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Bennett, Jr. • Edward B. Bennett III • Blaire Bennett • Gerald Bruck • Jonathan M . Clark • Louise F. Cooperl • James W. Cooperl • Peter B. Coopert • Jerry and Rae Court • David Freeman • Geoffry Fried • Sherwin Goldman • John Hersey • Brooks Kelley • Roger Kirwood • Andrew J. Kuzneski, Jr. • Lewis E. Lehrman • E. Nobles Lowe • Peter Neill • Julie Peters • Fairfax C. Randallt • Nicholas X. Rizopoulos • Arleen and Arthur Sager • Dick and Debbie Searsl • Richard Shields • Thomas Strong • Elizabeth Tate • Alex and Betsy Torello • Allen and Sarah Wardwell • Peter Yeager • Daniel Yergin thas given again (Volum• 21 . Num~r 3) n. /l.._jOflrWI os publothod SUI toma dunnt~ t~ t<hool vear bv The No<w Journal at Yak. lne , Pool OIToc< Box. 3432 Yak ScatM>n. New Haven. CT 06S20 C<>i>"n(ht 1918 bv The N.,. Journal at Yak. lne. All npts rntr"·t:d R~roducuon ~ather in ""hok or in pan wuhout wnnrn ~rnunmn of the- pubhs.Mr and teditor-in.-.ch~f u pt>ofnbucd Thot m•t~U•n< os publuhed bv Yak Col~ "ud<nu. aad Yale L' nl'lo'ff"'IIV 11 not ~n.slble for IU contcnu ~en thou.tand C'OpiH of eadi I~ ~ dt•ributf.d (rM t1M"mbrn oft~ Yak- Umv~t~ communttv .

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TheNew}_o_u. . .r_n_a . . .l_b_~_~e_~_b~-~....2~_19. . . ,8 NewsJoumal

4

LaHars

7

Between the VInes

8

Veterans awarded . . . families boarded . . . history recorded.

Out of Focus A quarter century after the University dropped its quo/Q., jewish lift is still relegated to various basements on and off campus. New plans for a Hillel House would invite the 1,500 jewish undergradtw.tes to come together and explore their identity.

By Julie Hantman. ¡

Profile

12

Yale's K eeper With an 9e for detail and a commitment to liberal educaJion, new Provost Frank Turner has reconstructed the priorities of the University's number two position.

By David Greenberg.

Features

14

20

Playing th e Game

From kayaking to badminton, club sports offer students a variety of unconventional opportunities. But on the athletic department's List offinancial responsibilities, the clubs run a distant third behind varsity and intramural sports. By josh Plaut.

In Line With Tradition The pledge process of Alpha Phi Alpha, the oldest block Greek socie9', raises petJple's 9ebrows as well as the .fraternity's profile. But behind their solemn Line Lies a powerful history. By Kirk Semple.

28

Labor Management Babies take time-nine months to be born and 18 years to leave home. An academic career also l4kes time-aJ least ten years to gain tenure. Yale's hazy matemi9' policy offers no guidance to faculty juggling this lkJuble workload. By Motoko Rich.

Books

38

Reconcilable D ifferences Religion and psychoanalysis rare[)' meet under the same roof But Dr. Slane[)' Leavy's new book, In the Image of God, argues thaJ the pew and the couch can exist side-by-side. By Stefanie Syman.

The New Journal/December 2, 1988 3

NewsJournal

Letter of Commendation •

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Two veterans stood in the crowd on New Haven's Long Wharf, waiting for a chance to approach the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and pay their respects to a friend killed in the war.

When they saw each other- the first · time in almost 20 years- they embraced for several minutes. An older couple placed a red carnation at the base of the 14-foot, V -shaped marble memorial, which was engraved with the names of 55 men lost in Vietnam.

One was their son. Veterans and the family members of those killed in action made up most of the audience at the emotional ceremony to dedicate the newly-erected monument. The New Haven Vietnam Veterans Memorial Committee, which had started planning the monument four years before, finally saw the positive effect of its work. "This is necessary for the healing process," said Howard Chernikoff, one of the committee's founders.

Inspired by the growing number of Vietnam memorials nationwide , Chernikoff and a fellow veteran, Conley Monk, began working in 1983 to build a monument in New Haven .

Chernikoff and Monk quickly recruited five others, and together they formed the memorial committee. None of the committee members had had experience organizing such a large project. When they first proposed their plan, they were met with skepticism.

According to Chernikoff, "Those city officials didn't think that we could do it." In 1984, the committee showed the .'City its design for the memorial and proposed Long Wharf as a possible site. It knew it had won the city's approval when a section of Long Wharf was renamed the Vietnam Veterans War Memorial Park. After hard lobbying, the committee also received four loans of $12,000 apiece from the city of New Haven and its ol The New Journal/Decernber 2 , 1988

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Vis for . . . ?

neighbors.

Next came the hardest part of the committee's work. For two years, it searched the cities' records and found the names of the 53 local men killed in action and 2 missing in action. The committee lasted through this arduous process, and in early November, a crowd including Representative Bruce Morrison and New H aven Mayor Biagio DiLieto attended the dedication ceremony.

The ceremony, honoring their lost friends and family members, drew almost 400 people in the midst of a downpour, a testimony to the committee's success in healing at least some wounds of the war. A few people speculated on the meaning of the "V" itself. "People believe it stands for different things: victory, veterans, .

Vietnam," said Chernikoff. "I like valor. But for everyone, you just have to measure it from your heart and go from there." People left the dedication site, glad that their loved ones had finally been honored. But not all of the

veterans who served in the Vietnam war had received recognition.

The committee's next project will be to honor the soldiers who survived that war. Committee members hope · to engrave the names of the 3,000 living Vietnam veterans from the New Haven area on another wall at the memorial site. In an unprecedented decision, the committee will include soldiers with other than honorable disch arges. In the past, public memorials have only included the names of honorably discharged veterans. But, according to Chernikoff, the committee departed from this practice because its members felt that the military unfairly discharged some soldiers . Many were dishonorably gischarged for drug use, a past policy now in review. When this new m onument is finally built, the committee will have recorded history as well as made it .

•

-Jeanne Frantz

Riling a Need

inattention of absentee landlords. over, and if the city can rework its Infil They let their buildings fall a part program , other families can soon move because they regard their property in . o nly as a means to make a profit, said Leo Quigley, the acting director of Research and Plan ning of the city's - Barry Shimmeifarb Office of Housing and Neighborhood Developmen t. "Home owners, howHistoric Move ever, take greater pride in maintaining their propert y a nd are more likely to be active and concerned for their neighborhood ," he said . H e hopes that this concern will translate into a safer, more attractive environment.

From the outside, the Connecticut It will take a long time to create this Afro-American Historical Society environment at the present rate of (CAH S) in New Haven looks like any constructio n . I n the three years since other small house on Orchard Street. the program began , the city has Inside, portraits of famous black completed only 25 I nfil houses and is scientists, singers, and cowboys hang in the process of constructing 100 alongside old photographs of New more. It ha d originally hoped to build H aven's neighborhoods . Swords and 271 ho mes. But difficulty acquiring helmets from the Civil and World vacan t lots has delayed construction. Wars lie in a display case. A space W hen the program ¡started, there were heater labors beside a filing cabinet a n umber of property owners who filled with old newspaper clippings, owed back taxes on their vacant lots. black history pamphlets, and diaries W hen the back taxeS exceed the value donated by New Haven families. of the property, the city can foreclose CAHS, the oldest ethnic historical on the lots and use them for its own society in New Haven, serves as a purposes. As word of the city's plans to museum and l ibrary for the revitalize t he neighborhoods got community. A 25-member board of around, property values went up, and directors runs the organization , and property owners began to pay ofT their volunteers lead tours for schoolback taxes to keep the city from taking children a nd help. a;:; ; esearch . "We preserve ou r history for o ur children, to their lots.

Quigley is frustrated with these give them a little pride ," Edna property owners because he thinks Carnegie, the society's caretaker, says . they are ignoring the community's She points to the socie ty's motto o n a housing needs. Many of the owners let hand-le tte red sign: "Protecting Our their lots go unused so they can sell Future by Preserving the Past."

Ernest Saunders, an amateur histhem for a profit after property values rise, he said. Despite a setback, the city torian and New Haven's first black is still trying to build the original civil engineer, founded the society in number of houses by using more 1971 with his personal collection of d rastic methods. This year it has had photographs and documents. His to purchase lots in order to continue neighbors and friends added their own historical artifacts to the collection and building.

A few lucky families have already began meeting regularly. The society's moved into their new homes. Glenn hold ings continue to expand as families Ellis and his family settled in last donate letters, clothing, and anything month . Ellis pays nearly the same else of interest.

