Volume 16 - Issue 1

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CASAMARRA RESTAURANT 321 East Street New Haven Exit 46 1-95

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Reservations 777-5148 2 The New JournaVSeptember 9, 1983

About This Issue It seemed appropriate to open the first issue of the year by explaining something about who we are and what we try to do in these pages. The N~ journal, very simply, is a newsmagazine about the people and ideas of Yale, published six times a year. It was first published in 1967 by Daniel Yergin and Jerry Bruck. It was a bright, irreverent and often controversial magazine in those stormy years. In the late seventies, though, it fell under hard times and eventually folded. In 1981 the magazine was reestablished in its present form.

The New journal has changed drastically since 1967, but certain things remain the same. For one thing, we only write about Yale and New Haven. We don't run stories about acid rain or El Salvador, not because we find 'r.ational issues unimportant, but simply because we don't have the resources to cover them. We have to draw a line somewhere, and New Haven seems to us to be the logical place.

Besides, we've often discovered that we can cover national issues here at home in ways that national magazines can't. In past years, for example , we've taken a look at Department of Defense funding at Yale, we've investigated President Giamatti's arguments against the Moral Majority, and we've interviewed South African playwright Athol Fugard. Last year, former editor-in-chief Andy Court won the Yale Non-fiction Prize for his story on the Holocaust Survivors Videoarchive at Yale, and managing editor Morris Fanner's report on Taiwanese student surveillance was ust:d as a reference in a House subcommittee investigation.

Another thing-we're not a political magazine. We don't endorse candidates or take partisan stands. That doesn't mean we don't have opinions; it just means we don't, as a magazine, subscribe to any political persuasion.

Please drop us a line if you're interested in us, if you're angry about something we've done wrong or simply pleased about something we'vo done right. Enjoy the issue, and look for us in October. -W.H.S.

TheNewJournal ''I

Volume 16

llrmbers and Directors ~nry

4

Letters

llMrd OJ Advisors

6

Between the VInes

John H ersey

~rKirwood

A Day in th e Life of the Weeldy Bulletin & Calendar a diabetic physicist from Manhattan to db?

by David Kipen

Prilruls:

9

Anson M. Beard, Jr. t ldward B. Bennett, Jr.

f Awas giDm a uaJnd time .,._ ftinul, &/Jtembtr 1,

Beneath the Liberal Facade Strip Yale of her conservatism and you strip her of her idmti~_A

,IJaire Bennett Jonathan M . Clark Louise F . Cooper James W . Cooper Peter B. Cooper t Jerry and Rae Court GeofTry Fried Sherwin Goldman Brooks Kelley Andrew J. Kuzneski, Jr. Lewis E. Lehrman B. Nobles Lowe )eter Neill• fairfax C. Randall t ;Nicholas X. Rizopoulos J)ick. and Debbie Sears t &ichard Shields Thomas Strong t Alex and Betsy Torello Allen and Sarah Wardwell DasaieJ Yergin

by Mike Otsuka

12 NewsJoumal

16

Features

Troubadours, Inc: The Whiffenpoofs at Seventy-five Make no mistake, big business now.

Yale~

once-informal a capella group is

by Judi Kamien

24

Beasts of Burden On any given day, there are 25,000 animals at the Yale M edical School~ Animal Care Facility.

by Laura Pappano

30

Sports

A Whole New Ballgame On July 16th Rich Diana walked out camp and came back to Yalt.

of the Dolphins

by Morris Panner 1983

36

Research

'hArliwBoard

:;:::einz

Taiwan's private eyes

What~

l!'.liiabeth Tate

BdBe~an

September 9, 1983

Number one

C. Chauncey, Jr. Peter B. Cooper . , . . . Kelley Peter Neill M"IChelle Press 1'1lomas Strong

Robert Moore Morris Panner• Chris Ryan• W. Hampton Sides

McQuillen

Mind Over Music

Ajttr four years of stUdy at Yale, Psychologist Mary Louise Serafine pioneers a new theory for musical analysis.

by Corinne Tobin

41

Books

.""*'April 19, 1983

Stepchildren of the Revolution

Mao's Harvest offers the fruit of the first gtntration to grow up in Red China's Cultural Revolution.

by Katherine Scobey

(Volume 16, Number 1) 77u Nm~ Jounllll is ~six times during the school year by the

"-wjournalat Yale, Inc., Post Office Box 3432

, . Station, New Haven, CT 06!i20. Copyright

liD bJ the New Journal at Yale, Inc. All rights .......... R.eprodcution either in whole or in . . . wilbout written permission of the publisher edilur-in-chief is prohibited. This magazine .....,Wled by Yale College students, and Yale is not reaponsible for its contents.

1f...,

46 Afterthought

Blinded with Science Why the poets are in the dark.

by W. Hampton Sides Cover plwto by Chris Ryan

Yg !S. i iv if tr. 16

...

&

teJ

The New J ournal/September 9, 1983 3

Letters ..

Publishf'r Ed Bcnnclt Editor-in-Chit;( W. Hampton Sides .Desi~f'r Tom McQuillen PhoiiJf?raphy Editor Chris Ryan• Businm Managrr Robert Moore Manaf!,ing F..ditcrs .Jim Lowe Morris Panner• Production Manager Hilary Callahan

Utter nonsense

To the Editor: As one whose name was specifically mentioned in the cover story of the April 8 issue of The New Journal, I believe that your readers deserve to know what I told Morris Panner when he contacted me last March and subsequently came to interview me on March 7.

Auocial.e Businl'u }daniJff"S First I must set straight the nature of my office. After severance of diplomatic Kat ic Kressmann Marilynn Sager* relations between our two countries, the Peter Phlegcr Vanessa Sciarra Coordination Council for North Ameri'Associatt Editors can Affairs (CCNAA) was created in Paul Hofheinz Laura Pappano Taipei to handle and promote on our behalf cultural, commercial and other Tina Kelley Katherine Scobey relations between the Republic of China Mike Otsuka* on Taiwan and the United States. My office in Boston is one of the ten j4ssonfll.e Produdwn ManiJff"s CCNAA offices in the United States.

Lauren Rabin* My government, deeply valuing the Tony Reese• traditional Sino-American friendship of long standing, respects hll American Christianna Williams laws and therefore never stoops to engage in any activities such as the alStaff leged "surveillance" or "monitoring" on Jim Ayer Lisa Hintz university campuses. We deplore those Anne Applebaum• Amy Stevens• elements unfriendly to our cause or Joyce Bancr:jee• Corinne Tobin• those who "often have axes of their own Eduardo Cruz Andy Vasey to grind" (as Mr. Panner himself wrote) when they employ shameful lies to Darren Gersh Lelia Wardwell slander us.

Dave Hanson • Lisa Yun It is utter nonsense to imply that my office (or any counterpart office) gives monthly "stipends" to student TM NrwJournal is type!>Ct by the Charllon Press "monitors." of New Haven, CT and printed by the As a general practice, students going Trumbull Printing Company of Trumbull, CT. abroad for advanced studies do attend Bookkeeping and accounting services provided some seminars before they leave the

by Colman Bookkeeping of New Haven, CT. home country. The main purpose of Billing "<:rviccs by Comprehensive Business such orientation process is to better Services of Hamden. CT. prepare the students to understand and Eleven thousand copies of each issue are adapt to their new environment. That distributed for free to all members of the Yale is both a useful and laudable process. I Univt"rsity community. have never heard of anyone "undergoing a week-long training session in which he Office address: 105 Becton Center learns basic surveillance techniques."

Phone: (203) 436-4525 And I very much resent such allegation.

Your cover article overplayed the Yang Huan-hsi case and its alleged The opinions expressed in this section are those remote, indirect tic with the Yale camof the individual writers. The New Journal pus. Yang was arrested last January 5 encourages leners to the editor and comment on when he arrived at the international airYale and New Haven issues. Write to W. port at Taoyuan. After being confronted Hampton Sides, Editorials, 3432 Yale Station New Haven, CT 06520.

All letters fo; with solid evidence proving his collusion publication must include address and signature. with Chinese Communists on the mainland, Yang ., sonfessed to col4 The New Journal/September 9, 1983

'.

- ..

~

laborating with the Communists. In view of Yang's sincere expressions of repentance, his age, his generally poor health and the fact that he had acted alone, the military prosecutor handling the case had requested the court consider leniency in sentencing Yang, suggesting only a short-term of three years of rehabilitation. In February, the court went further than had been requested by the prosecutor- by allowing Yang to remain outside prison walls, placing him merely under protective surveillance for the term of his sentence.

Sui-chi Lin Director Coordination Council for North American Alfairs

Personal experience To the Editor: As a student from Taiwan, I want to thank you for your report, "Silent Dissent: Taiwanese Students at Yale." By giving Chinese Nationalist spies attention, they will probably have second thoughts before publicly harrassing Taiwanese students. in the U.S. My personal experience of studying at a public university on the West Coast has left no doubt in my mind that there are Chinese Nationalist spies at the university.

When I first arrived at the university, I joined the Chinese Student Association. Even though I considered myself Taiwanese instead of Chinese, I joined because I did not want [the Association members J to think I was suspicious and put my name on their "watch list." I wa.s cautious not to publicly criticize the ruling Chinese Nationalist regime in Taiwan.

In December of 1978, former President Carter announced the normalization of relations with China. [The Association) asked me to take part in a demonstration against the U.S. foreign policy. They were angry at me because I refused.

After that, I have been on their "probable enemies" list. I know they watch me and try to find fault with me.

What bothers me most is that they are paid. In order to justify their pay they may have to make reports. I don't know if I will be safe if I return to Taiwan.

The letter signed by 32 [Yale Taiwa nese students] denying th at spying takes place on campus, shown by Mr. Cheng, does not mean anything.

If the president of the Chinese Student Association of my sch ool were to ask me to sign a letter like that, probably I would h ave sign ed it. Very few Taiwanese students would dare refuse.

Chen Burbank, CA

One-sided

111

To the Editor: After I read "Silent Dissent: Taiwanese Students at Yale," (TN] 4/8/83) I felt sorry that there were so many m isunderstandings and mistakes in th e article.

Alth.ough Mr. P anner's principal sources are not explicitly identified, material cited in The New Journal article .connects them with the Taiwanese Independence M ovement. The views of this movement represent an extreme outside the m ainstream of the Chinese political situation. The Taiwanese Independence Movement claim s responsibility for terrorist bombings and assassination attempts worldwide. I n California, it has been banned for its violent activities. Its systematic campaign of distortion and its own admittedly violent tactics should make its credibility as an original source extremely tenuous.

Mr. Panner cites the case of Lin KuoChing, a Chinese student at North Carolina State University, Raleigh. The New journal simply reports th at Mr. L in was involved in a "controversy" and th at he fears that he cannot return to Taiwan safely. Closer examination of the case shows that Mr. Lin pleaded guilty in a North Carolina district court to a charge of illegal advertising in connection with posting signs slandering another Chinese student as a KMT spy. His guilty plea was e n tered in exchange for the dropping of a h azing charge that arose from Mr. Lin's allegedly harassing Chinese students on campus. However, the very same person now told Mr. Panncr that "I can promise you that surveil_. lance goes on in every campus in the country, including .Yale."

Another point: the charge that any

defenders of the KMT are by implication campus spies should be treated as the trial by innuendo that it truly is.

R hetorical tactics such as this can have no other aim than to discourage the presentation of dissenting opinions.

The reader should at least recognize that The New journals article was onesided. It would seem that Mr. Panner's unfortunate choice of sources has lent itself to furthering the propaganda of an extremist minority.

