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Reservations 777-5148 2 The New Journal/December 9, 1983

Publishtr Hilary Callahan Editor-in-Chief W. Hampton Sides Dtsigntr Tom McQuillen Photography Editor Christine Ryan Business Managtrs Robert Moore Peter Phleger Managing Editors Jim Lowe Morris Panner Production Managtr Tony Reese• Associate Business Managtrs K atie Kress mann Vanessa Sciarra Marilynn Sager Associate Editors Paul Hofheinz Laura Pappano Tina Kelley Katherine Scobey Mike Otsuka Associate Production Managtrs Lauren Rabin Christianna Williams Staff Larry Goon Jim Ayer Dani Morrow• Anne Applebaum Sally Sloan J oyce Banerjee Amy Stevens Eduardo Cruz Corinne Tobin Darren Gersh Lelia Wardwell Nicholas Christakis Lisa Yun Ex~cutiv~

Board Hilary CaJJahan Paul Hofheinz Jim Lowe Tom McQuillen Robert Moore ·~t~cted

Morris Panner Peter Phleger Tony Reese• Christine R yan Hampton Sides

Octobtr 25, 1983

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!),,;.,,,.- Ht·nn C: Chat Jt • l't•tt•r R C:nopt·r • Anch C ourt • Rmnl.,, Kt·ll•·• • P.. lt·r Nt·ill • 1\1 ic hdk l'rt·" • Thmna' Stroll~ ll11nrd Of Adt•twn .John Ht·r"''' • Rttl{t't Kit'"'""l • 1-:liralwe h Tall• Frimrlr: Anson M . RC"ard . .Jr. t • Edward R Rcnnc11, .Jr. • Rlairc Rrnnru • .Jnnaehan M (:lark • Loui<t' F. (:onpn • .Jatl1<'< W . Coopt·r • Pc•tt•r R. Cunpa t • .Jcrry and Rae (:ourl • (;t·nfTrc·y Fric·d • Sherwin Goldman • Rrnok< Kt•llt•v • Andrc·w .J . Ku znc<ki . .Jr • l..t•wi • F.. l.<·hrrnan • F.. Nnhlcs Ln11c' • p,.,,.r N .. ill • Fair· Ia-< C. Randall t • Nit hnlas X Ri7npnulu< • Oic k and Oc·hhit• St-ar< t • Ric hard Shidd< • Thnrn.ts Sttnnl{ t • Alt•x <tncl lkr w Tnrdln ' Ali<-n and Sarah \Vard" c·ll • O ,tmt•l Yt•rl{m ft.fnnhn1 nnrl

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Features 10

The Moonies: East Meets West on Chapel Street A slice of life in New Raven's friendliest cult.

16

Lana: A Story of Scarlet Letters, Private Lives and Public Health A prostituJe wlw is a suspectul AIDS carrier and tk dilemma tluJt sire poses for public health officials in New Haven.

21

Conservatism at Yale- The Old and the New

22

The Party of the Right: Yale's Intellectual Wunderkind?

A serious look at a not-so-serious tradition.

29

The rise of the Right: A Status Report Facts and figures on a different brand of cons~ism.

35

Ahead of the Charles Swimming upstream with New England's beautiful people.

36

Sports Basketball Bounces Back It's

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22 years since Yale has won the Ivies. This year may

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Research Beating the Habit Two new approaches to overcoming drug depnulency.

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Letters

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Between the VInes

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Books

46

Afterthought

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The New Journal/December 9, 1983 3

Bob Cardinal's

Letters

~----~~~--~~~~--------------~~

A Scientist's Defense fine pasteries & confections (203) 787-8589 969 State Street, Ntw Haven

at the Yale CO-OP NEW see New Haven 's largest stock of low-priced classical cassettes In our ever-expanding record and tape shop.

The New Journal thanks Shaukat Ahmed Chris Baker Erica Belsey Drew Brodey Beth Callaghan Kate Davey Scott Fletcher Andrea Fribush Rob Lindeman Andrea Massey Betsy Nix Lisa P eters Stephen Reily David Stern Pam Thompson Katie Wintt'r

/rt tlw «rtKie "DisS«tiotl 01. Ddiglat,. (TN]. (k. ftlbn 21, 1983) ErU: Brmde's bylit~~ was """itld dw 0 G ~ enor. Wt GfJoiogiu to tk aullwr

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4 The New Journal/December 9, 1983

istic claims for the unit he is trying to sell, even if he has never taken a course in solar energy.

Fortunately, there are at Yale a number of courses which stress this sort of analytical approach. One of the most successful of these, "Perspectives on Technology," has been offered for more than ten years by the Engineering departments. In that course students are asked to perform simple numerical calcuiations which are relevant to real problems, such as the small slices of silicon which Mr. Sides craves, but still many of the students have difficulty do· ing the homework or the final exams.

Each year, a number of students do seem to overcome these difficulties and grasp the idea of analyzing a problem quantitatively, and some even become quite enthusiastic about science. Those who have not yet found the key to understanding what science is all about should consider carefully if it is no~ perhaps their built-in pr~judice, that science is just a collection of obscure facts, which is keeping them in the dark.

To the Editor: The recent article "Blinded with Science" by W. Hampton Sides (TNJ September 9, 1983), raised an interesting and important question. Why are Yale poets "in the dark" when it comes to science? Is it because scientists are not willing to teach them or is it because they are in a preconditioned state of mind which makes it difficult for them to learn? I would like to suggest, in disagreemeht with Mr. Sides, that it is largely (if not completely) the latter which leads to the present deplorable state of affflirs.

Many Yale undergraduates, like many people in this country in general, simply do not understand what science is all about. They seem to believe, like Mr. Sides, that learning about scieQce involves the acquisition of facts, facts ·which often seem to them irrelevant. If that were really the case, then most scientists would also be "in the dark," since the number of known facts far .exceed the number that any individual can acquire in a lifetime.

What distinguishes a scientist from Sincerely yours, an uninformed layman is the way in Werner P. Wolf which he or she will approach a scienChairman tific question. The scientist will analyze Council of Engineering the question in terms of specific concepts, often involving quantitative estimates of several contributing factors. It is this analytical approach which The Search for Delight makes it possible to consider new quesT o the Editor: tions for which all of the relevant facts While reading Eric Brende's article are not already established. It is this "Dissection vs. Delight," (TNJ, Octob~r same approach which is needed by the 21, 1983) initially I agreed with h1s non-science major on the floor of the denuncia~on of the way his English 129 Senate debating an appropriations bill professor overemphasized the deeper for a new particle accelerator, or by the analytical questions at the expense of homeowner considering the purchase of the simple delights found in the a solar energy unit. The facts can language itself. Where Brende goes always be acquired if one can decide wrong is when he uses this example to just what facts are needed. generalize about the way in which the To learn this sort of approach, hymanities are taught at Yale. students must first understand that I have had many professors at Yale specific examples are designed to il- who have concentrated on fusing the ~ lustrate the methods of science and not students' experie n ce with the informa· just to teach the facts. Any student who tion under study. Master Thompson, can understand the concepts of energy whose course h as recently been de· conservation and efficiency will have a graded by Newsweek, goes one step furmuch easier time figuring out if the ther by allowing his students to ex· solar energy salesman is making realperience African culture first-hand.

Joy to

through the use of slides, music and dance.

Master Thompson, along with many other enthusiastic professors at Yale, constantly stimulates the material by actively encouraging delight. Thus, the renaissance which Brende is looking for can be found right here at Yale. You just have to know where to look for it.

Chris Maxey PC '84

The Er-trepreneurlal Spirit To the> Editor: I was interested to read your recent article, "The Yale Entrepreneurs," (TNJ, October 21, 1983). I was surprised to note, however, that you did not mention the 1983 Quarter Century Fund in your piece on Skip Klein. Al~hough the 35-year-old Quarter Century Fund is llot strictly entrepreneurial, it does require an entrepreneurial spirit in its ~nior class leadership.

Skip served as Chairman of the 1983 QCF last year, and under his leadership it raised $12,000 in pledges and $9,000 in cash from the Class of 1983. He and his 140 senior volunteers broke the alltime money record which had been previously held for 14 years by the C lass of 1969 and reached the highest participation In ten years.

I was also privileged to read Skip's brilliant essay on the Yale Endowment.

My opinion of his imagination and competence could not be higher.

Sinccrdy yours, Thomas McCance, Jr. Managing Director Yale Alumni Fund

Progress Through Divestment To the Editor: I read \.\.ith great interest and pleasure Kathleen Cleaver's interview with ~aster Robin Winks (TNJ, October). I agreed with Master Winks' commit~ent to "seeing for himself" and his willIngness to break an informal, perhaps counter-productive educators' boycott.

Winks was probably able to teach future Afrikaner leaders something other than

what their parents and press were saying.

H owever, I must respond to his dismissal of the divestment movement at Yale . .Just as progressives within South Africa must look hard to tind ways towards progress in their country, so must we search for actions more effective . than the current U.S. corporate and government consensus of "Constructive Engagement."

The vast majority of both opposition leaders in Africa, and anti-apartheid groups in other cbu~tries, agree that divestment from South Africa is a positive step. Divestment is in no way like a consumer boycott, like "taking Russian vodka ofT the shelf." Not to buy a product is to deny someone a small amount of profit. To do business in South Africa is to support actively the Afrikaner government. Through providing services and paying taxt.<~, companies bring to the government that which it needs to maintain its repression. Such support, no matter how qualified by political rhetoric or private charity, cannot be seen as a progressive force. In South Africa, government control of commerce is ubiquitous. The government ensures that commerce functions in its interest, and that the human and physical capital of the business community can be turned to the state's needs and demand.

Foreign companies lending themselves to this process do not have an effective voice in state policy, and Yale does not have an effective voice in the companies it invests in. Given the contributions our investments make to the intolerable government of South Africa, any divestment is a good thing.

No one here believes we can "bring apartheid crumbling to the ground."

We only believe we can do justice to our progressive beliefs, and contribute to a better use of our endowment. It is progress itself that will bring down apartheid, in its own due time.

Will Masters Berkeley, '84 TN \nt }_,.,./ t"f'M"uu~~ IMIM"'C In,,... nhtur. and ct,..nrntnl ftft Yak- at'Mt Nf'W Ha,-_.n 1~ WntC' m W Hampu.n SKW... tAittunaJ,. l4"i2 Y<tlr StAtiun, N....,_ Ha,ÂŤ'n, ( I 06~2'0 AJI Wucn '"" puhhn11iun mu"'t inciudt> awkl~ a.rwl ~II(NUurr

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The New Journal/December 9, 1983 5

Between the Vines/Tina Kell

RETURN OF .THE REDEYE One Writer's All-nighter 3:15 A.M. is the bewitching hour.

Most people who die do it at 3: 15. In The Amityville Horror all the bad things happened at 3:15. It's 3:15. Even the Ides of March is on 3/15. Now it's 3:16. I hate the neon red numbers on my alarm clock. I'm an English m~jor.

I have no left brain. I hate numbers.

Especially 3, 1 and 7.

Something bad is happening at this horrible hour. Or rather, not happening. My last paper of the semester is still being born .(being still-born?), 20 hours after I started it, six before it is due. Five hours and 42 minutes.

Songs run through my head to the beat of the rubber band in my rickety electric typewriter. I turn it off (the typewriter? my head? both) and sadly begin once again to clean my desk.

A paper shouldn't be this difficult.

Each semester Yale students hand in almost half a million sheets of 8 Y2 -by-11 inch medium-white bond.

After D.S. and Nightly Themes I should be accustomed to putting my brain in the crank-out mode and finishing before daybreak. But I've yet to learn the tricks of the paper-writing profession.

Earlier this evening I'd been ahead of the game. I'd read the book. I'd even taken notes. I thought I had the best topic for my paper on the Iliad"Patroklos: An Ancient Greek Christ Figure." I liked the title for its import.

It reminded me of a friend's prizewinning paper, "Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals: Catachresis and the Value-Positing Eye." It pays to use colons.

Only after I had written three and a half pages did I realize that Patroklos lived 850 years before Christ.

At nine I realized that my paper would fall flat if I didn't find the Oxford En.(lish Dictionary etymology of all the words in my title. In Sterling I found Beth Teare, Davenport '85, jotting down numbers in the margin of her copy of Rimbaud. She was calculating how far she had to write tonight: "A five-page paper, at 24 lines a page, seven and a half inches per line, would be as long as the hall from the circulation desk to the High Street exit. I can write that far!"

We cel~brated thi~ fact with a study_ break in Machine City: Archetype of 6 The New Journal/December 9, 1983

Intellectual Alienation in Modern go home for a dab of Rlistex beneath Society, We ran into a group of friends my eyelids. (The menthol keeps them who offered to write our papers for us, open.) I tried to pick up my backpack each person composing one paragraph. from under the table, hut it wouldn't I'd heard of someone who succumbed move. Someone's head was resting on to this temptation last year when it. writing her term paper for a credit/fail "What are you doing under the table course. She failed. in the foetal position?"

I wished my friends luck and "Sleeping," said the owner of tht· prepared for the arduous transition head. "There are fewer drafts undt•r back to work by reading the bulletin here. Going hack to my room would he boards by the staircase. You never admitting defeat." know when information here can come I didn't care. I went back anyway in handy. You never know when you'll and cleaned my desk again. Cleaned feel an overwhelming urge for sitar . under my nails. Painted them with lessons or when you'll be looking for a White-Out. Waited for them to dry. good lecture on Conspiracy and Sup- Flossed my teeth. pression tn Eighteenth Century Blaise Pabon, .JE '85, once told me how he cured himself of fidgeting. "I Hoboken. made my friend handcuff me to my desk and leave the key. I told him he couldn't let me loose till my paper was done," he recalled. What if he had •• to go to the bathroom during his conOne page later I realized I finement? "I guess I didn't give it much '' needed to go home for a dab thought," he said

of Bllstex beneath my eyelids. (The menthol keeps them open.)

