Volume 28 - Issue 5

916

Avenue

TheNewJoumal PUBLISHE R

Audrey Leibovich A CTI NG EDITOR- I N-CHIEF

Karen jacobson M ANAGING E DITOR

Gabriel Snyder Bus i NEs s M ANAGER

Dan Murphy D E SIGNER

Alec Bemis PRODUCTION MANAGER

john Bullock PHOTOGRAPHY E DITOR

Marisa Galvez CoNTRIBUTING EDITOR

Hillary Margolis A sso c iATE P u BLISH ER

Min Chen Asso c i ATE E DITOR

joel Burges C IRCULATIO N AND SuBSCRIPT I ON MANAGER

Mark Neuman

ONE HOUR

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& PORTRAIT STUDIO

ONE HOUR PHOTO PROCESSING

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Reprints Same D ay Enlargements Poster Prints

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B&W Processing Slide Processing Prints from Prints or Slides

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Passp ort Photos Vid eo Transfer Ph oto Greeting Card s

(20x30) (12x18)

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Caroline Adams"' • Brooke Conti • jay Dixit Lauren Goldy* • Dana Goodyear* • Sara Harkavy* David Hoffman* • Christina Lung • Ann Skdge "'ekcted to staffApril 14, 1996 Members and Directors: Constance Clement Peter B. Cooper • Brooks Kelly • Suzanne Kim Patricia Pierce • Kathy Reich • Elizabeth Sledge Fred Suebeigh • Thomas Strong Friends: Anson M. Beard, Jr. • Edward B. Bennetr,Jr. • Edward B. Bennetr III • Blaire Bennetr • Paul S. Bennetr • Gerald Bruck Jonathan M. Clark • Louise F. Cooper • Peter B. Cooper • Andy Coun • Jerry and Rae Court David Freeman • Geoffrey Fried • Sherwin Goldman • Brooks Kelly • Roger Kirwood Andrew J. Kuzneski, Jr. • Lewis E. Lehrman • E. Nobles Lowe • Peter Neill • Julie Peters • Lewis and Joan Plan • Fairfax C. Randal • Nicholas X. Riwpoulos • Arleen and Arthur Sager • Dick and Debbie Sears • Richard Shields • W. Hampton Sides • Elizabeth and Wtlliam Sledge • Thomas Strong • Elizabeth Tate • Alex and Betsy T oreUo • Allen and Sarah Wardell • Daniel Yergin and Angela Stenr Yergin

THE NEw JouRNAL

VoLUME

28,

APRIL

NuMBER

5

19, 1996

FEATURES

IO

The Case of the Missing $54 What your bank doesn't want you to know about the money it is making offofyour student loan.

BY GABRIEL SNYDER

14 16

Photo Essay: Manipulating Their Own Media

BY MARlsA GALVEZ

The Hand-Off With no clear standards, administrators, faculty, teaching assistants, and students pass the burden ofmonitoring cheating.

BY D ANA GOODYEAR

. -~

2I

p. 16

Yale's Southern Accent After two years oforiginal research, an undergraduate discusses the ties between Yale and the South.

BY GARRY L. REEDER II

Stanley A portrait ofa 72-year old virgin who tries to lead women to the Truth from across the parking lot ofa nearby women's health clinic.

BY EVA BONIME

STANDARD S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4

5 6 30

About this Issue Letters to the Editor Points of Departure Between the Vines: What I Learned from the Strike of '96

BY DAN MURPHY.

Cover photo by Marisa Galvez. Cover design by Alec Bemis and Gabriel Snyder.

THE NEW jOUIL'IAL iJ publiJhed five times during the academic y= by The New Journal at Yale, Inc.• P.O. Box }431 Yale St2tion, New Haven, CT o6510. Oll'.ce address: 151 Park Street. Phone: '•oJ> 431·1957· All con1ents copyright 1996 by The N.-w Journal 2t Yale. Inc. All R;ghts Reserved. Reproduction either in wbole or in pan without wrinen permission of the publiJher 2nd editor-in-chid" is prohibited. Whik tbis nuguine is published by Yale College students, Yale University is not responsible for irs comenrs. Ten thoUS2nd copies of each issue are disrribured free to members of tbe Yale 2nd New Haven community.