Name withheld The author of the letter writes: "'I request that the same protection of anonymiry be extended to me as to the sources cited in Panner's article. I have more to .fear .from the Taiwan lndependence Movement than they have to fear from the KMT"

Unfounded conjectures

Apart from Denny L iang, Mr. Panncr based the bulk of his story on materials supplied by the Taiwanese Independent Movement (TIM), an outlawed organization in Taiwan as well as in many states of this country because of its violent terrorist activIties, whose d eclared m1ssâ&#x20AC;˘on is "dedicated to overthrowing the present government on T aiwan" (p. 18). The political motives of that organization have never been in the closet, and it is very clear who led Mr. Panner to the elephant's tail.

We were told in your article that "it is an accepted assumption among us in the China field that surveillance takes place, but I do not have any evidence" (p. 18), that "common sense tells me that it goes on" (p. 21 ), and that "it is unrealistic to believe that the KMT leaves Taiwan's students unwatched.

The stakes are simply too high" (p. 23).

Statements like these and otherwise unfounded conjectures and speculations fill the pages. The readers of Tht New Journal deserve better than that.

We want the truth, but we distaste incompetence in journalism.

To the Editor: The cover story in your April issue, "Silent Dissent: Taiwanese Students at Yale," was filled with distortions and biased materials. It not only discredited The New Journal but also defamed the hard-working students from Taiwan, the Republic of China.

While it is Mr. P anner's claim that Sincerely, he interviewed many T aiwan students T.P. Ma Faculty Advisor to the at Yale, he relies almost exclusively on Yale Chinese Student Service a pscudonymed D enny Liang for the alleged spy activities on campus. But Editors Note: W e agree with you that the even if one were to believe that there Taiwanese I ndependent Movement were no political motives behind (T. I. M.) is not a legitimate source. Panner, Liang's accusations, one could not find however, did not directly cite or quote arry a single piece of tangible evidence T. I. M. spokesman. Panner drew from a which could support his claims. variety of sources: Congressional Records, Using Liang as a source, Mr. P an- U.S. campus publications, publications both ncr charged Wang Li-dao, a former sympqthetic and unsympathetic to the graduate student in chemistry, as an T . I .M., Newsweek and Yale faculry agent for the KMT. How convenient it members. is. The only person who is so charged As for the pseudorrymed "Denny Liang, " is no longer here to defend himself. I we need to make a clarification. At the request knew Wang personally while he was at of his sources, Panner used one pseudonym to Yale. H ere is an interesting character protect the anorrymity of the six Yale students who fancied himself as the J ames Bond whom he interuiewed at length. While it is of the East. While it is possible that he certainly possible that some of them may have might have indeed proclaimed himself been politically motivated, the confirmation as an agent for the KMT, many of us from the other sources makes it unlikely that also know that, o n many occasio n s, he all of them were. claimed himself to be an agent for the Says Panner: "I don't presume to have FBI. Would one then deduce from this rruuie a definitive judgment about arry acthat the FBI is spying on Yale tivities of the K. M . T. or of the T. I. M . I students? In ar.y event, it defies com- had no political motivations in writing the mon sense that a real spy would reveal story. Rather, I wanud to broach an issue of covert identities. importance to the Yale community. " The New Journal/September 9, 1983 5

Between the Vines A Day in the Life of the Weekly Bulletin and Calendar Everybody has a favorite image for what makes Yale Yale. For some, it's the way the Old Campus bleeds together on foggy nights and Bladderball afternoons. For brochure photographers, it's an ethnically diverse study session in B.ranford Courtyard. For President Giamatti, it's whatever group he happens to be addressing while passing the beanie.

But for me, there can only be one magical microcosm capable of summoning the distinctive sigh that says: "This, (and for some, the quintessence of the place abides in this very pause) is Yale." ¡ I am referring to the Weekry Bulletin and Calendar, that infallible authority on all things Yale. WB&C's calendar sprouting each Monday from our dining hall tables, presents a centerfold more tantalizing than any other periodical not containing E-Z-Out staples.

The Calendar provides a liturgy for the religious experience that is an Eli education. One typical calendar, that of 5/23-5/29, lists everything from neuroscience seminars ("Developmental Shifting of Retinal Terminals and !ts Relationship to Synaptic Patterning m the Frog Tectum") to endorrinology lectures ("The Islets of Langerhans as a Model for Cell Interactions and Protein Secretion") to "Unfriendly Flora and Fauna."

Where else but at Yale could Professor Ellen Messer strike "Blows Against Indigestion: Pharmacological and Symbolic Aspects of Medicinal Plants in Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico?"

Where else could Dr. Edward Krug draw his ominous correlations between "Acid Rain and Sportfishing?" Where else could Dr. Daniel Patrisso conduct his much belov'd "Urology Grand Rounds?"

Where also, besides Yale, could a writer take it into his head to spend a day precisely as the Calendar suggests that such a day be spent? To his dismay, not even at Yale can this be done, for many of the listings are scheduled at the same time. For example, were someone inexplicably smitten with an interest in the Physics Club lecture "Magnetic Moments of the Charged Hyperons," he would in all likelihood have to forgo the Q-and-A 6 The New j ournal/September 9, 1983

period for "Apartment Hunting in New York City." Then, after but a few "Magnetic Moments," he must fly off to a Medical Club lecture on "The Discovery of Insulin: What Really Happened." There is, unfortunately, no lecture to instruct the dilettante about how to be in three places at once.

What's a diabetic physicist from Manhattan to do?

He is, alas, to reconcile himself to the fact that he cannot possibly do everything on a given day. But he may be consoled with the assurance that he can easily do more than any sane person could ever possibly want to do. It was with the latter goal in mind that I awoke one morning recently and set out for a journey on the calendar trail

David Kipen . . . 8:15: IEEE meeting entitled "A Microprocessor-based Technique for the Detection of Venous Air Embolism During Neurosurgery." Not only did I not know what the words in the title meant, I didn't even know what IEEE stood for. I could only assume that the lecturer asked his wife what he ought to call this new meeting series he was putting together and she asked him what kind of things they'd be meeting to discuss and he said, oh, venous air embolisms and stuff, and she said, "IEEE!" Anyway, this morning's speaker, a Mr. Gilman, ticked me off right away by talking about his experiments on 20-kilogram dogs. I ask you, what sort of person weighs a perfectly normal.

"What's a diabetic physicist from Manhattan to do?

"Hell, I could probably carve up Lassie herself if I convinced myself that she weighed kilograms."

fetch -t h e-stick, demolish-thevegetable-garde n , molest-your-kneecap type dog in kilograms? Probably the same kind of person who's about to get his jollies inducing venous air embolism in that same dog. Hell, I could probably carve up Lassie herself if I convinced myself that she weighed kilograms. But she doesn't. Lassie never weighed a kilogram in her whole life. Lassie weig hs good o ld American pounds, and always will . I got out of Becton quick, for a man with metric best friends is no friend of mine.

Besides, time was getting on o o o 10:30: "D esmosomal Proteins and Cytokeratins: Major Cytoskcletal Proteins of Epithelial Cells and Carcinomas."

Special Cell Biology Seminar. Might as well have been in Chinese . . .

o o o 12:00 The "Timothy Dwight Chinese Table." Now let's get something straig ht rig ht here. I don't speak Chinese. I don't write Chinese. I rarely even eat Chinese. But despite the fact that I didn't have a C hinaman's ~hance of understanding what was bemg said, there I was, taking notes in an alcove of the TO dining hall while a stately-looking gentleman with saltand-pepper cowlick held court before a rapt audie nce of five. He was probably a good speaker, because he looked earnestly at each of his listeners in tur!l , and they looked back at him. I looked back too, nodding sagely or chortling with glee as the occasion s~med to call for it.

In this way I discover ed how much people who don't know what the hell youlre talking about can look like people who know exactly what you're talkmg about. The n a strange tho ught possessed me: what if no one here speaks Chinese? What if they're all bluffing the speaker the same as I am?

I decided to test my theory, so I laughed for no apparent reason and waited for the others to join in. !hey didn't. People started to glare at me. There I sat, my cover either blown or modified to accommodate a Chinese sense of humor I know not how bizarre, trying without success to fmesse my obstinately Angioid cackle into a bemused Confucian smile . . . â&#x20AC;˘ o o 2:00 I had been looking forward all day to Nathaniel I,.aor's Philosophy Colloquiumentitled"Freeto Go Mad." For one thing, I felt I had a pretty good idea what all the words in the title meant this time. Which isn't something I can say about "Acetylene Polymerization and Olefin Metathesis"- the sort of title that makes you wonder whether over all these years you've really been understanding the correct meaning of "and." Also, I expected that after a cou ple hours of calendar-hopping, I'd be just about ready for a lecture like "Free to go Mad." What I didn't bargain fo r was tha~ in five minutes, I'd be m a d to go free.

Before the professor's first sentence was over, he'd already used the word "commonsensical" twice. When I flashed my best apologetic smile and left, several paragraphs later, he was still discussing many tangential issues he did not intend to discuss . . . o o â&#x20AC;˘ 2:20When I arrived soon afterward at "From Marginality to the Informal Sector: The Changing Character of Third World Urban Poverty," one Professor Alejandro Portes of Johns Hopkins had already finished discussing what he did not intend to discuss and was well into whatever was left. He was certainly using all the words that appeared in the title of his lecture, o nly I could tell he'd redefined that all before I got there. I couldn't leave, though , because I had

spotted one of m y professors from last year. Now, I had to stick around to witness the look of incredulity that would appear on his face as it became apparent to him that I shar ed the same fascinat ion with t h e c h a n ging character of third world urban poverty. This points up one of the more desirable fringe be ne fits of colloqu ~urn­ trotting: that of impressing and/or flabbergasting any professors who see you.

Abruptly, the speaker began a paragraph with "In summary . . . " Home stretch, I thought, hot damn. Little did I know the "in summary" is an o rato rical convention which social scientists employ to mark the midpoints of their lectures. After he had tossed in a "to conclude" and a "finally, very briefly," I realized that he was not merely observing one of the timehono red customs of his trade, but instead suffering from the advanced stages of a nervous disorder which m anifests itself in recurre nt conclusions. This terminal terminality often moves those in attendance to wonder whether the spectacle will ever e nd .

For all I know, Professor Portes may be expostulating still . My departure certainly didn't faze him, as I stalked off to m y last appointment of the day at the Career Advisory and Placement Service, where Coopers and L ybrand , Incorporated, was presenting information on . . .

. . . 4:1$ "Careers in Accounting."

Whether the pinstriped man with the blow-dried, Wheatie-colored hair was Cooper and Lybrand, I couldn't tell.

But I nursed a private hope that somehow he combined the most unctuous qualities of both. The aim of his profession he explained, is to maintain a nd expa nd one's client's holdings as much as possible, while naturally "trying to stay within the letter of the law ."

The New Journal/September 9, 1983 7

ENTERTAIN·A·GRAM • • • • • • •

singing telegram shows balloon deliveries malegrams • bellygrams gorilla-grams magic-grams bunny bunches grouch-o-grams

562-83 82 347 WHALLEY AVE. I could tell right off this guy had the same regard for the law that a tapeworm has for a bowel.

This accountant sat straight as a ledger column in his chair and looked at me precisely every twenty seconds.

He spoke in a manner so good-natured and off-the-cuff that I knew it had to be memorized. His Ouffy head made a regular arc that took in aJI ten faces in the room. He reminded me of an automated sprinkler. This was the sort of guy who says "Quite so" when he means "yes," and "I beg your pardon" when he means "huh?"

A hideous thought overtook me: the other nine people in the room- they think I want to be an accountant! My hands went instantly clammy. But wait- those nine people- they do want to be accountants! I ned, wondering whether my host was going to keep looking over at my chair every twenty seconds.