Back up to the Main Reading Room in search of any familiar face, anyone to help me with Homer. "Learn from people, not books," said Benjamin Franklin. Or was it Aristotle? Bartlett's Quotations (PN 6081 B37 1980, last shelf on the right) says, "Draw from others the lesson that may profit yourself'- Heauton Timoroumenos, the same guy who said, "Moderation in all things." He never pulled an allnighter. He never spent 20 minutes reading Bartlett's Quotations.

"May I have your attention please?"

No. "The circulation desk is now closed. The library will close in 15 minutes." I had an outline by that time, though it looked more like a physics problem set, vectors everywhere. I stopped at Store 24, where 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. are gloriously similar, demanded "Coffee! No sugar! No cup!" and headed for the Morse library.

One page later I realized I needed to

But now it says 3:28 on my alarm clock, and my mind is running on automatic pilot. It's clearly time for the Generic P.aper. I pick several nouns, verbs and adjectives and start writing sentences: synthesis, coheres, infrastructure, Keynesian, dichotomy, connotations, conflate, Hegelian, juxtaposition, Hobbes (often typed "Gobbes" at this hour), clearly and in conclusion. One sees that the problematical effort inherent in producing a text by this method is at best formidable.

When this doesn't work, I start moaning. "Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of . . ." No luck. "Or Man's First Disobedience, Sing, Heavenly Muse?" It worked for Milton. "One's Self I sing, a simple desperate person." Silence. "Descend from heaven, bitch!"

After a similar plea, a friend of mine once felt a poem approaching with the sunrise: My paper is due tomorrow My blood.flows black ~ Like r:o.ffee And my mind races In reverse My thou.f!hls swirl above The Old Campus

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Likt! a vnrlt!x And tht vacuum if in "!Y .~ul And "!Y.finf!tn likt! tht! Dawn's Rtach into t'Vt'ry coma of Evny room and pawn And I am hit! and happy And kick myrt!({ into nt!ulral Varonm varoom And I am rmall a,~ain And tht t'mpty pagt!s must ht!.fillt!d.

4:02. The Cerebellum-Vellum Attraction Syndrome sets in. The wood from .ny desk sends o u t magnetic rays to my brain. Everythin g starts to look two-dimensional. I have rapid eye movem<'nt with my eyes open.

I wake to the screeches of the gar· bagt' trucks on York Street, stumble in· to the bathroom and notice that I am COVered with snarf marks, those red streaks you get on your face when >:ou do;.e with your clothes on, par· tlcularly intriguing when you sleep on Y 0~Jr arm while wearing a fisherman· kntt sweater. I look like modern art.

Try scrubbing them, soaking them, and you still have . . . .• I go take a real nap. I Jay my paper far away from the open w indow shud· dering as I remember what ha~pened to Peter Neitlich, Morse '85. "One morning two years ago I left my 12-page paper on my desk in front of an open window," h e remembered with

"It was futile. I was contem· plating some serious squirrel murder."

watch beeps every 15 minutes and runs fast so he is never late. He measures out the sugar for his tea. H e levels it ofT with his butter knife. "Son o f a gun," he lisps, "I do hope my typist has my paper ready. After a ll , I gave it to her Wednesday. I need time to get___it xeroxed." Grumpy throws an ice cube and nails him squarely on the skull. It bounces ofT with a dull thud.

Ten minutes till D · day, and I have only o n e page to go. It's time to put on Springsteen real loud. "Born to Run" is inspiration for the sprint to the box in Linsly Chit. It may be a good sign that rm still writing because

an apocryphal smile, and all of a sudden I heard a squeaking noise on my desk, and the next thin g I know, the paper's going out the window in the mouth o f this squirrel." H e tried to lean out and grab the paper, which was due that morning. "It was futile. I was contemplating some serio us squirrel murder. I thought I was doomed, but believe it or not, my T.A. gave me an extension. For several days after that I kept looking around for the paper, but ~ -'~ all I ever fou nd was a gnarled and gnawed page nine."

At least he'd had a finished product. \\ts tThe on ly page I'm satisfied with now is the title sheet, which I typed yesterday V'l~ at five. I walk down to the dining hall for consolation .

F<.>sor-~ {bGb k~ S Breakfast the morning a fter is never pleasant. I sit down with the seven ~f't... c.omi ~ ~ dwarfs: Grumpy, Sleepy, Snoozy, Sneezy, Bleary, Wea r y and Thucydides. Thucydides takes intensive G reek. H e is the last o f the bigtime overachievers. He carries a monogrammed Cross pen in the Tina Ktlley, a iunior in M orst, is an pocket of his crisply-ironed shirt. His A ssociatt Editor oj TNJ .

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The New Journal/December 9, 1983 7

News Journal ...

Labor Pains: Fighting for a Contract

The Hinckley Letters ...

For over 15 years Yale has had tense relations with the unions that work for the University (see "The State of the Union ," TN], February· 27, 1982).

Now early contacts between the University and Local 34, the new union of secretaries, librarians and other clerical and technical workers, indicate that things are still less than rosy between Yale and its unionized work force.

The clerical and technical employees voted to form a union last M ay after a lengthy and h eated organizing campaign that often found the University and the union at lo~erheads . In the six months since then, attempts to negoBruce Chismar: "I don't see tiate a contract have bogged down . things as tense." · So far, the greatest problems have arisen over the issue of pay for members siders this process; what they're trying of the union neg?tiating committee who to show is that these negotiations arc lose work hours during contract talks. not legitimate University business. ObO r iginally, Yale felt that these people viously, we think they are." should receive no compensation for lost Bruce Chisman, the University's new work . while the union felt that its President of Administration , disagrees negotiating team should not be pun- with this interpretation. "I don't see ished for time spent on what it con- things as tense. We aren't bosom budside r ed "leg i timate University dies, but Yale's relations with Local 34 business." Yale has since amended its are the best they can be under the cirposition, saying that it will pay for one cumstances inherent whenever labor hour of time for each worker for each meets management over the bargaining negotiating session, but Local 34 finds table. You could say that we're friendly this position unacceptable . adversaries. I know this m ay sound There are other issues keeping Yale pompous, but ultimately I believe that and Local 34 away from the bargaining reasonable men will sec the rightness of table: Yale's original claim that there our position." was no room on campus suitable for If these disagreements are not contract talks, disagreements over worked out, Yale could have a serious whether negotiations should take place problem. The 2500 clerical and during working hours and controversy technic_al empJoyees form a crucial part over what the actual shape of the of Yale's work force . If they went on negotiating table should be. strike, the University would have a difThe union puts the blame for these ficult time functioning, especially if the problems squarely on the University. strike were supported with a walkout by They say that the University is squab- Local 35, the union of Yale's dining hall b ling over technical points to harass the and maintenance workers, which new union and stall for time. As Debra helped organize the clerical and Chernoff, a member of the union's technical workers into a "sister union" negotiating committee, said, "The issue last spring. is how legitimate the University con-

•

8 T h e New Journal/December 9, 1983

A fter John Hinckley Jr. shot President R eagan in the spring of 1981, R ollin Riggs '82 fou nd -that th e pictures he'd been taking of actress J odie Foster '!Vqe valuable-so he sold them to Newsweek for an unspecified amount ("The Yale Entrepreneurs," TN], October 2 1).

Riggs is still trying to make money ofT of the Hinckley affair. On November 11 four letters written by Hinckley to R iggs were offered for sale at an auction in New York.

Riggs refuses to cotr\ment on this incident except to confirm that he did offer the letters to the Charles Hamiltorf Gallery, 'the well-known New York handwriting firm which played an important role in exposing the forged Hitler diaries. Apparently, Riggs wrote to Hinckley in August of last year and asked if he could photograph the wouldbe assassin. Hinckley wrote back saying . he would be happy to let Riggs take exclusive photographs if Riggs would deliver a letter to Jodie Foster for him .

He also asked Riggs to "keep track of her movements" and send the pictures he had taken of Foster.

Riggs was shocked by these requests, according to The New York Post. He told the Post that he had written to Hinckley as a "professional photo-journalist" and had never intended to help him . Still, the Post ref>orts that he did send Hinckley several pictures of Foster that had already been published, though he stopped short of delivering the love letters to the actress.

After exchanging several letters, Hinckley decided that Riggs was not going to help him any more than he already had, and the correspondence ended in September, less than two months after Riggs' first letter.

But not every idea can turn a profit.

No o ne at the auction bought the letters which were offered at a starting price of $500.

•

Design by Andree Frlbuth

Hamster Madness

It's no secret that four hamsters escaped from Yale's Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health (LEPH)- at least not to readers of The New York Times, which covered the event in its Connecticut section. But the circumstances surrounding the lethal disease th«Y were carrying remain shrouded in m ystery.

The missing animals had been inj~cted with Creutzfeld-J akob (CJ) VIrus, a mysterious ailment that attacks the central nervous system and causes the brain to decay. The mortality t-ate for animals carrying the disease is 100 percent, although the latency period can last for several years. Fo rtunately, the only known way of contracting the disease is through direct injection into the brain, though one out of a millio n contract it each year.

The disease is so mysterious that a number of graduate students at LEPH believe that the experiment might be part of Depa rtment of Defense research into the possible use of CJ virus for germ warfare. Dr. Edward Adelberg, Deputy Provost of bio-medical science at LEPH, dismisses this cha rge, though he acknowledges that all of the money for the project came from the National Institutes of H ealth in Washington.

Adelberg maintains that CJ virus would be a poor choice of materials in a germ war because there is no known antidote and thus no way of protecting one's own troops from the disease's debilitating effects. He points out that all research at Yale is unclassified and m aintains that Yale's research into Cj virus is purely scientific.

The hamsters that escaped from ,.LEPH are not the fi rst animals to get l~se. The laboratory has had a recurrmg problem with the safety latches on many of its cages. In fact, escapes have been so frequent that the technicians on duty at LEPH did not even report this escape to their supervisors when they

Chris Ryan/The New Joumal

discovered the empty cages on October 3. A regular inspection conducted a week later first brought the matter to the attention of LEPH's bio-medical safety department, and a public announcement soon followed.

But Adelberg believes that the runaway rodents pose little threat to the Yale community. H e has suggested that th~ hamsters were incinerated in a bag of waste bedding they might have bur-

rowed into. One of the hamsters has already been found dead on the floor of the laboratory, but the other three remain unaccounted for.

• Newsjoumal wn"tten and repo~ by ]o.J:e Banerjee, Rich Blow, Paul Hojheinz andJ•m Lowe.

The New J ournal/December 9, 1983 9

The Moonies: East Meets West on Chapel Street Anne Applebaum I. Constance smiles. She giggles nervously, asks your name and is pleased to meet you. She demurely points the way into a room with a green rug, two couch es and a large television set. Aside from the pamphlets strewn on the coffee table and stacked in the hall, it could be any living room in any suburban home.

Constance giggles again and p romises that they will start soon.

It is 10:00 A.M. T he inhabitan ts of the yellow house on the corner of Elm and Norton streets are congregating downstairs. They greet each other and smile anxiously at the new guest. If today were a weekday, most would be leaving the house about now, heading to places like Cross Campus to hand out leaflets in the hopes that a few people will stop and listen to what they have to say. But tod ay is Sunday and New Haven's Moonies are about to hold their worship service.

The 20 or so people gathered in the house on Elm Street are part of the International One World Crusade,

10 The New J ournal/December 9, 1983

Reverend Moon's latest effort to bring spiritual renewal to America. Almost all of the Moonies in New H aven live here together. The Unification Church pays most of their rent, but some have taken part time jobs to make ends meet.

Constance leads the way into the adjoining room where three rows of folding chairs are lined up facing a pulpit and a portrait of Reverend Moon. A woman wearing a purple dress stands up. She smiles broadly and asks the name of the new guest.

Everyone claps. Everyone is pleased to meet you.

As the woman begins to sing, Constance whispers that the blue songbook contains lyrics written by R everend Moon . When she is finished, the woman in the purple dress begins reading passages from the Bible and from a large brown volume entitled "The Divine Principle," a collection of God's truth as revealed to the R everend Moon on a mountain in Korea. The congregation bows its head in silence.

A short man in a plain grey suit walks

to the pulpit and smiles. H is name is Bill Taylor, and he begins his sermon by reminding us that if our minds and bodies are unified, we can live God's perfection. "And if everyone lives God's perfection, the world will become perfect, right?" Taylor shakes his head sadly. "Unfortunately, we do not always do what our minds tell us to. But we must not stop trying; every individual is responsible for history." H e looks out at the waitin~ congregation, and smiles again, "After all, it's a reality that each of us can change the. world."

This unassuming group of people seems far removed from the scandal and controversy that have surrounded the Unification Church. Allegations that the Moonies use brainwashing tactics on unsuspecting converts continue to damage the church's reputation. Fear . of Moon's power and resentment of his vast financial holdings have caused som e to question the sincerity of his religious mission. His links with South Korea's right wing government hav~ also cast doubts on the vehement ann-

Communist message he often-preaches.

But thousands of Moon's followers around the world continue to insist that Reverend Moon has provided them with a religous theology they can live by. T hey say they have been drawn to the church's desire to create a new world orde r based on the harmony of all things by "unifying" all religions and countries and building a bridge between modern science and religion.