Subscriptions are available ro those ourside the area. Rates: One year, sr8. Two years, SJO. THE NEW jOUJL'IAL is printed by Turley Publications, Palmer, MA; bookkeeping 2nd billing semces are provided by Colm2n Bookkeeping of New Haven. THE NEW jOURNAL encourages lenen to the editor 2nd comments on Yale and New Haven issues. Write to Editorials, }4)1 Yale Starion, New Haven, CT o6510. All leners for publication mwt include address 2nd sign2ture. We reserve the right to edit all lrners for pubGcation.

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Editing many of the pieces for the issue this weekend was unsettling. Dana Goodyear's piece about cheating raised numerous questions among our staff about their own actions. As one insisted as she flipped through the story, "I didn't feel guilty at all when I used that old test." Eva Bonime's piece about Stanley, who protests outside of Women's Health Services on a nearby street, was unnerving in its own sense. The detailed portrait of an eccentric activist who harasses women seeking counseling captured an extreme in the abortion debate. When sending Marisa Galvez, our photography editor, to photograph Stanley for the issue, we learned he had been arrested for his haranguing. This led to a tricky design question. Photographs of hanging plastic fetuses, which the photographer received from other pro-lifers outside the clinic, became disturbing images surrounding the p1ece.

Even Gabriel Snyder's lighter take on the trials and tribulations of hunting down the missing $54 from h is student loans raised discomfiting questions about the federal student loan system. Among our Points of Departure, David Hoffmap brought us to a virtual world on 'the Internet where those who are dealing with suicide receive solace from strangers. Sara Harkavy traveled to a neighboring Church of Scientology to introduce us to the peculiar mindset of this organization.

Dan Murphy's Between the Vines poked fun at the dilemma that was continuously debated to no resolution throughout the weekend: how do we, as students, deal with the strike of Locals 34 and 35. With early morning wake ups and a lack of dining halls, students cannot feign ignorance. Yet, students on both sides of the debate, and the majority who stand confused in the middle, all share the uneasy feeling that they are witnessing a struggle without simple resolution.

These students consider Yale a part of their identity but also empathize with the strikers as fellow individuals. Students avoid crossing the picket lines by not dining at Commons, but turn their heads in uneasiness when they approach those picket lines on their way to class. Such discomfort, although a daily occurrence, is rarely admitted except in whispers. All of these unsettling issues are most often veiled. We began to joke and tease about the vices we use to assuage these uncomfortable feelings. One writer admitted to returning to his empty room and a six-pack for solace; others of us admitted to stress-induced obsessions with chocolate and cigarettes.

This issue marks the first of a new staff and editorial 1:-oard. Our goal in the upcoming year is to continue to address those stories that leave us most unsettled.

-KR]

260 York St. • New Haven

789-8994 4

THE NEW JouRNAL

To the Editor: Alec Bemis' article (TN], February 9, 1996, "The ABCs of Student Activism") concerning student activism was not only poorly researched and misleading, but it also promotes and excuses the student apathy on our campus. As a member of Yale Homeless and Hunger Action Project (YHHAP), I am truly only qualified to comment on Mr. Bemis' stateme nts regarding this group in the article.

Mr. Bemis laments that "once again members of the Yale Acronym Corps {YAC) have failed to state their positions with more clarity than the administration they attack." What he has failed to do is contact YHHAP to see if this is, in fact, the case. If he had bothered to contact the organizations about which he was writing, he would have found, much to his surprise, that YHHAP has had a concrete position regarding the casual worker program since long before the strike began. This posicion has been made public ro both the newspapers on campus, the national press, the administracion, and the unions.

If he had taken the rime to contact YHHAP, he would have discovered rhar, after meecing with YHHAP members, the union leadership decided to include YHHAP's proposals regarding homeless workers in their own demands. This has, in many ways, changed the tenor of the debate over the casual worker issue and ilJuminated the truly exploitative nature of this hiring program. In no way do I imply that we have won. I do insist, however, that YHHAP has put its mark on these negotiations and awakened undergraduate awareness of an issue that is of vital interest to us and all of New Haven.

This realistic assessment of the undergraduate student efforts is what Mr. Bemis lacks. All sense of hope is quashed by his irrepressible cynicism. Perhaps if he had the maturity to recognize that not all social injustice crumbles immediately in the face of reasoned opposition, then he would give the credit to student organizers that we truly deserve. Campus acrivisrs

have not ended injustice ar Yale or in New Haven, but we sure are trying, and our efforts would be a whole lot more rewarding with some welJ deserved respect.