The New .JournaJ tlumks:

Nicholas Cllristakis Laura H qffman Apn"l H u Harumi Kuno Dani Morrow Store 24 Timothy Dw1:f!,hl Dean's Office Timothy Dw(r:ht Master's Office Anry Wei/ Yak Afwnni Rrcords Office

Never buy a used cheese

•

OK, some things you have to b uy brand-new. But Audio Replay wants you to think about a second-hand stereo. There's been a lot of c lassy, dependable audio equipment over t he years, and Audio Replay sells It all ... guaranteed, and at g reat prices! We service everything audio, too! Think _about it ...

363 Whalley Avenue 787-1558

This final encounter was useful , (as I devoutly believe everything in the Calendar is), if only because it summoned many of my own career anxieties to the fore. I fully realize the occupation of "writer" ranks just above Mafia chieftain and manager of the New York Yankees on the stability scaJe. With this in mind, I have altered my career plans, for I now intend to assume a profession of far greater impor-· tance to my fellow man. Yes, make no m istake, I am the next editor of the Yale Weekry Bulktin and Calendar. Joyce Lowry has done a legendary job during her tenure in the position, but, like Willy Wonka before her, Ms. Lowry knows that she will someday have to bestow her trade secrets upon a carefully chosen successor. And when that time comes, Ms. Lowry, I'll be here waiting. You can find me at the Afrikaans Table in Commons-we'll go Dutch treat . . .

UpcoMiNG CoNCERTS

SEPTEMBER

11 Patrick Moraz &: Bill Bruford 15 Adrian Beleu 16 Graham Parker 17 Tower of Power 2 shows: at 10 & 12

18 Jerry Jeff Walker 26 Nicksilver 30 David Johannsen

OCTOBER 2 Brian Brain with Martin Atkins of PIL 10 Hot Tuna llelleta fer tlleM aa• all Tea••• ,,..lal •••••rta nana•t• at '••••• efflll aa• all Oatleta.

••1

!•••••

•

• JUST 20 MINS. FROM NEW HAVEN

David Kipen is a junior in Ezra Stiks.

TOAD'S WATERBURY

Th~ op1n1ont f'lCPI"('"\.W'd 1n th1J tr<-uon are thow ()I th~ m<hvKfual wnc~rs

8 The New JournaVSeptember 9, 1983

300 YORK STREET • NEW HAUEN Concert Line: 777 ·7431

Beneath the Liberal Facade Mike Otsuka

.

"

â&#x20AC;˘

"Who cares about Botticelli or Bach," wrote a Newsweek reader in response to a commentary defending a liberal arts education, "when millions of people around the world are dying of hunger and disease? Instead of spending years writing articles only they can understand, why don't these 'scholars' devote their time to finding ways of curing cancer and abolishing world hunger?"

Those at Yale who consider themselves liberals should take a moment to pause and reflect upon the university which surrounds and sustains them.

This year, some $60 million will be spent to house and provide 5,000 Yale undergraduates with a "liberal education" which, in the words of President Giamatti, "seeks no rewards beyond itself." They will be housed, fed and taught at one of the most elite and traditional of an elite grouping of institutions which seek to promulgate "higher education" at a significant cost to the rest of society. While millions of Americans search for jobs and hundreds of millions live in abject pover.ty worldwide, $60 million will be expended here and billions more elsewhere to allow students to indulge in Kant, Freud, theoretical physics, multivariable calculus and classical literature.

Through its financial aid program, Yale will foot part of the bill. But the bulk of the funding will come from parents, students and the government. The cost of a Yale education is also subsidized by the generos.ity of alumni whose affiliation with Yale dates back to the school's all-male, allwhite, pre-enlightenment days. And it is sponsored, in part, by big business and the Department of Defense.

Liberals at Yale cannot ignore the debt they owe to the upwardly mobile, affluent elements of American society which made their college education possible. They should ask themselves whether or not it is possible to preserve their beliefs while attending one of the most traditional and elitist institutions in the nation- an institution which, for centuries, has preserved the wealth and power of the wealthy and the

powe~ful of the world's most wealthy and powerful nation.

On the surface, Yale is widely reputed to be left of the political center.

One summer ago, John Russo stood up before his classmates and blasted President Giamatti's "middle distance" speech during â&#x20AC;˘ Class Day. In the spring, students voted overwhelmingly in favor of the nuclear freeze. The Yale

College Council championed- on paper, at least-a number of liberal causes. And large segments of the history and political science faculties endorsed liberal Democrat Toby Moffett over slightly-less-liberal Republican Lowell W eicker in the latest Senatorial contest.

But the activism of Yale's student body has never approached the legendary heights of Berkeley and Columbia. Yale's liberalism is more sedate, more bourgeois. Furthermore, when one peels back this outer layer of progressiveness, one discovers a solidly conservative core from which the university cannot deviate.

Yale's architecture is borrowed from the Middle Ages and its structure from Oxford and Cambridge. In classrooms, the Old World overshadows the New World and the Third World.

Much of w:hat is considered worth teaching and remembering was produced decades or centuries ago on a small plot of land which extends from Greece to France and north to Britain.

At times, Yale can afford to be liberal. But not too liberal. In Kingman Brewster's days, the university opened its doors to women and minor~ties, minimized corporate support for scientific research and stopped giving special consideration to applicants who were alumni children or "legacies." Alumni contributions fell. The university discovered itself in the midst of a minor financial crisis by the time President Giamatti took the helm.

Those in control learned that they could not tamper with over 250 years of tradition. They learned that they could not stray far from Yale's often obscured and denied but conservative core and expect to remain financially solvent.

Despite the leftist leanings of its professors and the mild liberalism of its students, the purpose and mission of Yale is more amenable to the Party of the Right than the Young Socialist Alliance.

For the university, according to sociologist Ivan lllich, has become the

.,

The New Journal/September 9, 1983 9

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great icon of the twentieth century, the most sacred of sacred cows. The medieval Church, holy, catholic, apostolic, is rivaled by the twentieth century university, accredited, untouchable, sanctifying. Bcgownecl professors and admin istrator s at commencement evoke images of the ancient procession of clerics. Federal support of education parallels yesterday's royal donation to the Church. Parents who once tithed to the Chu rch for salvation in the next world now tithe to the universities so that their children may gain salvation in this world. "And when the country needed a standard in times of uncertainty a nd disaffection ," recalls Giamatti, "it found it at Yale."

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1176 Chapel Stret corner Chapel and Park 10 The New Journal/September 9, 1983

Yale College has, no doubt, come a long. way from its all-male, mostlywhite, o ld boy, Northeastern homo· geneousness of the fifties and early sixties. It has travelled farther still from its eighteenth century roots when it was founded to provide a more disciplined, o rthodox alternative to H arvard and to provide an atmosphere "wherei n Youth may be instructed in the Arts & Sciences who through the blessings of Almighty God may be fitted for Publick employment both in Church & Civil State."

The administration has attempted to atone for past sins with affirmative action, the admission of women, generous fin ancial aid and need-blind adm1ss1ons.

To be sure, the progressive changes of recent decades have made the Ivies more accessible to \~>right , talented but underprivileged youths. Some who have benefi tted under these programs may pursue those liberal causes which enabled them to rise to their current status. Many others will lose themselves amidst the fine print of the class notes of the Yalt Alumni Magazint.

By and la rge, however, the middle class, not the lower class, has benefitted most from financial aid programs.

Instead of only admitting upper middle class and upper class suburban white Anglo-Saxon males, Yale now admits upper middle class and upper class suburban blacks, Asia ns and

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women. The odds are still against bright, talented, underprivileged youths. Their secondary education is second-rate. The books which line the walls of middle and upper class homes are absent from their homes. Their parents do not speak the language of higher education. Nor are they sold on the virtues of the Ivies. While others fill their college resumes with stellar extracurricular activities, these youths often spend their afternoons working or taking care of the young and old at home.

It is no surprise that prep school students are enormously overrepresented at Yale and blacks underrepresented. Yale is not egalitarian, nor is it a pure meritocracy. The admit rate of alumni children is generally more than twice as high as the admit rate of applicants whose fathers (or mothers as the case may be for some grimly precocious adolescents) did not attend Yale College. This in spite of G iamatti's contention that the "country's promise that diverse peoples, with diverse origins and goals, can compete on the basis of merit for the fulfillment of their aspirations, is also the basic premise of the University's composition."

No ·matter how much like-minded rhetoric Giamatti produces this year and in future years, ivy will still cover the walls of Yale, the chimes will still sound from Harkness Tower, students will still have masters and masters will still hold teas. Yale will still be Yale.

Strip her of her tradition, her elitism a nd her conservatism, and you strip her of all that is sacred. You strip her of her identity. In spite of the notable changes of recent decades, Yale remains one of the great conserving institu tions in America today. It will still require a fair amount of ingenuity for thoughtful liberals to preserve their ideology and the sincerity of their beliefs while at Yale .

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777- SQIO The New JournaVSeptember 9, 1983 11

.While Jodie Foster (now shootmg The Hotel New Hampshire with Natassia K inski) and j e nnifer B eals (of F/ashdance fame)" may bt> Yale's bestknown names in Hollywood, there is at least one other Yalie who has done quite well for himself in the film business over the summer.

His name is J o hn Ba dham ('61, MFA '63). His direction of the summer hits WarGames and Blue Thunder have brought critical acclaim and, partic ularly in the case of WarGames financial success. Badham's Masters i~ Philosophy has encouraged him to think carefully about the moral issues inherent in his latest films and about the larget and more immediate dangers of nuclear weapons.

Badham's earlier work was not always so serious, though the quality of his work has been consistent. H e has directed TV shows for Universal including The Streets of San Francisco and N(ght Gallery, and certainly his best known screen work was his direction of the now classic Saturday Night Fever.

Yet Blum belittles his acting ability.

"I'm on the scree n for one minute. If anything, less. it's a shock to see oneself on the sneen, at least for me."

Blum credits Alkn, not himself, for the smoothness of his performance. "Allen put me in front of the camera using great patience and skill. I think he's extraordinary- absolutely ex traordinary. " Blum's performance opened to rave reviews. The Nrw York Times wrote

tha t he and the other com m entators "revealed a better sense of the absurd on screen than they ordinarily do in their writing." And m aybe even better than in lec ture.

Henry Kissinger wasn't the only controversial pe rson named to P resident R eagan's Special Com mission on Central America thi s s umm e r.

Another was Ya le's own Carlos D iazA lejandro, a professor •n the

John Blum: "The last time I acted on stage or screen was when I was se~en."

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"The Last time I acted on stage or screen was when I was seven years old and played a wooden soldier in a school play," said Yale History Professor J o hn Blu m about his role in W ood y Alle n 's latest movie, Zelig. The film is about a fictitious chameleon character who was one of the most influential people in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s "The film is a fake documentary," Blum explained. "I n the course of it Woody Allen uses people who aren't actors to comment on Zelig. I play myself."

Blum , who claims to be "the least well known" of the commentator s Allen has selected, is certainly renowned on the Yale campus. H is courses on American public policy draw hundreds each year to listen to his unique presentation of history full of anecdotes and personal reminiscences. His appearance alongside Susan S o n tag, Saul Bello w and the other commentators in Zelig surprised few who have ever attended his often dramatic lectures.

12 The New J ournaVSeptember 9, 1983

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6 Economic S' Department. DiazAiejandro has been accused by some Cuban exiles and conservative groups of being sympathetic to the policies o f Fidel Castro and other le ft wing leaders in Latin America.