After th e service the Moonies meet for lunch. Pau l Yasutake looks down at his pla te. "You see?" he laughs, "East and W est. Eggdrop soup and bologna sandwiches." Paul grew up as a Protestant in H awaii, but as a Cal State undergraduate considered becoming a disciple of a Vietnamese monk. He hesitated before taking his vows because C hristian philosophies continued to intrigue him. When he met a Unificationist on the streets of Los Angeles, he knew he had found an answer. Today, tte is one of the leaders of the New H aven church. As he waits for his soup to cool, he recalls Moon's attraction.

"Buddhism was too passive. The Unification Church was involved in the world. We are active. We want to change things." . J ean-P ier re, who has been nodding m silen t agreement with Paul's exposition, now puts in a word of his own. He talks about his first Moonie religious retreat. "It was a spiritual exper ience. It was the fi rst time I ever believed in God ." J ean-Pierre is from Lyons, and his speech is colored by a very heavy French accent. Gino, an Italian , disagrees with what Jean-Pierre is saying.

"For me, it was the people and the lifestyle. I was attracted to them before I even understood the theology." All concur that the theology is very difficult.

Paul b reaks the silence. "But we do have videotapes you can see sometimes if you Want to understand it." He extends an invitation to v1s1t the Unification Church's video center at 938 Church ~treet. "The more you learn , the more It all begins to fit together," he says. _Everyone nods in agreement.

Lunch is over. Nevin Coglazier, the leader of the New Haven Moonies, walks in quickly and apologizes for not attending the service. H e must be in New Yo rk this afternoon he explains.

But he is glad there is a guest , and he

The Chapel Street VIdeo Center: there are always will be back tomorrow if you want to talk some more. He walks to the door and pauses to shake hands. He smiles.

He was very pleased to meet you.

II .

Jon a than Wells doesn't need to prove anything to anybody. I n his blue pinstripes and topsiders, he is perfectly at home in the common room of HGS .

He looks around at the oak-paneled walls and grimaces. "They weren't sure I could do the work here . They thought I might be too dogmatic, incapable of learning." Now he smiles. "When they met me, I think they felt better."

Jonathan Wells is a Moonie, and he finds absolutely no conflict between his religious commitment and his studies at the Yale Graduate School.

Well's career in the Unification Church began in 1973, not long after he emerged from a year and a half in jail for draft evasion. At that time, his disillusionment with activism propelled him to look for an alternative method of social change. At first, religion seemed to hold no answers; "all the meditation groups seemed too easy, too passive."

Then Wells heard Reverend Moon speak at UC Berkeley. Here was a difference; a religious leader who preached "being active in the world." He joined the movement soon afterward.

Was Jonathan Wells brainwashed?

He puts down his coffee cup emphatically. "At age 32," he asks, "don't

~ldeotapes.

you think I knew what I was doing?"

Besides, Wells himself leads Moonie retreats. '"They say we won't let you sleep? We practically have to force people to sleep. It's like putting kids to bed at camp. They're so excited they want to stay up all night." Wells attributes this bad publicity to anti-Korean "racism," the natural suspicion of a new religion , and the misinterpreted zealousness of Moon's followers. "Sure I've seen glassy-eyed Moonies," he shrugs. "If you were working long hours everyday, fundraising and witnessing, you might look glassy eyed too, but that doesn't mean you're not sincere." He continues, "We might have made some mistakes in the past- pushed a little too hard- but I don't think that is going on now."

A hint of what Wells might mean by zealousness begins to creep into his voice when he talks about Reverend Moon. He leans back in his chair, says simply, "Reverend Moon is impossible to characterize. I would call him unpredictable, powerful, compassionate, and fatherly. All he talks about is God and what God wants. Whether or not he is the Son of God is open to question- I believe he is-but even if he weren't I would expect him to act just as he does."

To thousands of people around the world, Moon is indeed the Messiah.

Moon claims to have had his first revelation at age 16 when Jesus appeared to him and asked h im to continue His The New Journal/December 9, 1983 11

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work. Moon did not follow through on these instructions immediately. H e studied electrical e ngineering until 1945, when he founded Unificationism.

Today, M oon lives in a ma n sion in New York State with a group of his followers. H e runs a seminary not far from his ho u se and lectures there on oc· casion. Other than that, he rarely a p· pears in public.

Wells realizes that he is exceptio nally privileged to have come into contact with R everend M oon . lie was for· tunate enough to have been a student of M oon at the Unification Theological Seminary in Barreytown, New York .

Wells looks up at the high wooden ceiling of HGS. H e is optim istic "Moon is conlid ent about the future too, because when people learn more they'll have to put God, humanity and America before their own personal success. And if you take that messa'{e <;criously, someday you might find yourulf challenged."

III. With his blonde crewcut and white cot· ton sweater, Whitney Shiner is indistinguishable from the other Yale students talking at tables around him.

But sitting in Naple'l at lunchtime, it is often difficult to hear him. Nevertheless, Shiner's voice echoes with a quiet fervor when h<.· speaks about his purpose a s a M oonie at Yale. "I am here

to learn about Christian thought , and to talk to people from other denomina· tions. There is a danger that our church could become isolated from other Chris· tian sects because of our communal life· style. But Reverend Moon wants us to be active in the world , which is why he supports 30 or so graduate students around the country."

Shi n er gives away his I ndiana origins and University o f Chicago education with his slight Midwestern twang. As the conversation turns to his early in· volve m en t with the church , his eyes take on an intensive glint . For the first time, his voice rises above the din at Naples. "I have come to believe that the anti-war movement was a g reat mis· ta ke. MoSl. of those who didn't have a religious commitment ended up drop· ping out." Shiner joined the movement a t about the same time as his cnlleague and housemate Jonathan W ells. Like Wells, he says he found solace for his disillusio nment in Moon's theology.

"R everend Moon teaches us to live first for God, then for the world . We can. through this process, restore the world to God's idea."

Shiner concedes that "things inside the movement look weird to those who don't have faith." The wedding, for in· stance. The Moo nie wedding was held in M adison Square Garden in 1982.

I

.

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.:

Two thousand and seventy-five couples were married, including Shiner. But he shakes his head at the idea that the ceremony was impersonal. "It was a communal event. It made my life a part of the social fabric." Like those of many church members, Shiner's marriage was arranged, though he sees nothing odd about that. Mayb e he has some problems, but "isn't it better than being in love first and having problems later?"

This is especia lly true of Unificationism, which considers marriage to be an unbreakable pact in this life as well as in whatever comes next .

The Moonie mass ntarriage has done more than merely provoke controversy.

It has also changed the demography of the entire movement. Several years ago, the Moonies were almost all young singles. Now they consist of families with children. Shiner looks forward to finishing his studies so that he too can begin a family. Until then, his wife will live in Washington; she is a reporter for the Washin.l!lon Timts, one of Reverend Moon's newspapers. They see each other on weekends. Does he mind? Not particularly. "Everything at its proper time," he says.

Shiner's voice again inflects with enthusiasm when he talks about Reverend Moon's purchase of the Washin.t:Lon Times and the New York Tribune. H e patiently explains that the United States press, like so many other American institutions, is corrupt. Stirring the ice in his coke with his straw, he shakes his head at the skeptics. "We own the paper- we don't manipulate the news.

Sure the Tinus is a conservative voice.

But we end up in that camp because we believe in family values and fighting the Communist threat, not because of some conspiracy."

Nor does Shiner have any qualms about Moon's other business and finanCial connections. He explains with painstaking care how Moon plans to use his fishing interests to alleviate world hunger, his machine factories to aid • Third World economies. No one has ever proven any allegations of corruption against Moon, and his indictment for tax evasion is being appealed by a Harvard constitutional law expert and contested by the National Council of Churches, who certainly has no g reat love for Reverend Moon.

Shiner finishes his coke, runs his hand through his neat blonde hair. The jukebox begins to blare, and Shiner's voice again becomes submerged beneath the laughter coming from the adjacent booth. Very quietly, he offers his optimism for the future. "We live in a world of practical demands, and Moon's money is needed to feed people, to teach them. With America's wealth, we can achieve world peace and harmony. I believe it can be a reality."

IV. Even now, a tinge of resentment creeps into Jack Hasegawa's voice when he remembers his first contact with the Moonies. H asegawa, the head of Yale's Dwight Hall, has a decidedly unenthusiastic recollection of their appearance in Japan nine years ago ..

"They all wore matchin~ blazers, and rode through downtown Kyoto broadcasting tapes cut by professional radio announcers. The streets were flooded with representatives, all excited, all anxious to convince us that there were no alternatives."

In 1975, Hasegawa's daughter, then 15, was approached by a friend of the family who had recently converted to Unificationism. The friend often waited for H asegawa's daughter to walk home from school, and insisted on calling the H asegawa house many times.

"We felt very much invaded. I think they tried to get at her through her Korean origins and her discomfort with the newness of the Japanese culture."

He pauses. "You know, my dau~hter is a very soft-spoken woman. But la~t summer, we were \\alkm~ in New H aven, and a Moonie put her hand on my son's arm. My daughter snatched him away, and said 'I am a Korean, and I am ashamed of what vou arc doing.' I have rarely seen her react that stron~ly to anythin~.~ At the time of his daughter's experience, Hasc~awa began investigating some of Moon's other activities.

H e was struck by the complexity of Moon's financial network, and by allegations that Moon's fac;torics were no less exploitative than the sw1.:atshops run by capitalist interests. It sc:emed as if each new discovery about the Unification Church reinforced all of his earlier susp1c1ons. H is inYolvement with C hristian social reform movements in

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'.

Japan, which at that time suffered a degree of persecution from the Japanese government, opened his eyes to the possibility of even wider scandal.

Speaking quite clearly, he recalls, "There was one building in Kyoto where various Christian groups had offices. All at once, we were expelled. The offices were given to the Moonies. We thought it might have had something to do with Moon's alleged connections to the South Korean government."

Hasegawa continues: "It all seems so paranoid now." He is smiling, but when he speaks it becomes apparent that if he is not now afraid of the Moonies, he certainly was in the past. "Granted the organization has perhaps changed.

Perhaps they made mistakes." Just before Hasegawa came to Yale, the Moonies had actually been forbidden the use of Dwight Hall for mislabelling a lecture which turned out to be a recruiting meeting. Since then, they have openly asked for the hall on several•• occasions, and have been given permis· sion to use it.

Others have noticed the Moonies' apparant change in tactics. "They seem to have learned to give people room ," according to John Vannorsdall, Yale's chaplain. He notes that the Moonies now have all of the trappings of institutionalized religion, including a seminary, a cohesive theology and members studying at institutions like Yale. "How do you judge legitimacy?" he asks, adding that neither he nor any other Yale minister has recently had any contact with the Unification in an adverse way.

But Hasagawa scoffs at the Moonies' claim that they exist primarily to help other peop~. "As head of Dwight Hall, I come into contact with about 70 or 80 charitable organizations. We don't see the Moonies. If they have all that money, where are they?"

v.

The Chapel Street video center echoes with a myriad of accents. This is where the New Haven Moonie missionaries have their headquarters. The most im· portant part of Moonie religious activity takes place here. A short, thin man opens the door. In a thick Scottish ac· cent, he introduces himself as Frank and offers to explain the Moonie theology.

RICHTER'S· Frank p oints to the video tape machines and the chairs in one room where lectures arc given every week.

"Here is where you can learn . If everyone loved God, if everyone expressed God's love in his personal life as Reverend Moon does, we could realize paradise o n earth ." Frank looks at his guest intently. "God is not a happy G od. By bein g ignored or laughed at by people when you arc witnessing, you learn how God must feel."

Frank shows the way into a very small room , conta ining nothing but two chairs, a low table and a television set.

He ope ns his briefcase, and without idle rhauc-r begins to explain M oonie theology. H e gets out a piece of paper, and draws Adam, Ev(', the snake and the apple. as well as a whole series of otht•r symbols: the same ones you might st•e on a blackboard on Cross Campus.

Speaking quickly and earnestly, he shows ho w these symbols reveal the importam·e of a moral family life, the possibility of peace o n ear1h, a nd the way to live with God. "Basically, we're talking about the achievement of a unifi ration of mind and body. which ran be achieved through moral it~ . " Evil , he explains, arises from improp<•r usc of God's gift s, from man tl]-ing w grow too quickly, to make judgmt•nts when still immature. Of course, "All is explained in the Divint Principlt. • Frank stops only to answet· a ft•w questions. "Do we have much success at Yale?" H t• appears somewhat puzzled.

"Usually p<:ople here are too caught up in their own presuppositions. We have more c;u<·cess with blacks and Third \\'orld people who are more openminded ~ Frank immediatelv laum·hes into a fervent re-explanation of the Moonies' ?clief in morality, family. and anti-Co m. nu nism. . Frank gt•ts up and says goodbye. H e Js sorry he did not have time to complete his t•x planation. It is necessary to come back, to learn m ore. H e might not be: in Nt''-' Haven much lonl{er, but sorneont• is always here. If ,·ou «>Ill<' • one t"•ening, there are always le< tures, or if vou can't do that, there art• ah-.avc; videotapes. Frank smiles. H e is happ) you came.

•

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·LANA ..,

A Story of Scarlet Letters and Public Risks

W. Hampton Sides The hookers hang out just down Chapel Street from a grid-pattern park filled with concrete posts, brown paper bags and busted glass. The women stand against the traffic signs in their platform heels and fake furs, smoking cigarettes in the black voids between the streetlamps. One of them might move toward your window, ask if you want a good time or maybe go for a car ride.

It is not New Haven's worst areafar from it. Yale is only a few b locks away. Still, it is not much of. a neighborhood to be standing out on w indy streetcorners in the middle of the night.