This year, CAH S joined New amount in mortgage payments as he used to pay in rent, but now he has h is Haven's Jewish and Italian historical own backyard, more living space , and societies in planning a cooperative no more worries about escalating archive for the city's various ethnic rents. Ellis' housing problems are groups. To further this five-year

â&#x20AC;˘

Escalating rents, fierce competitiOn, and deteriorating neighborhoods all make housing a consuming worry for many New Haven families. Seventyeight percent of all families in the city fall into the moderate-to-low income category, and most of these families are paying more rent than they can afford. By federal standards a family sho uld not pay more than 30 percent of its income in rent. But for many New H aven families, 50 to 70 percent of their income goes for that very purpose. And families find their rents skyrocketing. "You never know when your rent's going to go up," said G lenn Ellis, a resident of New Haven's Newhallville neighborhood. W ithin two years Ellis' ren t rose $200. High rents make it difficult for families to save the several thousand dollars needed for a down payment on a house. Even if they could make such a payment, houses a re scarce o n the New H aven market.

The city has been trying to combat high rents and the housing shortage with the innovative Intil Housing program. As par t of the city's l nfil program, non-profit developers build duplex houses on vacant lots in so me of New Haven's ~ost run-down neigh?orhoods. The city then offers lowInterest loans to help moderate-income fam ilies finance the houses. These families must agre e to certain conditions before they can take part in the Inftl program. They must rent the ~pstai rs unit of the duplex to a lowIncome family , and they must live in the ~ouse for at least 15 years. By ~reatmg these rules , the city hopes to mcr~~se low-income housing and bring stab1hty to the neighborhoods it has targeted: Newhallville, D ixwell, and the H ill. .H ome ownership , the c ity believes, Will stabilize these neighborhoods that have deteriorated partly from the

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project, the organizations helped the Irish , Ukranian, and Hispanic communities form their own historical societies. Lodged in three 19th-century houses and four carriage barns off Whalley Avenue, the new archive will attract more patrons and donors to the societies, and will provide them with greater storage and research facilities.

The societies hope to create a museum that will include push button slideshows, rotating exhibits, and ethnic holiday celebrations.

According to George Bellinger, the president of CAH S, the project has fostered new understanding among the

disparate ethnic groups. The societies hosted a series of weekly workshops at which participants shared their histories and traded practical advice on display and preservation techniques.

"The clergy and the politicians have tried to get these separate communities together for a long time. But it took history to finally get us together," Bellinger says. "In politics, there's often a sense of threat from other groups.

But when you look at a photograph of a man leaning on a shovel in 1906, there's no threat involved."

•

-Ruth Conniff

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To the Editors, I was almost moved to tears by Brent Robbins' When Riglu Is Incorrect (TN], October 21, 1988). What a terrible picture he paints! Now I know that he or she is brave and pathetic, bloody but unbowed, part of a scorned and reviled minority "embattled" in an overwhelming surge of rampant liberalism.

Take me seriously, now: my main praise for TN] has always been for its lack of bias. Its contributors seem (or seemed) to make an effort to present as many sides of an issue as possible, and to apologize for any lack of information.

Robbins, in his whining self-pity, is guilty of precisely that fault which he attributes to those ruthless, thoughtless liberals: He fails to fully understand his opponent's position. I n fact, the "opponent" he rails against is so vast and vague that it would be impossible for anyone to understand it. He lumps all conceivably liberal groups and individuals into one amorphous category, and damns them all.

It would be· petty and immensely boring for me to launch into a detailed criticism of Robbins' statement, so I will make only two more points. First, in the recent election the United States of America proved itself staunchly conservative and comfortably in line with everything Robbins believes those teeming liberals are trying to jeopardize. Second, except in ferociously communist regimes, "conservatives" are not and never have been persecuted. If Robbins thinks he and his fellows are being treated unfairly, I can only respond with derision and scorn that I have never heard anything so ridiculously childish in my entire life. When he graduates and leaves the sequestered cloisters of the University he will probably realize that in what is laughingly known as "the real world" he is no longer a member of a minority.

Sincerely, Elizabeth Wein (SM '86) 7lt NntJjftlnMI c-ncoura~slctccn ro the ntuor and com nwnt on YUr and New Have-n iuu~. Write to Man.ha Brant, Editoria ls.

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Between the Vines/Julie Hantman

Out of Focus I threaded my way to a seat in the back, late as usual. I sat down with my family, welcomed by friend's waves and the rustling of prayer book pages.

As always, I was glad to be home for Rosh Hashanah services. Yet when Rabbi Louis Sigel (SM '45, GRD '46) started his sermon, I was unprepared for- his words. Invoking images of empty evening classes and poorly attended Sabbath services, he chastised each of us for becoming what he called "the ignorant Jew." I glanced down at my prayer book, which for years had spoken for me in familiar yet incomprehensible Hebrew. Although I had celebrated holidays for so long, I had learned no more about them.

Ten days later, I attended Yale's Yom Kippur services at Dwight Chapel. Rabbi James Po net (TO '68) gave a sermon entitled "Shall We Build a Hillel House?" in which he confronted the assembled students, faculty, and community members with Yale Jewry's "corporate invisibility." Only weeks before, New Haven Architect Harold Roth (GRD '57) had finished plans for a Hillel House, a Jewish center for religious, cultural, and social activities to be built on High Street.

Six years of discussion with Ponet had produced a design for a five-story building, which when finished would cost $8 million . Insufficient finances and fears of ghettoization have continued to delay the process.

Meanwhile, Jewish life on campus remains unfocused. Although 30 percent of Yale College is Jewish , few Jews practice their religion regularly, and few actively explore their cultural heritage. Rabbi Ponet was calling for a facility that would muster Jewish resources, attract broader participation, and galvanize the Jewish community. A Hillel House would provide a chance for personal and 8 The New Journal/December 2, 1988

academic research. In a collegiate setting such as Yale's, these goals are appropriate.

Opportunities do¡exist on campus to explore different aspects of Judaism.

Over the last decade, Yale has developed an acclaimed Judaic Studies program, attracting visiting scholars from around the world. When I entered Yale, I intended to take advantage of the department's. interdisciplinary offerings. Yet each year I crossed them off my list, in favor of cour_ses like "The Victorian Novel" and "Eleme ntary Portugese." Last

In my efforts to feel proud of my religion, I had proven how shallowly I understood what it means to be Jewish. semester a v1s1tmg professor offered what was essentially a history of my ancestors, "TheJewish Community in Poland-Lithuania 1500-1800." But I didn't take it- perhaps deterred by the thought of cramming for an exam in "Identity 101."

Professor David Ruderman, an historian and ordained rabbi, offers a course called "Jewish Intellectual History in the Modern Era," which deals with issues of contemporary Jewish faith and identity. "The material is so rich, so pregnant with meaning, it affects Jews and non-Jews alike," Ruderman said. In last spring's class, however, Ruderman fielded questions from the Jewish students of a

volume and intensity he had rarely experienced. Although pleased to respond to the wide range of queries, at some point Ruderman had to stick to his role as academician. "Pve got to draw the line somewhere," Ruderman said. "That's where Hillel comes in."

Professor Paula Hyman, chairwoman of the Judaic Studies Advisory Committee, explained, "The academic program is not defined to meet the cultural and religious needs of Jewish students. Judaic Studies is an academic address."

But the social, cultural, and religious needs of Jewish students have numerous addresses: There are as many locations as there are groups.

Orthodox services take place in the Branford College Chapel, and Reform services use the Branford Mendell Room. According to Abby Bernstein (PC '92), who leads song for the Reform services, each service competes with the bells ringing in Harkness tower. Reform Jewish Students at Yale holds its meetings in a Trumbull seminar room. And noncredit classes in Yiddish, Arabic, a nd Introduction to Judaism are offered in Phelps Hall or in Rabbi Ponet's basement. The only permanent address for these and other events is underground, at B004 Bingham- a few small offices with exposed ceiling pipes. From here the B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation at Yale coordinates undergraduate and graduate organizations, three denominational ser.v ices, lectures, and social functions. With piles of mailings and books in every corner, it can hardly accommodate the few people who use it.

The only specifically Jewish place where Jews can gather is also underground: The student-run Kosher Kitchen operates underneath the Film Studies Department on Crown Street.

