Volume 24 - Issue 3

'I heNewJournal Volwne 2.4 Nwnber 3

The magazine about Yale and New Haven

December 6, 1991

S T A N D A R D S - - --=------- - - - - - - 5 From the Editor NewsJournal T he Father of Football In Vitro Education From Serbia to Silliman 8 Between The Vines: Trading N eedles fo r Lives... by D avid Suisman 28 Afterthought: Community Policing: On the Neighborhood Beat...by Andrew Michaelson

F EAT U R E $ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ 12 Through the Yale Lens...by Pauline Chiou. Critics call the graduate program in photography stodgy. but its graduates push the limits of "straight" photography.

14 Foreign Students: Adrift at Yale ... by Beth Zasloff. While other Ivies actively recruit foreign students, Yale treats them with indifference.

16 The Federalist Society: Tomorrow's Powerbrokers ...by Emily Baz.elon. Mem bers ofthe law school's Federalist Society claim that they are an oppressed minority at Yale. But in the real world their conservative views provide entrance to the corridors ofpower.

20 The Bridge to China... by Charlotte Brooks. In 90 years the Yale-China A ssociation has weathered everything from the fall ofthe Qing to the current political crackdowns. The p rogram's survival attests to its strength.

24 Brave New Disneywocld...by Kate Brewster. Biosphere 2, the giant greenhouse in Arizona, owes its existence to the bottomless pocketbook ofa Yale benefactor, Edward Bass.

cov~r tksign and photo

by jory Liao

<Volume 24, Number 3) The Ntw jounuJ is published five times during the school year by The New Journal at Yale, Inc., Post Office: Box 3432 Yale Station, New Haven, CT 06520. Copyright 1991_ by The New journal at Yale, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproducrion either in whole or in part without wriaen ~ission o~ th~ publisher and editor-in-<hlef is prohibited. This rnag;nine is J>lll>lished by Yale Col~ students, and Yale UniverJity is not responsibl~ for its co_ments. ~even tho~d cop•es of each wuc are ~tnbuted frtt to mernb= of the Yale University community. The N..., ]...,./is printed by Turley Publications of Palmer. MA. Bookkeepmg and bilhng seYJCCS ar~ proVIded by Colman_Bookk«pmg of New Haven, CT. Office address: Calhoun Coli~. 189 Elm Srna, G850--Carpentty Shop. Phone: (203) 432-1957. Subscriptions are a~~e to~ ~uts•de the Yale co~un•ty. Rares: One year. $18. Two years. $26. ~ t:'tw jou~ encourages leaers to the ediror and comment on Yale and New Haven issues. Write to jenrufer Puts, Editonals. 3432 Yale StatiOn, New Haven, CT 06520. All leaers for publicatiOn musr mdude address and signanue. The Ntw jo,.rrutl resa-ves the right to edir all leaers for publication.

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1991

THE NEw JouRNAL

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TheNewJoumal P U BLISH ER

Anna Ljunggren E DITOR- I N-CHIEF

jennifer Pitts MANAGING E DITORS

lvuherine McCarron Erik Meers Kathy Reich BusiNEss MANAGER

julian Ku D ESIGNER

Annette Kirchner PRODU CT ION MANAGER

Sarah Di]ulio PHOTOGRAPHY E DITOR

joryLiao Assoc iATE P u BLISH E R

TinaAsmuth AsSOciATE EDITOR

Emily Bazelon SuBsc RI PTION MANAGER

Yoshi Inoue S TAFF

Kate Brewster*•Charlotte Brooks*• Alison Buttenheim•Masi Denison• Susan D ominus*•julie Freedman*• Caitlin Macy•jay Porter*•David Suisman*•joel Tesoro* ·~kcud Nov~mb~r 30,

1991

Munb~rs and Directcrs: Edward B. Bennett III • Constance Clemem • Peter B. Cooper • Andy Court • Thomas Geyer • Brooks KeUey • Patricia Pierce • Fred Strebeigh • Thomas Strong

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DECEMBER

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1991

FRoM THE EoiT OR - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - NEWsjouRNAL

Father of Football

To the Editor: I was favo rably impressed by the October 18 issue, especially by the pieces on the mayoral race and the Art Galle ry. In fact, I briefly visited the Gallery duri ng a visit and couldn't understand why th e sculpt ure gallery was em pty! I was depressed to find out it wasn't empty after all.

Saul Rabin Arlington, MA

Editor's Note Th~ N~w journal would like to congratulate and welcome our newest staff members. They came two months ago to our first organizational meeting and got involved in all sides of the magazine-writing, photography, business, design , and p roduction . Through their commitment and their enthusiasm, they have become part of the N~w journal team.

We already h ave begun work on o ur a n nual special issue. Every year, our entire staff comes together to produce a magazine dovoted to a single issue o f particular importance to the Yale com mu n ity. If you want to get in on the action, please come to our next staff meeting, Tuesday, December 10 at 7 p m in Calhoun's Napier Room.

W e welcome n ew writers, photographers, born salesmen , artists, and d eskt op production whizzes in the effort. Please join us!

-JGP

Co'"ction: An artick in our Octoba 18 World According to Yal~." n~gkcud to mmtion Yak's unior Latin Ammcanist in th~ History tkpartmmt, Emilia da Costa. The New Journal Trgras th~ aror. issu~. "Th~

DECEMBER

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1991

first All-American football team. By the end of his life, his name had become nationally synonymous with football and Two weeks ago, thousands of st ud ents athleticism. streamed under the massive Walter Camp Camp's ideals for athletics extended memorial colonnade into the Yale Bowl to well beyond the glories of victory. He witness the I 08th annual Yale-Harvard believed football could aid personal devdfootball game. Over a century ago, when opmenr and build team spirit. "Camp fos-Camp (Yale College 1880) first came to tered the idea that play should be a test of Yale, football was a much more brutal character," said Jean-Christophe Agnew, an game without padding or penalties.

American Studies professor who specializes in Camp's era. "It should have the srrenuDuring his undergraduate days and later as Yale's director of athletics, Camp essencially ous dimension to it, as part of the training transformed football into the game as we of the future leaders ofAmerica." know it today.

Athletics, Camp believed, could - - - - - - - . ~ improve student decorum. ~ "Since the dawn of athleti-c cism at Yale, all trespasses ; upon the d iscipline of the college have grown steadily li less," Camp noted in his ~ book Yak: Ha Campus, H" Classrooms, H~r Athl~tics.

Football promised to provide an outlet for the aggression that Camp believed was latent in the American psyche. "The average American has a strain in his blood, coming down to him through rugged ancestors, that gives him an unquenchable lust for uncivilized places," he wrote.

Such aggression could be channded only on the football field, creating young men of temperance and civility. "Best of all is t he establishment of an allWalter Camp thoughtfootball should be~- butpoli~ around standard of clean Camp's innovations in the rules of morals and health, and an esprit de corps football began in his days as an undergrad- that carries the typical Yale man far."

Athletics may have hd~ foster disciuate at Yale and continued throughout his pline and moral standards away from the life. Captain of the Blue (as Yale was playing fields, but the games themselves known then) for three seasons, he introduced the scrimmage. The scrimmage ofTen degenerated into violence. When Yale and Pennsylvania met in 1893, 17 added an element of strategy to football players received serious injuries, including that sec the game apart from British rugby.

His other contributions include the use of one who emerged from the &ay with tooth marks on his back. The Yale-Harvard the quarterback, the rules of possession, and the gridiron. In 1889, he sdeaed the game of 1894 sparked fist-fights among

-r

THE NEW jOURNAL

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NÂŁ~sJouRNAL----------------------------------------------the rival students on the way out of the park. "No father or mother worthy of the name would permit a son to associate with the Yale brutes," stormed a New iOrk Post editorial that year.