-Daniel Abraham {SM '98) YHHAP Coordinator To the Editor: I was surprised by "The ABCs of Student Activism" {TN], February 9, 1996)

by Alec Bemis in which he bashes one of the senior officers of the University Police.

In addition to his childish reference to "official police cap with fuz.z.y ear flaps" and "post-doughnut mode," the story included the officer's picture to aggrandize the attack. It appears to me that the universal suppon The New journal expresses towards the labor movement should include the Police Benevolent Association. I am interested in what event spurred Bemis' assault on the police.

It would behoove you to understand that the days of the stereotypical "Car 54 where are you?" are over. University Police officers are highly trained professionals dealing with criminal incidents as well as responding to the safety issues of students who are frequently "overwhelmed" with campus life.

The police officer depicted in Bemis' article is a fine individual who has made a significant impact on the security of rhe Yale campus in his 29 plus years. Why Mr. Bemis would capriciously depict this officer in such an insulting manner is beyond me.

This officer will continue to represent the Yale community in his sworn role until he chooses ro retire. He will not treat the srudents differently because of this anicle, nor will he abandon his oath to serve and protect. Neverrheless, to damage an individual's self respect is simply a cruel way of expressing one's freedom of speech.

Especially those individuals whose sole purpose is to keep our campus safe and secure.

-James A. Perrotti Assistant Chief of Police Yale University Police Department

up-dos perms colors

#Suicide It looks like a telephone hotline offering free counseling for a "family member who has exhibited the warning signs." Instead it is a "chatroom" on the Internet, a gathering place for those who have tried to kill themselves, those with suicidal friends, those who are considering the "big move," and those who simply wish to watch in silence. On a typical Saturday night, there may be more than 35 visitors at a time, each sending one-or twoline messages into the chatroom. The effect is that of a continuously scrolling conversation in which three or four different topics are discussed simultaneously.

It's 1 a.m. and "Kalton" and "Dedalus" are in the middle of what would prove to be a twohour conversation , just as "Courtnee" welcomes "Doodle," a relative newcomer to the group.

<Dedalus> Kolton, have you ever tried counseling? <Courtnee> So, Doodle, how was your day? <Kolton> fuck counseling! those pointyheaded pricks don't know what I'm going through! in their fancy cars and nice suits ... fuck them! <Doodle> You know. I got up and tried to find something that would make i t worthwhile. <Dedalus> Kolton: dude, you can probably get it free from yr Student Health Center. No big cars/suits. <Courtnee> Did you find it? <Dedalus> Kalt: it's not as fucked up as it sounds, trust me. <Doodle> I'm still here aren't I? <Kolton> I can't stand it. none of you care about me! none of you know me!

6

<Kolton> I thought coming here might help ... but it only confirmed my suspicions. <Dedalus> You gotta give us a reason to care. What, we're supposed to give a damn?

Courtnee is a pillar of the group in these after- hours. One can easily imagine her, a maternal figure, logging in at the end of an empty day to a world which is far 'llore intimate and simple than her own. She says that she "has tried to do it a few times, but now I an:t okay."

When she occasionally . leaves and comes back, a welcoming chorus of "Nee!" fills a page of text. ¡ has the power to moderate the discussion, to change the current subject, and to eject people from the chatroom for whatever reason she wants.

It is impossible to tell exactly who is suicidal and who is preying on the vulnerable. One young man, "St-of-C," claimed in short order to be gay, a three-time failure at s uicide, on amphetamines, getting over a "serious fling," and in the ninth grade. He may have been serious, but even through the flattening effect of a silent discussion, one could hear a mocking tone in his voice.

Perhaps it was the anonymity of the chat group which allowed me to join in that night. No names , no faces , no consequences. It offered a chance to dispense with the niceties and subtleties of conversation, to be free from the shackles of both taboo and appearance.

<anon> I had a friend. His twelve-yearold sister found him in the garage.

He killed himself with a 12-gauge shotgun through the roof of his head. I had talked to him only a week before. <Courtnee> Anon, you couldn't have known . You couldn't have done anything. Don't blame yourself. <anon>..J: don't exactly. But ... I wrote his parents a sympathy card. His mom wrote back. She told me to visit in the coming summer. I never did. I was afraid that she would ask me about him, about our friendship, about why I thought he did it. I'm afraid of going to that house. It's like an accusation- why didn't you help me? Why didn't you pay attention? I don't know. I just think about him sometimes ... in the ground you know ... and I can just see his face, the way he was. But then he is gone.