When my rabbi from home entered Yale in 1941 , during a period of overt anti-Semitism, there were no means to keep kosher on campus. Since the¡ University made no provisions for Jewish customs, he was forced to improvise. The Dean of Freshmen reminded him, "Yale did not look for you. You looked for Yale." In 1962, reports Dan Oren in joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale, a Yale freshman, who graduated from the modem Orthodox Yeshiva of Flatbush, New York, became the first undergraduate to buy a dining contract at the Kosher Kitchen. "By the mid-60's, members of the Kosher Kitchen wer:e traveling back to their high schools . . . to recruit more applicants," Oren writes. "The reputation that Yale had once shared with Princeton of being hostile to Jews began to fade into memory." But today , the Flatbush Yeshiva encourages its alumni to attend Princeton, which boasts a popular kosher eating club run by the university. Yale's student-run Kosher Kitchen can barely support itself on its dwindling membership; to meet expenses, student officers have to depend on bagel brunches to pay their bills.

Eric Fisher (SY '92) is the only active freshman in the Kosher Kitchen. An alumnus of Flatbush Yeshiva, he ignored his alma mater's endorsement and carne to Yale , believing that its Jewish life would provide greater fluidity than the Orthodox-dominated life at Princeton. Although that vision has held true, Fisher sees opportunity for a more vital Jewish community.

While Friday night Shabbat dinners attract up to 100 people, many students' sole reminder of their Jewish heritage con&ists of a monthly trek out to Crown Street for cream cheese and lox.

The New JournaV~cem~r 2, 1988 9

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Although more students say that they're interested, many feel d istanced from the existing options. Other universities reduce that distance through Hillel Houses, which successfully unite Jewish life. When the Harvard Hillel refurbished a building on Harvard Square nine years ago, the new center brought together dance groups, theatrical performances, five services, and a kosher dining room under one roof. Participation in J ewish life soared. Professor Ruderman sees such a Hillel House as fertile ground for bringing students, Judaic scholar s, and local residents together. The Yale facilities discourage the formation of this kind of community. Each time · Judaic Studies hosts visiting scholars, Ruderman faces the problem of providing dignified accomodations for the many who keep kosher. "It's just disgusting where Hillel and the Kosher Kitchen are located," he said. "I don't think Jewish life will go very far without a Hillel House ."

Rabbi Ponet has spent much time refining his vision of the Hillel House.

The building would have conference rooms, a kosher dining facility, and would also provide an accessible showcase to exhibit Jewish artifacts. For a long time he has been frustrated by the removed locations of Yale's various collections ofJudaic antiquities and the video archives for Holocaust survivor testimonies. Hillel could also find a place for the one thousand books it keeps in storage, and finally accept a standing offer of a collection of early Palestinian and Israeli art.

But Rabbi Ponet is worried that the Hillel House will n'ever get built. The Hillel organization itself is in dire financial straits. Dependent on a phonathon and four fundraising drives to cover expenses, Hillel lives hand-tom o uth . This summer it was forced to cease publishing the internationally acclaimed biannual Orim: A Jewish Journal at Yale. In order even to start soliciting money for a house, Hillel will first have to raise funds to rent an office as headquarters.

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"It's just disgusting where Hillel and the Kosher Kitchen are located. I don't think Jewish life will go very far without a Hillel House."

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status Yale Jews have since gained, and some see a Hillel House as hindering Jewish assimilation- which provides an ease unavailable to them as undergraduates. Such ghettophobia reveals their failure to grasp the current predicament of Yale Jewry.

When I got into Yale, my parents talked of the advantage of going to a school with a 30 percent Jewish population. Just being around other Jews, they felt, would provide a out. Sufl'ering from what Rabbi Ponet sustaining environment for my Jucalls an "understandably myopic orien- daism. But this year, only 200-or 15 tation," the Yale Development Office is percent- of the entering freshman uninterested in launching a campaign , class marked off "Jewish" on Yale's having recently concluded the drive for Religious Identification cards. That Judaic Studies. Without university number has dropped from 300 only a backing, fundraising will be difficult. couple of years ago. If it's increasingly And a campaign wouldn't be able to true that Jewish students entering the rely on those who already gave money University have already tossed off even nominal Jewish identities, then a large to create the Judaic Studies program.

The first battle will be to convince number of Jews at Yale will not benefit potential donors that a Hillel House is them. Even the basement facilities necessary. Many alumni, enrolled could pack up and leave. What would under a quota system, tried to down- we learn about Judaism then?

On Yom KipP,ur, I attended a play their J ewish identity while at Yale. They value the mainstream Conservative service at Battell Chapel where I stood next to a young man davening and turning pages rapidly . I Rabbi P o net has a vision for a Hillel felt out of place, and inferior. Later in Hou.e. the day I attended a Reform service at "ii Dwight Chapel. I shared a prayer book ~ with a young woman who couldn't read ~ Hebrew. My ability to recite the passages from her prayer book made ~ me feel rather erudite, although :; neither of us could understand the x words. By the end of the day, in m y "5 efforts to feel proud of my religion, I x had proven how shallowly I understood what it means to be Jewish. My pride in Judaism s tems les s from my level of observance than from a sense of the richness of Judaism, which I have yet to really discover. If I am to celebrate my Jewish identity, I need to do it within a vibrant Jewish community .

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The New JournaVDecember 2 , 1988 11

Yale's Keeper David Greenberg Few students know "just what the provost does. That ignorance belies the impact that this administrator, second only to Yale's president, has on student life. Despite the provost's importance, the job is nebulous. As the "chairman of the Budget Committee, responsible for the allocation of roughly a halfbillion dollars, the provost must be constantly frugal ; as the chief academic officer of the U niversity, the provost must simultaneously foster Yale's educational viSion. This curious mixture of hard realities and lofty goals makes the post difficult to define.

Frank Turner, however, professor of history and provost since last spring, has a clear conception of his role: It is not to struggle between two conflicting tasks, but to synthesize them. If Turner can show that the financial preoccupations of the job do not eclipse its educational side, the Yale community may begin to see the provost less as a budget-burdened administrator and more as a public spokesperson.

Bill Brainard, professor of economics and provost from 1981 to 1986, refers to the post as the "Keeper of the Common." "The provost looks out for the broad interests of the University. He's responsible for the whole, not the particular," he said. The provost's duties range from considering tenure appointments to implementing new academic programs to maintaining the University's physical resources. He oversees the deans of Yale's graduate and professional schools, as well as the dean of Yale College. In addition, he must take care of the odds and ends that no one else handles. "You have to define the provost's job negatively," said Georges May, Sterling professor of French and Brainard's predecessor.

"Together, the provost and the president are responsible for the whole operation. The provost does whatever the president doesn't do."

But in ¡ certain situations the 12 The New Journal/December 2, 1988

provost's role is unclear. For the professional schools, the provost acts as a "super-dean," as May put it. A professor in the Yale Medical School, for example, reports any problems to his own dean, consulting the provost only when necessary. A professor in the history department, however, could raise her concerns either to the dean of Yale College, the dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences or to the provost. The situation is often confusing because all three figures fulfill the same function. William Nordhaus, professor of economics and provost from 1986 to 1988, thinks that Yale ought to have one dean for the faculty of arts and sciences, like many other universities. "The creation of the post would give greater coherence to everyone's job," Nordhaus said.

The provost's most clearly defined task is overseeing the university budget. May says that in recent years the budget has become more difficult to control and consumes much of the provost's attention. He entered office after a period when the University was overspending. "When I was provost," he said, "my first task was to balance the budget. We were under orders from the Corporation. I spent a lot more time on it than perhaps I would have liked." The federal government now regulates the University's budgeting of such expenses as maintenance of the libraries, computer centers, and laboratories. Because these strictly regulated costs make up a large proportion of the overall budget, the provost must devote a lot of time trying to maneuver around them.

Brainard and Nordhaus, the last two provosts, are both economics professors. As Nordhaus pointed out, "There are advantages to the provost's being an economist. You're comfortable with budgets since you deal with them professionally. It's sort of a fringe benefit to the University."

Brainard agreed that the provost ought to be "numerate." He explained, "Of

course, he doesn't have to be an economist, but he can't be someone who's scared of numbers."

Frank Turner, a professor of British intellectual history, seems like an atypical choice for provost. Spread sheets and investment portfolios are not his area of expertise. His enthusiasm for the humanities stems from a long involvement with liberal education. "I grew up in a small college town, my wife teaches at Connecticut College, and I attended William and Mary as an undergraduate," Turner said. He expects his students and colleagues to take their academics seriously. He has told students in one of his classes that they ought to laugh when reading Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, weep over Edmund Gosse's Father and Son. Judy Federbush (SY '89), whose senior essay on Roman history in 19thcentury England was inspired by Turner's class, praised his commitment to the study of ideas. "I think he mourned the demise of a kind of broad and comprehensive humanistic education, of learning for learning's sake," she said. Turner believes that when students take a real interest in their studies, they learn through their emotional responses. "Students should be really engaged in the material. We don't just teach subjects, we teach students," he explained. "You react.

Then you think about the reaction.

