th~ Sp«d seriously. There was no doubt that this was going to be a professional undertaking. Unlike the production staff of Swunry Todd, many of the people on the staff of Th~ sp~~d intend to make theatre a career. Even in high school, Ehrlich had written and produced a full-scale musical. And Loud, who took ofT a semester last year to perform in the Broadway show Murily w~ Roll AIOTif!. has already had a taste of professional theatre. "'I think the show was an invaluable experience for all of us: said Sperling. "At the lowest level, the how w1ll be a body of work that we can <;how to other people. At least it will help us pre ent ourselves to other professionals."

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Because everyone had such a personal stake in the project's success, makin g even a subtle alteration often involved a six-way d ebate. "I t's very hard to be wren ching things around," said L oud . "I t's for th e good of the show, but it's still very hard. We all tend to get emotional about it. We all have su ch stro n g opinions about every little m atter. I t's frustrating, but I wouldn't have it an y other way." It was the very flexibi lity of The Speed that made it so difficult. Because it had never been done before, it could be done an infinite number of ways. "The fact th at there _w as the possibility of rewriting the script created a different a ttitu de in working on the show," s.aid Loud. "There was always the possibility of someone coming up with a better idea for a lioe. But I started with the idea of making the script work. T hen when something absolutely did not work , we changed the script." The remarkable thing about The Speed was the amount of persistence that was part of the creative process from the beginning. The title didn't just appear at the top of the completed script , but was the source of many hours of debate. Even still, it is a source of confusion for those who aren't familiar with the project. Loud sometimes found himself having to dispel the misconception that The Speed is a musical abou t radicalism in the sixties. " I don't like the dru g connotation," Loud admitted. In t he early months of production , the title changed regularly. Originally the writers of the play work-::d under the title of the Fitzgerald story, but they finally decided that "A Nice Quiet Place" was too sedate for a m u sical about a fast young woman named Josephine. T h e first title suggestions played off her name: "On Your Mark , Get Set, Jo," "Josephine Perry, Quite Contrary," "Speaking of Josephine," and simply "Josephine!" In less serious moments, the writers adapted titles of current Broadway shows, like "Josephine Babies," "Josephinita" and even "Sweeney Josephine." Finally they came up with "The Speed," one of those convenient words that, according to F itzgerald, "lacks the vulgar implications of 'fast'." Creating The Speed was a process of

~It/ tvnuiuf.al teaching and learning, relaying and multiplying new ideas as the musical developed. What began as Ehrlich's private conception became more and more public property as work progressed. "Right now J on and Dan and Elizabeth know everything about the show- it's theirs," Loud said several months ago. "As rehearsals start, I'm the one who has to know everything about it. Then the actors will know everything- they will know things I don't know. Then, finally the audience will know. It's a very satisfying process- one that you don't get when you order Babes In Anns from R odgers and H ammerstein." And when you order Babes In Arms you don't worry about whether or not it will make sense or how it will flow; you don't even have to wonder how it will sound. There were no recordings of Th~ Spud that the directors or singer could listen to for guidance. What guidance they did have wasn't immutable-everything was open to change.

Catch 22? Undeniably, both Th~ Spud and Sweeney Todd have c.1allenged the quality of undergraduate theatre at Yale. But given what many see as a trend towards fewer, bigger, more expensive productions, the question should be asked: Does all theatre have to be on a huge profession a l scale si mply because it's been shown that it can be? Some have said that theatre here is involving itself in a kind of Catch 22, in which each production crew that comes along feels a compulsion to up the ante . "It's hard for me to know where to go from here," said Freiman. When Supn-star went up last spring, people squirmed. Was this the new standard of excellence? A year later. Th~ Sp~td and Sweeney Todd have pushed the standard up even higher. The fact is that different shows lure different kinds of talent, and supershows thrive on a particularly masochistic strain of the theatre species. Valenti described the supershow m entality best: "Our attitude's always been, 'this show can't be done, so let's go do it."'

•

Laura Pappano, a ;umor in Ezra Stllu, an associate editor of TNJ.

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