Professor Oiaz-Aiejandro, who was born in Cuba, earned his Ph . D . in Economics from M .I.T . in 1961.

Three years late r he became a permanent resident of the United S tates. He came to Yale in 1969 a nd s ince then has served on numerous government commissions o n Latin Ame rican affairs.

Wandering around the Green this fall a re the four newest m embers of the New H aven Police Department.

Trained for five a nd a half weeks by the Ne-.v York C ity Police fo r their new duties, Crackerjack, Misch ief, Carla and Breton have been on the force since early this summer.

The four-legged members of New Have n's newly-founded m o unted patrol now resides at the Yale Stables on Central Avenue. The horses were donated to the city and will b e used for routine patrols and for crowd control around the Green and the Yale cam pus. For the moment the pol ice do not intend to add to their mounted force. ÂŤIf they work out," said Commander .Jim O 'N e ill of the New Haven Police Departme nt, "then we'll expand the program ."

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"You're going to get a whole new

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city," said Ed Yoe , vice-president and general manager of the Schiavone Entertainment Company. "Yo u won't even recognize it ." Yoe is talking about the two renewal projects, a lready wellunderway, that will grace the area around the New H aven G reen over the next few years: the Sherman a nd the Shubert Theatres.

On September 12 the first of what will undoubtedly be a long string of star-studded dedications will take place under the marquee of the old Roger Sherman movie house on College Street. The Schiavone Company is using the invitation-only event to unveil the new name for the theater, which is undergoing a $1.2 million transforma-

tion from run-down movit" house to multi-purpose music hall .

The renovation of the Sherman, scheduled to be completed around the first of the year, is just part of a $21 million entertainment district centered around College Street that is the brainchild ofYa.le a.lum j oel Schiavone (TNJ December 5, 1981 ). The Sherman, though now only part of the larger College Street project, was once quite important in itself. It was built as a major vaudeville house and later became a first-run movie house where many films , including Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, had their world

The Sherman Theater

premieres. I t closed in 1979, having severely deteriorated. The Schiavone Company is trying to return the theater to its earlier splendor and to use it as an anchor for the entertainment district.

It has been two years since South

African playwright Athol Fugard's award-winning Master Harold . . . and the Boys had its world premiere at the Ya1e Rep. Fugard will return this spring to direct the world premiere of another new play, tentatively titled My En.elish Name Is Patience.

Like most of his other works, this is a play about South Africa. Yet it a.lso marks a departure for Fugard - for the ~ first time the plot revolves around ~ women. Though the play is not yet finished, and only R ep Artistic Direc~ tor Lloyd R ichard s has spoken with 1 Fugard about the script, the Rep plans ~ to present the play from May 1 to 19.

6 For students, seeing My English Name and the other seven plays in the R ep's season will be more expensive and more difficult than in the past. The price of student Passbooks has risen almost 50 percent to $36, and the number available has been reduced by 500 to 2500. Rosalin d H einz, the Rep's public relations director, explained, "We felt we were losing our shirts by underwriting such low prices for student tickets. Look at York Square Cinema. They charge $4 to $4.50 for their movies while we were only charging around S3 for <ilur plays."

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The New Journal/September 9, 1983 13

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A number of Yalies have already won free tickets to Yugoslavia and Los Angeles this summer. The Yale hockey team has contributed three names to the American cause in the 1984 Olympic Games. Bob Brooke and BilJ Nichols, who both graduated this past May, have made the team, and Yale Head Coach Tim Taylor has been named to the Olympic coaching staff.

Crew, soccer and fencing wiU also have Eli representatives. Kevin Mahr '83 and sophomore Jeff Duback '86 both have good chances of making the Olympic team, which will be chosen in January. Said Soccer Coach Steve Griggs: "Mahr has been a mainstay throughout the summer with the National team . H e sta nds a strong chance of making the final l B." In fencing, Edgar House '75 will probably join the men's team, and women's sensation Andrea Metkus is well positioned to make the team this spring.

Yale has often had a strong presence on American Olympic crew teams, and it looks like 1984 will be no exception.

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While the crews are far from being set, a number of Yalies are trying out. The person with probably the strongest chance is Wome n's Novice coach Carol Bower. A UCLA grad, Bower has been working for years with the aim of making the team next year.

While the future Olympians were training in Colorado , Yale physics professor and leading national advocate for nuclear energy D. Allan Bromley was in Washington working out the details on an $11 million federal grant to upgrade Yale's "Emperor" particle accelerator on Science Hill.

Bromley, who spoke at length with TN] last October, has been working for over five years to secure the grant.

After the project is completed, the new acclerator, called an ESTU, will be able to reach accelerating power of over 22' million volts. It acts as a sort of giant microscope, enabling scientists to view closely the structure and behavior of nuclei. According to Bromley, it will "allow Yale to continue as one of the leading centers fo r nuclear research."

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S u ch theoretical study h as a long tradition at Yale. Bromley points out that since Wor ld War II, Yale has graduated more experimental nuclear scientists at the Ph.D. level than any other university in the world.

All of this experimental gadgetry wiU be constructed out in the open-air parking lot adjacent to Pierson-Sage garage. The 100-by-25 foot central pressure tank will be finished by the beginning of 1986. It will then be rolled through the huge hangar doors into the heavily shielded Wright Laboratory buried inconspicuously ben eath the grassy knoll on Science Hill .

H e has stretched a wall of white nylon across New York's Central P ark.

H e has dressed the island in Florida's Biscayn e Bay in monstrous p ink tu tus.

All in the name o f art.

The artist is Christo, the abstractionist whose large scale environmen tal works have stirred both anger and p raise b ut have always draw n a great deal of attention. A collection of drawin gs from h is projects, known as "wrappings," will be featured in a disp lay called "Works on Paper" at New H aven's Munson Gallery from September 25 to October 15. A lso included in the show will be works by a number of facu lty members from the Yale Art School.

The show's opening at 2 p.m. on the 25th marks the beginning of Munson's 1983-84 exhibition season which will include a display of works by Yale Professor Lest er J oh nson next April. The gallery is located at 33 Whitney Avenue.

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The New J ournal/Septembe r 9 , 1983 15

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Must enjoy travel, long hours, little aleept appear congenial at all timeat ovn set of tails. &lendable singing voice a neceeaity1 no pay, but superllr benefits.

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These are The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University, Incorporated- the world's most treasured college troubadors, who have sung their way from ivied obscurity to international limelight and who, since 1981, have been running one of the best little Connecticut businesses going.

These are the fourteen ambassadors of Elihu Yale who travel the United States and abroad in tuxes and white gloves and pass out engraved business cards after every show. They've had to hire a twenty-four hour answering service to stay on top of the business calls. And each year the members of this corporation log more than enough international air mileage to qualify for membership in even the most exclusive travel club.

As Yale's most sought-after export, the Whiffenpoofs command four-digit fees for appearances at venues as diverse as the new Tokyo Disneyland, the annual National Review banquet, Saturday Night Live and state dinners in Istanbul. They are honored at the tables of presidents, kings, princes and counts. They are feted from New Haven to Nice and from Manhattan to Monte Carlo.

This year the Whiffs turn 75. Make no mistake, Yale's once-informal senior a cappella group is big business now. They still sing for their supper at Mory's every Monday night, to be sure, but the Whiffs of 1984 are nothing like the Whiffs of 1909.

They've found that tradition is not only an excuse for having a good time. It's also something quite marketable.

Judi Kamien 16 The New J ournal/September 9, 1983

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Don't be fooled by the cavalier image tht· Whiffs project at some of their oncampus jamborees. The Whiffs work hard . They are willing to let their grades suffer, to work 60-hour weeks, and even to drop out of school for a year (as five of tht• 1983 group did) to be a part of the corporation. They tour some 15 countries• during their world tour each summer and they perform over 250 concerts over the course of the year. There is also a two-week "retreat" spent on Martha's Vineyard in late August, and an entire month spent in recording studios producing an album in the spring.

The Whiffenpoofs may be doing well for themselves in the eighties, but they arc making their success by perpetuating the past. Although they art• without question the best-known and the most intriguing singing group at Yak, there are people here who have mixed emotions about the Whiffenpoofs. Many students view them as a throwback to Yale's faraway Great Gatsby days, where the perfect dinner jac-ket and the gentleman's "C" were more important than the resume.

More than once they have been accused of chauvinsim, of elitism, o( WASPishness, and it is still true that they arc overwhelmingly Anglo. In their tails the Whiffs can look rather like 14 identical penguins- there's not much room for original dress or wayward hairdos. Ivy League conformity is what the Whiffenpoofs are all about. and that's what people seem to go for "If our audiences didn't think of us as a group, we wouldn't be going around the world," says John Rogers, an effusive second tenor who took the year off. "None of us is a Lola Falaoa or a Mick Jagger."

The stylish, conservative, and often superficial lifestyle which they have so carefully cultivated can make the Whiffs seem more than a little arrogant at times. Like modern-day patricians, the WhtO's somehow always manage to look <Ls though they lead lives of uncompromising leisure. But it is exactly this quality that makes them one of those charming anachronisms on the Yale campus of the eighties. They make it look all so easy. When you listen to "The Whiffenpoof Song" reverberating_ from the rafters of Battell Chapel, the sound of their voices is impossibly remote.

And if you dose your eyes and compare the sound to a 1953 recording of the same song, you'll hear absolutely no difference. The WhiiTenpoofs are a strange amalgam- part fraternity, part glee club, part drinking society-dandies straight from a Cole Porter lyric.

•7"N 1983 Wlulfmpoof World Tour jafJon, Tatwan, Singapor~. Cr«a, Turkey, 114/y, Mofi(Uo, Au.rtna, Frtme~, England, lr~lartd

Hong Kotl(, 7Miltmd,

18 The New Journal/September 9, 1983

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In their forays into the "real world," the Whiffenpoofs are a symbol to many people of what American college life is -or at least was - like. There is certainly more than a touch of calculated nostalgia worked into their routines.

Retired Yale Professor Thomas G. Bergin, in an interview last year, called them representatives of "carefree, wistful, doomed youth." In the eyes of many alumni, the Whiffenpoofs, like the senior secret societies, arc one of the last remaining holdouts from the days when things were done for God, for country, and for mother Yale.

Elitist o r not, WASPish or not, nostalgic or not, the Whiffs are in de· mand. "People take us very seriously," says Rob Carter, the savvy business manager of the 1983 group. How seriously? Well, the four-digit price tag the Whiffs come with is no joke. "Most of the time we tailor our concert fees to what is expected of us," Carter ex· plains. "We average about $1000 per concert- including benefits- and we do a lot of those. If you want to work that out ... " Carter grins, implying that the Whiffs are not doing so badly at all.

"You have to be charming on call. Even at the 21 Club, that can get to be a drag."

"Not badly at all" would of course be a serious understatement. The Whiffenpoofs, Inc. are paid a lot of money.

They are rumored to have grossed in excess of $10,000 for their 4-minute appearance on Saturday Night Live in the winter of 1981 , and at least as much for this year's National Reww banquet in Washington. They also sang the National Anthem at last year's Cotton Bowl in Dallas, and made an appearance at the Playboy Club in Tokyo. And it would be impossible to calculate the value of the corporate benefits. This summer in Salzburg, Austria, a count by the name of Weiderdorf threw a special banquet for the Whiffe npoofs: J4 tables, each one named after a Whiffenpoof, each one hosted by a Whiffenpoof.

And then there are the benefactors .

Like any solvent corporation in the entertainment business, the Whiffs have a number of private donors who help keep the group going- to the tune of another six figures a year. It is these benefactors who make the annual world tour possible. Understandably, the Whiffs refuse to name names. "It wouldn't be professional to talk about these people," says Carter, with a protective air. "They clearly want to remain anonymous."