Why does it anger you, thrill you, sadden you? Why do others feel that way?" Turner believes that one should read Adam Smith not only for the historical significance, but also because "he's worth reading."

Turner's passion for learning translates into rigid academic expectations. Some students have had trouble living up to his standards.

Aaron Levin OE '89), who took British intellectual history last fall, said, "' definitely didn't laugh when I read Adam Smith. I sort of snored." Some undergraduates find Turner's attitude

old-fashioned, idealistic, or even pompous. Levin recalls that Turner would joke about reading obscure British thinkers in order to discuss them at cocktail parties. "The thing is that was almost too true to be laughed at," Levin said. Turner's old-world view of education affected his grading policy as well. "He was not very lenient with papers. If he keeps his deadlines the way he enforces them, he'll be a very good bureaucrat," he said.

May believes that although Turner is an historian rather than an economist, he shares many qualities with previous provosts. "Brainard, Nordhaus, and Turner are all of the same mold," May said. "They all worked their way up at Yale from graduate students to full professors.

They're all Yale men. The similarities are more important than the differences." According to Gaddis Smith, Larned professor of history, the University ¡chose Turner as provost partly because of his administrative experience. In 1983 and 1984, Turner

served as chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Yale College Executive Committee, and revamped the procedures of that disciplinary body. Donald Kagan, professor of history, also praised Turner for his work in positions of academic leadership. "He was a great Director of Undergraduate Studies in the history department," said Kagan. Turner ran both the history junior seminar and the senior essay programs from 1975 to 1978. Turner proved "a hell of a good administrator," according to Kagan, and the University felt that Turner's decisions had shown balance and judgment.

A recent policy issued from the provost's office showed Turner's ability to bring his administrative skills together with his educational goals. As of this fall, faculty can eat lunch in the dining halls during the week for free.

"There are certain things which cost some money which should be done," Turner said. "One thing that makes Yale unique is its amazingly free

interaction between faculty and students, freer than at many small liberal arts schools. This decision is very much in line with Yale's tradition."

This new program may indicate the direction Turner will take the office of provost. "It's important for me to remember what the larger effort is all about and to try to convey that to other people. I don't see myself as simply a functionary," he said. Gaddis Smith feels that Turner's hi storical training may help him integrate the various duties of the provost. "History is suited to teach the connectedness of alJ things. The historian cannot have tunnel-vision." To maintain a broad vision amid the mundane tasks of his bureaucratic job may require of Turner the same quality that allows him to find humor when reading Adam Smith.

â&#x20AC;˘

David Grem~g is a junior rn Berlcehy College.

The New Journal/December 2 , 1988 13

14 The New Journal/December 2, 1988

Playing

the Game Josh Plaut A gargantuan stuffed blue sailfish hovers high above Tom Migdalski , Yale's assistant athletic director for club sports. On a wooden bookcase below the fish rest a badly chipped polo mallet, three riflery trophies, a wellworn copy of The Moose Boolc, and a tarnished silver bowl from an ancient skiing victory. In the 40 years since the club sport system was founded by Migdalski's father, the program has grown from one club, the fishing team, to the current 25.

Today's club sports range from team handball and TaeKwonDo to croquet and triathlon. They attract a large and diverse group of students, but University support Jags far behind The New Journal/December 2, 1988 IS

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student enthusiasm. Since Yale fully f':!_nds 35 varsity teams as well as a 33-sport intramural program, the athletic department can offer only scant financial assistance to the clubs.

"In terms of facilities and funding, club sports are third on the administration's list, behind varsity and intramurals," Migdalski said. "The budget for club sports at Yale is $12,800 a year.

There's only so much we can do with that money." Most teams get between $250 and $500 annually. Some of the larger clubs, like rugby and men's volleyball, get closer to $1 , 000.

Club sports also tend to lose out whenever conflicts arise over facilities.

The badminton team complains that its traditional Sunday time slot has been usurped by an aerobics class. The kayaking team needs a place in Payne Whitney Gymnasium to practice eskimo rolls. The ultimate Frisbee club fumes over tailgaters who leave broken glass and bits of aluminum strewn around the parking fields where the club holds its games.

In spite of economic problems and bureaucratic hassles, club sports thrive at Yale, allowing students to pursue a variety of esoteric athletic interests.

"Club sports offer a whole range of opportunities not given by varsity.

They widen the scope of athletics at Yale wonderfully ," said Larry Matthews, associate athletic director for non-varsity sports.

Some teams consider club-sport status an ideal arrangement while others resent the University's refusal to award them higher standing. Men's rugby, Yale's largest non-varsity team, functions smoothly as a club sport.

The organization boasts 50 players, membership in a regional rugby union, and an alumni association. The men's volleyball team, however, feels trapped- by club ranking. The team's athletic status severely restricts ability to compete with varsity programs at other schools.

In 1978, men's volleyball was a varsity sport. One year later, the athletic department dropped the team from varsity to club. The team tried for eight years to regain its varsity status, but acting Athletic Director Donald Kagan disappointed the club last year by deciding that an additional varsity team would be fiscally impossible. "That pretty much left us in the dust," lamented Mike Walsh (SY '89). Trained only by a volunteer coach, the club works hard to match the caliber of its varsity opponents, practicing two hours every day, five days a week, from October until April.

"We have varsity intensity and ambition but only a club's budget and status," Walsh said.

Especially frustrating to the volleyball players are National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) regulations that bar club teams from competing in local invitational tournaments. "The invitations come," Walsh said, "but we have to turn them down because we Yale Athletic Director Edward Woodaum

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Regardless of its success, the club must settle for participation in the Ivy tournament or the club championship tournament, in which it placed second in 1987 and fourth last year.

Perhaps most discouraging to the team, the University has deferred reinstating the "club-varsity" athletic category, an intermediate classification that existed from 1984 to 1986. This special arrangement would make it possible for a club to participate in varsity events, hut would not require the University to make an additional financial commitment. Currently, the club-varsity option remains frozen, pending an examination by new Athletic Director Edward Woodsum (YC '53). "We've had three athletic directors in three years," explained Migdalski. "Mr. Woodsum wants to examine the option carefully before reir.stating it." In the meantime, the volleyball team must wait.

Although some teams want varsity standing, others feel that the club sport option best suits their needs. "I don't have any problem with our status," said George Marshman (SM '89), rugby team president. "There are things we want from the University that they won't give us, but this team couldn't function the way we want it to on the varsity level." Unlike varsity teams, athletic clubs have latitude to shape their own activities. If the rugby players-known widely for their high spirits- want to toast God, country, and Yale after every successful serum, no one at the club sport office will interfere.

While the rugby club has no interest in becoming a varsity team, its members are still not thoroughly satisfied with club status. Since rugby is more dangerous than other club sports, Marshman said, the University should take greater responsibility for the health and safety of the players.

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Marshman feels that the intramural athletics trainer should assist the rugby team. But according to Matthews, the University cannot grant special treatment to any one organization w ithout incurring the wrath of the other 24 clubs. "We can't give them any kind of trainers, sports m edicine, or clinic use," he said. "But we have arranged for the intramural tackle football doctor to help the club during emergencies." Marshman considers this provision a paltry contribution.

"We play most of our games on Saturday mornings, when there are no intramurals," he said. "Besides, I'd expect the doctor to help anybody in an emergency."

For many other sports, staffing and facilities pose few problems. The polo club, assisted by a faculty advisor, enjoys the use of a university-owned equestrian center. Likewise, the sailing team benefits from access to 24 Yale sailboats. For these teams, money presents the greatest uncertainty.

Every year the club sports office asks for an itemized budget from each team. Migdalski and Matthews scrutinize these budgets and the club rosters to determine which group gets what slice of the office's financial pie.

The two men first examine each club's basic expenditures. J udo, Tae Kwon Do, and Karate cost little because the clubs only require a room where their members can practice kicking each other. Volleyball and rugby have greater needs. And polo and equestrian require the most money: Unlike volleyballs, horses have to be fed, groomed, and shod.

The administrators also consider club participation. "You've got to prove to us that you've got the kind of numbers that you say you do," Matthews said. "You've got 30 people who wan t to play Chinese checkers five times a week? OK, prove it to us. If you can show that the club is viable and consistent, then we'll give you as

-----------------~

m uch money as we can." Although numbers vary, most clubs have between ten and fifteen participants.

Lastly, the a thletic department gives preference to older clubs when distributing funds. During a club's first year , Migdalski provides facilities but will not give any money. As a club becomes older and better-established, the University expands its commitment.

This emphasis on club age and size angers some team members, especially those from new, ambitious clubs.

Because the cycling team is relatively new and low in numbers, the U n iversity gives the club only $200.

K en Obel (ES '91), team treasurer, complains that this policy puts the team in a Catch-22. To get more money, the club must prove that it can support a larger team. successfully, but to support a larger team it needs more money.