The 1905 college football season witnessed 149 injuries and 18 deaths throughout the country. The ensuing national outrage prompted President Roosevelt to summon Camp, along with representatives from Harvard arid Princeton, to a conference at the White House. In response to a proposal by Camp and Alexander MofFat of Princeton, delegates from 28 colleges met to create the National College Athletic Association. The committee endeavored to reduce football injuries by requiring impartial referees and designating violent acts as fOuls subject to penalties. Camp served on the NCAA football rules committee until his death in 1925.

Despite the violence of many early games, Camp's idealism never wavered.

According to his writings, his message of sportsmanship was not lost on Yale students. In 1898, Harvard triumphed easily over the Yale Blue. "The result was so manifesdy a logical one as to leave no ground ror cavil," Camp recalled. "In fact the congratulations extended to Harvard carne from no sincerer source than from the Yale players themselves and the Yale body in General."

And ifYale srudents could be gentlemen in defeat, they certainly were gracious in victory-as the game two weeks ago illustrates.

-Julie Freedman

In Vitro Education In an age of electron microscopes and computer models, teaching human development with embalmed fetuses may seem primitive. But Professor Emeritus Edmund Crelin's collection of 30 malformed human fetuses, housed at the Yale Medical School, promotes a sobering awareness of the human side of medicine. "First you 6

T HE NEW j OURNAL

think, this 1s really intriguing," said Brian Adams (MED '95).

"Then you realize that beyond the science of it all, you have to deal with human emotions, because these things were born to real people. You realize your responsibility."

The collection ) enables students to come I face to face with what can go wrong in human development. But few medical students take advantage of the collection. Dr. C relin feels this neglect reflects a pervasive over-emphasis in current medical education on the theoretical and the m icroscopic.

When he arrived at Yale in 1947, Dr. C relin found a handful of normal and malformed fetal specimens lying neglected in a The "mermaids"form part ofDr. Edmund Cretin's basement, where some collection ofmalformedfetuses. already had dried out. He restored as many specimens as he The collection's emotional impact could, and over the years he acquired ensures that its val ue transcends the more through donations from parents technical. "It punches you in the stom-. and hospitals all over the region. H e ach," said Nicholas Muellner (DC possesses some rare specimens: the '91) . " It gives you a real awareness of cyclops, with its two eyes merged into the process of being created. You did one; the sirenomelous, or mermaid, not come together in a vacuum."

Dr. Crelin complains, however, with its legs fused together; the cranioschitic, with its rudimentary brain that his collection represents a fleshexposed through an opening in its and-blood approach to medical educaskull. tion that has gone out of fashion. The According to Dr. Crelin, the colnumber of hours students spend on lection offers students a valuable tool d issections has declined over the years, for the study of fetal development. as schools shift attention and resources "The beauty is that I can give a talk to more theoretical subjects like cell and then say, 'now go upstai rs and biology. "If I talk to students about look at that 8-weeker over there,'" said microbiology, their eyes sparkle," said Dr. Crelin. The results for prenatal Dr. Crelin. "But talk about a bone and tests such as amniocentesis and ultra- they're not interested." sound hang next to some fetuses, so In 1989 the department moved that students can see exactly how the the malformed specimens from an problems indicated in the tests take open hallway, where they stood next to shape. the normal ones, to the locked, DECEMBER

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1991

unmarked room where they now reside. Without classroom exposure co the more graphic side of medicine, many students never overcome their initial repulsion to malformed speci~ mens. "The. studenrs can't deal with reality," Dr. Crelin said. "These speci~ mens are not really shocking once you understand them."

The actual practice of medicine often drives home to recent graduates the relevance of the collection.

Medical residents visit it more fre~ quently than the students themselves.

"When students become doctors, they see that a patient is not a cell organelle, but a real functioning anatomical specimen that you can see with the naked eye," Dr. Crelin said. He only wishes that medical education led them to that realization earlier.

ganda" when he was in high school, and spoke out against the government after his experiences traveling in the West with his hockey team.

"Communism is supposed to mean equality, but Tiro lived like a king and people are supposed to be happy on $200 a month ," he said. " People in Romania and Bulgaria are in total iso~ lation. They are poor and uneducated and they don't know what is going on in the rest of the world."

Even as a child, Kozic dreamed of studying in the U. S. "I didn't wan t to go back to Yugoslavia-! wanted to

and relatives in Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Montenegro.

On July 31, Yale admissions d id what the Serbian police could not.

They tracked down Kozic i n Montenegro, where they notified him of his admission to Yale. His accep~ tance letter helped him obtain an American visa, more valuable than gold in Yugoslavia. "There are lines around the embassy in Belgrade where they wait two days just to app ly for a visa," Kozic said. Only people with family in the Un i ted States or students accepted into

--ftrtmy Mumford

From Serbia to Silliman The Serbo~Croacian wac, which began when Croatia declared itself indepen~ . AfttrJktingfrom war~torn Yugoslavia, Zoran Kozic found a ntw homt at Yak. dent from Yugosla~ia on June 25, 1991, has resulted in the destruction study in the United States," he said. American universities can obtain of cities and the deaths of thousands "All of my friends study in universi~ visas. Fortunately the Ame rican of Yugoslavs. Many young men such ties, but they know that if they don't ambassador in Serbia graduated from leave the country they will never find Yale, and Kozic q uickly procured his as Zoran Kozic (SM '95) have fled a job." After graduating from high VISa. from a war they do not want to fight.

Kozic left war~torn Yugoslavia Kozic left his country this summer, school, he joined a junior hockey without regrets. Yet his dual nationleague in Canada, where he was after an old friend and hockey team~ ality adds the problem of national named Rookie of the Year.

In Canada, mace died fighting for the Serbian loyalty to the trauma of the war. The Kozic believes, hockey scouts from army. Displaced Yugoslavs like Kozic son of a Croatian mother and a American universities sported him. now flood Europe as they travel Serbian father, Kozic once resided in Kozic spent the months between around with tourist passes. "Vienna is Zagreb, C roatia but spent most of his June and his arrival at Yale evading full of Yugoslavs," Kozic said. "I saw youth in Belgrade, Serbia. " I have the Serbian police.

Men between rhe old fr iends as I walked down the friends and family in both states who ages of 18 and 55, he says, avoid street." always want me to side with them," spending the night at home or have Kozic left Yugoslavia not only because of the war, but also because he their family members tell the police Kozic said. "I have no national l oyal~ could no longer tolerate what he they are not there. Sometimes police cy, but I think every state should be describes as the tyrannical repression have women call "to trick us into independent." answering the phone," said Kozic. For of Eastern European communism.

Kozic denounced "communist propa- days at a rime he lay low with friends -Solangt Btlchtr DecÂŁMBER

6,

1991

THE New JouRNAL 7

B ETWEEN THE VINE S- - - - - -- -- - -- - - -- -- -- - -

Trading Needles For Lives David Suisman few weeks ago Brian Carroll and I stood on Dixwell Avenue, where we meet every Friday to exchange eedles with intravenous drug users. A young girl, maybe ten years o ld, noticed the box of syringes and the shopping bag full of bleach kits. "What are you doing?" she demanded. "Are you giving out candy?" Brian looked at her silently.

When she repeated her question, Brian responded, "Huh? Why are you hanging around the street here?"

"I'm waiting for the library to open," she explained.

Then, a third time: "Are you giving our candy?"

Brian stared at her. "No... no," he said. "This is grownup stuff. You'll understand when you're older." Then he looked down and shook his head.

I work with Brlan Carroll, a recovering IV drug addict from rhe D ixwell neighbo rhood, for t he National AIDS Brigade, a grassroots group that pioneered an organized needle exchange in 1983. When I joined last September, the Brigade's director, Jon Parker, warmly introduced Brian to me as "one of the baddest guys in New Haven."