This is Lana's neighborhood, where sh e hangs out. Lana has been a prostitute since she was a teenager. She has been with all kinds of people over the last n ine years- neighborhood acquaintances, local businessmen, even Yale students from time to time. Hers is a story of eviction notices, needles and a broken home. Up until a year and a half ago, Lana was no different from any other New Haven prostitute; but then something happened.

Lana thought it was a miracle when she discovered that she was pregnant, so she decided to have the baby. But not long after her son was born, the doctors at Yale-New H aven H ospital told her that he had a serious disease and would have to stay at the hospital indefinitely.

H er baby, they said, had contracted AIDS, almost certainly in the womb.

Lana had yet to show signs of the syndrome, but her past as a prostitute and an I. V. drug user placed her in two

risk categories for A IDS. Although the Center when a routine urine test redisease was overwhelmingly associated vealed that she was back on heroin. with homosexuals in the public eye, 17 Public health officials were growing prostitutes across the country had concerned that she might be sharing her already died of AIDS since 1978, and needles with some of her customers and some 600 I . V. drug users had also con- friends. H er blood test had shown a low tracted it. So Lana was almost certainly T-cell count, which can be an early symptom of AIDS as well as any a carrier, if not a victim.

Lana and her baby are not the first number of common infections.

The physicians were unsure about people in the area to come in contact with this 100 percent fatal syndrome her status because AIDS is an unusually which destroys the body's defenses difficult disease to diagnose. It has a sixagainst infection. Yale-New Haven month to three-year incubation period.

Hospital has diagnosed over 25 AIDS Further, pathologists have identified cases from all over Connecticut so far three distinct stages of the illness, and (more than half of whom have died) . only when a person reaches the third The AIDS clinic has also been following stage can a doctor verify that he or she " over 250 outpatients who either have has the disease.

AIDS in its early stages or are at high Last week Lana checked into a city risk. In May, a 29-year-old resident hospital with pneumonia, another early physician at Yale-New Haven died of indication of AIDS. The evidence was AIDS, though his death received no at- conclusive enough to prompt the tention either at Yale 01· in the city hospital officials to place her in strict papers. Still the risks in New Haven are isolation as.a "presumed" AIDS patient. small, particularly for a city 70 miles Anyone who wished to enter her room from New York City, where half the was required to wear a white gortex world's 2,500 AIDS. cases have been smock, surgical gloves and a mask. Any reported. unprotected o~jects that one carried out Seven months after Lana's baby was had to be destroyed for fear of condiagnosed, he is still in a special care tamination. One of the nurses expediatric ward at Yale-New H aven. H e pressed bewilderment that people would will probably die within the year, most risk going into the isolation room "with likely of opportunistic infections or an AIDS patient in there." The hospital Kaposi's sarcoma, a rare form of cancer was filled with forgone conclusions associated with AIDS. All told, it will about a patient with pneumonia. It cost the government and the hospital seemed strange that for all the commobetween $60,000 and $300,000 to keep tion abou( •AIDS, the hospital planned the baby alive as long as technology can to let her out the next day. sustain him.

Inside her room, Lana was smoking Meanwhile, Lana has had to resume a cigarette and watching Happy Days. her life on the streets to support herself She didn't like the fact that her guests and her $200-a-day heroin dependency. had to wear space suits. She pulled In October, she was taken off an out- down three polaroid snapshots of her patient methadone program funded baby from the wall. What were the through Connecticut Mental Health strangers scared about? She had been hustling for nine years. If she was going to give anything to anybody, it was tOO late to start worrying about it now.

Anyway, tomorrow she would be outside again.

She had been hustling for nine years. If she was going to give anything to anybody, it was too late to start worrying about it now.

16 The New Journal/December 9, 1983

© W. Hampton Sides

Word about Lana and her baby had begun to circulate in the community as early as July. A few irresponsible ru mors surfaced about a modern-day Typhoid Mary walking the streets. The Health Department found out about the case, though there was little it could do but monitor the situation indirectly through the hospital. "What do you do with a potential AIDS carrier who refuses to cooperate- put her in jail?" asked Lisa Stone, the Assistant to the Health Department Director, who has been monitoring AIDS cases in New H aven. "In fact, we are not allowed under the law to do anything.~ Dr. Randolph Young, one of the physicians on the A IDS team at Yale-New Haven; concurred: "It is not necessary for a per~on to have stage three AIDS in order to transmit it to another person. But one would have to think long and hard before violating someone's rights in the name of public health. You would have to be c<>nvinced that you could do some good. At this point, I am not."

Police Chief William Farrell found out too, though the Department was not about to arrest anybody for being sick.

"We could have patrolmen out on the streets tracking down individuals who haven't committed crimes," said Sgt. J oe Polio. "But then we're talking ab<>ut something closely akin to the witch hunts of Salem." Soon the city's newspaper learned ab<>ut Lana's baby.

"One of the confirmed AIDS cases [at Yale-New Haven] ... is a baby whose mother is an intravenous drug abuser and a prostitute," wrote Joan Barbuto in the Ntw Haven Rtgister on July 9.

That was the first and last press attention the case received, and even then it was buried on page 25 of the paper.

The authorities said the confusion s~rrounding the transmission of the â&#x20AC;˘ dtsease was one reason why they had taken so little action. No clear evidence t:xisted that proved a woman could sexually transmit AIDS 10 a man. "We Chrta Ry.n/The New Joumal

The New journal/December 9, 1983 17

can't even positively p rove tha t AIDS is transmitted from o ne m an to a nother man," said Bill Sabella, the Connecticut State Epidemiologist for A IDS in H a rtford. "We can only surmise. I mean we don't have an o rganism we can look at under a m icroscope like we d o with most commu nicable d iseases." There was no legal or medical justificatio n for making Lan a's private life as a p rostitute a matter of public con ce r n.

Since the summer, Lana h as unknowingly become a focal point in the larger debate about AIDS in the Yale-New Haven commu nity. Seldom h as a hooker been the topic of conversation am ong so many h igh-level officials.

Certainly a story abou t a d rug-abusing

p rostitute who gave birth to a n infant with AIDS is the glaring exception to a number o f rules. But it nonetheless brings to light- in a graphic and appa rently u npreceden ted way-the multitu de of legal and ethical questions which arise from a puzzling new disease in which there are, in the end, no real authorities.

"T here are some real competing interests in th is case," acknowledged L isa Stone. "But at the same time, you don't want that to become an excuse for doi n g nothing. I'm not trying to shirk my responsibilities as a health officiaL But can you imagine what would happen if a local-level agency started making its own policies about how to handle ind ivid ual AIDS cases? We would run in-

It seemed strange that for all the commotion about AIDS, the hospital planned to let her out the next day.

18 The New J ournal/Decem ber 9, 1983

to all sorts of in consistencies, and it is inconsistency that leads to lawsuits.

"O ur society does a decent job of trying to balance those interests. Civil liberties have obviously made a lot of progress in the last few decades. It used to be that people with tuberculosis could literally be picked up off the streets and th rown into a sanitarium indefinitely.

T he TB laws have long since been ch anged. With AIDS, it is even trickier.

W e would a ll like things to move faster, but th at's democracy- that's bureauc racy. That's the way it works." ..

But others sense a more urgent need for action. The Reverend P aul Keane, a 1980 gradu ate of the Yale Divinity School who h as played an active role in A IDS education issues in New Haven, has been concerned about Lana's prog ress for fi ve months now. The pamphlets he helps write on topics like "Aids, Sex and You" are well-known to most Yale studen ts. Keane has stridently criticized the state and local health departmen ts for floundering in red tape while accomplishing nothing. "All the officials in this matter are ethically p a ralyzed," Keane argued. "They are falling back on all sorts of legal p recedents that no longer apply in this case. We. are on the brink of a society that is virt~ally powerless to act on matters of moral concern. We're not talking about the private lives of gay men.

We're talking about a woman whose b usiness is exchanging body fluids. It is a p ublic business, the merchandising of which may be fatal. And her recreational habit as an I. V. drug user is equal cause for concern."

Dr. Alvin Novick, a Yale biology ~ p rofessor who has been a leading figure in A IDS research and education in the Yale-New H aven community, has certain qualms with Keane's agenda. He believes that Keane, by focusing attention upon the more dramatic issue of an

AIDS-carrying prostitute, is diverting attention from the real problems. "That woman, if she exists, deserves our respect and confidentiality," said Novick. "So I don't like to speak about her. But Keane says it is important to warn people. What is he going to warn them about? Since there is no cure, what you are doing is putting a tremendous amount of stress on a large number of people who may never have been exposed. What are you offering them- two o r three years of hysteria?

Besides, why should we waste time and emotional energy talking about this case when the overwhelming majority of the victims are gay men?"

Keane, on the other hand, considers Novick's priorities to be misplaced and asserts that AIDS threatens the general public far more than Novick is willing to admit. "My concern is two-sided.

First, I'm concerned about her welfare.

I have heard from people in the community that this woman is being har~assed. This kind of thing puts her life an jeopardy. Some rival pimp could think that she is endangering business and could just make her disappear. My other concern is for the public, and particularly people who go to prostitutes. I know perfectly respectable people who do. I think it is shooting dirty pool not to alert men who frequent prostitutes."

And, Keane strongly emphasizes that the last thing he wants is to have Lana quarantined or put in jail. If anyone were to arrest her, Keane says, he would be the first person to find her an attorney. But he believes that something should be done now. "Concerned • individuals ought to raise money so this woman can go on a prolonged vacation from the streets, with drug counsellors supervising her until a test can be formulated that adequately determines whether she has AIDS. Can't society afford that?"

Keane himself has made several attempts to raise money. He has written a letter to Tlu Yale Alumni Magazine in which he seeks benefactors for Lana.

Last week he and Yale Chaplain John Vannorsdall scheduled a visit with Lana on her last morning at the hospital to discuss raising funds, but found that she had checked out early without explanation. Keane also wrote President A. Bartlett Giamatti two letters in August warning him about the potential r isks to the community and asking him to exert his "moral authority" to help Lana out of her predicament. "I propose that we (under your leadership) raise money from individuals, institutions and government agencies to pay this woman to stay off the streets," wrote Keane. "You are shepherd of a huge institution whose population contains hundreds of persons in the high risk categories for AIDS. You don't want a life-threatening disease thundering through your campus."

Giamatti's response to Keane's request came in the words of Lindsey Kiang, the President's legal counsel.

"We're looking at an issue that is beyond our control," Kiang argued. "It is out of our jurisdiction to handle the case of this woman. It is the responsibility of the Health Department to deal with this sort of thing. We have to assume that our public health officials are doing their job. Yale students, like any other adults, have to be responsible for their own actions. What is the University going to do, put up signs with photographs around campus warning that this person has AIDS? For Yale University to step in and get involved in this case would not only be an invasion of privacy; it would be an act of defiance against the state and would probably be unconstitutional."

While Keane has found little solace in Yale's official position, he has also had

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little luck convincing the Health Department to rethink its policies on AIDS. The Department has neither the staff nor the funds to follow up on AIDS patients and locate their sexual contacts in the same way that it monitors syphilis cases. "I personally feel that we should do follow up work," admitted Stone. "But with the many illegal activities involved with AIDS- particularly the drug connection- follow up would be a difficult and dangerous procedure. Obviously, we would have to work with the police.

"Although the doctors assume that the prostitute will become stage three soon," continued Stone, "some people say they ought to lie and say that she has AIDS now rather than wait. If she became a verified AIDS case, I suppose we might be able to move on that information."

Yet until that time, Lana will remain on the streets, and all the questions about rights and risks will linger: What, if anything, should society do with a woman who is already involved in two illegal activities and who may be transmitting a deadly disease to people?

Can the H ealth Department act on incomplete medical evidence in a case like this? Or is it possible that frequenters of prostitutes have in a sense forfeited their right .to special public protection by willingly engaging in a criminal activity widely known to be associated with all sorts of communicable diseases? If one is prepared to single out prostitutes, then how long will it be before gay and bisexual men will also become targets in the public's cry for quarantine? By isolating one group, would the Health Department not be surrendering to the same alarmist attitudes and paranoia that it has been trying desperately to discourage in society?

•

W Hampton Silks, a senior in Ezra Stiles, is Editor-in-Chief of TNJ. Lana is a pseudonym.

20 The New Journal/ December 9, 1983

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The Old and the New T

here has been much talk recently about the resurgence of conservative political thought on college campuses, and Yale has been no exception. What is the Yale Right? It is more than a few extremists on the fringe of social acceptability. Rather it is a growing political movement that uses the same techniques that liberals have successfully used in the past.

I n this issue we look first at the Party of the Right, the eccentric, high-brow debating society that generally disdains political activism. The article was written by an unlikely combination of people: David Bokman, a former chairman of the Liberal Party, and Bradford Berenson, a former recruiting director for the POR. In the second article we analyze a different kind of conservatism. The Yale College Republicans, the Yale Free Press and a handful of ideologues have begun to change the face of the Right at Yale. The author, TNJManaging Editor Morris Panner, spent the last two summers working in Washington, D.C. as a political fund-raiser for an array of H ou se and ¡senate candidates.

The New JournaUDecember 9, 1983 21

J

I

i~

The Party of the Right · Yale's Intellectual Wunderkind?

David Bokman and Brad Berenson

22 The New J ournal/ D ecem ber 9, 1983

Party members, ra•~e your gla,,e, Drain the Green Cup as it passes H ail, all merry lad• and lass<'• The Party of the Ri!(hl!