A11ociate Ath letic D irector Larry M a tthew s

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Lacking sufficient university support, clubs must be resourceful in financing their activities. To begin with, nearly every club collects membership fees, and most require BUY ONE LARGE PIZZA participants to buy their own & GET ONE FREE uniforms. In order to alleviate the remaining financial burden, many at regular price clubs run fundraisers or engage in with this coupon part-time work related to their sports. (take-out orders only) Sailing club members give lessons to exp.Jan.31, 1989 novice sailors and act as counselors in Yale's summer sailing academy. The men's volleyball team parks cars at 63 (jrovt Street, 'li(Jw :Haven C7 home football games. Last winter the 562·5320 rugby team co-sponsored a Feb Club party at The Octagon, a New York ~----------------~ City discotheque.

Some fundraising efforts clashed with the University's bureaucracy. Last year, when the ultimate Frisbee club wanted to sell Frisbees, the University The New journal thanks: told the club it would have to conduct all sales through the Yale Student Agencies. After team captain Philip Byron Auguste Weiss (SM '89) learned that these Megan Chambers agencies would automatically take a Janet Chung third of the profits, he called the Ruth Conniff venture ofT. "Sometimes it seems like Jeanne Frantz the University is on our side and David Greenberg sometimes it seems like they're not," Hank Hsu Weiss said.

Arlyn Miller Larry Matthews, sounding like a Michele Mitsumori coach psyching up his team, stressed E. Stewart Moritz that each club must take responsibility Ken Obel for its own survival. "You've gotta Maura O'Shea learn to hustle a little bit," he said.

Jennifer Pitts Mike Walsh, however, regrets the josh Plaut sacrifices his club must make. "For the Ricko Prud'homme volleyball team to stay abreast of the Lisa Silverman competition, we've got to cut corners," Tom Strong he said. But regardless of their conStrong-Cohen Graphic Design flicting viewpoints, administrators and Stefanie Syman members of athletic clubs agree on the Mary Torello source of the program's inc~asing .

Phil Weiss momentum- a persistent demand for Wolfgang club sports at Yale.

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The New Journal/December 2, 1988 19

appear out dress in black from their berets to their boots. They march in a tight file, stare straight ahead, turn at right angles, and sj>eak to no one.

They are Sphinxmen, pledges of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. Founded at Cornell University in 1906, Alpha Phi Alpha was the first black collegiate Greek society in the United States.

The Zeta chapter of the society formed at Yale in 1909, making it the first black fraternity on campus. Since then, in the changing social and racial climate of the University, the

fraternity has suffered through a of disbandments and renewals. current manifestation of the became active in 1983, after a six hiatus. Approaching the year the eightieth anniversary of its founding. the Zeta chapter will induct nine pledges this semester. The vu""'"' were "on line" for a month-and-aamid a questioning, and someti critical, student body.

The Alpha pledge process make~ fraternity visible and unifies members. The process resembles of Yale's three other black

-

-

espec1ally Alpha Psi, the other black fraternity on campus. The Kappas wear red berets and have been at Yale since 1985.

Pledging tests the stamina u.nd d edication of the Sphinxmen, who m ust forego parties. movies, sex, .und. frequently, sleep. "hs len~th is what draws one's commitment to the o rganization over a lifetime," said Rich R oberts (SY '87, LAW '89), who pledged in his sophomore year. "You become one with your line brothers through actions."

Discipline runs

process. The and ends with cu Dean of Pledges, fraternity's five current members, continually monitoro; the Sphinxmen's activities. He ensures that the pledges attend their classes nnd keep their grades up. He fills their free time with mandatory study periods and chores-primarily errands for the fraternity brothers.

While on line, pledges must keep silent unless addressed by an Alpha brother. This ritual is meant to embody the social exclusion that blacks

su "l\.1 y great grandparents in couldn't speak to a white person unless they were spoken to," explained Albert Lucas (BR '90), one of the current members of the Zeta Chapter. "You don't know what you have until you don't have it am:more. Silence is a constant reminde~ of your history."

Many oo~ervers label the fraternity's silence and militaristic appearance as anti-<~ocial. While Alphas admit that the proces.; i-> insular they value the unity that tlie pledges experience.

Alphas say that their methods arc not

A <I>A

intended to alienate the community, but rather to convey their seriousness and dedication. "When you're on line, you're on a mission," said Lucas. "So you try to have this look in your eye that nothing can get in the way of this mission."

Some people have found this a hard line to tow. Of the 33 people who have pledged the Zeta chapter since 1983, five have quit. Marland Chancellor (BK '89) went on line last spring with only one other Sphinxman, who dropped after two days. This left Chancellor to go it alone. fie became responsible for fulfilling the tasks of all 14 brothers, one of whom owned over 30 pairs of shoes and made Chancellor shine them regularly. "It put a greater emotional strain on me. I had no one to turn to, no one to joke with, no one to watch my back." He dropped line after 15 days.

Chancellor found pledging physically and mentally exhausting and dreaded running into an Alpha on the street. He sought some respite in his studies as a biology major. "I had to go up to Science Hill, and none of the brothers would be up there," he said, smiling. "It was a great incentive to go to class. rd stay up there all day."

He respects the principles underlying the pledge process, but doesn't think that a one-person line serves 22 The New journal/December 2, 1988

their ends. "The purpose of the line is to draw you all closer. You're a unit. I wasn't drawing closer to anybody, certainly not to the brothers who w~re putting me through it," he said. He shook his head as he compared his experience with that of this year's pledges. "Outnumbering the brothers must be a comfortable feeling."

Edward Morrow (YC '31), the oldest living black Yalie, pledged alone under different circumstances in 1927.

Graduate students had filled the ranks since the fraternity's inception, and they were desperate for undergraduate members. When Morrow transferred from the University of South Dakota, he was one of only four black

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Pledging tests the stamina of the Sphinxman, who must forego parties, movies, sex, and, frequently, sleep. undergraduates at Yale. The graduate brothers did not want to try his patience too far. "There was no guerilla stuff," he explained from his home in Queens. "One night the brothers assigned me a place to sit in the cemetary. I was cold, so I called them and said I'd had enough." He laughed as he thought about his experience. "I'd seen white boys do this stuff at the University of South Dakota, and I wouldn't stand for it down here. I was uppity and remained uppity."

Morrow arrived at Yale with an alumni-funded scholarship and found the University unwelcoming. "They were phasing blacks out. They froze them out financially , froze up their loans. Yale was Jim Crow and proHitler and fascist as far as I was concerned," he said. Morrow would escape this deep freeze by spending his Weekends in New York City, where the Black Renaissance was in full swing. "'We went over the hill to Harlem and to life," he said. "We came down to a Harlem that welcomed us. At Yale you just didn't exist if you were black or Jewish." When at Yale, however, Morrow turned to the members of the Zeta chapte!" for support in a cold environment.

During the next 30 years, the undergraduate black population never

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rose above ten. Brothers in the graduate schools and Alphas in New Haven continued· to maintain the Zeta chapter. In 1957, the national office of Alpha Phi Alpha deactivated the chapter until a s~fficient number of undergraduates could sustain it independently.

Yale's minority admissions increased during the early Sixties at the insistence of University President Kingman Brewster. The year 1960 saw the first freshman class with the number of blacks in double digits. By mid-decade a fledgling political, social, and cultural forum developed, called the Yale Student Discussion Group on Negro Affairs. This led to the formation of the Black Student Alliance at Yale (BSAY), the AfroAmerican Cultural Center, and the Afro-American Studies Program.

Don Ogilvie (MC '68, SOM '78) was part of the movement to strengthen blac k community on campus and helped reestablish the Zeta chapter in 1965. "It was part of the mosaic of efforts going on to capture and express who and what we were at the time," explained Ogilvie , a management consultant in Teaneck, New Jersey. "The arrogance of the European-American had definite repercussions for the living space of the Afro-American. But I was there for my

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own thing. I wasn't going to let others who were suffering their own ethnocentric trips stop me."

For Ogilvie and his line brothers, th~ fraternity was a statement of racial solidarity and brotherhoqd. "It was a linkage with everyone wno had gone before you, and a linkage with those outside the University who were going through the same things as you were," he said. "The fraternity was another way of networking with black undergraduates at other universities."

Reactivating the Zeta chapter was a way to tap into black history on a local and a national scale. "It was history coming alive," Ogilvie said. "I was turned on that there was another small group of guys who were at Yale a half a century before, with similar struggles, a similar ethnic consciousness."