I decided to work in a needle exchange program after I read an article in Spin magazine last summer, and I contacted Jon Parker through a friend. As I waited outside the Daily Caffe ro meet h im for the first time, two concerns weighed heavily on my mind: fi rst, would the drug users harbor unbridled resentment towards me, this white preppy Yalie, and second, would they inadvertently prick me with dirty, HIV-infected syringes? I felt like I was entering a crazy world, and I did not know what to expect.

When Jon arrived, I blurted out, "What exactly are we going to do now?" and he told me, "We're just going to drive up Dixwell and hang out with some drug addicts for a few hours and exchange some needles." I nodded.

Approximately 2,000 people regularly use IV drugs in New Haven. City officials estimate that over one third of them are H IV-positive, infected with the virus that causes AIDS. Other appraisals place the figure closer to 60 percent. The city has one of the country's highest per capita incidences of IV-related HIV infection, a category that includes mother-child infection and sexual transmission by an IV drug user.

Tommy "Slim" Stevens, an HIV-positive AIDS Brigade worker, paints a grimmer picture of the Elm City's infection rate. "Everybody out here who's been shooting drugs for the 8

THE

New jouRNAL

five years has the virus," he told me one day.

"Everyone?" I pressed.

"Yep. Every one. Some of them just don't know it yet."

When Jon and I got out of the car on Dixwell, people eyed me suspiciously but greeted Jon with a sm ile.

We grabbed a box of new syringes, a shopping bag full of bleach kits (used to sterilize needles), and a plasric receptacle for old needles. Jon introdu~d me to my AIDS Brigade colleagues. These five or six local residents help distribute needles on the sidewalk once a week and keep needles at home to supply IV drug users at other times. "You think all our work is standing on the street on Fridays?" challenged Billy Chapman, an AIDS Brigade worker. "These people out here know who we are, that we have needles, and they DECEMBER

6, 1991

come to us at two, three, four o'clock in the morning banging on the window. And I gee up and give them needles."

The AIDS Brigade aims co save lives by raising users' awareness of the disease. "Yes, we exchange needles, but we also try to educate people, " Jon explained. "Most users know not to share needles, but we tell people not to share their water or their cookers [bottle-caps used to prepare the drugs]. A lot of them didn't know that when we

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1991

While needle exchange programs deter new HN infection, they also combat re-infection by people who are already HN-positive. For drug users who cariy the virus but who have not developed full-blown AIDS, the needle exchange may save their lives; for drug users who have AIDS, clean needles may keep them from becoming sicker.

Jon created the AIDS Brigade's needle exchange program in 1983, while a student at the Yale Medical School.

When one professor told him that drug users did not care about their lives and that any efforts at AIDS education would be wasted, Jon could not believe his ears. A former IV drug addict himself, he protested: he knew that drug users care about staying alive as much they care about getting high.

Jon began shooting drugs at 14 and later spent two rs in prison for a series of drugstore robberies committed to support his habit. One year Iacer, he faced a repeat-offender sentence of five to seven years. He had his term commuted to admittance into a drug rehabilita-

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jon Parker and Kelly Graham, recovered IV drug users, exchange needles for the AIDS Brigade. Graham once ran a shooting gallery.

cion program, after which he entered college (using the high school equivalency diploma he earned in jail) to pursue a career as a doctor. "I'm really lucky I got a second chance. Most guys don't," he reflected. Jon is now writing an autobiography called From jail to Yale. "I hope the book may serve as an inspiration to other drug addicts who want to change their lives," he said.

Despite the drastic changes in his lifestyle, Jon still seems most comfortable on the street. He would rather spend his afternoons shadow-boxing with a friend on Dixwell than fighting through the "bureaucratic bullshit" of New Haven public administration.

The Brigade, however, may suffer from Jon's reluctance to wade through the city's red tape. Jim Voltz, spokesman for Boston's AIDS Action Committee,

told the magazine In These Times, "He's a prophet in our time, although I wouldn't necessarily hire a prophet to run an organization."

No one in New . Haven .shoots heroin. Instead, local IV drug users rely on a synthetic narcotic called pdope, approximately four times as strong as heroin, which they often mix with cocaine to form "speedballs." "P-dope is more devastating, and harder to kick than heroin," said Brigade worker Kelly Graham, a former addict. Some attribute New Haven's inordinately high incidence of IV- transmitted AIDS to the addictive power of the synthetic drug.

"With p-dope, the need for a fix is stronger than with heroin , and that can lead to increased needle-sharing," Jon said.

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6, 1991

Despite thei r history of sharing dirty needles, New Haven drug users now actively seek clean "works" when available. According to a recent AIDS Brigade survey of local drug users, not a single respendent would share needles if they could obtain clean ones.

Kelly said that IV drug users adjusted well to the need for safer drug practices. "They took it in stride," he said. " I know g uys now who won't get off unless they ca n get a hold of clean works."

This behavioral change blatantly contradicts social scientists' conventional argument that drug users refuse to abandon the "bonding" experience of sharing syringes. "Everyone out here knows at least one person who has died from AIDS," Jon told me. "It's a basic survival instinct: people have gotten smarter and stopped sharing because they've had to."

Shooting galleries are apartments or houses where drug use rs meet socially and shoot up togethe r. One former drug user described the atmosphere as "a party where, instead of talcing a sip of beer, you stick a needle in your arm." Even such e n vironments, which once foste red needle sharing, have begun ro promote needle exchange. Some gallery owners now work with the Brigade to excha nge dozens of needles at a time (ofte n called bulk exchange) and provide clean works for their clientele. One gallery now changes about one hundred needles every week.

For many years the Brigade ignored the laws that prohibited possession of needles without a prescription in Connecticut and Massachusetts. In 1990, however, the Connecticut legislature legalized possession of syringes for the purpose of needle exchange in New Haventhough not in the rest of Connecticut.

The AIDS Brigade's work on the ~treecs of DixweU played a crucial role 10 the passage of the new law. "A lot of legislators were reluctant to repeal the DECEMBER

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1991

needle ban," Jon said . " They were scared: what would their constituents think? But then they saw we had been exchanging needles for years. We had stats showing the efficacy of our work.

It's a lot easier to get something passed that way."

The n eedle exchange program that the New Haven health department recently established now receives much of the credit that belongs to the AIDS Brigade. "They're hogging the glory now," Kelly explained . "We were the ones taking flak from the police before police chief Pastore and Mayor Daniels came in."

Now the AIDS Brigade has turned toward the future. Jon hopes to open a storefront that will act as a base for the AIDS Brigade in New Haven and will create jobs for recovering addicts. In 1986 the Brigad e operated such a space on York Street as an AIDS prevention "shop" that provided supplies and information. The new storefront also will serve a positive social function for its patrons: "Drug addicts in general feel largely disempowered and alienated," Jon said. "A storefront is a place where they can feel they belong, and it reminds them they do have a legitimate stake in society. There aren't a lot of places like that. We're trying to help drug users in a variety of ways.

"A lot of these people are HIVpositive and will die from AIDS," Jon said. "For them, every time they make an effort to use clean works, they're doing something positive, taking responsibility for their lives. That's a good feeling. It's a start. For the other addicts, we provide clean needles so people won't get the virus; they're going to shoot up either way. We're trying to keep them alive."

I8J

David Suisman, a smior in Pin-son Co/kg~. is on thotajfo.fTNJ. Brian CarroL/ and Tommy "Slim" Stroms ar~ ps~donyms.

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THROUGH THE YAI,E LENS Pauline Chiou current exhibiti o n a t New York's Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) testifies to the visibility and uccess of Yale's graduate program in photography.

The show, called " Pleasures and Terrors of Domestic Comfort," examines American photography since 1980 with over 150 photographs by about 70 artists. Nine of the exhibiting photographers studied in the Yale program, and they created many of their works in the show as students here. "Yale's graduates tend to. be very sophisticated technically," said Peter Galassi, director of MOMA's photography department and curator of the show. "Yale has a distin-

guished faculty and has attracted a number of excellent young photographers." Although only 90 students have come through Yale's program since its inception in 1970, Yale graduates claim a prestigious spot among contemporary American photographers.