Though we can't I((' I up fc•r <laS<<'' Stand opposed by soullcs~ ma•M's, Yet our exn·llenn· surpass<·• The fulllre still looks bri~~:h•'

he silver chalice passes quickly to the right at Mory's. The Green Cup soothes the throats of 40 men and women who have been toasting, laughing and singing for hours. It has been an evening of tradition and martyred monarchs, an evening filled with jokes about the Reds and the bleeding hearts, and songs about a Yale that is no more. Outside, through the closed Front Room windows along York Street, the spectacle may make a momentary impression. Some people may think these revelers are just oddb alls. Some people may think they are conservatives without a cause. Others may thin k th ey a re fascists who wound up at the wrong university, at the w ro n g time and in the wrong country.

T

But few people at Yale pay much atten· tion to the Party of the Right.

Some 20 years ago, the Liberal Party also had wasting sessions at Mory's, drinking Red Cups and passing them to the left, of course. Today most liberals, and in fact most Yale students, have abandoned such traditions. But on an average of once a month the Party of the Right still convenes here for these long evenings of wit and song. 1o undcrstan~ this eccentric group. one has tO COnsider its traditions. its <·olor and its critics. Most people never try.

Mike Fischer, who won the Political Union's Freshman Prize Debate two years ago, began his Yale career as a liberal. "But much to my chagrin," he remembers, "I found that the Party of the Right was the only place that had a real commitment to the search for truth." Fischer soon joined the POR while still serving as Floor Leader of the Left in the Political Union. Today he is

Marie Cunningham, Secretary-treasurer, and VIctor Caston, Chairman at a recent Party meeting. ' a traditionalist conservative.

Fischer's conversion illustrates one of the most surprising features about the POR : the Party does not expect its members to subscribe to a conservati\Ce political persuasion as a criterion for membership. It insists, somewhat whimsically, that "we don't care what you think, only that you think, because if you do think, pretty soon you'll think as we think." In fact, the Party is often severely divided in its debates, and its members espouse a variety of political ideologies. The largest portion of the membership consists of traditionalists and libertarians, but the Party always includes a smattering of monarchists, fascists, liberals, socialists and even an occasional Trotskyite. Fischer, the converted lefty, still enjoys "having liberals to argue with" and feels "the liberals we elect are the best."

But of all the Party's philosophical divisions, the conflict between libertarians and traditionalists (Libs and Trads) has led to the most dramatic confrontations. I n 1976 Chairman ~endell Raleigh Bird conducted what IS now referred to as the Party's Second Purge (the first occurred in the late '60s). Bird, an avowed traditionalist now with the Moral Majority, accused many Party members of "academic dishonesty, marijuana bribes, burgeoning cohabitation, Nazi songs, and

musical bedrooms," and used "the absolute power of the C h airman" to expel 30 prominent members. These members included such notables as Richard Brookhiser, senior editor of the National Review, and Andrei Navrozov, who is now infamous for his battle with the University over the status of the Yale Literary Magazine.

Despite such bitter conflicts, the POR is usually united in its dedication to decorous, intellectual debate. Sometimes humorous and sometimes serious, the weekly philosophical debates are the Party's main function. Topics range from "Resolved: Philadelphia is the Hope of the West" to "Resolved: Reason Cannot Withstand the Fall of God" to "Resolved: The Vietnam War was a Noble Cause." POR member Farced Zakaria maintains that the Party is "the only intelligent forum at Yale where ideas are being analyzed beyond their public posture or the rhetoric of The New York Times. " Former Chairman Sandip Bhattacharji says, "The people in the Party spend far more time thinking about political issues than the average person at Yale. Too often, political debate on campus, when it occurs, simply revolves around a few facts."

The Party is also united in its dedication to the many traditions, whether inane or inviolate, which have colored its

past. "We take tradition seriou sly," observes present Chairman Victor Caston, "but at the same time we have a number of traditions that are clearly ludicrous." For example, all new Party members are entitled, upon election , to choose a new middle name with which to sign the Party's guest book. Thus Garrett Spitzer becomes Garrett Fabertignarius Spitzer at Party events.

Members also hold titles such as Chancellor of Cards and Games, Purveyor of Tobacco to the Executive Committee and Bearer of the Imperial Inkblot. And two offices are reserved for freshmen: the Napafer (awarded to the most obnoxious new member) and the Manciple (who must run to WaWa's for sundry items such as ice o r onion dip at the behest of the Chancellor).

A POR toasting session is a full-scale exercise in tradition. It opens with the Chairman's rendition of the last words of King Charles I, words uttered before the monarch's execution at the hands of Cromwell's army. To the Party, Charles I is a symbol of rightful authority usurped by the "will of the people" only to be replaced by something worse.

"Most people in the Party now would concede that Charles was a fairly rotten monarch," admits Bhattacharji. "But his speech before his execution expresses a rather profound and wise synthesis of the Party's perspectives." After the The New Journal/December 9, 1983 23

de co bo b

speech, the Secretary·Treasurer follows with a reverent recitation of the names of all the kings and queens of England, starting with nin th century Egbert and concluding with Elizabeth, "long may she reign."

Aside from these monthly toasting sessions, the POR calendar is marked by a number of traditional events. In the fall there is the Orgy, a supposedly libidinous drinkfest which is actually a subdued, black-tie cocktail party.

Throughout the year, there are Cards and Games nights at which members play chess, Risk and even five-card poker . In February the Party holds a remarkably well-attended alumni banquet. And in the spring Party members climb to the top of East Rock to hold a picnic and burn a b iography of the hated Oliver Cromwell.

The Party is mostly self-effacing about these traditions. "Our humor is somewhat more sarcastic ~nd ioonoclastic than the general humor at Yale," says Zakaria, "and that's why some people tend to take it so badly. It's very much British in tradition ." For example, in the middle of a February night last year, a group ofPOR members sang a Party song called "Stomping Out the R eds" to Dan Berkowitz, a TA for Professor Wolfgang Leonhard's Soviet History course: (final verse) Bayonets bright gleaming. Shermans forward steaming H ear the Commi<-s screaming undcrnt'ath our treads Scorn their masses teeming, and their traitors scheming We're the West redeeming, stomping out the R eds!

Apart from their right-wing revelries and left-field pranks, the POR members observe a number of more serious traditions. The Party has two symbols of power: the Chairman's gold medallion (an authentic piece minted several hundred years ago to commemorate Charles I) and the Chairman's gavel (a somewhat less impressive object machine-crafted by a local trophy company about 30 years ago). Both symbols are regarded with the same respect that is held for the Chairman.

"The POR Chairman is the Party's K ing," says Bhattacharji, "Not as a despot, but rather as a philosopher king or en lightened monarch."

24 T he New Journal/December 9, 1983

Despite its many traditions, however. the POR is not exactly the party of the Old Yale milieu that it is made out to be. For an admittedly rcactional') organization, the POR is quick to point out that it has been notably responsive to social change. The POR claims to have elected the first women leader of any undergraduate organization, Gail Schwartz. Further, black POR member Kevin Thomas was instrumental in drafting the constitution for the Black I Student Alliance at Yale in the '70s.

And the POR has had four Jewish Chairmen in the last six years.

In addition, the present party has a diverse socio-economic composition Thougll it does include landed nobilil\ from countries such as Italy and India. some of its members are of stricth working class lineage. One of the POR'~ most vocal members, J ohn Zmirak. proudly asserts. "My father is a door· man for a Park Avenue building not far from the homes of many Yak liberals.ft Still, the manne~ and behavior o{ POR members has led many critics to describe the Party as a bizarre, reac· tionary cult. Detractors argue that the Party members are escapists. The\ want to escape what they perceive as the

*'-rty.

liberalism , anti-intellectualism, shallowness and decadent social mores of the Yale student body. They want to escape impersonal institutions and amorphous crowds. They want to enter a cozy hall of mirrors where they can see faces and hear voices which welcome them, which assure them that they arc somebody, which assure them that community and fraternity can still be created in the midst.of modernity.

M ost of the criticism¡ about the Party involves its recruitment of Yale freshmen. Richard Sorkin, who dropped out of the POR after being elected its Chief Whip during his freshman year, now sees the Party as a social crutch for lonely freshman. "The POR seeks out and finds social misfits," Sorkin says, "those freshmen who were obviously more intelligent but less socially accepted than the average high school senior. Suddenly, the POR tells these people that ' It's cool to be an intellectual' and actually assures them that thev're better than everyone else.'"

Ira Shapiro, lormer Chairman of the Tory Party (the POR's bnter enemy in the Political Union), describes the recruitment process as "love-bombing" and Jon Edward Lendon, who was approached by the Party last year. readily agrees. Lendon recalls that POR members "would politely listen to what you

said, regardless of how stupid it was, and would pretend to be interested.

Having these impressive upperclassmen tell you how splendid you are is certainly flattering ." In the end, though, Lendon found the recruitment process "extremely calculating" and decided not to join. "I soon got calls from former Chairmen," he explains, "individuals I hadn't even met. It became obvious that they were just processing me."

According to Shapiro the POR has a tremendous psychological effect on those freshmen who do join . "There is an institutionalized arrogance which they all share. They really begin to believe that only they can think intelligently.

Alex Whiting, Chairman of the Political Union's Liberal Party, says that "the POR flatters lonely freshmen by giving them the impression that they'll walk out of Old Campus with a coat and tie on Friday night and suddenly become the object of jealousy." And, in his resignation letter, Sorkin told the POR Chairman that "there is no senior member whose ego has not been fueled, whose insecurities have not been fed , whose obsession with power has not been encouraged by this organization."

Sorkin points out that only people who are members of the POR can sign a middle name in the guest book at party events. If a non-member signs a middle name, it is crossed out.

Alex Whiting agrees that "the overall effect of the POR is negative because the self-importance it breeds is false .

The members have pride, but no humility." (POR member Mike Fischer, for example, says that "the POR is an organization designed to attract the best and the brightest at Yale, the intellectual wundokind of the Yale community.")

"The POR is just like a cult," says Sorkin. "You become brainwashed to do stupid things on an interpersonal level.

You become insensitive to other people, contentious and arrogant. 1f you're disliked by others, the POR tells you that it's because you're better, not because you're strange. You soon get positive reinforcement for causing controversy. Doing something obnoxious brings the group's acceptance and the reinforcement of your new self-image.

You begin to believe that people are upset with you because you're doing

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something great, demonstrating your superiority."

Liberal Party Chairman Whiting argues that the majority of the members o f the POR "limit their activities and their friends to the group. This is not at all true of the other parties in the Union ." For many POR members this limitation car ries over into their adult lives. The P arty elects its members, in its own words, for "life, at least." It is not uncommon to find POR members marrying each other after graduation.

"POR members are insecure o n their own," says Whiting, "but the Party cultivates their insecurity. Its members don't have to tackle the social aspects of Yale because they create their own protected world of mutual flattery."

Of course, POR members describe their behavior quite differently. If they are obnoxious or insular, they see it as a , response to a hostile Yale community.

Former P OR Chairman Bhattacharji, for example, explains that "some people in the Party tend to be very defensive and battle the prejudice of others with their own prejudice. They feel that people who are critical have nothing of any importance to say."

But many POR members themselves recognize that these problems are real.

Mike Fischer recognizes that "the Party can have a very bad effect on parasitic people who will use it as an organization that they can cling to isolate and themselves with. But that's not the purpose of the POR, and it is not the way it usually works."

John Zmirak agrees that the POR p rovides some members with "a comforting background in which to play out their neuroses." But h e sees the Party's behavior pardy as a response to its negative image at Yale. "I think the Party gets tired of being ridiculed and sometimes purposely tries to live up to the image that's being ridiculed."

As for the P arty's "institutionalized arrogance," Chairman Victor Caston explains that "putting oneself in intellectual combat and scoring victories naturally leads to a g reat deal of confidence. People who find no acceptance anywhere sometimes find tolerance in the Party. But in fact, very few members of the Party o f the Right hold fanatical views. Most members are quite willing to argue with anyone.

,

Our Elf does~t «tuit with the others.

Labelling th e POR 'fascist', on th e other h and, is willful ign o rance. It's all too easy to lab el your opponents oddballs or extremists."

But some individual members of the Party do hold extreme views . .John Zmirak, a self-described fascist, says, "I like the idea of coming in and reversing social change, if necessary by force."

One social change Zmirak is particularly eager to reverse is the growing acceptance of homosexual lifestyles. "If I were POR C h airman , I wouldn't tell (gay members) when events were being held . . . and that tends to discourage attendance."

Last year, during GLAD Week, while many gay students wore pink triangle buttons, Zmirak proudly sported a pink trian gle with a black slash through it. One evening in CCL another student approached him a nd said, "I'm offended by your button; homosexuality is just an alternative lifestyle." Zmirak replied, "So is schizophrenia" and was promptly spat upon by the other student. A week later he was beaten up by two individuals at a Saybrook SAC party.

"I have well-reasoned ideas," argues Zmirak. "I have principles from which my politics follow." But other POR members take strong exception to Zmirak's v iews. M ike Fischer says, "The rest of us find those views repugnant and disgusting." And Chairman Caston finds Zmirak to be "an exceptionally rude human being who has very little sophistication about him. I can't see in any way that this would be supported by the P arty structure. The institution leans very heavily against such acts o f intolerance. Whenever a n yone in the Party has acted ungentlemanly in public, we have reprimanded him."

Zmirak though, points out that "there are at least three or four members of the Party who sh are my views. In fact, 12 of 30 members voted against the election of a recent petitioner largely because he was flagrantly homosexual. The Party also has many extreme libertariansindividuals who argue for child pornography and free heroin use."

Yet many members, like Fischer , are wary of including extremists jn the Party. "There's. too much willing ness to accept the views of the few extremists that

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Of course, most of the con troversy surrounding the Party rarely dampens the spirits in the Front R oom at Mory's.

Tradition, rather than controversy, is what keeps the Green Cup moving around the table. As Zakaria puts it, "continuity and stability can only be achieved through tradition." The Party members bang on the wooden tables just as their predecessors did thirty years ago.