As a non-profit corporation, the Whiffs spend all their money on operating expenses. Like the engraved business cards, the matching let· terhead stationery and the anwering service. True, they have to provide their own set of tails, but that expense is their only personal layout. The world tour takes a big bite out of the Whiff pocketbook, but there's enough left over for a two-week tour of the West Coast every winter. Another big chunk of their money goes for record-

"One Whiff of this will drive them wild. The Yale man's secret weaDOn since 1909. $1500/oz."

"People think I live In a den of iniquity. In fact, most of the partying I do Is with 60-year-old men at ridiculous cocktail parties." ing and muong time at J ack Straw Studio in New H aven. That m oney, however, is more than recouped by the sales of the 5000 limited edition albums, which run SIO apiece.

Making mo ney is, of course, not all the Whiffenpoofs do. But being a full-

fledged corporation in the midst of a liberal arts university docs place them in a rather ambiguous spot. Though everyone knows them as an Old Blue institution, the Whiffs sometimes go to great lengths to emphasize their independence from Yale. "I want to stress that we're not rtally affiliated with Yale, although our corporate name is ' Th e Whiffenpoofs of Yale

A Whiff Version of History Tl" Yau WhiJ!ntfxHJfs ltat't' """" burr known for tlvir historical scholarship, but jtJLtUIJI tJtUgrtt1 d«sll) st't'm to ~ a lar.~ co11urrt for a .~oup that luu 75 )'ttlrs of trtulittOJt uru/n IIf Cllmmnbullli 1"1wjollou•trt( u "" aurpt from tlv Ji,'ltiff t-nriorr of history

B

eyond the ivy-covered walls of New Haven the influence of the Whiffenpoofs has long been felt on all corners of the globe. No doubt the treaty negotiations of World War I would have dragged on endlessly had not the Whiffenpoofs of 1919 eased tensions at the Versailles Conference with their harmonious performance. And who could forget how Whiffenpoofs of the mid-thirties warmed the hearts of America as frequent guests of FDR during his "fireside chats." No less remarkable has been the influence of the W hiffenpoofs on the formation of countless other singing groups, notably: the Hi-Lo's, the Kingston Trio, the Four Freshman and the Jackson F ive. Of course, no history of the Whiffenpoofs would be complete without some mention of their crowning performance for Queen Elizabeth on the occasion of her coronation, their seasonal concerts at the SALT talks, their numerous appearances on television, ranging from "Lawrence Welk" to "Saturday Night Live,• and the awarding to the group of a Congressional Medal for distinguished lip service to the country.

-from the

Whijfmpoofs 74th Anniversary Commemorative Album

20 The New Journal/September 9, 1983

University," explains Carter. "We do check out certain concerts with the administration . For instance, we had the National Rtview dinner vetted by Giamatti. But we don't receive Yale funding, although we are a registered undergraduate organization. We're really incorporated for the sake of being non-profit. But we're not a Yale organization."

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"If women had men's voices, we'd be happy to

admit them."

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21 BROADWAY

Well, not exactly. The truth is that they are getting the best of both worlds -the Yale name and relative autonomy from the university. Although some of the Whiffs would doubtless prefer to be totally independent of the alma mater, the Yale name certainly doesn't hurt them when they're booking concerts. And the Whiffenpoofs, who ·are in turn very good ambassadors for the university, don't seem too proud to take advantage of the affiliation. They are, after all, inextricably tied to the university's oldest traditions. Though they are hardly typical of today's student body, they are still often taken to be the unofficial representatives of Yale at appearances outside of New H aven. More than once the Whiffenpoofs have been mistaken for the Yale Glee Club. With the administration's tacit sanction, the Whiffe~poofs take the Yale name all over the world, and imbue that name with a distinctive look. And the Whiffs take that look just as seriously as their music, if not more so.

One has only to glance at the jacket of the Whiffenpoof 74th Anniversary Commemorative album to see just how seriously the Whiffs take themselves, and just how integral they perceive their role in the university to be. The album, a mixture of self-deprecating humor and corporate fantasy (see sidebar), begins on the back cover with a forged letter of congratulations from Yale's president on the official Woodbridge Hall stationery.

Gentlemen: As President of the University. it gives me great pleasure to congratulate the Whiffen· poofs on the attainment of their 74th year as a Yale institution. What a thrill it must be for all of you to be the 74th group in such a long line of fme musicians!

On behalf of Yale, let me convey our appreciation for your ongoing contribution to the com· munity. We applaud your fine musicality and wish you all the best in this unforgettable 74th year of your existence.

Sincerely, A. Bartlett Giamatti ABG:rmc

For the record, "rmc" is not Giamatti's secretary, and business manger Rob Carter's middle initial is "m".

I t's sometimes hard to realize that the Whiffenpoofs actually had humble beginnings. They started out in 1909 as the prem1er quartet of the Yale Glee Club, singing at Mory's Tavern (then on Temple Street) for free beer and food.

They were named for a mythical creature, half-bird, half-fish, which appeared in a Broadway musical of 1900.

A framed picture of the comedian who unleashed the Whiffenpoof on an unsuspecting world still hangs on the back wall of Mory's. The Whiffenpoofs, and their usual Monday-night table, grew in size through the years as their arrangements became more complex and more demanding. Finally, in 1981, at the instigation of then-business manager Bill Kunze, they were incorporated, and a new tradition was added to all the old ones.

One would think that the increased business obligation involved in being the Whiffenpoofs, Incorporated might have cleaned up their age-old image on campus as libertines and unrelenting socialites. But apparently little of the Yale perception has changed. Theirs is a life that many of Yale's former fraternities would have envied. Or is it? "People think I live in a den of iniquity," says John Rogers. "In fact, most of the partying I do is with 60-year-old men at- ridiculous cocktail parties. Some things are a lot of fun , but you have to be charming on call. Even at the 21 Club that can get to be a drag."

Still, a Whiffenpoof must be sociable.

It is part of his job. He must mingle at parties with the most beautiful of the Beautiful People and project himself in the most fashionable of crowds, and this accounts for much of his reputation as a hardco·re butterfly. As Saturday Niglu Live put it, the Whiffenpoofs are dating Kellnedys you never knew existed. Yet although a Whiffenpoof lives what by anyone's standards is a glamorous life,

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much of it is really quite artificial and tedious. â&#x20AC;˘rve met 70-year-old men for whom being a Whiffenpoof was it; says 1983 pitchpipe David Payne. "That's scary." It might seem strange that a group that has worked so hard to cultivate an image should feel pressured by it, but many of the Whiffs will tell you that there are definite drawbacks to being a valuable social contact. "I resented the fact that there were a lot of people who nev~r seemed to have time for me before I was tapped," remembers R ogers. "All of the sudden, after I was tapped, they had time."

Some of the oldest Whiffenpoof traditions are taken by many people to be a sign of snobbish insularity. After all, most of those traditions are closed to the outside world, like those of the secret societies. For instance , the W hiffe npoofs are tapped into nicknames handed down through the years. Each member has a specific duty to the group, and an appropriate title to go with it. Some of the titles are standard : historian, pitchpipe, business manager. Others are a little more esoteric: the Nadir is the one who has to see the bottom of every cup drunk at Mory's. The Turkey dresses in star-span gled satin tuxes for every concert. The Boy Scout makes sure that every Whiff is on time for whatever's happening. T he Apothecary provides well, the Apothecary provides.

Of course the oldest Whiffenpoof tradition is being an all-male group. And on the Yale campus it has become a popular sport to speculate on why. The fact that the Whiffs remain exclusively male has led to all kinds of rumors about their sexuality. It's al1 old joke that the group consists of the Whiffs and the Poofs. But the answer to why the Whiffenpoofs don't admit women seems simply to be that the sound of the group would be irrevocably changed. "If women had men's voices, we'd be happy to admit them," explains Jamie Saakvitne, a bass who dropped out of school for a year to be a W hiff. Payne e laborates on this point: "We have 300 arrangements collected over 75 years.

They're all for male voices. We couldn't just admit women and sing the same songs. We'd have to throw out the entire reper toire. Wom en are proud of creat-

I

RICHTER'S ing their own traditions, and they should be," says Payne, referring to Yale's twoyear-old senior women's singing gt:aup, Whim 'n' Rhythm. "Then, too. we don't want to be another R ed, Hot and Blue.

They're a tough act to follow. They get the best men- and the best women- on campus. They're terribly professional, terribly efficient."

It seems patronizing for a Whiffenpoof to talk about the "efficiency" of another singing group. Yet part of the Whiffenpoof success story, according to a former Whim, is that for all their slick professionalism they have never lost their personal touch. "They're just incredibly nice people," she says. "The way they reach out to others through their music is something no other group here has ever come close to."

Music after all, is the primary reason the Whiffenpoofs still exist. Whiffenpoof performances have a style all their own- they mix college-kid humor and intricate harmonization with a gentlemanly ease that's hard to find at Yale anymore. Whiffenpoof concerts, no matter how difficult, no matter how contrived, always look spontaneous. "It's pretty damn hard to look like a carefree college senior when it's your seventh concert of the week, you've got two papers overdue, your girlfriend is threatening to leave you , and you've got bronchitis," says Whiffenpoof John Swing.

But that impression of adolescent complacency must be maintained. It is about all that keeps this lingering anachronism in business. But if they can remain as successful as they have been in the marketing of old traditions, it's a safe bet that on their 150th Anniversary, the Whiffenpoofs, Inc. will still be sitting down to state dinners somewhere in the Orient or bringing nostalgic professors and sentimental alumni to tears on Monday nights with those old familiar lines.

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Laura Pappano In the steam tunnels, vein-like clusters Medical School. "They get to trust you of pipe course through the passage- so much so they don't baa when you ways. Bloated with traffic, the tunnels take them up to the lab. You're like are like anerit•s. An orange G.E. trac-. their second mother. But you get into tor, tagged "The Lil' Bo P eep Express," this work bt·cause you're a scientist." ferrit·s 50-pound bags of Purina Jacobson and other assistant researchMonkey Chow to proper destinations. ers provide the link between the scienThe tractor beeps insistently as scien- tists in their labs and the animals in tists, veterinarians and technicians their cages. Jt is a morally and emoscurry from its path. Across the street tionally taxing job to have to care for at Yale-New llavcn l lospital, few pa- an animal for the duration of an extients have ever S<'<'n this area. Many periment. Most of the animal research do not even know that it exists. But, to at Yale i~ long-term survival research. the dot·tors who treat them, animal A sing le experiment will monitor an research often provides the key to their animal's progress over the course of success. months or even years . .Jacobson works At any given time, there are 25,000 with seven to I 0 lambs per year in exanimals at the Yale M edical School periments on lung physiology . All of facilities . Ov<·r the course of a year, the lambs will survive several months. rescarcht•rs at Yak usc more than This extended contact makes it all the 170,000 animals. This is a relatively more difficult for Jacobson to deposit small numb<·r <:omparcd to the roughly the dead animals in the freezer . "You 60 million animals that arc used every just do it quickly," she says. year nationwide. The.• use of these Jacobson, who ~raduated from colanimals for research is an emotionally lege two years ago, grew up on a ranch char~t·d issue gem·ratin~ national a nd in Colorado. "Working with lab international controversy. In Great animals is similar to working with Britain, tlw opponents of animal reranch animals," she says. "You play search h ave formed their own political with them, but you know that in the party, th<· Anti-Vivisectionists. In the spring all of the calves will go to United States, anti-vivisection g roups market." Although Jacobson grew up have gained nationwide support. The with the necessity of sacrifici ng New England Anti-Vivisectionist animals, she is still sensitive to comSociety, one of the strongest, had a ments about her work. "One lady got net worth of over $1 million last year. mad at me when I was bringing a lamb But, for all the public fervor, the up in the elevator-she called me a .. moral dikmma is most immediate for murderer," she says. "I can't underthe peopk who deal with the animals stand that- especially when they are every day. employees of the Medical School ot the "I like to play with the lambs and pet Hospital. They should know better. If them," says Kirsten .Jacobson, assistant we lose an animal, we feel really terriresearcher to Dr. Bruce Pitt at the Yale ble."