Many photographers come to Yale's graduate program after years of work on their own. "Yale wants you to take time off and experience the world," said Rita Fusaro (ART '92), .at 24 o ne of the program's youngest students. "The average age of the stude nts here is probably 27 to 29."

Many students say they came to Yale after working alone

Taknud photographn-s lik~ Rita Fusaro hon~ th~ir vision in Yak's traditionalist graduau program.

12 THe

New jouRNAL

DECEMBER 6, 1991

because of the intense critical environment the program provides. While other schools focus on art theory, Fusaro said, Yale emphasizes analysis of the students' own work by peers and professors.

"Yale has the best resources and the best faculty," said Dawoud Bey (ART '93). The Yale photography program boasts prominent artists such as Tod Papageorge, director of the graduate program since 1978, and Richard Benson, famous for his excellent photographic reproductions and darkroom techniques.

The reputation of the Yale faculty attracts talented photographers who want to strengthen their foundation in "straight," or traditional, photography. "Every year we get applications from the strongest young straight photographers around the country," said Papageorge, who taught all nine Yale artists in the New York show. "They see Yale as a bright light in the· study of straight photography."

Steve Ahlgren (ART '92) describes photography today as divided into two schools-modernist and postmodernist.

Ahlgren identifies Yale with modernism, a straight approach to photography. "I often hear Yale professors say they are most interested in how the lens describes the world," he said. Postmodernist photography arose in the early 80s as a reaction to the modern tradition of photography and often combines photographic images with other media such as paint and drawings.

W

ile the distinction between modernist and postmodernist photography has been a cliche for early a decade, many believe that boundaries between the two have begun to fade. "I resist the simplicity of that dichotomy," said MOMA's Galassi. "For a while there was mutual alienation [between self-d escribed modernists and postmodernists], but it's a crude distinction that's becoming less and less useful."

Yale still draws some criticism from the photography world for its conservatism. Papageorge, however, finds Yale's focus on traditional techniques a bonus. "Because rhe program is small , it's appropriate for us to be good in one thing," Papageorge said. "We can't be all things to all people." In addition, he feels that the label "straight photography" oversimplifies the philosophy of the department and dismisses the creativity that goes on within the limits of traditional photography. Papageorge encourages students to challenge themselves in order to hone their photographic vision. "You really don't want to keep doing what you do well," he told a student during a critique. "The only way you can learn is through a form of self-descruction."

The work of Party Anos (ART '83), now an instrucror of introductory-level photography, deviated from straight photography even during her years as a Yale graduate student. Anos composed a mural collage for her graduate thesis DECEMBER

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project. The collage consisted of several media, including photography, paint, and spray paint. "The faculty accept work outside the tradition and support it," Anos said.

"They were able to deal with my work."

Some members of rhe department believe that Yale has reached a transitional phase. "I think that this year the school is starting to break out of irs modernist stage," said Charlotte Dixon (ART '92). "Posrmodernism is pretty much dissolving and people are searching for a new idiom."

Lois Connor (ART '81), now an assistant professor in photography, agrees that Yale is expanding beyond its modernist origins. "My work is certainly ·rooted in modernist tradition, which is why I came ro Yale," she said . "The whole art school in general is modernist, but it's pushing the boundaries."

Yale's two-year graduate photography program, a branch of the School of Art, includes instruction in darkroom techniques as well as photographic history and criticism. Critiques, where resident and visiting faculty convene

ccYale has the best resources and the best faculty.

»

to discuss students' work, provide a forum for ideas and a source of feedback. Generally in a critique, three of the sixteen graduate srudenrs display a dozen of their photographs on the bulletin-boarded walls in a basement room of the Art and Architecture building. Students discuss each others' work, attempting to understand a photograph's message.

Anos found the critiques essential to her graduate study. "In an unfavorable critique, it helped ifl distanced myself," she remembered. "I found that usually there's a lot of truth to what is said."

Stereotypes of "modernist" and "postmodernist" photography persist despite a growing conviction that today's photographers do not fit into such easy molds. And the MOMA exhibition demonstrates that no single style distinguishes Yale's graduates from other artists. "People's perceptions are that the graduate program is a bastion of straight photography," said Papageorge. "The show at MOMA provides a good example ofYale phorography. These photographers all do straight pictures, unmanipulated, but beyond that each has an individual style." Perhaps with the passage of what MOMA's Galassi terms the postmodernist "bandwagon," the photography world will recognize not only Yale's excellence within a specific tradition, bur also the creativity and individualism that the school fosters. ..,.

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ad I known there were so few imernational students here, I might not have come to Yale," said Indian student Rohit Bhanot (BK '94). Many foreign students at Yale echo Bhanot's sentiments. Compared with other top U.S. universities, Yale draws few of its undergraduates from outside North America. This fall, President Benno Schmidt asked the Committee on Priorities and Planning to study the role of foreign students and faculty at Yale. The committee hopes to address the issues of limited enrollment and financial aid and lack of support systems that have troubled international studems at Yale for years.

Four percem of the class of 1995 comes from outside North America. Other Ivy League universities place much greater emphasis on bringing foreign students to their campuses. The University of Pennsylvania and Harvard, for example, identify 12 percent and 7.5 percent respectively of their freshman classes as international. Even Yale's figure of 4 percent is inflated. Like other universities, Yale defines as "foreign" Americans living abroad or with one American parent. Most international students have one or two American parents, have studied in the United States, or have attended an international high school.

14 THE New JouRNAL

Many international students feel that Yale's tiny population of forergn undergraduates undermines the educational purpose of the university. "This school educates the future leaders of America. Yale students are going to have a very provincial world view if they're only exposed to other Americans," said Lebanese student Zeena Zakharia (BK '94), co-president of the International Students Organization (ISO). "The subtlety of different values and customs isn't something that you can .learn from a textbook, only through ·personal contact with different people· from around the world."

In the race to attract foreign students, Yale falls behind at the starting line. Yale does not recruit international students as other Ivy League universities do, and it relegates its outreach efforts to informal contacts with international Yale alumni groups. In contrast, schools like the University of Pennsylvania and Brown work intensively to b ring foreign students to their campuses. Penn sends recruiters around the world annually. Universities that dedicate resources to recruiting top imernational students find that their efforts bring rich rewards. Harvard, for example, boasts famous international alumni like Benazir Bhutto, former Palcistani prime minister, and Oscar Arias, Costa Rican President and Nobel Peace Prize winner.

If international students chose schools strictly by the brochure, then Yale would probably attract even fewer foreigners than it does. Students must fill out a preliminary application before Yale even sends out a regular application. They do not see the glossy brochures that U.S. applicants receive. "It is at this stage that Yale begins to lose out in the race to get the best foreign students," said Bhanot.

"Dartmouth, Brown, and Cornell send excellent viewbooks to every applicant. While Harvard is not so generous, it does send a colorful b rochure. The first time I had a glimpse of the Yale campus was when I looked up 'Yale University' in the Encyclopedia Brittanica after being accepted."

Yale's reputation outside North America, Western Europe, and China (see story on page 20) suffers because of its limited international outreach efforts. "When you tell people that you go to school in the States they expect you to answer Harvard, Stanford, or Princeton, sometimes MIT," said Arxdrey Ukhov (BK '94), a student from the Soviet Union. "But if you say Yale, nobody knows what you are talking about."

DECEMBER

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1991

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articipating in our activities is a way to network because it offers connections to powerful people," claimed Michael Granston, (LAW '92) co-president of a Yale Law School student group called the Federalist Society. "A lot of members feel that if they bide thei.- time at the law school there are significant dividends at the end of the tunnel."