At 2 a.m., we talk about the relative effectiveness of slitting one's wrists {parallel to the arm is best) , cyanide (clean , effective, hard to get}, sleeping pills (Nee tried twice with them) , carbon monoxide ("Gopi" said that it made him cough before he passed out), and , of course, guns {hollow-tipped bullets are recommended for the quickest way out). Some seem eager to die, others frightened, but they all want to find the quickest and least painful way to go.

<Kolton> any of you know a good place to buy a gun? <Gopi> I tried but I was too young.

Next time I'm gonna borrow my brother's ID. <Kolton> sleeping pills are a lot easier to get. <Gopi> Yeah ... but I've seen like a million people try it on TV, and none of them ever dies.

At 5 a.m. or so, as the sun peaks over the horizon, the group disperses to catch a few hours of sleep. My monitor stills as the THE NEW JouRNAL

-¡ chatroom empties. And then it flashes back to life.

<Courtnee> Hey anon. I thought everyone had gone. You okay out there? <anon> Sure. I'm just a little ti red, I think I'm heading out too. <Courtnee> Okay well, come back whenever you want to chat .. .

-David Hoffman

Pages of the Past What is that timeworn adage about finding a whole new world inside of every book? There are as many different possibilities as there are books. Some of them we recognize, some we dream about, others we fear and even disdain. Books transport us to worlds long since past and to others millions of miles away. But most of us are probably unaware of another world that exists today, the world of books themselves. .

While many of us dance around the outskirts of the book world, plucking its fruits from time to time, few of us have visited the world of book collectors, their rare works, and clandestine shops. In fact, to t h e ordinary, eve n semi-informed observer this mysterious world seems to be one of the past as well. In William Reese's (SM '7_7) informed opinion, however, this is a misconception with obvious origins.

Physical sign s of the extinction of book collectors abou nd , he exp lains.

Where New York City's "Book Row" once filled a full block of used book st ores, housing millions of books, it has now been reduced to t he single, although impressive, Strand. "It's too difficult for many book stores to be successful in cities, so they are pushed out to the country or forced to close," Reese reports.

Perhaps foresight of this inspired book collecto r Adrian Van Sinderen (' 10) to establish the Yale Book Collecting Prize in 1957 for sophomores and seniors with impressive collectio ns. A panel of six judges currently including Stephen Parks,

a curator at the Beinecke Rare Books and Manuscript Library, and Sylvia Abbate, who is Van Sinderen's granddaughter, determines a winner based on the choice of books as they relate to a particular topic of interest. As Reese, a judge since his graduation from Yale, puts it, "A good collection of books is one for which the sum is more than just the individual parts."

Every year, applicants submit brief essays describing their interest in a chosen topic as well as in book collecting itself.

The judges then spend a week trooping from fourth-floor dorm room to fourthfloor dorm room-or so it usually seems, the judges complain-in order to visit the various collections. After about a week of such appointments, the group meets to discuss the applicants and then to decide upon a final winner.

If the book world is a thing of the past, then Yale exists in a time-warp. The senior prize, announced in mid-April , attracted 30 applicants this year, more than ever before. Book collecting, it seems, has a life here at Yale. Beinecke, which houses some of the most important collections of rare books that exist today, including some of Van Sinderen's, plays a significant role in the book world.

Because of Beinecke~ location and New Haven's proximity to New York City, the center of the book world, Reese chose to stay and continue his collecting in New Haven once his Yale career ended. Reese started collecting in high school and started dealing in college. His collection on Americana won the Sophomore Book Collecting Prize, and his reference and bibliography books won the Senior Prize. His collection on Americana, now totaling 50,000 books, rests in two neighboring brownstones on a row of identical, Temple Street houses.

Reese employs a staff to catalogue his ever-growing collection. Joseph Bray

(TC '94), currently employed at William Reese Books, carries on the mysterious book collecting tradition. As a two time winner for his books on bees and beekeeping, Bray is expanding his collection from the original 20 for which he won during his sophomore year. He has used the money from the prizes, in addition to outside funds, to build his collection up to its present stature of 1,000 books and pamphlets.

Bray's favorite items in his collection are the rare pamphlets written by nineteenth century beekeepers, who are typically "stubborn, old, hermit types."

He was excited to discover the unresolved scandal of a crooked female dealer from Maine who ran a mail order bee-business in the 1880s. Many beekeepers complained in their writings that she collected their money but never produced the hives.