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"Once it has been anesthe¡ tized, it becomes research, and the animal stops being an animal."

Jacobson believes in the importance of her work. In one study, Jacobson assists in research designed to simulate oxygen deprivation in newborn children. The results from this study ultimately may help doctors treat babies who might otherwise suffer chronic organ damage. Jacobson also realizes the value of the surgical experience that doctors gain from using animals. "Surger y is so precise that you just can't play arou nd. You really need to know what you're doing," she says.

"Advances are made in new techniques which result from doing o ne tiny thing differently. It's much better to learn on an animal than on a person."

To do her work well, Jacobson must maintain a level of scientific detachment, regardless of how much she may care for the animals. "I don't think a surgeon could do his work well if he kept feeling for the patient," she insists. . But unlike a surgeon, Jacobson knows

that in some cases the patients are not intended to survive. "In using an animal for a ch ronic study, there are two points at which you feel badly. The first point is when you bring the animal up to the lab . The othe r is when you actually anesthetize the animal.

Once it has b een anesthetized, though , the animal is out cold. It becomes a job and you do your thing.

It becomes research, and the animal stops being a n animal."

The researchers themselves rarely see the animals except during the actual study. For Pitt and other scientists, the animals serve as complex scientific models. Their primary purpose is to supply information. The whole relationship to the animal changes. "If an extremely valuable animal is involved in valuable research," explains Pitt, "we are more likel)' to give it a name. Almost invariably there is an attachment to

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To the animal care technicians who feed, water and clean the cages, the animals are not so phisticated organisms or complex scientific models; they are pets. "All the monkeys have names," explains Betsy Brickett, Manager of Yale's Division of Animal Care. "The people who take care of them know their personalities, too." Brickett supervises a full-time staff of 35, many of whom have been there for 10 to 20 years. "If they weren't working here, most of these people would probably be doing factory work," she says. Brickett assigns each technician the same group of

animals to feed and care for in order to develop what she calls a relationship of "constructive caring," the perfect mtx of compassion and competence.

Sometimes, the technicians lose perspective and become too attached to an animal. With little scientific training or understanding of the rationale behind an experiment, the technicians sometimes view the research as cruel and unjustified . When a technician becomes seriously upset, the scientist will try to explain the experiment. "Once the research is explained," says Brickett, "things are usually all right. If people became overly emotional, we couldn't keep them on the staff. And if they didn't care enough, we couldn't keep them either."

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Not all of the technicians work with the animals at such an intense level.

Yale breeds some of its own research a nimals at a 14-acre farm in Bethany, Connecticut. T echnicians there are more like farm hands, tending the livestock in the barn and the dogs in the kennels. Twenty minutes from the Yale campus, the relaxed, rural atmosphere of the farm seems far from the pressures of the experiments at the Med School. The sheep graze in a fenced-in field. The pigs rub their sn outs against the rough wood s~y in the new barn. One pig is a little bigger than the others. He is, according to Brickett, "the ugliest pig in the world."

Big Bert, Yale's premier b reedin g swine is a "pig with a whole lot of character," claims one technician defensively.

Like all the other animals connected with the labs, however, the farm animals are destined for specifi c experiments. Big Bert, despite his looks, is a genetically pure animal who will be used in breeding for organ transplant experiments. Unlike Jacobson or her boss Dr. Pitt, the technicians here in Bethany n ever really need to exercise any detachment. They never see the animals suffer. They can worry about the animals, but in the e nd, there will always be another Big Bert.

"The veterinary philosophy is not to get involved in the argument-we will let the two forces argue it out and do our job as directed," says Dr. Steven Barthold, a veterinar ian and acting Director of Yale's Division of Animal Care. Barthold would seem to have an impossibly contradictory role. As director of the division, he approves proposals for animal research that ultimately lead to the animals' sacrifice. Yet, as a veterinarian, he is responsible for preserving the health of the animals. As a result, he must settle on an uneasy neutrality.

"From a professional point of view, as veterinarians, we all h ave philosophical problems with a nimal research. We tend to be more animal rights advocates than unlimited research advocates," says Barthold. At the same time, however, Barthold e m phasizes the importance o f animalrelated studies. "I don't think th at peo-

pie realize what effect the lack of an imal. research would have on their lives."

In practice, Barthold a nd other veterinarians resolve the philosophical conflict with an ambivalent compromise. They only approve a nimals for research when they are sure that the experiment causes as little pain as possible. They a lso provide the animals with care while they are at the facility.

The federal government plays a prominent ¡role in insuring animal care. "I f there were no federal regulations governing the use of animals in research," asserts Barthold, "there would be no veterinarians in the Yale Medical School." The Animal Welfare Act establishes certain standards for the use and treatment of animals in research. Connecticut also legislates a number of specific guidelin es, includin'g a p rohibition against operatiny

"Advances are made in new techniques of surgery by doing one tiny thing dif¡ ferently. It's much better to learn on animals than on a person." on the same an ima l more th an once.

In addition, the National Institutes of H ealth (N. I. H. ), one o f the investigators' chief sources of g rant funding, has its own set of rules. In order to insure the quality of animal care at Yale, the Medical School decided to become accredited by the American Association for the Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAA-LAC).

While AAA-LAC recognizes the minimum standards "set forth by the Animal. Welfare Act, it recommend s an even higher level of care. "N.I.H. would like to have all of its research done under these standards," says Barthold, explaining that AAA-LAC inspects the facility periodically. "They go over the institution with white gloves-literally," he says. "We get unannoun ced visits from th e USDA , but sin ce we have AAA-LAC accreditation, we have very few problems."

But cost is the greatest fact.or limiting the use of animals in research .

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mongrel dog that once could be obtained for $20 or $30 now costs $200 because of increased regulation. "The effect has been that fewer animals are being used in research," says Barthold.

This increased cost of animals has limited the total amount of research that is done. No longer can a lab afford to run ambitious projects. "Th e money is drying up," says Barthold. "There isn't the boom o f research that there was in the 50's and 60's."

Even the systems which veter inarians have developed to spare animals are based on a combination of h umanitarian and econom ic principles. "Animals are recycled to other investigators so that a minimum number of animals are used," explains Barthold. This system of an imal pooling is an informal arrangement. When a researcher needs to sacrifice an animal, he will inform his colleagues around the country. I n turn, they may request the organs and vital parts that they need. In Pitt's lab, the few animals that are used in chronic studies each year are also used by other labs for bone marrow research. This arrangement saves the greatest number of animals and minimizes the costs at the same time.

And the costs are consider able. A monkey costs a couple o f hundred dollars, a lamb goes for $100, and a newborn lamb for $300. Even the mice can be expensive: some specialized strains, born by cesarean section, have b reeding histories which extend back 100 generations and will cost up to $10 per mouse. One Yale researcher uses 12,000 m ice every year. Each month the animals consume 15 tons of Purina animal chow.

Animal housing and daily upkeep also contribute to the expense. One third of the animal costs in an average grant go toward the upkeep of the animals. It just doesn't make sense to keep more animals around than are absolutely necessary.

The rats live in cubby-hole sized cages which look like steel and plexiglass skyscrapers- Co-op c ity for rats at four cents a day. The primates cost even more to house. Accessories ofluxu ry litter their cages-a squeaky rubber duck, fuschia polyester fabric strips and assorted other· trinkets. High style at $2.50 a day.

De~pit e the regulations and elaborate care facilities, Barthold still needs to be wary of the safety of the animals. "There is a varying degree of sensitivity to animal welfare," observes Barthold , "It is a problem anywhere and it is something that we keep our eyes and ears open for."

On occasion, Barthold will identify a lab in which the animals are not being treated properly. "Usually it is because an investigator is too busy and has not been in direct contact with the animals," explains Barthold. Often a technician who is not familiar with the regulations will be doing the work for the researcher. In some cases, Barthold steps in himself, placing the animal directly under his care. "We step in and treat the animal however we feel it should be treated, and we charge the investigator for our services." The only difference between us a n d the other medical departments is that our clients

"We don't do trivial research. We don't waste animals." are animals and theirs are people," says Barthold. I n more severe cases, Barthold would stop the research completely. At Yale, Barthold has never had to do this. The air is one of cooperation. "I think that Yale has a pretty sen sitive group of investigators."

Not everyone agrees with Barthold's assessment of the role of .a vet in a research lab. "If you're at a cock tail party," says Barthold, "people ask you what you do. And you say you are a veterinarian. Then they ask you w h ere you practice, and you say at the Yale Medical School. They get turned off."

For those who disagree with a n imal !!Xperimentation, no amount of care for the animals makes the research any more palatable. But for the people at the school, the emotional side of the argument is suppressed. It has to be that way. "Even when you go through all the doors that say 'warning' and 'danger,'" says one assistant researcher, "you get into a routine. It's not that different from working anywhere else."

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~0 The New JournaVSeptember 9 , 1983

A Whole New Ballgame The Miami Dolphins were warming up for their afternoon pre-season practice. This Sunday number 33 was parked in his parents' kitchen in Hamden, sitting stiffly as if he couldn't quite shake the soreness from his last practice. A small window unit was blowing cold air. It was a humid day outside, not as bad as Dade County, but uncomfortable enough to keep the conversation inside. He wasn't sweating. His black hair was parted on the sid~.

He was Yale's greatest football Jegend since Calvin Hill. Diana on the carry. 222 yards at Princeton. Touchdown Diana. Sports Illustrated. Two .touchdowns at Harvard. Diana on the carry. The Navy Game. M.V.P. All-American. Japan Bowl. Miami Dolphins, fifth round.

At Bulldog Pizza even Spiro couldn't resist: The Rich Diana Soecial. '"There were a lot of th ings I did n't like about professional football," D iana said , "but I didn't qu it just b ecause I wasn't making a lot of great plays. It was frustrating. I carried the ball o nly once ir) pre-season. That isn't e n ough to show what you can do. I think I could have been a n outstanding p layer, b ut I never got th e chance."

Even his most d evoted fans would say th at Yale's second leadin g all-time r ushe r !:tad a mediocre first year in the N.F. L. H e gained only 31 yards with a :long carry of seven, and this year wasn't look in g any better. O n July 16th R ich D iana walked out of D on ShuJa's training camp in M iami and left pro-footb all behind. He's returning to Yale and w ill begin training fo r a secon d career at the M edical School. ' D iana doesn't have any sim p le explanation for wh y he left. S ince h e The New JournaVSeptemb e r 9, 1983 31

has been home this summer, he has been doing quite a lot of thinking and writing about his d<¡dsion. Besides being interviewed by Howard Cosell and the Ntw York Timts, Diana has been workin~ on a book which will be publisht>d latf'r this year. In the book, D iana will try to explain to the world and to himself what pro football is really like. Being an author is probably the 32 The New Journal/September 9, 1983

"I could have been an outstanding player, but I never got a chance."

last thing Diana's MB&B advisor would have predicted for the 3.5 premed. And even Diana doesn't enjoy writing. "But I've got something to offer," he said. "It won't be a Ball Four.