Granston's claim stands on solid ground. Founded in 1980 by a group of conservative and libertarian students, the Federalist Society now boasts .a national organization with such powerful affiliates as Clarence Thomas, Edwin Meese, and Robert Bork. Although Federalists may see themselves as an embattled mjnority at Yale, their membership offers dazzling career opportunities. At this year's opening banquet, Law School Dean Guido Calabresi offered words of support and caution. "It's important that you realize and remember what it's like to be in the minority, because in the real world you will be in the majority," said Calabresi.

Weekly discussions on legal and political topics offer Federalist Society members relief from the law school's liberal atmosphere. The Federalists also invite professors and outside speakers. According to Granston, Federalist meetings allow freer discussion of potentially explosive issues.

Members wrestle with questions like affirmative action and gay rights unconstrained by what they perceive as liberal antagonism in the classroom.

Although conservatives and libertarians dominate, Federalists welcome all students, and some liberals and moderates do attend. "I like to see the Federalist Society as a forum for expressing different points of view," said Granston. "We are interested in addressing political and legal issues in a more intelligent manner than other students, and we happen to be conservative." In a law school of 600 students, the Society's 62-person mailing list and average meeting turnout of 25 lend it a significant presence.

In 1980, a group of conservative students¡, led by Stephen Calabresi, (MC '80, LAW '83) Dean Calabresi's nephew, founded the Federalist Society in order to band together against perceived hostility in the law school. At the same time, fellow conservatives at the University of Chicago took similar steps. "In the late 70s, the students who formed the Yale chapter of the Society were genuinely fearful of the university's response to their views," said Judge Ralph Winter, a professor at the law school. According to Winter, 16

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some professors allowed liberals to boo those who expressed conservative views. "This behavior has ceased," said Winter, "in part because the Federalist Society pointed it out."

In the ten years of its existence, Society ranks have swelled as the nation has jumped on the conservative bandwagon. From a small group ofYale and U. Chicago Law students, it has mushroomed into a national organization with headquarters in Washington D.C. and chapters at over 100 major universities across the country. The national office coordinates speakers and provides funds to its university affiliates. It also sponsors a conference each year.

Neither the national organization nor Yale's branch takes an official public stand on political issues such as abortion or the nomination of Clarence Thomas. Rather, each furthers its conservative and libertarian agenda by fostering a network of judges, politicians, lawyers, and students.

The Society's agenda places "traditional values" and the rule of the law at the center of legal thought. To this end, Federal~ts adYocate limited national government, the separation of power, states' rights, and adherence to the framers' intent in constitutional law. Yet Federalists tip their hat to liberal perspectives by sponsoring speakers across the spectrum of political opinion. Last year's 1Oth anniversary conference, held at Yale, featured both American Civil Libercies Union president Nadine Scrossen and former Attorney General Edwin Meese, among others, in a symposium on the Bill of Rights.

Following the lead of the national organization, the Yale branch of the Federalist Society invites predominantly conservative speakers. This year's list includes law professors and circuit judges, as well as prominent conservadves like Imelda Marcos and Representative Gary Franks (R-CT).

Yale's chapter, however, has shifted slightly to the left of the national organization because its presidents for the last two years have been libertarian rather than conservative.

This spring, Yale Federalists plan to bring neat-socialise Senator Paul WeJlscone (0-MN) to campus. Granston wants to co-sponsor Senator WeUstone's visit with Law and Liberadon, a staunchly liberal law school student organization. "I actively promote the relationship wich Law and Liberation in order to expand our base," said Granston. By inviting speakers like Wellstone, Granston hopes to draw liberal students to spark debate. "The Federalist Society will never be a voice for all students. But I'd like others to come THÂŁ NEW jouRNAL 17

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to our discussions and feel tolerated."

Lack of tolerance towards conservative views at the law school continues to irk Federalist Society members.

Although they believe their organization has encouraged freer discourse to develop, some still feel under siege.

"There is a tendency, even now, for liberals to shout down conservative speakers or call students racist and sexist for taking a non-PC position like opposition to affirmative action," claimed Federalist Society membe r Eric Nelson (LAW '92). Co-president Kathy Koenig (LAW '92) believes that the dominant liberal tone of the law school can wear on students who hold other views.

David Wycoff (LAW '92), president of Law and Liberation, does not buy the Federalists' worries about the PC-police. "The people who hold socalled PC views have no power," said

Wycoff. He also questions conservatives' claims that the liberal tenor of discussions marginalizes them. "The Law School discourse tends to be liberal, but it's a very wishy-washy sort of Liberal," said Wycoff. "Those of us on the left are as far from the law school mainstream as conservatives. People who tend to complain about this usually can't stand the fact that they're being challenged."

According to several law school professors, student reluctance to stray from the politically correct line has declined, as has the problem of stifled dialogue. "The media attention to the PC issue over the past year and a half seemed to liberate discourse to some extent, said Professor Robert Ellickson. "I find discussion in class to be quite robust." Professor Peter Shuck believes that the law school strives to foster a w ide variety of viewpoints.

DECEMBER 6, 1991

"Our facu lty tends to probe, test, and wrestle with the prevailing liberal agenda," he said. huck deplores the reluctance of conservative students to air their views publicly. "If students feel stifled it's because they don't exercise their independent judgment. They are unwilling to court disapproval from their peers, which is pathetic," said Shuck. " Many conservatives don' t want to stand up and oppose the liberal agenda, which I don't respect."

According to Cranston, some conservative students duck controversy in law school in order to avoid the label of troublemaker. He believes that today's conservatives can damage their chances for future success by causing controversy. Such students join the Federalist Society because it offers a niche in which they can state right-wing views without provoking negative reaction.

"In the more liberal atmosphere ofYale Law School, you could generate controversy by espousing a view that outside of here might be accepted ," said Cransto n. "You still need a n untarnished reputation to get ahead in the job market." However, he admits that conservative students are safe given the

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"Conservativejudges are on the lookoutfor Federalist Society members. n country's political atmosphere. "With the current Republican administation, conservative stud ents no longer fear that their views alone will inhibit their life after Yale," he said.

Shuck and Wycoff doubt that students would have a difficult time finding jobs due to the political controversy their conservative views provoke. "!he idea that holding conservative Vtcws in any way threatens a student's career is preposterous," said Sh uck.

DECEMBER

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Most Yale law students go on to jobs in large law firms, cler kships, or academia. According to Wycoff, even students who enroll with the goal of working in public interest law often end up gainfully employed in private firms. "I find it odd that conservatives feel that their views would hurt them in corporate America," he said.

Federalist Society members admit that when they pursue clerkships with prestigious state or district judges, conservative views and Federalist Society membership open doors. Eric Nelson provides a case in point. His affiliation with the Society helped gain him a clerkship with Clarence Thomas, then a judge on the Federal Court of Appeals. "The Federalist Society led to an interview for the clerkship that I might not otherwise have gotten," said Nelson.

Although the Yale Federalists took no official position on the Thomas heari ngs, most law school students who vocally supported the judge were Federal ist Society members. The Society plans to create its own alumni award and make Tho mas the first recipient. "We felt Thomas was an esteemed alum who had been overlooked and shafted by the alumni association for being conservative," said co-president Koenig.

As the Federalist Society grows older and more well known, its power in the world beyond Yale will continue to grow, especially if the Republicans maintain their hold on national government. "I think that conservative j udges are on the lookout for Fed eralist Society members from hotshot law schools because they want to have an ideological fellow feeling with their clerks. It's quite a formidable network now that alums are Federal judges," said Nelson. "The Society can d efinitely have a beneficial effect on your future." g

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BRIDGE TO CHINA Charlotte Brooks the ranks rolled into Tiananmen Square in June 989, Yale-China Association reachers watched nxiously from their campuses in South China. Their own pupils were on strike, and the reachers feared for student safety. "Every morning I'd make a show of going to the empty classroom so that the leaders couldn't accuse me of supporting the students, which might have gotten them into trouble," said Michael Wishnie (MC '87), a Yale-China reacher at Huazhong Normal University in Wuhan from 1987-89. "My days were spent trying to look inconspicuous while watching the demonstrations, where the secret police would take my picture constantly."