The Alphas remained active throughout the early 1970's and kept their history alive. But despite a huge increase in the black population at Yale, by 1977 Alpha Phi Alpha lay dormant. This lapse may have stemmed from disillusionment after years of political protest and from the attendant rise of more self-absorbed values. Caroline Jackson (TC '74), director of the Afro-American Cultural Center, however, argued that political and social energies had shifted away from Alpha Phi Alpha. She pointed

out that BSAY did some of its most active work at the end of the Seventies.

The Zeta chap~er did not reappear until the l980's, when Yale had about 100 black undergraduates per class and Greek societies were on the rise .

Jackson pointed to the rich and long tradition of Alpha Phi Alpha to explain its revival in 1983. "The Alphas pride themselves on being the fraternity of the real race leaders- the proud and dedicated men," she said. "It was kind of natural to go back and look at the history of the chapter, and some of the guys wanted to be a part of that at Yale. It enables them to be a part of a black tradition while also being a part of an elite white tradition."

Alpha Phi Alpha's legacy of black leaders attracts many potential pledges. Prominent figures such as yY.E.B. DuBois, Jesse Owens, Paul Robeson , Martin Luther King, Jr. , and Thurgood Marshall top the fraternity's roster. The Alphas in the Zeta chapter feel a lot of pressure to follow these role models. "It's always important to remember that the type of things that were thought could never be done, were done by our brothers," said Lucas.

This legacy represents a longstanding tradition of social service and civil rights work. Current members of the Zeta chapter participate in several

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community projects, including a Youth Action Program for high school dropouts, a March of Dimes program on unwanted pregnancies, and a voter registration drive. "We are b lacks who are in a position to experience the benefits of an institution like Yale," said Malcolm John (SM '89), a mem-

ber of Alpha Phi Alpha. "It would be a crime if we didn't help advance our community."

When pledges cross line to join the fraternity, they not: only become part of this history, they·.enter into perhaps the most powerful network of professional blacks in the country. The

Four of the five Alph a members: "They p ride themselves on being the fraternity of the real race l eaders."

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clout of this organization was demonstrated in 1983 when five Alphas, including R epresentatives William Gray and Ron Dellums, spearheaded House support for a bill to make Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday a national holiday. The Zeta chapter has reinforced this power structure over the years. Of the 19 Alpha graduates since 1983, eight are at top law schools, including five at Harvard, and nine are on Wall Street.

Chancellor recalls the overbearing pre-professional interest he saw in some of the Alphas. He said that a few of them constantly commented on the salaries of other Alphas. "I saw this in everything they did," Chancellor said.

"One brother told me about all the great connections that my crossing would get me." But Chancellor adds that he found this attitude particular to that year's Alphas. The current brothers claim that the attraction of this power network alone could not sustain a Sphinxman through the pledge process.

Most important to the Alphas is the community the fraternity provides at Yale. "Being at a predominantly white institution is problematic for blacks in many instances. But Alpha Phi Alpha was born as a network for that particular situation," said Raymond

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Zeta chapter his freshman year when he was considering transferring. The fraternity gave him the support to stay. _ "Honestly, I don't :think I would have made it this far if it wasn't for Alpha ~ Phi Alpha," he said. ~ Alpha Phi Alpha has not always ! received a warm reception from blacks ~at Yale. When the fraternity restarted ! in 1983, the support of the black f community was not overwhelming. "It .. was viewed among certain segments of ~ the black community as an element of :I divisiveness within the black community," Roberts said. People wondered how the fraternity would fit in with existing organizations and regarded it with suspicion. But according to Jackson, the rise of Alpha and the other predominantly black societies has had a widespread community impact. She considers the four black Greek societies a major characteristic of black student life at Yale.

Rosanne Adderley (PC '89), a former co-moderator of BSAY, A Sphinxman does not speak unless applauds the fraternities and sororities spoken to. for fostering a sense of black community. "They are good people power," she said. "There's a built-in loyalty to a subcommunity within the Ferrell (SM '~9), an Alpha and a comoderator of BSAY. A fellow Alpha, larger black community. This generates energy around events." She Robert Decatur (TC '89), turned to the

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cites the example of the Coalition Against Apartheid rallies last year, which many members of black Greek societies attended.

Some critics contend that black Greek societies encourage racial polarization within the larger Yale community. "Alpha Phi Alpha is another example of reverse racism and discrimination," said Darrell Kennedy (TD '89), who chose to rush the predominantly white Sigma Alpha Epsilon instead of one of the black fraternities. "They present themselves as 'we don't want any whites here.'

They all hang out together because they don't want to have to go through the pain of discrimination."

Alphas explain that the fraternity provides a vehicle through which they can identify their common goals and backgrounds. "Just because I'm identifying with my race , it doesn't mean that I want to separate myself from the community at large," Malcolm John said. Although some feel that the Alpha line divides the Yale community, it unifies the fraternity brothers and ties them to their history .

â&#x20AC;˘ Kirk Semple, a senior in Timothy Dwight College, is associate editor of TN].

The New Journal/December 2 , 1988 27

Labor Management Motoko Rich At Yale, when academia merges with parenthood, having a child becomes a political issue.

28 The New Journal/December 2. 1988

Susanne Wofford's colleagues see her as a pioneer. An assistant professor in the English department, she gave birth to her son, Gabriel, in mid-semester.

In doing so, Wofford broke with Yale's unspoken wish that faculty members have children without interrupting their teaching schedule. Although her baby arrived three-and-a-half weeks early, Wofford fortunately suffered no serious health complications and only missed four weeks of classes. In her case, Yale was lucky. The English Department took up the slack for Yale's deficient maternity policy. When it comes to scheduling children, faculty par'f!nts must plan around Mother Yale.

At Yale , when academia merges with parenthood, having a child becomes a political issue. Untenured instructors face pressure to make their mark as scholars in a flXed amount of time. Members of the faculty can spend at most seven years as assistant professors, and in that time must do substantial research and writing to

prove eligible for promotion. period usually falls within prime childbearing years, when faculty members are between their late twenties and mid-thirties. During this time, untenured instructors are most vulnerable in their jobs. Junior faculty members can't afford to make waves and may feel that having children at all would jeopardize their standing.

The politics of pregnancy center on maternity leave. The Yale faculty handbook poorly articulates the guidelines for leaves related to childbirth. It addresses childbearing under the same rubric as temporary disability from illness or accident. The handbook states: "Faculty members are expected to try to complete the academic term they have begun." Such a statement reflects the University's sentiment that faculty members should plan childbirth around summers or fellowship leaves- paid breaks from teaching duties that allow faculty to research and write. But the policy doesn't get any more specific. The University

allocates no set time for a maternity leave, forcing individual departmental heads to make arrangements case-bycase. "Although there is certainly a goodwill attempt among the departments to help out, that isn't a political solution," said Jennifer Wicke, associate professor of English and Comparative Literature.

From the University's point of view, maternity leaves disrupt the academic schedule. If a ¡mother takes six weeks off to give birth and recover in the middle of the semester, a replacement teacher must come in, and students have to adjust to an instructor who didn't design the course.

Arrangements for Susanne Wofford's leave were improvised by Wofford and English Department Chairman Richard Brodhead. Pursuing the available options -together, they found the leave policy difficult to follow, and Brodhead contacted the Provost's office for advice. The office provided him with a flXed sum for a substitute instructor. In Wofford's The New Joumai/DÂŤember 2 , 1988 29

case, the Provost's office granted the equivalent of one term's salary for a teaching assistant (I' A) for English 129. Wofford divided this money between her two courses and aimed for a leave of three to four weeks. Now that she has had the baby, Wofford says she would have preferred six weeks to recuperate, the standard time doctors suggest for a new mother to recover from a pregnancy. But in the best interests of her students and in fairness to her replacement, Wofford arranged to miss a minimal amount of time.

Although she hasn't had difficulty returning to her classes, she has had trouble keeping up with the work she does at home. Staying up with a demanding newborn doesn't give her the time she would like to grade papers on Paradise Lost.

At home, Wofford shares the responsibilities for Gabriel with her husband. In thl" university community, she faces the immediate consequences of motherhood alone. The effort to combine parenting and career remains

To have her son, Gabriel, Susanne Wofford had to give up Paradise Lost.

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30 The New joumaVDecember 2, 1988

To help them balance the childcare burden, Yale offers both parents an un· paid leave of absence of up to one semester the year of childbirth. Se· parate from the maternity-disability 1 leave, the unpaid parental leave stops the tenure clock, freezing the race toward professorship for one term. Yet most academics cannot afford such a luxury. Wofford, for example, had to continue working because her husband ' is a graduate student, and her salary must support them both.