A nd tradition in the Party is so strong that, for several events each year, its Anlerican alumni return to sing with the Party's Red Cross current contingent. One such alumnus, • L---- - - - - - - - - - - -----' David Zincavage, says, "Much of my life has been bound up in this organization and many of my closest friends come out of it. If undergraduates ceased to have a POR, I can tell you that it would live on. We would still come back each year and hold banquets."

Form er Chairman Bhattacharji r eflects that "one feels strong ties to people who went to Yale maybe ten or twenty years before you did, perhaps even before you were born . And there is a feeling that you will have some sort of connection to people who will come to Yale 10 to 20 years in the future.;, Of course, while Yale students of the futu re will overhear the same songs echoing from the Front R oom at M ory's, they will probably still pay little attention. But the singing will continue.

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28 The New J ou rnal/December 9, 1983

j ASl_AI

AW SOV,IET PEACE

Paul Erickson lectures on conservative activism.

The Rise of the Right A Status Report Morris Panner

hey came to Yale with their $15 checks and their briefcases to learn the subtle art of campaign success.

They came with their convictions about supply-side economics and peace through strength. But most important, the 20 college students from Connecticut College, Trinity and Wesleyan came to Yale with their steadfast belief in the Republican Party.

The College R epublicans call it the "Field man's School." It is where they build their cadres and plan for what they hope will be another GOP victory next year. From November 12 to 14, one week before the Yale-Harvard game, they brought their "school" to Yale for the first time.

Since 1981 these campaign workshops have served as the linchpin in the College Republicans' nationwide recruiting drive, which has been a success by anyone's standards. The CRs claim to have enlisted 127,000 members at 1,100 campuses, and at Yale they've signed up almost 150 members, up from six onJy a year and a half ago.

Presiding over the school at Yale was

T

Paul Erickson '84, a smooth and articulate salesman for his cause and one of the foremost campus Republican organizers in the country. He lectured from a 380-page instruction manual prepared by the College Republican National Committee (CRNC) and he offered everything from advice on how to start your own conservative college newspaper to an evaluation of sup¡posedly leftist groups on the country's campuses. After the weekend sessions were over and everyone had gone home, the Republican National Committee back in Washington soon had the names of 20 new campus leaders to plug into its computerized "talent bank."

Less than a year from now they'll be out of the classroom campaigning on campuses, but now the College Republicans are sitting and learningplanning a strategy. "The key is to train people for the '84 elections," said Mike Fischer '85, Chairman of the Yale College Republicans. "The F~eldrnan's Schools are an important part of this.

We bring people from all over Connecticut to Yale and teach them how to

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campaign. Each individual convert is · They were the stereotypical elitist politicos. You can't create activism hard to achieve, but we're growing. By when there aren't any activists. But now next fall we'll be able to field an army of we have learned that we have to roll up 200 people anywhere in the state within 24 hours." our sleeves and get down and get dirty.

Now, the CRs have risen up and The Yale College Republicans are cnly the most conspicuous component become the SDS of the '80s on the r ight." of a larger trend toward right-wing activism at Yale. It used to be that conserUnlike the SDS of the '60s, though, the college Right of the '80s relies more vatism and activism were mutually exclusive on campus. But now one can on computers than protest songs and find conservative students opposing the embraces the political establishment like a long-lost brother. In 1981, under standard liberal line at rallies and Erickson's leadership, the CRs h ired 25 demonstrations. One can read their numerous letters in campus publicacollege students full-time and split them tions. They even have their own up into five regional teams. "We gave each group a 16-person van and a connewspaper at Yale, though it's not published very often. National comstant supply of literature and said, 'Go mentators are saying that the clock is forth and multiply,'" explained turning back, while more and more Erickson, who engineered the whole Yale alumni are welcoming what they, event from the CR headquarters in too, perceive as the resurgence of the Washington where he served as fullRight.

I . time field director. Three months and But for all the talk, the so-called Yale $187,000 later, the CR recruiters had Right has not done all that much. The been to 43 states and had returned with Yale CRs were unsuccessful in securing 17,000 "converts." · a victory for Slade Mead, their canThe whole project revolved around a series of Fieldman's Schools-like the didate in the local aldermanic race last month. The Yale Free Press, the conserone at Yale-which the recruitment vative tabloid which began in October teams held at each university they of 1982 with pretensions of being a visited. The · schools offered basic camweekly publication, has managed to put paign and membership recruitment out only two short issues in the first techniques and certified students as three months of this year even with outRepublican political organizers. "These side contributions amounting to over techniques a re used by both sides and $5,000. Still, the very existence of a which ever side uses them more effecYale Right has drawn considerable tively will win," explained Erickson. media attention here and around the During the three months of the recountry. The Yale Literary Magazim concruiting drive, the schools graduated troversy was featured on 60 Minutes last 1100 students. "If we need talented summer, the Free Press's five-day trip to volunteers for a race anywhere around Afghanistan was covered by The Nathe country," said E rickson, "we can tell tional Review and the Mead-Stearns race the candidat_e exactly who to contact." was billed as a classic left-right confronThe Yale CRs have shown their tation in The New York Times in renewed enthusiasm in their weekly November. All the publicity over so litThursday night meetings in Linsleytle substance has led some people to Chit with a regular crowd of between 15 wonder if the Yale Right is anything and 25. "We used to be moribund," exmore than a media creation. plained M ike Fischer. "The group was But for the leaders of the Yale CRs, run by liberal Weicker-type the resurgence of the Right on this camRepublicans back then. Now, we offer pus is no illusion, but a dream come an organization for people who take true. Erickson first came to Yale in the their politics seriously and for people spring of '82 as a transfer student from who take Ronald Reagan seriously." the University of South Dakota. "There The CRs' hard-core right-wing stand was a rumor about the College paid off in last fall's membership drive.

Republicans," he recalled. "But there Using slick pamphlets and posters prowas nothing there for real. The few who vided by the CRs' national offices, were here sat around in coats and ties.

Fischer and Erickson recruited 75

30 The New Journal/ D ecember 9, 1983

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private contributors, and this year the group has already raised $5,000.

So far the group has concentrated its energies on distributing campus textbooks which the foundation believes more fairly represent economic and defense issues. At U. Conn. Storrs the foundation distributed two free-market economics textbooks: Free to Choose by Milton Freidman\ and Markets and Minorities by Thomas Sowell.

H ere at Yale, the foundation distributed de Borchgrave's The Spike to last fall's Davenport College seminar, "Espionage: The KGB and Soviet Diplomacy." The book is a true-life novel about the KGB's d isinformation activities. The man who taught the seminar, RomoaJd Misiunas, is a New York-based consultant who does .poliJical forecasting of Eastern Europe for several United States government agencies and other clients. He acknowledges that his class received books from Erickson. "The book was not solicited, nor was it an official part of the syllabus," Misiunas said. "A lot of students wanted the book and read it. I may have answered a question about it in class. But the whole thing was not planned."

The Yale CRs are keenly aware of the value of small symbolic actions like staging counter-demonstrations or distributing free textbooks. "We hold one demonstration, and the Daily News runs a big editorial about the resurgence of the Right ("Action on the Right, Division of the Left," DN, 11/1/83,)" gloated Erickson. "It doesn't take much to build publicity for our efforts."

..

There is no better example of a little going a long way than Yale's own conservative newspaper TM Yale Fr« Press. "It is really kind of amusing," said Charles Bork '81, co-founder of the newspaper.

"After our first issue the nru·ly Ntws printed more about us than we had ever OPEN E VER Y DA Y written ourselves." And it was not onJy the Daily Ntws that got excited about the 161 PARK ST . New Haven 562-2499 Free Press; the paper received over $ 11 ,000 in seed money for its first year.

6 DI CKERMAN ST. Ha mden 288-3784 Complete with their own typesetting MASTERCH ARGE. VISA. DI N ERS. CART E BLAN C H E , ,-equipment, the paper now operates out ' - - - - -- - - - -- - ---.:.-- - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -' of an office on Prospect Street in the 32 T he New J ournal/December 9, 1983

same building with a number of professional offices. "It wasn't particularly difficult to get the money," admitted Victor Lazron, '84 the publisher and cofounder of the Free Press. "The foundations we applied to exist for the purpose of giving out money to groups like us."

One of the largest of these grantgiving groups is the Institute for Educational Affairs (lEA) in Manhattan. lEA contributed $5,000 to the Free Press last year a nd this year has contributed another $3,330. Altogether l EA distributes almost $150,000 a year to different campus newspapers around the country. "We don't look for any particular political line in the groups that we give money to," explained Ken J ensen, Director of Grant Programs for l EA. "We tend to look for a paper which will provide an alternative forum. And since most college papers tend to be monopolized by left-leaning people, we often support alternative publications.

But we don't have any way of controlling a paper once it begins. I t is conceivable that it could fall into different hands. That would just be the luck of the draw." I n addition to supporting the Free Press, l EA gave the Yale Political Monthly a $5,000 grant this year. "There were no strings attached to the grant," asserted Gideon Rose, '85, who maintains that the Political Monthly is a nonpartisan publication. "We don't have any political slan t- that claim is pure fiction."

The Free Press h as also found that alumni can be very generous. Last summer the newspaper ran a subscription drive that picked up 80 alumni subscribers and raised $2,500. The subscription rate is steep: $20 for an unspecified number of issues, "But the alumni realize that the subscription fee isn't so much for the magazine ," said Lazaron. "They are just interested in supporting conservative students at Yale."

"We consider ourselves a journal of dissent," explained Greg D'Elia '84, editor of the Free Press. "There is a great sense of oppression felt by the Right.

There is an air of intimidation on campus. We consider the establishment to be the leftist establishment of the press and the universities. I suppose that Wall Street mig ht support us, but you really can't base a political movement on

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money. After all, you can't die for the dollar."

For all the Yale Right's claims to new power, their first test in the candidacy of Slade Mead was a failure by anyone's standards but their own. Mead carried only about one third of the vote. And although Mead's supporters agree that the registration advantage of the D emocrats hurt them, they have their doubts about how significantly the Yale Right can affect campus politics. "Most of the people who worked on Slade's campaign were Democrats or moderates," claimed Arnold Gonzales '84 who ran D emocrats for M ead. "I think that a lot of us weren't too excited about the Democratic candidate, but I don't think that students are becoming more conservative. If anything, I think the reign of the Right is a fallacy . .They are just a small group that makes a lot of noise. They are unable to mobilize.

Although it was nice to have them with the campaign, they just weren't a whole lot of help."

Fischer, as head o f the CRs, brushes these and other criticisms aside. "The Mead campaign was just the tip of the iceberg," he cl~imed. "The real test will be next falL" Next November may be the only time to tell if the Yale Right is anything more than a media illusion. Undoubtedly, there a re only a small number of "hard-core" conservatives at Yale. The Free Press has had major organization al problems which greatly diminish its effectiveness on campus, and if the Yale CRs intend to be anything m ore than a human interest story in the upcoming November elections, they still must confront thl!!se serious challenges.

Still the CRs' toughest battle will be persuading a predominantly moderate and liberal student body to support the hard-line conservatism of R onald Reagan .

• Morris Panner, a senior in Ezra Stiles, is Managing Editor of TNJ.

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34 The New Journal/ D ecember 9, 1983

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The New Journal/December 9, 1983 35

Basketball Bounces Back The last time the Ivy League basketball trophy spent the winter in New Haven, John F. Kennedy was President and john Glenn was preparing for his space mission. Women weren't attending Yale College in those days, and most of the players on this year's basketball team weren't even born. That was 22 years ago.

But 1984 may be different. Many basketball writers- including those at USA Today, Ivy Sports journal and the NCAA News-think that Yale will take the Ivy championship. The team is bigger and more talented than ever before.

Six players are 6'6~ or taller, and freshman center Ricky Ewing, who stands 6' 11 ", is the tallest player in the history of Yale basketball. Yale senior Butch Graves has scored more points in the last two seasons than any other player in the Ivy League. After the worst Yale football season in 111 years- and after the poorest fall sports showing in decades- the athletic department may be looking toward the basketball team for redemption this winter.

Basketball? Yale hasn't been to a national basketball playoff since 1962.

And for that matter, basketball has never figured very prominently in the scheme of Yale athletics. Football has always reigned at Yale. Modern American football started here, and hardly a student passes through the university who doesn't at least once make the pilgrimage to the Yale Bowl, walk through the columnar monument to Walter Camp and hail the modern Frank Merriwell. Yet few students walk to Payne Whitney to see the basketball team. For most, basketball separates one football season from the next. The 1984 team may change all that.

A few weeks ago, Yale head basketball coach Tom Brennan stood in an empty Payne Whitney amphitheater.

He turned his head slowly, taking in all the unfilled seats , 3100 of them. Then he gazed at a darkened scoreboard. "I want this place to be a pit," he said. He pressed his fist into the palm of his opposite hand and clenched them into a single mass. "I just can't wait for the first time we get a screaming crowd in here, sell this place out."

O..ign by TonY, Reese

Tom Brennan has aspirations for this squad. "I would consider myself a success if we win an Ivy title," said Brennan. "Coach Brennan is an all or nothing coach," said Bill jacob, one of six seniors on this year's team. "He wants us to make the NCAA tournament. He can't be satisfied with third.

Coach Brennan is confident and cocky but he's as good at what he does as Vincent Scully and Donald Kagan are at what they do."

" I adapt myself to the staff. ¡ ¡ You can't be afraid to utilize people. But I'm still the guy in charge. ,

Tom Brennan, 33, is a tall, thin Irishman with straight brown hair parted neatly on the left and dark eyes that sink into an elongated face. His favorite outfit is a blue blazer with tan pants and a white, Oxford cloth button-down shirt. He knots his blue linen tie with a half windsor. "Coach Brennan always wears a coat and tie," said team captain Butch Graves: "That gives the program a look of class, professionalism."