Soldiers surrounded Wuhan at the same timc;ht the army crushed the movement in Tiananme~T~ents were afrajd that the troops would come ~oo..ffie city and shoot them," Wishnie recalled. "Fifty thousand students just got on buses, on trains, or walked out of the city. The Yale-China 20

TH£ N£W jOURNAL

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teachers decided that it was time to go if the students didn't think it was safe enough to stay in Wuhan-it seemed like there might actually be civil war. We were totally shellshocked, not knowing if our students were alive or dead."

While Yale-China Association staffers had warned Wishnie and his colleagues about arbitrary political repression and the low standard of living in the People's Republic of China, no one had predicted that student frustration would explode with such an impact. Still, to a program whose ideals have persevered through nine decades of almost constant hot and cold war, the Tiananmen crackdown presented just another bump in the road.

At the turn of the century, a different kind of frustration grew into the violent anti-foreign, ami-Christian Boxer Uprising. The Western armies that suppressed the movement only aggravated the hostile climate in China when they imposed a humiliating treaty on the Empire. SriJI, the alumni D ECEMBER 6, 1991

who founded the Yale Missionary Society in February 1901 pushed ahead with their plan to bring to China "Christian higher education in the arts, sciences, and medicine."

With a few dedicated Yale alumni and a mostly Chinese staff, the Society's middle school opened in 1906. Operating out of the former Norwegian consulate building in Changsha, Hunan province, the school became known as "Yali" (an early Chinese transliteration ofYale). "Yali was patterned on U.S. prep schools like Andover and Exeter," said Donald McCabe OE '39), a Yale-in-China teacher from 1940-42. "The students who arrended were always from Hunan's best families."

Despite the missionary focus of the society, the trustees and school officials did not attempt to force Christianity on their students. "We wish to make this co!Jege an illustration of true Christianity," exp lained the Yali course catalog.

"Nevertheless, the students have full liberty to follow their own religion." Proselytizing threatened to alienate the conservative provincial and local governments-a foolish move in the uncertain political climate that surrounded the last years of the Chinese Empire.

When it opened a hospital in 1907, the Society became well-known throughout the Changsha area for its free vaccinations and treatment of opium dependence. Taking advantage of its reputation, the Society signalled irs intention to stay in the city permanently by purchasing a site for a college, a medical prep school, a medical college, and nursing schools.

Unlike many other missionary schools, the Society welcomed Chinese involvement in campus administration. "To its credit, Yale-China has spent almost all of its existence administering its institutions jointly with the Chinese," said

R. Anthony Reese (BR '86), a Yale-China administrator and former teacher. " By the 1940s, institutions were either run entirely by the Chinese or by joint effort."

The Chinese reciprocated the Americans' tolerance.

Unlike many other missionary institutions, the Yale-affiliated facilities remained physically intact until World War II. " Because the program proved its desire to serve and was respectful of the Chinese, they accepted it," said McCabe.

"That's why its buildings survived through the political upheavals without getting attacked, looted, or destroyed like other foreign-occupied places."

Such mutual respect reflected the Society's move toward secularization. After the turn of the century, evangelical Christianity declined in popularity at Yale. To reflect the change, its trustees renamed the Society the Yale-in-China Association in 1934 and dedicated it to education and SinoAmerican relations. "A lot of the guys who went over to China weren't terribly religious, even in the early days," explained McCabe. "The new name made it official and pushed religion onto the back burner."

After Japan's 1937 invasion of China, the need for survival replaced lofty ideology. "NO! Yale-in-China is NOT closed," reported the Yaii Q!Jarrnly in 1942. "The urgency of the hour and the hope for the morrow justifY our resolve. We find ourselves engaged upon a vast ministry of relief that cannot be denied. " Determined to continue their mission, the Yale-in-China Changsha and Wuhan schools evacuated their faculty and equipment to the south and west by barges, carriers, trucks, and on foot. Only the hospital, determined to continue irs work in Changsha, remained in the war-torn city.

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By the time World War II ended, Smoking and Non-Smoking Sections Available Japanese bombers had reduced many of the campus buildings in Changsha and More than a tobacco store Wuhan to rubble. "The immediate effort at the end of the war was to repair the physical damage and carry on with the educational and medical work," said ··· Reese. Whjle Yale-in-China rebuilt its

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((The students were afraiq, that the troops would come into the city and shoot them." schools, civil war rocked China.

Victorious Communist armies arrived in Changsha in August 1949. Although the trustees tried to work with the new regime, hostile bureaucrats and radical students exacerbated the tension. In the end, Communist pressure and the Korean War made carrying on impossible. The skeletal American staff that remained after Liberation departed one by one.

But even leaving was not so easy.

When Dr. Dwight Rugh attempted to exit the Mainland in 1951, the government held him for a year, subjected him to a "denunciation meeting," and finally deported him. When he got to the Hong Kong border, the PRC guard, a Yali Middle School graduate, recognized the doctor and waved him through without checking his luggage. "In Hong Kong, Rugh opened his suitcase and discovered that a radio transmitter had been planted in it," said Reese. "They'd been planning on creating a disturbance DECEMBER

6,

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at the border and perhaps arresting 82. "But despite our friends' good will, him." Rugh's narrow escape brought an the ebb and flow of the Party's 'Antiend to Yale-in-China's first stint on the Spiritual Pollution' and 1\nti-Bourgeois Mainland.

Liberalism' campaigns sometimes Yale-in-China chose to start anew caused problems. Officials would tell in Hong Kong and gave monetary and our students and frien ds not to have faculty support to New Asia College. Set anything to do with us except in the up after Liberation by refugee professors necessary professional sense." from the Mainland, New Asia's "camAlthough founded on repression, pus" in 1953 consisted of a tiny threethe relative stability of the Communist room flat in the slums of Kowloon, state has enabled Yale-China to put Hong Kong. From these inauspicious down somewhat secure roots on the beginnings, New Asia developed into a Mainland. The bloody 1989 incidents respected institution that numbered shocked the Association into removing Yale graduates among its English lan- its teachers for a st;mester, but they guage instructors. When the British returned in the spring of 1990. "The government united the prestigious col- difficulties posed by the Tiananmen lege with two other schools to form the Chinese University of Hong Kong in ((There were only ten or 1963, Yale-in-China continued to administer the New Asia component. eleven Ulesterners in the During the Hong Kong years, the trustees renamed the Association once city ofa million people. >> again, calling it simply the Yale-China Association.

As it put down new roots in Hong crackdown were extreme but not Kong, the Association also kept a dose unique," explained Reese. "The political watch on the situation in China. The situation is a recurring issue that all of Sino-American thaw of the early 1970s the U.S.-Chinese exchange programs presented an opportunity to return to have to address."

Indeed, the upheaval in China the mainland, and the Association began tentative attempts to restore old shows no signs of ending. The imminent death of the country's elderly but connections. The United States and China officially normalized relations in powerful leader, Deng Xiaoping, could 1979, and the first Yale instructors provoke another round of protests, demonstrations, or civil unrest. "Events arrived in the PRC for tlie 1980 fall term. Working as English language on the Mainland will continue to preinstructors, the Yale graduates often sent difficult issues and create problems for the Yale-China participants," said taught in schools with old Yale-inReese. "The program is extremely China affiliations.

The PRC, which had been isolated rewarding, but not always easy or comfortable. There are times when seeing it from the West for most of the Mao Zedong years, challenged the new through to the end requires some commitment to the idea of providing a serteachers culturally and politically.