Many women on the faculty, dis· satisfied with the undefined or unpaid leave options the University provides, try to plan their pregnancies around fellowship leaves. Faculty members who give birth during their fellowship leaves forfeit a crucial opportunity to advance their academic careers. They cannot produce as well as someone who uses the same leave for scholarly pursuits only. "You're competing at a disadvantage for tenure if you have children," Wofford said. Children naturally divide an academic's attention at a time when research and publishing could secure promotion or tenure. Junior faculty members have only one chance at a paid fellowship leave during their time as assistant professors. Associate professors can take a triennial leave and have access • ~ to a Senior Faculty Fellowship, which ac: provides an extra paid semester 10r ~ ~ research. j Harriet Chessman, having had her ~ first child during a summer, waited to have her second child until she could take her Senior Faculty Fellowship leave. She now regrets tha·t she used up her research leave instead of chal· lenging Yale's timetable. "As an institution I don't think Yale is child· friendly," she said. "I realize now I should have worked harder to get a maternity leave with some pay, and then taken my Senior Faculty Fel· lowship after the baby was about a year old. I think I would have gotten more work done. For the first five months of the baby's life I was quite absorbed."

While in Chessman's eyes Yale resists accommodating children , she has made

primarily a woman's problem.

Harriet Chessman, an untenured associate professor of English and mother of two, is married to tenured associate English professor Bryan Wolf. Together they approach the challenges of parenthood and academia as a faculty couple. But when it comes to the details of childcare, "women are still the primary caretakers of small children ," Chessman said. Although men are contributing , more to childcare, women still carry the child for nine months and attend to most of the newborn's immediate needs. According to Wicke , women who are competitive within the system still fear the possible prejudice in a maledominated university. Wofford added, "One fears that there will be the stereotype of the woman who is no longer serious about her career." In such a world, "having a child is a liability," said Margaret Ferguson, former professor of English and Comparative Literature, now at Columbia University.

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space for them in her office: Crayoned drawings hang next to bookshelves of novels and poetry.

Most faculty members who get pregnant don't push for paid childcare leaves. "Almost no one has tested the system," said Mary Miller, tenured associate professor in the History of Art department and mother of one. â&#x20AC;˘Jtâ&#x20AC;˘s a kind of internalized pressure," Wicke said. "You look around, and everybody has done it without causing anybody any trouble. And you feel 'I should probably do that, too.'"

Even ifjunior faculty members were to agitate for change, they have limited political clout. Effective complaints need to come from the tenured faculty.

Yet while women composed 30 percent of the entire faculty in 1987-88, only 7.8 percent had tenure. "The critical mass of tenured women that can make demands is small," Miller pointed out.

Their dearth in numbers and a general COmpliance to the University's schedule give Yale little incentive tO change. "The University is spared the real onset of the problem because

people are so self-disciplined," Brodhead said. "People always manage to have their babies on June 1st or during fellowship leaves."

Not all professors bow to the will of the University. Margaret Ferguson was one of the first tenured women to point out Yale's deficient maternity policy. She left Yale in part because Columbia offered her a full term of paid maternity leave. When Ferguson considered accepting her new appointment, she approached the Yale administration with a request to match Columbia's offer. The administration argued that a paid maternity leave discriminates against childless faculty members. The Provost reasoned that facult)' taking paid parenting leaves might use part of their time to conduct research and write, which would disadvantage the instructors without children. Miller quickly counters such logic. "The semester you have a baby, you really don't get a lot else done," she said. ~In fact, you dream of sleep.

You're not dreaming about getting your research done."

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According to Fergu son, women are urged to follow a path similar to her own and postpone starting a family until they h ave secured tenure. But her example cannot be considered the norm. At age 34 she was unusually you ng to gain tenured status. Not all women can reach that benchmark duri n g their childbearing years. For women w h o wait until after the age of 30, it becomes more difficult to conceive. " P hysiology just isn't that p redictable," Ferguson said.

Yale realizes that starting a family is difficult , especially in an academic setting. The administration does not want to exacerbate the problems of faculty p a r ent h ood . although its actions may not always seem helpful.

As Wick e points out , Yale is not "recalcit r ant or evil."

Aware that its policies could use review. the administration has appointed various committees to examine parenting issues. A committee formed in 1982, headed by Chemistry Professor Donald Crothers, carried a mandate to look at the status of women faculty in Yale College and the graduate schools. In April of 1984. the committee presented a report to the facultv and administration with its propo.sals. The committee noted that women who took maternity leaves mid-semester had trouble arranging for replacement teachers, and it advocated that the Provost's Office set aside funds for temporary appointments. The committee also recommended that Yale College and the graduate schools adopt the policy of the Yale Medical School. which

LADY LUCK LAUNDRY 1182 Chapel St. (Near Park St.) Coin-op Laundroma t W ash-Dry-Fold Service Shirt Service D ry _C leaning guarantees up to six weeks of a paid maternity-disa bility leave. Although the faculty and administration sympathized with these suggestions, the response ended there. T he University, constrained by its tight budget, did not implement the proposals.

Crothers h as recently suggested that the U niversity could strengthen its maternity policy if it could guarantee replacemen ts. The Emeritus faculty of retired p rofesso rs could provide a source of experienced temporary teachers, he said, if Yale would revoke its rule that no one over the age of 70 can teach.

The faculty examined problems with parenting and acad emia again last spring. The Comm ittee on the Econom ic Status of the Faculty recommended that the University grant to either parent one semester of paid leave, or a full year at half pay during the year that a child is born or adopted.

According to . committee member J ennifer Wicke, the group wanted to answer administrative allegations that a ch ildcare leave solely for women would be unfair to men. Wicke believes the adm inistration ignored the re po rt's suggestions conce r n ing parenting leave because the issue was politically sensitive. T he committee, disappointed with the reaction, didn't have the power to go beyond recommendations to t he admin istration . "We j ust lay it at their doorstep," Wicke said . "It's up to them to make any kind of response."

In order to respond to the problems of parenthood in academia, the University m u st juggle the opposing dem ands of fu nds and faculty. Yale lllakes its fi r st priority the quality of its acad emic offerings. The University Budget Comm ittee weighs the costs of any change in parenting policy against the needs of the scholastic programs.

•u we are trying to make accom~o­ dations for people who wish to spend SOme o f the ir time on childcare rather than their research and their teaching, how far do we. go?" D ep uty Provost Charles Lon g asked. "H ow large a share of the University's resources

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Deputy Provoat Charles Long: How much i1 enough?

should we be willing to pay for that? If that's going to cost X amount of dollars, is that the right place to deliver those dollars?" The answers to these questions don't come easily. Even if the administration agrees with the principles of a paid parenting leave, the Budget Committee must determine if it ¡ is affordable. "There's no question that a semester's leave with pay would ¡be a big help and an attractive benefit, and I'm sure it would be widely used," Long said. "But it would be a very expensive benefit to offer." How expensive? Long doesn't know. He anticipates that the University will assess parenting issues in its 1989-90 budget considerations.

But having no solid parenting leave may also be expensive for Yale. To 34 The New Journal/December 2, 1988

â&#x20AC;˘ leave with full pay, and up to six ~ months of leave, also at full pay, with 11: the pr'lvost's approval.

Many uni~ versities offer paid maternity leaves in ~ addition to a pausing of the tenure l clock. !

Other schools have ma~aged to cirj cumvent parental leaves, yet still ~ accommodate family needs. Under a new policy instituted by the University of California (UC) system, the tenure clock will stop for faculty members who request time to take care of family, even if they don't take a leave.

A full- or part-time instructor can extend the pre-tenure period as much as a year without having to take unpaid time off. These extensions apply to aging parent care, illness in the family , or any familial obligations, including newborn childcare. Without granting a term's paid leave , UC acknowledges financial contraints that can prohibit a faculty member from taking a nonsalaried leave.

As many faculty members indicate, even ifYale revised its policies to bring them more in line with other schools', the years following a child's infancy would remain unaddressed. Once the child is born, Yale faculty must struggle to find daycare. "Daycare is a much deeper and broader question about what is the appropriate role for the University in childcare," Long said.