Brennan came to Yale in July 1982.

His arrival was the result of an "exhaustive search" by the Yale Athletic Department. Ninety other applicants vied for the job, but Yale athletic director Frank Ryan settled on Brennan.

Before coming to New Haven, he spent five years as an assistant coach at William and Mary. He also coached at Villanova, Fairleigh Dickinson, and Seton Hall.

Tom Brennan grew up in Phillipsburg, New Jersey, a small, blue-collar town on the New Jersey-Pennsylvania border. He is the classic local-boymade-good. In high school, he was a basketball star at Phillipsburg Catholic Academy. He scored more points than any other player in the school's history, and he won a basketball scholarship to the University of Georgia.

His college playing was adequate, but by no means outstanding. He did win the Georgia Leadership Award for Basketball as a senior, but what people remembered about Brennan was his aggressiveness. He recalled the day he had to guard LSU's Pete Maravkh, the NCAA all-time leading scorer. "I was determined to stay all over him," said

Chris Ryan/The New Jou,.,.l

The New Journal/December 9, 1983

37

''Coach Brennan is confident and cocky, but he's as good at what he does as Vincent Scully and Donald Kagan are at what they do."

Chrl~

Ryan/The New Journal

Brennan. And he did. He even followed him into the LSU huddle during a timeout.

Brennan's first task as head coach was to h ire assistants. He got M ike M ucci from Robert Morris College in August 1982 and th en picked Steve Yarnell from Cornell a month later.

Yarnell is a short man with neatly combed, jet black hair and a hard, lined face. He comes to practice every a fternoon dressed in uniform: a dark blue Champion sweatshirt and metallic blue slacks with perfect creases that drape across the laces of his leather Nikes. H is nickname is Sarge.

"Sarge is a great X an d 0 guy," said Brennan. "He really knows basketball.

He's very intense." At p ractices Yarnell controls Yale's defensive alignment. For five minutes every day, he runs a footwork d rill. "Face me," he yelled.

"R etreat. Retreat. Advance. ¡ Shot.

That's too slow. Again. R etreat.

Retreat. Swing. Advance. Swing. Advance. You're too slow." Sarge stops the whole drill when one play is out of step.

Mike Mucci hard ly says a word at The Brennan p lan was simple: outrun practice. "He's the most organized an d the opposition on offense, outhustle sincere person I know," said Brennan. them on defense.

"Coach Brennan was an ideal "Every staff needs a Mike Mucci. A lot of times after Sarge rips a guy, Mucci is choice," said Jacob. "The program over there patting him on the back. I needed someone to combat the stagnalike using them both at practice. I adapt tion." myself to the staff. You can't be afraid to utilize people. But I'm still the guy in Off the court Brennan is an executive: he devises strategies and he implements charge."

Brennan h ad only been in charge for them. But at games, he is different. two months when he first met his Brennan stalks from the center line to players. Because he was hired in July, th e end of the court, screaming at his he had no chance to recruit before the p layers, orchestrating the crowd's cheer1982-83 season. T here were 11 return- ing, and badgering the officials. H is ing players, but none were taller than arms swing, and his head cocks in different directions. "C'mon Butch, r ight 6'7".

Bu t Brennan was undaunted. He set side. Attaboy." A few Yale baskets, and out to change the Yale image, and that Brennan is rolling. His legs are nimble, meant changing Yale's style on the and he runs with his players. A referee's court. He junked the slow, methodical whistle that breaks the flow sends him game- which former head coach Ray jerking in disgust. his arms swing in cirCarazo had favored- for a faster, more cular motions. many reporters at the open one. Carazo's teams had been courtside press row have come perilousbasketball craftsmen, following a low- ly close to Brennan's right hook . risk game plan calculated to set up the The reporters have also learned to easy shots. Brennan's teams would be watch out for Brennan's coke. Every workers, perpetually in motion and car- game Brennan drinks two or three rying out their tasks at a ruthless pace. 16-ounce cokes; but he rarely ever 38 The New J ournal/December 9. 1983

finished them. He finishes about 12 ounces and then sets the cup down on the press table next to the bench. But the first time a call goes against Yale, Brennan slams his fist on the table and splashes th e remaining four ounces in every direction. Tl}e reporters p ull ou t their handkerchiefs, dab their papers and suits, and return their phone receivers to the hooks. It happ ens every game.

"I'm strange as a coach," said Brennan. "The people and the situations a re what make b asketball exciting for me.

Sometimes I wonder if I'm competitive enough. Basketball sh ould be a fu n experience. I'm never gonna take it seriously.

"I think I'm gonna last in th is business because winning is euphoric," said Brennan, "and losing I can take.

Losing bothers me for that evening. It hurts when you put forth the effort we do, and it's not rewarded. It really hurts. Last year after we lost a gam e in Florid a, I cried in the locker room. I cried like a baby. I felt our guys h ad put out the effort and had been ch eated b y some bad ofTJ.ciating. But I sh ake it off.

Coaching doesn't scare me. I'm not afraid to lose it. Even though I do it for a living, it's a part of me, not th e whole."

The other part of Brennan's life is h is family. "One thing that concerns me about coaching," he said, "is the effect it has on my children. I don't ever wan t them to think that I'm going to Jose my job because the team lost. I don't wan t that kind of pressure on them. They shouldn't hMÂĽe to be objective. T hey should just want to win. I've never outgrown th at myself."

"We're his second family," said Graves. "He never tu rns his b ack o n us.

He makes people feel wanted. I remember we were having a tailgate out at the Bowl last year. It was after the first game Yale had won . This group of retarded kids came by, a nd on e of them was screaming 'Yale, Yale.' Coach B rennan called out to this k id: 'H ey, do you love Yale?' And the kid yelled : 'Yeah, I love Yale.' Coach Brenn an took off the Yale sweatsh irt he was wearing and handed it to the kid. H e said, 'If

'

"Coaching doesn't scare me.

I'm not afraid to lose it. Even though I do it for a living, it's a part of me, not the whole."

Chris Ryan/The New Journal

you love Yale, you keep this. This is yours, buddy.' I never saw a happier kid. H e was clutching that sweatshirt like a million dollars. I t was freezing out, but Coach Brennan didn't care. If it made someone's life happier, he would do it."

After that visit Bren nan left Ewing to Mike Mucci. "Coach Mucci was a lot easier to talk to than other coaches," Ewing recalled. "He d id not appear to be overly confident. H e recruited me a t his own pace. H e showed me what the Yale program had to offer and what Yale University had. T here was no pressure. I got too much pressure from a lot of other schools."

Recruiting is often where championships are won and lost. Coaches must not only sell the school to the player but also to his parents. Brennan has his own lines to sell recruits o n Yale. "You start with an advantage," he said. "When you're from Yale, you're going in with a Cadillac, not a lemon. I tell guys about what a challenge it is to build a win ning tradition here. And I tell them we have a great university, but that nobody rides for free. I tell them it's not easy. I lay out my credibility. I don't try to paint a rosy picture."

Yet for the first time in two decades, the Yale basketball outlook is rosy. It's an outlook Brennan relishes: "People live to be in the situation we're in.

W hen they all come to the gym for a b ig game, why do they come? Because they'd all like to be playing. I'd like to be in this situation all the time. R ight now, we're having a ball."

Despite Yale's third place finish in the Ivy League, Brennan did not coach a winn ing team. H e has never coached a winn ing team. Yale won 12 and lost 14 last year; even R ay Carazo's 13-13 mark in 1981-82 was better. Why all the hoopla over a losing team?

"So much is confidence," said junior forward J eb Boasberg. "We really feel Coach Brennan's confid ence in us."

"H e's gotten us over the biggest hump," added Chris K elly, another j u nior forward. "We know we can win the Ivy cham pionship."

B rennan has also done some offseason work to strengthen this Yale team. H e brought in five high school sta rs to shore up Yale's short front line.

Ewing said. "When Coach Brennan T hree of Brennan's recruits stand 6'8" came to visit me, he was very honest. or taller.

He told me that there was no guarantee Center Ricky Ewing was Brennan's that I would get into Yale. He said he b iggest catch . Ewing was a standout thought I had great potential and that I per former at the University School in needed to look at Yale more closely and Nashville, and was wooed by big that with hard work and time I could basketball schools like Virginia and play very well for Yale. John Thompson Tnpp Monts, a senior in Silliman College, Georgetown. But Ewing passed over (Georgetown's head coach) caught me was the Yale correspondent for Ivy Sports their scholarship offers for four years at off guard. The first thing he said to me Journal Yale . "I most definitely would not have was 'I want to win an NCAA title. e here if I d id n't like the ~~~~~~W ~h~a~ t ~c;a~ n~~~~ ;.;_..-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __;_~~~~!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!~~!!!!!'

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Books

40 The New Journal/December 9. 1983

Two New fro.m Yale The Trans-Atlantic Africa Richard Powell Flash of the Spin't: African and AfroAmerican Art and Philosophy by Robert Farris Thompson 1983 Random House. $19.95. 317 pp.

Flash of the Spirit succeeds in ac- Thompson's sense of intellectual complishing the inconceivable- an ex- transport. His methodological gift of amination of five ancient civilizations of vaulting the Atlantic in order better to West and C5!ntral Africa- Yoruba, understand the artistic traditions of Kongo, Dahomean, Mande and both Africans and Afro-Americans is at Ejagham- for their artistic and times unsettling, but always on the philosophical influence on peoples of mark. His perceptive translations of African descent in the Americas. Cuban writers Lydia Cabrera and Don Thompson's pairing of African and Fernando Ortiz, and his own field work Afro-American artworks from these in the barrios of New York and Miami diverse groups trans~e,hds surface illustrate the real pos's ibilities in learnsimilarities. For example, in his chapter ing about Africa through Afroentitled "Black Saints Go Marching In : America.

Yoruba Art and Culture m the Flash of the Spin't will no doubt be Americas," Thompson makes a special looked upon by rome as an overly ampoint of tracing the history of Yoruba bitious project. Others will bemoan its speakers and thinkers within American modest format (i.e., no color illustracommunities. tions). But for many, especialiy those Thompson acknowledges the cultural scholars who are witnesses of black inblendings that frequently present genuity in Africa, the Caribbean, Centhemselves on this side of the Atlantic. tral, South and North America, One example of this artistic "gumbo" is Thompson's book is long-awaited. As Haiti, where blacks reflect not only one of today's active voices in defining a French Roman Catholic strains of specifically African impulse in art, cultural identity, but those of the DahoRobert Farris Thompson's Flash of the mean, Kongo, and Yoruba mind-sets as Spirit celebrates the muse which holds dominion over a people's endurance well.

As one moves in this book from the and re-creation.

Mande heartland of the Mali Empire, to the west coast of Mexico, back to Africa's savanna, and back across the Atlantic to Surinam, Kentucky, and Richard Powell is a grad~JJJU student in the M ississippi, one IS struck by J?epartmmt of the H istory of Art.

In 1968 Robert Farris Thompson, professor of Art History at Yale and current master of Timothy Dwight College, mounted an exhibition for New York's Museum of Primitive Art, entitled "African and Afro-American Art: The Transatlantic Tradition." In this exhibition Professor Thompson juxtaposed West African works of art with art objects from Brazil, Surinam, Haiti and other countries in the western t:emisphere. His purpose in bringing together these seemingly divergent art regions was two-fold. First, he wanted to address the controversial idea of cultural continuities that persist within cultures in spite of years of social and political upheaval. Secondly, he wanted to identify Africa's aesthetic impact on the arts of the Americas, as seen in the cultural expressions of American blacks.

Indeed, one might view Professor Thompson's latest book, Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy, as the belated catalogue and text for that 1968 exhibition. In Flash of · the Spin·~ Thompson explores the same issue he addressed in the 1968 exhibition- that of a "Black Atlantic Visual Tradition" which spans centuries, distances and slavery, artistically exCornelia D. J. Pearsall pressing itself in shared rhythms a"ld a common spiritual outlook.

The Reach of Cn'ticism: Method and PercepOn the other hand, Flash of the Spin't tion in Literary Theory by Paul Fry departs from Thompson's original project by v irtue of 14 additional years of 1983 Yale University Press. $20. research and field work. In that interim 239 pp. period Thompson crossed the Atlantic ocean many times, and after basing Mention the Yale Critics and most comparative literature students here think of himself in the specific cultures in quesBloom and deconstruction, but little tion, he interviewed the "authorities" on else. The prevailing association seems an and the "ritual experts."

•

The Breach of Criticism to be that of an esoteric group of critics in an ivory tower who toss down unintelligible treatises on literary theory from time to time.

In September another book appeared from another Yale critic-Paul Fry, an associate professor in the English and Comparative L iterature departments. But it is rather unclear whether this book follows the others The New Journal/December 9, 1983 41

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1

from the tower, or whether it attacks the tower itself. Fry criticizes the very essence of critical books since Aristotle's Poetics, yet his own book is very much like them in spirit.

The Reach of Criticism: Method and Perception in Literary Theory is an ambitious second book for Fry in which he examines both the shortcomings and the possibilities of literary theory to date. The book belongs to a genre of works which considers literature secondarily; its preoccupation is not to theorize about literature, but to theorize about theories about literature. In such works, ruminations about literary theory threaten to transume consideration of literature itself. To Fry's credit, The Reach of Criticism does attempt to move beyond the rigid adherence to what the critics call "method."