"There were only ten or eleven vice." After 90 years in tumultuous China, the Association continues to Westerners in the city of a million peomJ ple, so most of our students had no cherish that ideal. experience with foreigners and were very curious about us in a friend ly way," recalled David Jones (PC '80), an Char/ott~ Brooks, a junior in Piason English language teacher at Changsha's Co/kg~. is on th~ staffofTNJ. 1-Iunan Medical University from 1980DECEMBER

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.Kate Brezuster iosphere 2, the $150 million greenhouse in Arizona from natural science departments and graduate schools, but that encloses a miniature world, seems at least as far also from SOM and the law school, to support research and from Yale's lnstit;ute for Biospheric Studies as Tucson teaching about ecosystems and global change.

Edward Bass's life story sets him apart from the rest of is from New Haven. Earlier this falf the Biospherians waved to cameras as they sealed themselves inside their 3. 15 acre his family. In the early 1970s, adrift in New Mexico after domicile, while the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies two years at the Yale School of Architecture; he encountered quietly took up residence in Osborn Memorial Laboratory. the spiritual father of Biosphere 2-John Allen, a guru with About the same time a Harvard MBA who that Yale's new institute ~ founded a commune in awarded 15 graduate ~ the desert. Refugees !'! from the degraded state research prizes, the -i. of Western Civilization Biospherians harvested their first kumquats-, sought an enligh tened grown in a completely renewal in h is comself-contained environ~ mune, named Synergia ment. Strangely, enough ~ Ranch. Bass spent some both the research prizes ~ time at the ranch's drama workshops, then and the kumquats ultigave his financial supmately owe their exisport to their work . tence to the bottomless Synergia ranch hands pocketbook of Edward soon found employBass (TD '68), the selfment helping Bass described "ecopreneur" build condominiums in from Texas.

Bass has used his Santa Fe. Biosphere 2, millions-profits from Bass's baby since 1984, his family's oil business evolved out of this harand from his ranches in monic convergence of Australia-to become the nation's largest pricult and capital. Space Biospheres Ventures vate sponsor of environ(SBV), the project's mental research. Other parent company, Bass family gifts to Yale, employs John Allen as from Edward's father its research and develand brothers, funded a opment director, while new science building Bass serves as chairman and professorships in of the board. A host of the humanities. With other former Synergists Edward's $20 million remain closely gift in May 1990, Yale involved. founded an interdisciSBV has worked plinary institute for the hard for acceptance study of the global envifrom the scientific ronment. Yale's new community, sponsorprogram draws not only Biosphmans harvest produce from their agricultural pwt.

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DECEMBER 6, 1991

ing conferences and enlisting project managers from the Smithsonian and prominent research universities. But it has worked even harder for public approval. Although Edward Bass himself allegedly keeps the lowest proftle of any of his family, Biosphere 2 has steeped itself in public relations from its inception, courting m edia attention on a massive scale.

Reporters, like the public, have fallen hard for the romantic vision of a man-made world. Stories in dozens of publications have played up the irresistible details: the five biomes (savannah, rain forest, fog desert, salt marsh, and ocean), the tiny plot of intensive agriculture, the miniature pigs, goats, and chickens, and the 3800 species of plants sealed inside. Skeptics as well as supporters of the project call it provocative, exciting, even revolutionary-a dry run for a space station or a mission to Mars, and a priceless ..,pportunity to learn about the ecosystems of Biosphere 1 (Earth) by trying to reproduce them.

B

ut more mainstream scientists, among them prominent former Biosphere employees, level fierce criticism at Biosphere 2. "The entire project is naiVe. It's trendy ecological entertainment-New Age science," David Stumpf, Biosphere's former air-quality task manager, told the San Francisco Examiner. His resignation in 1988 was pan of a parade of disillusioned specialists' departures.

Another who left was Walter Adey, director of Marine DECEMBER

6,

1991

Systems Labs at the Smithsonian. "Biosphere had the potential to be the most important scientific project of the latter half of the century," Adey told the Examiner. "They simply underread the difficulties of the project."

Both sides of the controversy cite ideological differences between Biosphere's no-holds-barred approach and the more painstaking methods traditional science has taken

towards recreating ecosystems. Ongoing efforts in traditional research cannot hope to compete for attention. NASA, for instance, is working on small chambers containing chemically reproduced environments, which it hopes will be ready for testing by humans in 1995.

Yale's Institute for Biospheric Studies aligns itself with NASA's more conventional approach. Bass's gift funds renovations in OML, endows the directorship of the Peabody Museum, and forges ties with the Smithsonian and the New York Botanical Garden. But the Institute does not express any embarrassment at its benefactor's other biospheric venture. Graduate students use Biosphere 2 data in several research projects, and the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies is conducting a study of the carbon cycle in the miniature world. "Biosphere's potential is tremendous, because you have tremendous controls," said Professor Kristiina Vogt of the School of Forestry. "If you study a natural system, it's very difficult to control." Vogt said scientists can draw more conclusive results from experiments in ecosystems whose every variable can be isolated THE NEw JouRNAL 25

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and adjusted. "It's an i nteresting approach that most people can't afford."

Biosphere 2 can afford just about anything. Not only has Bass endowed the proj ect with almost limitl ess reso u rces, but Space Biospheres Ventures designed it to turn a profit. Some cr itics have described the vast comp lex surrounding Biosphere as a them e park. Tourists can look through observation windows into most of the habitats, buy T-shirts in the gift shop, sample the Biosp h ere Cafe's casual blend of southwestern and Continental cuisine, or even spend a night in the Inn at the Biosphere.

In a rare interview about Biosphere 2 this September, Bass told the N~w York Tim~s: "It has been said in an accusatory fashion th at this is not science or researc h , that this is a Disneyland. Well, it certain ly is.

It's built to attract p eople, to be accessible to people, to be fun." keptics charge that the fun , if not the tourist revenues, may soon come to an end. A recent article in the Villag~ Voiu ac~used top Biosphere management of blatant fraud. SBV had violated its central premise, the Voiu claimed, by enl isti ng the help of a machine in a n organic cycle. The . article described SBV's scramble to install a carbon dioxide "scrubber" inside the Biosphere, out of reporters' sight, when they discovered just before they sealed the Biosph ere that natural processes could not sustain air quality. Numerous sources, many anonymous, claimed that those who knew about the scrubber were sworn to sec recy. The Biosph crians went in with the understanding, carefully concealed from the media, that even with the scrubber's help they would never make it through the planned tWO years.

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87 Audubon Street (203) 624-1848 New Haven CT 06511 Space Biospheres Ventures insists that the carbon dioxide level remains high but healthy and has responded well to "ecological management techniques," which include "some mechanical assistance." SBV's mighty public-relations engine, at least, continues to churn along. " Imagine a Biosphere ... " begins an awestruck SBV pamphlet, which features photographs of the Biospherians, spiffily

Biosphere 2 evolved out ofa harmonic convergence ofcult and capital dressed in red Star Trek suits, harvesting corn and smiling at tourists through the glass. An upbeat report released November 1 said the only unforeseen problem involved a rice DECEMBER

6,

1991

hulling device that chopped off the tip of Biospherian Jane Poynter's finger. Aside from her five-hour absence for hand surgery in Tucson, all the Biospherians have been carrying out their planned duties.

"Biosphere 2 may prove to be the Kitty Hawk of biospheric life-support systems," Bass told the New York Times. He added that in retrospect, NASA's lunar program in the 60s was as vulnerable to charges of cultism as Biosphere 2. Whatever happens, the rest of the story will make for compelling press-even if the public and the media grow more reluctant to buy the glitz. If carbon dioxide levels force the Biospherians to emerge in a blaze of humiliation before the end of 1991, will quieter pioneers like Yale's Institute for Biospheric Studies be able to salvage the credibility of America's leading ecopreneur? tal

Kate Br~ster; a junior in Silliman Colkge, is on the staffofTNJ.