Bray, who keeps bees himself, is aided by the invaluable advice that his book collection provides. He is currently tending two hives in the backyard of the Beekeepers Association of Connecticut.

The world of book collecting, like that of beekeeping, still exists . I ndeed, although the glamour of New York City's Book Row has faded, the art of book collecting flourishes inconspicuously in Reese's houses on Temple Street.

-Caroline Adams

Scientology 10 1 It was the oversized, threedimensional cross hanging on the door that first caught my eye. Its otherworldliness set it apart from the mundane commerciality of the strip mall. The image demanded closer inspection. As I peered into t h e window, I noticed a sign in the doorway, offering free personality tests. I had come to the right place: the Whalley Avenue Church of Scientology.

I opened the door and warily walked up the stairs leading to the main level.

7

Peter, an enthusiastic test proctor, was the first to greet me. His interrogation began immediately. Wherq did I live? What did I do for a living? Why had I come to the Church of Scientology? I told him that I was a Yale student l ooking to fill an increasing spiritual gap in my life. Peter rewarded my revelation with an impromptu sermon on the lack of spirituality at Yale. His litany bemoaned Yalies' misplaced priorities on grades and material success. Peter told me that the Church of Scientology would fi ll my spiritual void. T he words of L. Ron Hubbard, the creator of Scientology, would fill the void that the words of my economics textbook could not. Then he gave me a personality test.

The test ~as on a pink legal-sized piece of paper and was made up of 160 questions. Some of the questions were standard, like the one asking how frequently I experienced feelings of depression. I was surprised by a question that asked if I was prepared to accept a life of strict discipline. I worried that the question was assessing my readiness to join the Church of Scientology. I finished the test in about half an hour, and Peter took it to be scored by computer.

Peter invited me to watch an instructional video while I waited for him to interpret the results of my personality test. The video was a montage of camera shots, voiced over by L. Ron Hubbard. A soundtrack played as Hubbard praised himself for finding the answers to life's questions and condemned others for being blind to his truths. The music was light and airy during images of the church and Hubbard, dark and foreboding during shots of universities and psychiatric hospitals.

After the ten-minute video, Peter led me into another room so we could discuss

8

the test. He handed me a chan scaled between -100 and 100. A l ine graph showed me where I had placed in each of the categories: stable, happy, composed, certain, active, aggressive, responsible/ causative, correct estimation, and communication level.

With the help of the chart, Peter showed me that I had problems to work out. He told me that the area of my life that needed immediate attention was my low happiness level and insisted that there was a destructive force in my life. Most likely a friend or family member was attempting to undermine my efforts to be happy. As I ran through a list of my family and closest friends in my head, I told Peter that I couldn't think of anyone who made me feel bad about myself. He was adamant, though, and told me that my lack of recognition was certainly a sign that I had internalized the criticism of the destructive force-whoever that might be.

Peter suspended his analysis just long enough to ask me if I had told anyone about my feelings of unhappiness. When I told him I had not, his face brightened.

The decision was for the best, he said, because people try to do "weird things" to unstable individuals like me. He seemed to think I needed protection from the

insidious influences of freshmen counselors. They would only send me back to CCL to study more, so I could work more, so I could make more money, so I could do more drugs ....

Peter pointed out that, in addition to my unhappiness I had a low "active" score.

Appatently, I just did not do enough, academically or extracurricularly. When I expressed concern and a desire to change, Peter assured me that, although I didn't have the answers to my problems, Scientology did.

After discussing my results, Peter got down to business. He suggested I buy a copy of Dian~tics, L. Ron Hubbard 's treatise on Scientology. After I asked if I could check the book ou t of the library instead, he offered as an alternative that I purchase some $4 pamphlets. The pamphlets were excerpts from Dian~tics that would be especially helpful to me.

Peter thought I might fi nd some of the $75 courses helpful as well. I deferred for the moment, since I o nly had b us fare with me. Peter's face fell slightly at my refusal, but he didn't push. Instead, he let me know about the free lecture in two days. ¡ I didn't go back for the lecture. I also didn't buy the books. I didn't even check Dianetics out of the library as I had promised. But Peter's readings of my chart pushed a very big button. Taking five classes, writing for Yale publications, volunteering, and attending martial arts classes, I hadn't really considered myself inactive. But as soon as I got home, I called a tutoring organization and signed myself up.