I'm not out to debase anyone, but I think it will surprise a few people. "' too was surprised by what pro football was like," D iana said, the flourescent coil flickering above him.

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at t he Yale CO-OP NEW "No ooe understands it until they actually play. It doesn't matter how many college games you've been in." When Diana showed up in Miami in the summer of 1982, he began playing a game which seemed to lack almost everything he had loved about football at Yale.

"Carm [Cozza] and Seb [LaSpina, Yale's offensive coordinator] wanted you to learn and improve. They cared about you and wanted you to have everything-social life,. academics -everything. In Miami, the coaches didn't tolerate any mistakes. They would cuss at you and treat you like a thing. I think I'm an intelligent person, and the coaches never respected that."

Taskmaster coaches weren't the only thing that made lif<' unpleasant for Diana. It was also the fact that he had to jump the cultural gap that separated football the game from football the business. When he left Ivy League lootball, Diana was better prepared for Yale Med than for the N.F.L. "I never felt that I could talk to my teammates.

There was a certain intellectual curiosity that was missing. It was as if they came from a different culture. I know that sounds bad, but it shouldn't. I'm an everyday, ordinary person. I'm not an intellectual. My dad repairs TV's."

The gap between Yale and pro football by itself wasn't enough to drive D iana away. "It's time for me to start leading the kind of life that I want," Diana said. "A life in which you do things for responsibility's sake. I want

to have small get-togethers with my family and friends, play racquetball and improve my golf game." Sitti ng at the table with his light-colored shirt neatly tucked into his white sports slacks, Diana could be filming a commercial for H oliday Country C lub. Ten easy steps to become a better family m a n .

After a year in the pros, D iana remains unfazed by last year's six fi gure income and the diversions such an income allowed. "I've been taken around town in a limousi ne, been to fancy restauran ts a nd had front row seats at a Broadway show," he said, tiredly recounting the list. "I just d idn't find it that exciting." Joe Namath would h ave calJed him a bore.

"Sure the money was nice. I liked being able to buy some extra things and give some money to m y family.

But I've never had money in my whole life. There are more important things.

My dad never made $20,000 in his life, and as a TV repairman I guess he never did much to chan ge the world.

But my parents are good people, and good people breed good people." T here is more than money, more than fam ily pride behind Diana's ambition . He has a need to succeed simply because he always has. ''There 1s only so much you can accomplish as a player," he said, looking out into the living room wh ich doubles as a tro phy room. "I t's like be ing a n actor. Sure, I can see the value of e nte rtainment in sports. I enjoy watching

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the Yankees when they are on television. I'll sit down and watch for an hour or two, but you have to do things which are more worthwhile, which give more to society. There's a great feeling when the crowd roars when you're on the field. I once said that there was no exhilaration that equalled carrying the football, and I still agree with that. But now I'm looking more for a psychological than a physical satisfaction. I'm ready to begin my vocation."

This month the new training will begin, and the trade will be complete- the aqua Dolphin jersey for a lab coat.

"Yeah, maybe it does sound funny.

Maybe it sounds like I'm contradicting myself by giving up something I like so much. But sometimes you have to give up what you like to give more to society. I hope I get satisfaction out of medici-ne, but I know that it won't be the same. In medicine, there's no crowd cheering. The rest of the world won't care if you lose the use of your right wrist," he said as he moved his forearm across the table. For the first time in an hour, he's broken the conversation with a gesture.

Returning to his unassuming pose, he has fixed his rolled sleeves. "I'll be happy if I can help a few people. I'm not out to change the world." But there is something deceptive about his modesty. You sort of feel like the linebacker who watches Diana scoot into the end zone after you've been told that Rich Diana just tries not to drop the ball.

Diana isn't brash. H e doesn't push people around. They make the mistake of giving him the extra step all on their own.

"I'd be a fool to say I didn't have a lot of natural ability. Although I'm a lot. smarter and faster than many people, there are plenty of people who are bigger and stronger than me," said

Diana, who at a solid 215 pounds looks like he could intimidate the tractors on the farm near his home. "But no one ever saw how hard I had to work. I have a deter mination a nd a will to sacrifice which a lot of people don't have." This intensity made Diana as good a student as he was an athlete.

Plenty of schools would have taken him if he could have spelled his name, but Diana did quite a bit more, graduating third in his Hamden High School class, a prime academic candidate for Yale.

At Yale he graduated cum laude in MB&B, and h e became something of a folk hero. Bulldog pizza still sells the Rich Diana Special, though it has come a long way from the original: Diana's favorite snack of a pepperoni pizza in a grinder roll. "I guess that was kind of disgusting," admitted Diana.

It doesn't seem quite right that someone who did so much for Yale football is immortalized by a hoagie.

The 1981-82 Ivy champs devastated Harvard , 28-0, and beat Navy on national television. For the first time in a decade, ABC and Sports Illustrated took the Bulldogs seriously. "We had a pretty special team my senior year," recalled Diana. "There were just a few of us who made the difference. I made a lot of money for Yale, but the administration never seemed to ap· preciate that. I feel a responsibility to a lot of things, but Yale isn't one of them.

I used Yale, and they used me."

Besides near record attendance at the Bowl , ABC televised two of Yale's games (Navy and Dartmouth) largely on the attraction of Diana, R ogan, Grieve, Rohrer and Leone. The television contracts alone netted Yale almost half a million dollars. Out of a total athletic d epartme nt budget of only about $4 m illion, that wasn't bad.

Yale's athletic po licy did not make it easy for Diana to get into the pros.

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When he played in the post-season Japan Bowl, piana violated the Ivy Conference rules, and he lost his eligibilty for the spring season. Diana had also been a mainstay on the Yale baseball team, hitting .343 with a record-setting single season total of 43 R.B.I.'s. "I really like baseball, and I was looking forward to playing and doing pretty well my last year. They took that chance away from me." But if he wanted to play pro football, Diana had to prove to the scouts that he could play outside of the I vy League. And the post season bowls were the only place to do it. "Although I agree with

"In medicine, there's no crowd cheering. The rest of the world won't care If you lose the use of your right wrist."

Yale's priorities-academics before sports- this policy toward post-season play was absurd. But what I resented the most were the administrators who thought that it was a sin to change the rules, even when they knew that a change was needed. Some of them treated the rules like gospel. I lost respect for a lot of officials."

But despite Diana's negative feelings about Yale's bureaucracy, he has fond memories of Timothy Dwight and the people at Yale. Master Thompson has invited him back to live in T.D. and serve as a pre-med advisor, an option Diana is still considering.

As Diana was getting up to head out to his golf game, he paused by the front door and took a practice swing with an imaginary golf club, all tfie stiffness now gone from his muscles. "You know, it's funny. All the guys in the locker room were always talking about how great it would l>e to retire. But not many of them leave before they have to. I retired because I thought I could deal with it. Now I'm free of it all."

•

Moms Panner, a sroior in Ezra Stiles, zs Managing Editor of TN].

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Mind Over Music If you put an album on your turntable, turn on your stereo and then leave the room so that no one is there to hear it, does the music exist? This musical twist to the philosopher's paradox has been puzzling Mary Louise Serafine ever since she gave up her aspirations of musical stardom 12 years ago and went into the decidedly unromantic field of developmental psychology. But after four years of research at Yale, Serafine sounds less and less like either a musician or a psychologist and more like a Lord Berkeley who has learned to swing. "What counts with music is what is in the mind of the perceiver," she insists. "If you don't understand the music, it doesn't exist for you."

"If you don't understand the music, it doesn't exist for you."

Serafine has pioneered an interdisciplinary approach to musical analysis that stresses the cognitive rather than the sensory skills of the listener. I n other words, she beli.t:ves that people like a particular piece of music not because it conforms to some universal aesthetic, but because their minds simply tell them that it is good. In her research at Yale, she has di<;covered that under-

standing music is an active process rather than a passive one- that the mind doesn't just receive the notes but in fact organizes them into patterns that are unique to each individual.

Serafine has recently completed a paper setting forth her new ideas which wiiJ be published early this faJJ in the psychology periodical Cognition. She has also accepted an offer from Columbia University Press to publish a book at the end of the year which will be entitled Cognition in Music.

But even more important than the details of her findings, Serafine's research points to an entirely new approach to music. Serafine believes that most people greatly underestimate their

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potential to appreciate music. Because they a re unable to reproduce certain musical patterns at an early age, people are led to believe that they are tone deaf. So they choose to disassociate themselves from music altogether. "But as long as they can do my tests to evaluate the larger patterns in a musical composition," says Serafine, "then there is no reason why they should not enjoy music."

Besid es making music more accessible, Serafine's studies also reject the idea that one type of music is superior to another. "I f p eople enjoy rock music," she claims, "then they may be using the same kinds of processes and looking for the same patterns as a person listening to classical music. A Van Morrison sigh can be just as meaningful as a Beethoven cadence."

Yet Serafine does believe that there can be superior or inferior compositions within a particular genre of music, like blues or baroque, for example. "But I'm not interested in making that judgment," Serafine says. "That is a personal choice. My research concerns how people know about what they like."

Mary Serafine is a petite and energetic woman in her early thirties, an intellectual who is ob viously. in love with her work. She is a confirmed Van Morrison "fanatic," and she has every one of his albums in duplicate. I n her new office in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., where she has just accepted a post as Assistant P rofessor of Psychology at Vassar, Serafme has to stand on her desk to reach her bookshelves. It is on these bookshelves that she has stacked the imposing pile of computer p rintouts th at document the result of hundreds of hours of tests involving over 200 particip ants.

Much like her research , wh ich stresses in tellect over e m otion, Serafine's career has taken a deliberate swing from the performing arts to scholars h ip. After finish ing an

undergraduate degree in piano performance at Rutgers in 1970, Serafine pursued a doctorate in psychology at the University of Florida. "I just wasn't that good at piano," she admits. After earning her degree, Serafine taught at the University of Texas at Austin where she first developed her theory of musical cognition. But it was not until she wrote a proposal for the Spenser Grant in cognitive psychology that she had a chance to prove he r theories. "I wrote a 50 page proposal outlining an integration between music theory and psychology," she recalls. "And, you know what? They bought the idea."

After securing the grant, Serafine decided that Yale would be the best place to conduct her research. "I didn't need any special facilities," she explains.

"What I wanted was a university that had eminent music and psychology departme nts. Yale just fit the biU." The method that Serafine has developed to dete rmine musical ability is a radical innovation in traditional psychological testing. Instead of asking an individual to reproduce a cer tain arrangement of pitches, she asks them simply to recognize a larger pattern that runs throughout an entire m usical phrase. "Most music appreciation tests are essentially hearing tests," she explains. "A researcher will play two tones, and the subject will have to compare them . But these tests are based on the fatal assumption that the human processes operating over just a few tones are the same processes that operate over a larger work." She says these more traditional tests are like evaluating someone's mathematical ability on the basis of a vision test.

One of the 12 studies that Serafine , has used to demonstrate her cognition theory is what she calls a closure test. In this, she tries to find out what it is that makes people understand when a musical phrase is complete. She wants to determine at what age a child learns to d ifferentiate between a resolved and an unresolved chord progression as it is

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defined in the Western musical tradition. Serafine takes two plastic dolls and places each o n e in front of a speaker.

She then plays two phrases for a child on a tape recorder, one of which resolves, the other of which doesn't. She asks the child to p ick up the doll which has "best finished its song" and to remove it from in front of the speaker.

"To the kids, each phrase sounded as complete as the other," explains Serafine. "Only the adults and older ch ildren (whom she tested separately) were able to identify the complete phrases. If music were solely a product of the senses, children would have detected the same patterns as the adults did."