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THE NEW jOURNAL

27

AFTERTHO UGHT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Community Policing: On The Neighborhood Beat Andrew Michaelson

uring my s~nior year of c~llege â&#x20AC;˘. I decided I wani:ed to be a poltce officer. Thts destre grew out of volunteer work at Dwight Hall and developed during a summer at Logan Airport, where I worked with state troopers, DEA agents in dark suits and sunglasses, and small-town police officers. Police work seemed like a great life, a way to do well by doing good. All of the community development types I knew from Dwight Hall seemed so driven; they all had that awful something-is-hanging-overmy-head look, which (having written a senior essay) I want-

D

Small acts ofdefiance undermine the order ofneighborhoods-they send the message to the community that citizens who play by the rules are saps. ed to escape. I marveled at the fact that at 4:00 (or 1600, depending on one's world view), the state troopers went home and, apparently, left their work at the office. I had never heard of anyone doing that before.

Police work played into my beliefs that building communities was important, meaningful work. And it seemed like a steady job, an important consideration in a pre-graduation world of economic recession, internships, externships, and temporary stints in investment brokerages. My father would have preferred business school. "You might like it," he said. "It's very creative." I demurred and indicated that I would be miserable in the business life. "But," he suggested, "you could give to society. You could do what your Uncle Richard does. " My Uncle Richard is vice president of 28

THE NEW jOURNAL

Corning. I didn't think they wo1:1ld offer me that out of graduate school. I demurred again.

But joining a police force meant leaving New Haven ifl wanted to escape machine-dominated administrations and police forces tied up in politics. I had begun to realize that I would miss the city terribly. I also knew that I would need not only to leave New Haven but to go far, far from New England.

This requires a little explanation. After 30 years of police reform, most police agencies nationwide have divorced themselves from political control. Some departments ignore not only politicians but just about everyone.

Separation of police and politics never quite happened in New England. Instead, old Yankee ward leadership has pretty much retained control over the day-to-day operations ¡of most departments.

New Haven fits perfectly into this pattern. Innumerable minor sources of power, legitimacy, and comfort fraction this 21-square-mile city into 30 aldermanic wards and Godknows-how-many sub-neighborhoods (43 by my last count), but they also form strong bonds between people, place and position. Ask any alder whether she's interested in the future of the city and she'll tell you, completely unashamed, Hell no, lm woking out for my ward.

It took me four years at Yale investigating things like the Nighthawks playoffs and the Shameful and Ridiculous Budget of the Board of Education to understand New Haven's politics. New Haven became smaller and smallereverybody knew everybody else. Everyone had some deal going down in their little fiefdom that they didn't want to give up. New Haven was, and is, a machine city, and the machine ran in full gear then. Each ward was a well-greased cog in a machine built to protect the interests of the city's fragile and deeply interdependent coalition of powerbrokers.

DECEMBER

6, 1991

1

The death of Vinnie Mauro cha nged all that.

Mauro, killed in a 1989 highway accident, ruled the ~ Democratic party. He single-handedly built a citywide ~ slate of aldermanic leadership known, cynically, as the ;; Democrats For The Future. Mauro intended them to be just the opposite: a slate of alders who would stay Jl out of Mayor DiLieto's way and allow him to nourish ~his coalition of old-money Democrats, development ] interests, and neighborhood-based party hacks. u The Mayor ran the city through innumerable lowlevel bureaucrats whom he easily bought and even more easily dragged into a cycle of dependence. It was a beautiful system, but it relied on the awesome charisma of Mayor DiLieto (who could charm you r socks off between drags o n his ever present Winstons) and the ruthlessness of Chairman Mauro.

With Mauro's death, the fabric of the party began to fray at the edges. The subsequent, sudden departure of Mayor DiLieto allowed an unprepossessing, honest Stare Senator to become the city's first black mayor. With John Daniels came a series of bureaucratic appointments that, alchough they lacked the flair, polish, and killer instincts of the previous administration, represented the city, for better or for worse. ~

J

r was exciting. Everyone sensed the co lossal impossibility of actually running a city by co nsensus among the disenchanted grassrooters who elected the mayor. Bur ir all looked like irresistible entertainment. And it seemed like a noble project, the re-enfranchisement of literaily half of New Haven.

At this time, I knew of the New Haven Police Department only through a study I had done of them the

I DtcEMBER

6,

1991

THE NEW jOURNAL

29

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L 30

THE

New JouRNAL

previous summer. Their closed-mindedness and crisis mentality worried me, and I decided to look at other agencies around the country. All the

Police work seemed like a great life, a way -to do well by doing good. same, New Haven had a new chief of police, Nicholas Pastore, and I wanted to hear h is plans for the city. I talked myself in to making a courtesy call.

I didn't anticipate that we were going to discuss the public safety of imperial Rome. "They ruled through fear," proclaimed Chief Pastore, and I almost believed him. Then I remembered that I was the classics major. I was writing my directed essay on this topic, and I did not then nor do I now believe that the Romans ruled through fear. People cannot really rule through fear in a bureaucratic society-there's too much red tape.

I told this to the chief. I don't think he believed me.

O n the other h and, he was interested in my ideas. Most police practitioners have only limited use for classicists. Two and a half hours later, he talked me into becoming a department planner. This is a so -called "civilian" job: no badge, no gun, no definition in the chain of command.

I jumped at it.

Then all the quirky pleasantries that so endeared New Haven to me began to reveal themselves. When, my employers asked, did I work on the Daniels election campaign? The city's Chief Administrative Officer made no bones about his accusation that I was both a Green (nolo contendere) and a Republican (not guilty; I pled to Associating With Republicans, a relatively minor offense). A civic leader whose offices I had picketed in college called to tell me she had helped get me

my job, and would I please assign a few more walking beats by her home?

This mutual backscratching in the civil service system is so metimes known as corruption.

C

orruption starts in the neighborhoods, those little fiefdoms that are the pride of every New H aven resident. As department planner I administer the New Haven P.O.'s transition to community policing, which aims to bring police back into the neighborhoods and get people to work with police to cut down corruption. To work effectively, a police officer needs to know minute details about the neighborhood she patrols.

Comm itment from the com munity can give her the knowledge and support she requires.

It s~ms to work, as well it should.

W hat, after all, matters more than community commitment, particularly in a distressed urban center like ours?

We need somethi ng to be proud of.

I'm proud to live in the DwightKensington neighborhood. It's not much, but it's mine. I work to make it better. My officers in the neigh borhood work to make it better. This teamwork confirms my sense of community.

I hope the experience is as validating for the officers. I'm hard-pressed to tell. On the one hand, community policing offe.rs the terrific rewards of neighborhood connection and appreciation. On the other hand, every day they must renegotiate the norms that compose community standards within every fiefdom and every stratification of power, all w ithout stepping on anybody's toes (least of all mine. Be independent, I tell the officers, but do it m y way). In addition, they have to handle ¡ the impossible task of the removal and control of criminal and anti-social behavior.

Officers have to create and enforce community norms and standards oo their beats-a Herculean task in a DECEMBER

6, 1991

diverse community. Officers certainly have the law at their disposal. The law often proves effective, especially when brought co bear on drug dealers, wife barterers, and others whose d aily routines involve.systematic dehumanization and death-peddling. The law has less power to stop crimes that actually disturb the community the most.

Police worry about violent crimes like murder; but it's the petty crimes like vandalism that make people worry that their neighborhoods are out of control. Those small acts of defiance undermine the order of neighborhoods-they send the message to the community that citizens who play by the rules are saps.

Accordingly, police need more sophisticated tools to muster the community's support. Without the mobilization of New Haven's neighborhoods, those venues for self- and com-

Community policing is no more than quality police work that takes_ advantage ofthe city's essence. munity-expression, the police department has little chance of inspiring selfreliance.

Community policing is no more than quality police work that takes advantage of the city's essence, its minute sources of identity. I'm lucky to be here. Whatever problems we have within the agency, the fundamental source of our legi timacythe neighborho o d -is stro ng in New H aven, and we' ll make i t stronger. li1J Andr~w Micha~lson (CC '90) is th~ Assistant Piann~r for th~ N~w Havm

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DECEMBER

6,

1991

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