-Sara Harkavy

Going Guatemalan Liza Grandia appears to be your typical Yale senior. At 9 a.m., clad in a simple-knit sweater and blue jeans, she scrambles to eat her breakfast after a morning class. She is anxious to graduate, but un l ike other seniors, she is not

THE NEW joURNAL

,4~"'

A PIZZA

looking for a job at Goldman Sachs or Merrill Lynch. Instead, she is hoping to make her third trip to Peten , a small village in Guatemala where she first worked during a year-long leave of absence following her sophomore year.

Grandia claims that before her trip she was "willing to go anywhere, do anything." Now she concedes th at she was not entirely prepared for what she encountered in Peten. Some aspects of her adventure were out of her hands, such as the military coup in a nearby village just a week before her arrival or the flus and intestinal diseases that she caught. Other problems could have been avoided.

Conservation International, for instance, had told her that she would be working on organized women's cooperatives. When she got there, she found that not only did they not exist, but the farmers were also all men.

Finding housing also proved qifficult.

On the third day after her arrival she was driven to the middle of the village. With minimal knowledge of Spanish, she was left alone. Grandia was fortunate to find a friendly host family, but living with up to eight other people in a one-room, thatched-roof house with neither running water nor electricity could not have seemed much like home.

On, her first day of teaching, Grandia was startled when the young students, upon seeing her, bolted out of the room. She learned later that the children believed the local rumor that foreigners kidnap children to sell their organs for medical research. It took a long time both to convince them that she was not a murderer and to return them to class.

Despite the headaches, Grandia describes her experience as a privilege.

"Images of the Third World on the news are horrifying," she says. "What are people's daily lives like? I guess that is something that I really wanted to know because 75 percent of the world, lives in utter poverty."

Grandia valued her experience so much that she decided to return to Peten last summer for three months. The close relationships that she had established with the villagers, especially the women, grew stronger. "It was really nice to go back and begin old friendships again," Grandia remarks.

Now, Grandia is encouraging other Yalies to follow her example and try th e Third World as an alternative workplace to law firms and Wall Street. As creator and head of a new job bank at Yale, Grandia is compiling a list of organizations that offer summer, termtime, and post-graduate job opportunities in the nonprofit sector, especially in developing countries. Undergraduate Career Services will make the list available to students both on the Internet and in its resource library. " I just wanted to make this information accessible to students so that working in Ecuador would be as easy as getting a Proctor & Gamble internship," Grandia says. "Even if people don't necessarily devote the rest of their lives to working in the developing world, certainly the knowledge of economic poverty will be carried with them throughout their lives."

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9

f the Missing $54 Gabriel Snyder ccording to the Office of the Bursar, I still owed $54.

Though I had taken out a loan for $1,350 this semester, Yale had only received $1 ,296. Somewhere in the maze of paperwork stretching froq1 the bank to Yale, 4 percent of my loan had disappeared. The cashier at the accounts office said it was routine for a small amount to be deducted from student loans, but she could not tell me why.

My loan is just one of 6.7 million federal student loans the government guarantees each year. The federal government plays a small role compared to the host of private institutions that approve, issue, service, and insure student loans. Since the student loan program started three decades ago, federally guaranteed loans have spawned a $23 billion per year industry. As colleges raise tuition at twice the rate of inflation, more and more students must take out larger and larger loans. The student loan business is booming. If 4 percent of student loans really routinely disappear, close to $1 billion vanishes inexplicably each year.

A

T

aking the cashier's advice, I followed the missing $54 to the financial aid office.

The financial aid officer that I spoke to began by explaining how my loan works. First, the federal government authorized a Stafford Loan for me. Then I applied to a guaranty agencythe Connecticut Student

10

Loan Foundation-to guarantee my loan. After it approved my application, my lender, the New Haven Savings Bank, authorized the servicer it hires to handle its student loans-the Student Loan Marketing Association (or "Sallie Mae" to friends)-to dispense the. loan money to Yale. After I graduate, Sallie Mae and I will become much closer as I begin to make my monthly payments.

As visions of foundations and associations danced in my head, the financial aid officer told me that for Stafford Loans such as mine, fees are deducted from the loan before the funds come to the school. In my case, 4 percent was taken out. Since the fees are lumped into my much larger tuition payment, I usually paid them without even noticing. She explained that part of the fees went to the New Haven Savings Bank and part went to the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation.

Confused about thi~ last group, I asked, ''Are they a federal agency?"

"No, they are a non-profit company that insures your loan for the bank in case you default," the officer answered.