Method is traditionally defined as a systematic order of procedure; in literary interpretation, a critic may consider a poem or prose work according to a certain pattern of approach- say, structuralism, deconstruction, formalism. In Fry's view, this rigid approach can often stifle and strangle the subtleties in texts. The experience of the sublime, he · says, defies cataloging; rather, it should expand the parameters -the reach- of literary interpretation.

Fry's thesis is an important one, and indeed, the strength of this book lies in its own expansive character.

In Fry's words, "what results from method is the oversimplification of criticism by oversoph istication."

Ironically, Fry is himself given to oversophistication. He often confounds his argument by smothering it with either too many o~;$00 obscure examples. The index comprises a roll-call of literally hundreds of authors, philosophers and critics, spanning cultures and millenia, to which Fry gives single, off-hand references. This is challenging, but ultimately frustrating. Fry, commenting on the excessive number of allusions in an essay of Dryden's, observes: "Too many poets, too many ideas . . . it is all charmingly too much." Fry's criticism might easily apply to his own book.

What lends force to Fry's argument, though, is his own confidence; yet this too, reaches excess. Fry declares of the fragments of Longinus' treatise: "I will

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say, though, that I have paid more attention to the continuity of d etail in ~e text than any commentator before me and I have not ignored o r deliberately slanted any of it."

But Fry's book is well-informed, intelligent and energetic, and it expects the same of its readers. The author of a complicated analysis has a right to add ress a readership with prior information and active intelligence. The reader, however, has a right to expect a text that is accessible, and , at least initially, Fry's is not.

The terminology of literary criticism has become, or perhaps has always been, incomprehensible to any but th e most earnest acolytes. Certainly there is a point at which complex terminology and references become dizzying and exclusionary to all but the most educated and enthusiastic scholars. There is nothing inherently wrong or in any way unusual about this, except that in confounding itself so relentlessly, the content of this book betrays its thesis. Fry claims, "The re is a need . . . for a theory of asystematic understanding," yet his "asystematic understanding" is only a euphemism for yet another alternative method.

If I were to be stranded on the proverbial desert island with a few books of my choice, I would unquestionably opt to take Fry's, along with the Bible and a few other texts which lend themselves to and deserve constant reevaluation. I mean this sincerely; this is a deeply thought-provoking book, and there is a great deal to be learned from it. Gigantic in its range, subtle in its argument, personable in its style, The Reach <if Cn'ticism could occupy years of isolation unraveling the sticky threads o f Fry's intricately woven web. This may ultimately serve to prove Fry's point, namely, that the fllaments of this web extend endlessly, that the reach of criticism can and must be infinite. However, in the tangled construct of its argument, The Reach of Criticism risks showing that tousling with the threads of interpretation may finally only lead to still further critical entanglement.

•

Comelw D. J. Pearsall JontUhan Edwards College.

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The New JournaVDecember 9 , 1983 43

ResearchfTony Reese

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Beating the Habit

Two New Approaches to Drug Dependency

44 The New Jou rnal/D ecember 9, 1983

Nestled among the many buildings of the Yale-New Haven Hospital complex is one of the most impressive drug rehabilitation clinics in the country. At the Substance Abuse Treatment Unit (SATU) of the Connecticut Mental Health Center, two Yale psychiatrists are revolutionizing drug abuse treatment programs around the country with. i nnovative medications and cou nselling p rograms. Together, the two scientists who work here are changing the way the medical profession confronts the problem of drug addiction .

SATU's new programs aim to incorporate these advances into a comprehensive counselling and therapy program for drug addicts.

Early in 1976, Dr. H erben Kleber and h is research team at SAT U pioneered the use of naltrexone, a nonaddictive classified as a narcotic a n-

tagonist that blocks the euphoric effects of heroin and methadone. But even more important, when Kleber combined this drug with a common blood pressure medication known as donidine, he found that he could reduce the detoxification ¡process in addicts from over six months to as little as three days.

While Kleber was doing his drug research, Dr. Bruce Rounsaville was developing a new therapy that emphasizes the psyrhological as well as the physiological basis of drug addiction. In a major¡ study of 600 opiate addicts, completed in 1981, Rounsaville discovered that many of them were attempting to cure their own mental problems by taking drugs. "Addicts have a depression rate of two to th ree times that of the general public, a n alcoholism rate of four to five times higher, and an occurrence of antisocial Design by Katie Winter

..

•

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behavior ten to 20 times the normal rate," explained R ounsaville. "These problems that occur above and beyond the addiction make it harder for a user to get over his addiction. They help to perpetuate it, and, in fact, may have led to it in the first place. These addicts may be using the drugs to treat themselves."

Rounsaville's research points to the need for a two-pronged approach to drug addiction. "The approach that drug abuse should be treated first is still valid," he said. "But the idea that if you treat the addiction everything else will fall into place is inadequate. The problems inhe re nt in addiction such as getting access to the drug and raising the $200 a day to support the habit may disappear, but the psychological problems remain to be treated. Thus, they ·are more likely to relapse into dnJg use.

"We have to see addicts as a heterogeneous group of people according to their psychological characteristics and the path that led to their addiction if we're going to find the. most effective types of treatment."

Although R ounsaville's work suggests a long-term program of rehabilitation, Dr. Kleber's research in the clinical treatment unit has improved detoxificatio n programs, which are a prerequisite to any further treatment.

Kleber's work rests on the principle that an addict must gradually be weaned from the harder drug to a milder substitu te which is easier to give up, such as m ethadone. "Methadone is a narcotic just like heroin," Kleber said . "Its advantage is that it can be taken orally rather than intravenously; it can be taken less frequently than the three or four times a day for heroin; and it doesn't cause euphoria when taken orally . Like heroin, h owever, methadone is an addicting narcotic.

Many addicts who e nter methadone programs to stop their heroin addiction have considerable trouble stopping their methado ne use."

But naltrexone, which has been the primary focus of Kleber's research, has all the advantages of methadone, and it's non-addictive. Once detoxified, the addict has · no difficulty stopping

naltrexone use. Naltrexone attaches itself to the nerve receptor sites normally affected by narcotics, preventing the narcotics from acting on the nervous system. Like methadone, it is an oral medication that does not induce euphoria. Also, it requires only one dose every three days rather than once a d(ly, like methadone .

"Naltrexone comes from the poppyit's sort of like the 'hair of the dog that bit you,'" explained Kleber. "Nature often provides both a drug and its antagonist in the same plant. Cannabis, for example, contains both THC and anti-THC, and the 'quality' of any given marijuana is a function of how much of each it contains."

Paradoxically, naltrexone's greatest strength is also its greatest weakness.

Because it is non-addictive, there is no incentive for the addict to keep using it.

With methadone, if an addict misses a dose, he enters withdrawal just as if he has missed a dose of heroin. With nal-

an outpatient program that is three months old and has five patients participating. months and was accomplished by a somewhat haphazard reduction in methadone dosage," Kleber explained.

"With donidine, we could detoxify someone in two weeks. And, now with the combination of donidine and naltrexone, we can do it in as little as 72 hours. The use of clonidine was a quantum leap in treatment, and so was the discovery of donidine and naltrexone together."

Kleber discovered that if he combined some of Rounsaville's counselling methods he could over c ome naltrexone's weakness. Kleber and his colleagues have found that a program of multiple family therapy- a group therapy session with several families participating- is the most effective way to keep addicts in the program. Three years ago, Kleber kept approximately 30 percent of his patients in the pro-

"We're not satisfied with just what we've got, and we pay constant attention to asking questions." trexone, an addict not only has no adverse reaction to missing a dose; but since the nerve receptors are no longer blocked, he can also use narcotics again to produce euphoria. "The problem," said Kleber, "is 'how to keep 'em down on the farm after they've seen Paree.'"

Also, because it is not addicting, naltrexone forces the addict to go through an instant and painful withdrawal as soon as he stops taking methadone or heroine. To ease the withdrawal, Kleber has begun using naltrexone with clonidine. Clonidine had been on the market for a number of years as a blood pressure medicine when in 1978 Kleber discovered that it also blocked opiate withdrawal symptoms. "We're still refining the techniques of its use-dotting the 'i's' and crossmg the 't's'. But the use of clonidine has spread across the country." Kleber has begun testing the drugs at SATU in

gram with a combination of counselling and medication. "Now, with more advanced counselllng techniques, we're up to between 50 and 60 percent retention at six months in the naltrexone program in conjunction with family therapy," ·said Kleber.

"We're not satisfied with just what we've got, and we pay constant attention to asking questions," explained Kleber. "Naltrexone is just a drug, not a treatment." Kleber, like his colleague Rounsaville, emphasizes the comprehensive nature of drug treatment programs. "We need to provide a panoply of psychological, psychosocial and vocational support in conjunction with any drug treatments to have success."

•

Tony Reese, a sophomore in Branford College, is Production Manager of TN].

The New Journal/December 9 , 1983 45

Afterthought/Dan Egger

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The Owl of Expertise The Search for Superior Knowledge When I arrived at Yale, I thought somewhat vaguely of the Institution as a vessel which contained wisdom. To my. unenlightened eye the loud surety of the younger and the quiet surety of the older reflected some as yet unseen but apparently widely recognized metaphysical underpinning which lent moral weight to the frantic activity and ensured that the arrogance I saw everywhere was not simple snobbery. It embarrasses me now to confess such naivete.

I am spending this year studying various philosophical attitudes toward the relation between democracy and education , and I find it comforting that my naive view has a long history. Thomas Jefferson, for example, believed that a liberal arts education not only prepares, but entitles its recipients to govern the mass of men. He wanted to replace birth with elite education as the ticket to political position.

The magical capacity to confer authority, in the dual sense of both power and legitimacy, has of course been vested in universities since long before Jefferson, or even Yale, existed. Yet this belief in the power of education to confer authority, which holds so much sway in our culture, seems to be more and more absurd. These days, a man with a respected claim to political authority based upon education is known as an Acknowledged Expert. The magic of the university and of the Acknowledged Expert stand or fall together.

A few weeks ago a television program, "The Day After," dramatized the effects of nuclear war. After the mayhem 100 million Americans were faced with an even more macabre spectacle-a panel including Henry Kissinger, Carl Sagan, Bob MacNamara and William F. Buckley, all of whom presumed to explain to the public the mea~ing of what they had just seen. William Sloan Coffin was not present, but he did advertise in The New York Times that he would discuss the program after an open showing at the Riverside Church.

Why did these men presume to experience death and pontificate about it to the masses? Because they are educated men, men with the proper credentials-in shor t, Acknowledged Experts.

An example might clarify my distinction between an Acknowledged Expert and a true expert. Jefferson, in his role as an enthusiastic lobbyist for the creation of a new political aristocracy of men exposed to the classics through the benificance of the state, was an Acknowledged Expert.

As a patient student of nature, using trial-and-error methods to explore physics, chemistry and botany, he became an expert in the science of his day.

Although their number is small, the tyranny of Acknowledged Experts muddies every corner of the twentieth century; the damage they have wrought telescopes into the future. I cannot prove that they are pernicious; it is only my intuition . But during my time at Yale I have become sure that they are not true experts.

An expert cannot help but teach, if only by example, while an Acknowledged Expert professes simply to know and often uses his knowledge as a rock with which to gain leverage over others. The conception of knowledge as private property to be bought o r sold, hidden or destroyed, must haye origin-

46 The New Journal/December 9, 1983

ated among the world's Acknowledged Experts.No view of knowledge could be more destructive politically.

Yale as an institution must shoulder some responsibility for this attitude, for, along with many gifted scholars and lovers of learning, Yale has produced more than her share of Acknowledged Experts. Yale is herself a symbol of Acknowledged Expertise, although, rather paradoxically, in the field of education. The atmosphere of Yale can breed the necessary arrogance as a form of self-defense against the secret knowledge of one's own ignorance. The tell-tale sign of the Acknowledged Expert is an over-emphasis on the "I" in debate combined with an unwillingness to get down to specifics, as if knowledge and ego, once joined, had become inseparable. The personality becomes the argument. One journalist recently described Averell Harriman, one of the most Acknowledged Experts in American foreign policy, as a man who needs to be "the bride at every wedding and the corpse at every funeral"; this might be the credo of the breed, for an unacknowledged Acknowledged Expert is inconceivable.

What then of Yale? What is the message ofYale's symbolic landscape? The owl hovering over Sterling Library, "the heart of the university," and brooding among the bricabrac on a dozen Yale buildings seems to be at the heart of this landscape. She was wisdom for the Greeks, and for the Egyptians, death . What will she be for Yale? That depends upon one's perspective.

What perspective is appropriate to the time? John Hersey, addressing the graduation ceremonies of my elementary school, told us to read the present with skepticism but not cynicism. I d id not realize at the time how adult, and how cynical, his advice was. For if I were to summarize what I have learned at Yale, it would be that a skeptical reading of society- which is perhaps the closest thing to an intended result of a liberal arts education here -leaves one groping and confused but trusting in further education as a way out of moral paralysis. This leaves one in grave danger of falling under the thrall of Acknowledged Experts whose appealing self-confidence seems to signify possession of superior knowledge . Skepticism means doubting oneself; cynicism, doubting the Acknowledged Experts. The owl doesn't teach, but simply knows. Her mocking surety, which one may or may not take for wisdom, is Yale"§ symbol for the power of Acknowledged Expertise.

The core of my education at Yale has been the realization that education never grants moral authority. Jefferson was a brilliant optimist. Only a cynical reading of the owl as the symbol of a confidence-game allowed me to appreciate the true beauty of a Yale education. Only a degree of cynicism regarding the legitimacy and aims of a liberal arts education can free the individual who desires it to find moral authority elsewhere.

•

Daniel Egger, a senior in Ezra Stiles, is a scholar of the House in philosophy of education. He is co-editor cifThe Quarterly.

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