Yale does provide space for six avoid losing professors like Margaret privately incorporated daycare facilities; only two of them offer infant Ferguson, the University must be able to compete with other schools. Without care. But competition to enroll a child an improved program , Yale could into any one of these facilities forces compromise the strength of its faculty. most families to search outside of Yale , and even outside of New Haven . Since "Even if Yale saves a few dollars, I think they do themselves no favors," Yale does not subsidize the tuition of Miller said . Even though Yale's these centers, .Jhe cost of daycare, ranging from three to five thousand financial constraints are real, the dollars for a ten-month period, strains an Economic Report on the Status of the Faculty pointed out that other uniacademic's limited resources. versities operating on budgets similar According to Long, Yale would like to assist with some form of childcare, to Yale's have managed to take bigger steps in parenting policies. but the expense prohibits it. Yet the Margaret Ferguson's current emUniversity does help parents of older children, after their kids have left the ployer, Columbia University, grants a six-month paid maternity leave with playpen and are ready for college. Yale will pay half the tuition of the instian option of an additional six months at two-thirds pay. Cornell University tution chosen by a faculty member's child, up to $5,450 a year. The Uniguarantees one month of maternity

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What course the administration will take in the next few years as women gain a stronger voice on the faculty and men figure more noticeably into parental politics remains to be seen. "The next step would involve faculty making strong ~ recommendations within their departments. It might have to start in a grass-roots kind of way," Wicke said. On the way to an ideal policy, parents and administrators must make compromises. Instead of ask ing for a full semester leave with pay, perhaps faculty will settle for a well-defined sixweek maternity leave- backed by University assistance to find replacements- part-time appointments, and

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semester you have a baby, you really don't get a lot else done. In fact, you dream of sleep." flexible teaching schedules during the term of childbirth. Finding a wellsuited policy for a situation that var ies from individual to individual presents a challenge to the University. The nature of academia is that difficulty comes with the territory. "I don't really foresee the day when it will be possible to hold a high-prestige, highachievement job, where it is totally easy to devote yourself to the raising of your children at the same time," R ichard Brodhead said. "I think it's a little unfair to expect the University to solve the problems of modern human life. But that's not to say I think they shouldn't be responsible to try."

â&#x20AC;˘

Motoko Rich, a sophomore in Branford College, is on the staff of TNJ .

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The New Journal/December 2, 1988 35

Books/Stefanie Syman

Reconcilable Differences

In. the Image of God, by Stanley A. Leavy, Yale Universi9' Press (New Havm and London: 1988) 117.95, 128 pages.

Freud fetishes abound. Yale's course catalogue lists no fewer than 15 classes that include either Freud or psychoanalysis in their description. Hundreds of students absorb psychoanalytic theory via philosophy, literature, and literary theory, not to mention psychology. Freud occupies an undisputed position in the academic canon, but some students also encounter his theories directly by undergoing psychoanalysis. Whether or not we agree with psychoanalytic theory, it has so infused our culture that we perceive the world largely through Freudian terms. Freud's pen has replaced the hand of God in explaining the unexpected and irrational. But are religious conviction and a psychoanalyti_c;: perspective incompatible? In Dr. - Stanley Leavy's book In the ITMge of God: A Psychoanalyst's View, he maintains that these two systems of belief can coexist.

Leavy's central assertion appears in large, white letters on the cerulean blue cover: Human beings embody the image of God. At a casual glance, the book seems to be a theological treatise.

Only small, almost invisible gray type indicates that the book gives a psychoanalyst's view. The jacket design is revealing. Leavy writes from 36 The New JournaUDecember 2. 1988

a distinctly Christian perspective, rather than with the distance of a modern skeptic. Non-Christians must temporarily accept Leavy's religious premise in order to see any value in his project. If they do so, the book offers insightful commentaries about the relation between belief and psychoanalysis.

Although he agrees with facets of the psychoanalytic interpretation of religious experience, Leavy ultimately finds Freud's theories incomplete. In particular, he questions the definition of religion as the imagination's response to unfulfilled desires. He also disputes the psychoanalytic reduction of religious experience to classifiable mental phenomena. Freud's "psychic determinism," explaining all psychic experience in terms of early development, limits unconscious activity to a repetition of the past. This view of human experience cannot account for contact with God. Leavy equally distrusts the common Christian responses to Freud. These range from a blunt denunciation of Freudian theories, to line-by-line exegeses of psychoanalytic texts, "with the earnest intention of demonstrating how they can be fitted with Christian meaning."

Leavy's own method avoids both extremes. Each chapter of his book focuses upon either an emotional state or existential idea. Their titles, such as "Becoming" and "Suffering," are reminiscent of seventies psycho-pop slogans. The chapter "Loving and Hating" demonstrates Leavy's way of handling these enormous themes. He

pits the Christian view of love as the philosophical source of principled action against the psychoanalytic view of love as altruism motivated by sexual desire. He searches for the middle ground. Leavy specifically objects to the Christian emphasis on virginity, which has made sexlessness an aspect of perfection. Here Leavy finds the psychoanalytic perspective more enlightening, for it uncovers the potency and omnipresence of sexuality in love. But he also argues with the way Freud uses classical mythology, particularly the Oedipus and Narcissus myths, as paradigms for love. The psychoanalytic interpretations of these myths have reduced love to a set of formulaic relationships. Ultimately, Leavy illuminates the point at which Freudian and Christian ideas about love merge: Both psychoanalysis and religion explicitly or implicitly state "that love for others is preferable to love for oneself."

The book does more than simply outline overlapping areas. Leavy seeks a coherent alternative to the traditional dualism of psychoanalysis and religion. The chapter entitled "Concealing" achieves this union most effectively. Leavy believes that human beings are "concealing and distorting by nature, as well as loving, hating, striving, creating beings." People continually disguise themselves, and psychoanalysis breaks down the disguises. Leavy views the discovery of the self through psychoanalysis as parallel to the Christian effort to see a God revealed both within human

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beings and outside them.

This parallel provides a justification for those who rush from religious services to meet their afternoon psychoanalyst appointment. Both psychoanalysis and religion set out to reveal, but they reveal different things.

Psychoanalysis uncovers the individual's unconscious while religion reveals the existence of God. Leavy's Christian premise, that man is in the image of God, allows him to diminish the initial difference between these revelations. Psychoanalysis, unmasking man, will simultaneously unmask G od. Leavy's argument is circular. All of his musings return to his one central tenet.

For those who object to Leavy's initial assertion of faith, In the Image of God may seem superfluous. Does the Christian basis limit its relevance or ignore non-believers? In the sixth chapter, "Believing," Leavy explicitly addresses the many non-religious people interested in psychoanalysis.

These people probably comprise a majority of his readers, since so many educated people today are not religious. Leavy provides a belated but provocative psychoanalytic interpretation of this state of affairs. He relates the departure from faith to the movement from a chi ldhood dependency on one's parents towards independence and sexual maturity.

Ironically, Leavy's Christian ity becomes alienating only in addressing non-believers, when he attributes the current spiritual passivity to fash ion.

The book, however, will leave a

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powerful impression upon non· religious people who are interested in spiritual questions. Those seeking a complex interpretation of Christianity or psychoanalysis will be disappointed ; those who can appreciate statements such as "To accomplish our desires we need to love and be loved ," will be rewarded.

Leavy does not attempt to construct a rigorously logical argument mapped with irreproachable ration· ality. Instead his thoughts take the form of reflection. The chapters could be read in almost any order without distorting his message. Each chapter was originally one of a series of lectures presented recently at Christ Church in New Haven to an audience that did not have extensive knowledge of psychoanalytic theory. Leavy avoided jargon-laden language, consciously risking oversimplification in order to ensure comprehensibility. In his introduction, he forewarns the reader of this danger. Had Leavy explicated each assertion, he would have diminished the fluidity of his work, potentially burdening the contents with recapitulations of complex Freudian theories.

But at times, unsubstantiated statements do leave unanswered questions. These frustrating conceptual gaps point to the book's most serious problem: the vastness of the subjects. Leavy's discussions concern the nebulous spaces called heaven and the unconscious. Because he wishes to avoid complex ter· minology, his philosophizing some·

Leavy seeks a coherent alternative to the traditional dualism of psychoanalysis and religion. times culminates in statements that seem vacuous. Groping with issues as broad as life results in Leavy's constant, and insensitive, references to "man."

This oversimplification belies his extensive experience as a psycho· analyst and the serious scholarship beneath his book .

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Despite the grandiose nature of the subject matter, In the Image of God is nt:ither self-righteous nor dogmatic.

Leavy offers his basic life truths but does not trumpet his Christian conviction. The slim volume skips from psychoanalytic to Christian concepts, treating each with equal skepticism. Leavy uses the Bible sparingly and quotes from diverse 10urces. His extensive notes at the conclusion of each chapter include everyone from Augustine to Noam Chomsky. Leavy skillfully interweaves W.H. Auden's poetry, bits of H eidegger's philosophy, and Aquinas' theology.

M ediating between God and Freud, Leavy reveals the possibility of accepting a belief in both psychoanalytic and Christian claims through a divine understanding of humankind.

H e takes basic aspects of human existence, such as love, death, and suffering, and asks what these experiences really are. In the I'fTIIJlt of God maintains that both psychoanalytic theory and Christianity answer this question, and that one system cannot be helpful without the other. Unquestioned faith has little value in easing human experience, just as the most rigorous psychoanalysis cannot replace faith while ignoring that •any person is indeed made in God's image, Warts and all. •

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The New Journal/December 2 , 1988 39