"I thought my loan was guaranteed by the federal government," I replied.

"It is," she explained. "The government would pay the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation if you default."

More confused, I asked, "Why doesn't the government just pay the bank directly instead?"

"I don't know," the financial aid officer said. y confusion led me to do some homework.

The Stafford Loan is the centerpiece of the federal govern-ment's Guaranteed Loan Program, which dates back to Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. While banks write the

M

THE NEW JouRNAL

What y our bank doesn ' t want you to know about the money it's maki ng off of your student loan.

checks to schools, the government guarantees the loan against default. The government also pays the interest that accrues on subsidized Stafford Loans while the student is still in school.

Instead of paying millions of dollars to lenders, servicers, and guaranties on virtually risk-free investments, an alternative to the tangled web of the student loan business exists. In the early weeks of his Administration, President Bill Clinton (LAW '73) made good on his campaign promise to create the Direct Student Loan Program. Under the new Direct Loan Program, the federal government acts as the lender, s.ervicer, and guaranty for its student loans. Clinton originally envisioned replacing the Guaranteed Loan Program entirely, but Congress forced the Direct Loan Program to instead be phased in so that it now includes 30 percent of all federal student loans. Unfortunately, I cannot use it because Yale chooses not to participate in the new program.

T

he trail of my missing $54 next led me to my lender, the New Haven Savings Bank. Joan Stellabotte, the student loan manager for New Haven Savings, assured me that 4 percent worth of fees is deducted not just from my loans but from all Stafford Loans. The federal government, Joan said, charges the bank a 3 percent origination fee for each loan it makes, and the bank, in turn, passes the fee on to me. She explained that the fee is meant to recoup the government's processing costs. Since loans are new business for the banks, the origination fee is a sort of finder's fee charged by the government.

Once the bank passes the fee on to the borrower, however, it becomes a surcharge on a government benefit-kind of like charging food stamp recipients a fee for their food stamps. The other 1 percent, Joan continued, goes to the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation.

The fees are taken out of my loan check, so while I borrowed-and will have to pay back-the full $1,350 this semester, Yale only received $1,296. Now, the Bursar's office not only wants me to make up the $54 difference out of my pocket, but I will also have to pay back the money I never received on my

loan. With interest, it will come to about $80. For the eight semesters that I borrow, the $134 in fees will add up to over $1,000. And I am a relatively small borrower. Students who borrow $17,125, the maximum Stafford Loan amount, will pay thousands of dollars in hidden fees alone.

I asked Joan if I would have to pay these sort of fees on, for example, a new car loan. She said no, but countered that the interest rate would be much higher. Actually, when I checked the New Haven Savings Bank's rates for new car loans, I learned that the current interest rate is a quarter of a point lower.

For banks, student loans are a lucrative source of revenue.

While the government makes interest payments, the banks, in practice, face no financial risk. Granting a student loan, then, is as safe as holding a government bond, except the loan earns a much higher return. The bank collects 8.25 percent interest on a Stafford Loan, but only about 6 percent on a government bond.

In the multi-billion dollar student loan market, a difference of 2.5 percent translates into hundreds of millions of dollars.

After the visit to the financial aid office, I was still confused about the difference between the lender (New Haven Savings) and the servicer (Sallie Mae). Joan told me that although New Haven Savings owns the loan right now, Sallie Mae will buy the loan from the bank after I graduate and will collect my payments.

Wondering why Sallie Mae would buy the debt, I asked if New Haven Savings sells the loan at a discount, but Joan told me that the bank gets full value. In the meantime, she continued, the federal government pays the New Haven Savings Bank any interest that accrues on my loan. So, when the bank faces any risk on the loan (the risk that I will not pay it back), the bank collects the full balance on the loan, already having made a killing in government interest payments. Of course, the loan is stilL guaranteed by the government when Sallie Mae owns it. Sallie Mae will then make a killing in interest directly from me. When I explained the bank and Sallie Mae's deal to my roommate, an economics major, he exclaimed, "What a great business!"

Proponents of the Direct Loan Program praise it for

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New Haven's Award Winning eliminating the middlemen and cutting down on paperwork, but the program has banks quaking with fear. By eliminating banks from student loans, the Direct Loan Program also eliminates millions in easy profits for the banks.