But Serafine not only asked the participants to select the best completed phrase, she also asked them why they chose the phrase they did. And, significantly, no one had the faintest idea.

"They just knew that it sounded right even though they had not had any formal musical training," she explains.

"They understood th.e music because of their cultural experiences. In spoken language, everyone k nows what 'doggone it' means regardless of its literal meaning. It's because of socialization.

Preference to musical types would be due to the same p r ocesses of socialization through one's parents, peer groups, social class and religious experiences."

H ow does the academic music world react to a failed pianist who irreverently puts Van Morrison and Mozart albums on the same shelf?

"Most of my criticism comes from other psych ologists who don't believe that my experiments are scientifically rigorous enough," says Serafine. "They don't think that my experiments have proper controls. Because I use phrases rather than individual notes, they are not sure that I'm really identifying anything specific."

"Bu t , actually, most musicians think I'm right on target," says Serafine.

Musicians have always known that music is more than a group of unrelated notes. Serafine's research now forces psychologists to look at music in the same way that a musician does.

•

Corinne Tobin is a junior in Pierson College.

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Stepchildren of the Revolution Mao's Harvest: Voices from China's New Generation Edited by Helen F. Siu and Zelda Stern Oxford University Press. 1983 In 1979 a political thaw in Communist China allowed the voices of protest to surface in the nation's tightly controlled literature. An unprecedented literary form known as "New Realism" offered the first vivid picture of people in Red China- the feelings, emotions and attitudes of a culture so poorly understood in the West.

By 1981 the Communist Party had reimposed controls. Dissent was stifled once again.

The writings which have emerged from this brief period are remarkable

not only for their candor and unequivocal protest, but also for the emotions and doubts which they express. The writers, most of them in their thirties, have boldly deviated from the unimpassioned lip service to socialism and the Party that characterized earlier Chinese literature. With anger and sorrow they have decried the impoverishment¡, oppression and corruption they see in their homeland. The young writers have responded to political and social situations with ambivalence, doubt and despair- emotions that had never been acknowledged in the Socialist Realisrn. literature which predominated during the decades immediately after Mao's rev0lution in 1949.

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The title of Helen Siu and Zelda Stern's new anthology of writings from those three years of protest echoes in bitter irony. The collection is called Mao's Harvest, for the works are the fruit of the first generation to grow up in Mao's socialist China. But it is also called Mao's Harvest because it reveals a young generation cut off at its prime by the political system that fostered it.

The body of writings that Siu and Stern have collected in this volume mark only a first step in the understanding of China's new generation. A professor of anthropology, S iu is one of just a handful of scholars working o n this material. Because so little is known of this literature in the West, her anthology will prove indispensible to future scholars in Chinese literature and history.

Whc;n it first emerged in 1979, New Realism was immediately popular among China's urban youth. "It became the common vocabulary of the young," said Melissa Ennen, a Yale graduate student who was living in China during the years the literature was first being published. "By opening up discussion, China's social problems became clear and acute.,· New Realism is, in part, an extension of the protest against the Cultural Revolution. Through it, China's young writers have rejected the socialist credos which were ingrained at every step of their carefully pro. grammed education. "These writers came of age during the Cultural Revolution," Siu said. "The new focus on emotion affirmed the validity of the inner self. This is a highly unorthodox notion in the MaoistJiterary tradition in which such expression would have been considered a threat to the collective spirit of socialist China."

One cannot understand Chinese literature of the seventies without understanding something about the Cultural Revolution of a decade earlier. Initiated by Mao in 1966 to root out corrup tion in the Party. the Cultural Revolution rapidly escalated

•

•

into a confused, bloody fray in which Chinese adolescents were the major participants. Mao closed schools and directed the youth in full-time struggles to rid the country of "pernicious bourgeois influences" among the Party ranks, their teachers, their parents and their fellows. It was the youths themselves who subjected these "enemies" of the Party to the physically abu sive indoctrination sessions of the R evolution. They vilified, imprisoned and k illed; they vandalized and destroyed museums and te_mples, indeed, any relic of old ideas. "Bourgeois" educational customs such as examinations and reports were abolished. The p rovincial schools were closed for three to six years. Students who did go to school received a m in imal background in the basics and spent much of their time in the fields or factories. Traditional education was superseded by d aily recitations of the quotes of Chairman Mao. Literature suffered greatly under M ao. The only stories and poems d eemed acceptable were those that told of class struggle and the revolution. No characters were allowed to exist in moral shades o f gr ay. They had to be Iabelle~ clearly "good" or "bad" according "to class background and loyalty to the Party.

One lesson that China's youth learned during the Cultural Revolutio n was to criticize the Party. It was a lesson they did not forget. By the midseven ties, the youth collectively began to r ealize t h at they had been m an ip ulated in what amounted to a power struggle between top-level politicians.

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On April 5, 1976, thousands of Chinese gathered at Peking's Gate of H eavenly Peace in memory of the • r ecently deceased Zhou en-Lai. Gradually, the tension and grief within the congregation erupted into an emotional explosion. In front of the Gate, the people began spontaneously to write. They w rote on scraps of parchment, o n the walls and d irectly on the

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the pavement in every poetic form imaginable. Such a mass outpouring of feeling had not been known since the start of the Revolution . This daring act proved to be an irrevocable step toward a literature free from the Party's categorical restraints of the past.

New Realism literature, which developed in the years after this incid ent, has become "mu ch more subtle," according to Yale History Professor J onathan Spence, who wrote the forward to the book. "People have come to realize that you can't blame everything on the Cultural Revolution." "This literature, which was initially sanctioned by the Party, allowed the Chinese to derive hope from

tragedy," said Ennen. "They could point out foibles and move on."

Though literary modes and styles in Chin~se literature cc.:fr\stantly changed, all of the literature subsequent to the Cultural R evolution has maintained certain comm on traits. Written by a generation whose truths became lies and whose rights became wrongs, the literature following the Cultural Revolution has conveyed the nation's mourning of an era.

In the midst of such moral and emotional dilemmas, China's youth has produced a literature in which suicide is a recurring theme. Between 1976 and the present, the subject matter has always proved powerful and emotional regardless of genre or style. In fact,

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style is often something one must overlook to appreciate ' tru!y the material. Because most of the authors received such inadequate education during the late sixties, the style of their writing has often been flawed and unsophisticated. Almost invariably, the writings of this genre have been autobiographical. "Cultural ambiguity has returned as well as human sensitivity," said Spence. "There has been a reintrodu ction of the analytical approach to literature."

Yet even as they were writing , the most outspoken authors knew that they would be jeopardizing their political status if the political winds were to shift again, as they surely would.

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Now some of the most controversial works have been recalled and destroyed. The Party has again imposed strict rules for writers and editors.

Pe nalties for literary v iolations a re ·severe, including loss of employment a nd imprisonment. For example, one o f the authors whose work is included in the anthology is currently servi n g a 14-year term in jail. But writers a nd editors persevere in publishing New R ealism, though they are more cautious.

New Realism, Siu points out, is a "th o rn" in the side of today's Party. But the lite rature's popularity , both in C hina and elsewhe re, is undeniable .

Publishers in Hong K ong and in France have recently expressed interest in printing editions of the anthology.

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Aftert ho ug ht /W. Ham ~ton Si d_e_ s_--.--------.~~_____.__..___..---Blinded With Science Why the Poets are in the Dark "If a democracy is going to work, it means that we've got to have an educational system so that a person can at least understand the issues, never mind the details. It's up to the members of the public to ask the questions and demand answers from the people who are supposed to know what the details are. " ¡ D. Allan Bromley The New journal, October 1982 A few years ago, about this time of year, I sat down with a blue book in my hand and tried to figure out how I was going to spend my semester. One of the considerations that swung rather like a pendulum over my head was that, because of Yale's distribution requirements, I had to pick a course in the sciences, a Group IV. Planck's Constant. Avogadro's Number. Gregor Mendel and his 100 yellow-green pea plants. I knew I couldn't return to the nightmares of high school physics, chemistry and biology. But I was reasonably sure that I could enjoy science if only it were taught a little differently. I had a vague idea that there was more to science than memorizing and forgetting certain formulas arrived at centuries ago by thoughtful men in their bathtubs. I suspected that what I had forced myself to swallow in high school was not science at all, but rather a series of unsavory textbook exercises calculated to make undecided students, like myself, shy away from science altogether.

It was decided long ago that teachers must present science in such a way as to discourage the average student from perceiving its relevance to his or her life. And so, instead of reading about the possibilities for organ transplants or solar power, we learned about Planck's Constant and the displacement that a 200g mass of a certain density makes in a glass of water on the moon. Instead of studying the implications of genetic research, we learned how to calculate the velocity of an apple dropped from the top of a tree. We knew E = mc2 but we weren't sure how that translated into Hiroshima. We learned about lipids and lysosomes, but we didn't learn about how a small slice of silicon is in the midst of building a new society.

At any rate, there I was with the blue book, and I had to decide. I had an option, though. I could pick one of the "poet" courses in the sciences, like "Rocks for Jocks," or "Earth, Wind and Fire" or "Space, Time and Motion."

These are the dozen or so courses in biology, astronomy, geology, physics and engineering that are tailored specifically for the humanities major. These are the geewhiz stalagmite guts, the ones that people who dread science resort to when the gig is up and their time has come to take a Group IV. There is something inherently condescending about the notion of a non-science science course. For a long time I think there has been an assumption among science instructors that their courses must possess a certain air of inaccessibility in order to sound legitimate. A history major can't just expect to sit down in a classroom and learn something about modern science. That is not fair. First, he 46 The New JournaVSeptember 9, 1983

has to memorize the Periodic Table and learn to convert Celsius to Kelvin with requisite facility.

Such is the rationale behind the science course for poets.

It is a watered-down way for the history major to get his science and get on with his liberal education with as little embarrassment as possible. So three times a week a professor comes down from the Hill and walks into LinsleyChit with colored chalk and a slideshow, and proceeds to teach non-scientific science for an hour. The blue book should have read: "This course is not really science, but it's the next best thing to being there for those of you who don't care to learn, or simply can't learn, what science is really about."

I don't blame anyone but myself for taking one of these classes. Still, I think there is something wrong with the way science is being taught to "non-science" people. One can either take an inordinately difficult course in general chemistry or a ridiculously easy course in Comparative Health Systems. There needs to be a happy medium. I don't see these inadequacies as part of some academic conspiracy, but rather as a colqssal oversight on the part of the Yale administration. In a world in which science and technology are making vast and irreversible changes in ...., society, people who don't intend to spend four years in a laboratory must get a handle on what is happening outside.

There are a number of reasons why there is no happy medium in Yale's science courses: the conflict between scientific research and teaching, the relative infancy of science in academia, the temptation among academic scientists to seek lucrative positions in government and business.

But for whatever reason, I don't think there has been a tremendous amount of effort on the part of the scientific community to synthesize and present what has been learned. And the people who have done this, people like Carl Sagan and Stephen Jay Gould, have often been ostracized by their colleagues as panderers to the public.

It is critical to recognize that non-science majors have . governed science in the past and probably will continue to do so in the future. They are the ones who have traditionally made policy decisions in the United States. Harry Truman chose to drop the Bomb, not J. Robert Oppenheimer. Some high-level bureaucrar-in the Pentagon approved the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam, not the biologist who created it.

What happens, then, when our non-science major finds himself on the Senate floor debating an appropriations bill for a $2 billion particle accelerator in Texas and he doesn't understand the first thing about what goes on inside it?

What happens when the governor of Nebraska has to dispose of 2 tons of toxic waste and he's got a dozen experts and a dozen different opinions?

Planck's Constant and Avogadro's Number don't mean so much anymore.

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