To protect the student loan cash-cow, the banks have lobbied Congress to end the Direct Loan Program. According to a stu~y by Citizen Action, banks spent $3.5 million in the first .ten months of I995 in their lobbying campaign. By the. end of I995, the banks saw their lobbying efforts pay off. As a footnote · in the current budget battle, Republicans passed a bill that limited the Direct Loan Program from the current 30 percent of federal student loans to only 10 percent.

However, President Clinton vetoed the bill, and the future of student loans is still a major sticking point in the budget morass in Washington.

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he other company making a killing on my student loans is my guaranty, the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation. With 3 percent of my loan accounted for, I called the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation to ask about the I percent guarantee fee. I asked loan servicing representative Joyce Ferreira what the Foundation actually did. She responded, "We guarantee to the school that they will get their money."

As a guaranty, the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation promises to pay whomever I owe in case I default. And for this service, I pay them I percent of my loan. "The fee is an insurance premium," Joyce explained. Of course, the federal government guarantees my loan, too. If I default, the government will pay the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation.

In a ~m i lar bargain, I might promise to insure your TV only as long as it was still under warranty. That's a good business.

But now, imagine the money I could make if I collected 1 percent of the value of each under-warranty TV in the U.S. That's a great business.

I asked Joyce why the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation charges a fee if the government already guarantees my loan. Unable to find a prepared answet in her guidebook, she set out on her own, "It's a-how do I explain this? The [fee] is profit. That is how we exist and give out loans. " Gotcha, Joyce-now, I understand where the fee is going.

With students taking out billions of dollars worth of loans each year, guaranties will skim off hundr eds of millions of dollars just in premiums to guarantee already guaranteed loans. They ~o face some liability because the government only pays 98¢ on the dollar for a defaulted loan. However, if a guaranty still tries to collect the defaulted loan, it can keep 27¢ of every defaulted dollar they manage to squeeze out of a broke post-graduate (the other 73¢ goes back to the government). According to Rep. Thomas E. Petri (R- WI ), a developer of the Direct Student Loan Program, it only costs guaranties 13¢ to collect each dollar, meaning they make a 14¢ profit.

So , if I pay this semester's loan on time like a good borrower should, the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation will make $I3.50. If I default, however, and the Connecticut Student Loan Foundation then bullies me into paying the loan off, it will make $175.50.

Perversely, this bounty on defaulted loans gives guaranties the incentive to collect

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defaulted loans rather chan prevent students from defaulting in the first place. i nce the federal government guarantees student loans, Bob Shireman, legislative director for Senator Paul Simon (D-Ill.), argued that no one in the student loan system has any incentive to prevent defaults. "No one other than the government risks anything if students massively default," Shireman explained. Everyone, from the banks to the guaranties, will get paid no w h a t Shireman noted,

S

"The. bank doesn't care if they do a good job collecting. The guaranty agency is supposed co enforce that."

Even though the guaranties are nonprofit companies, executives within these groups have proven adept at cashing in on the non-profit student loan business for big pay-offs. Stories of steep salaries and extravagant perks for executives at student loan guaranties abound among Congressional supporters of student loan reform. According to Rep. Petri , one guaranty CEO is reported co make over $700,000-quice a lavish salary for the head of a non-profit organization. At the same guaranty, the Representative noted that 15 other employees receive higher salaries than the Secretary of Education.

One common trick-of-the-trade fo r executives at guaranty agencies is to set up businesses that only serve the guaranty and then collect che profits off the businesses. For example, one guaranty's executives sec up a telecommunications business and then leased phones from it for $81,720 a year.

Like banks, guaranties fear the reforms of the Direct Loan Program and have been lobbying against it in Congress.

Shireman explained that und er the Direct Loan Program, "There would be no such thing as guaranty agenctes stnce no bank would be involved tn the loan."

Finally seeing where my $54 had gone-to lazy banks, fat non-profits, and a few Republican fundraisersI hauled myself back to the Office of the Bursar and wrote out my check. Leaving the office with a dent in my checking account, I shuddered at the thought of the monthly loan payments just a few years away. Unless I land a top-paying job, the $200 monthly payment will be a hefty bill co carry.

Maybe I should follow my roommate's advice and go into student loans. laJ

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"let's go take pictures of Mr. Christleyl" The third -graders scamper down the hallway, cameras in hand , frantically searching for their next subject.

Manipulating Their Own Media Robert Price, a third-grade teacher at Lincoln Bassett Elementary School, is not afraid of letting his students use cameras, whether 35mm or digital. Actually, he thinks it's critical.

"I've done workshops with other teachers who worry about letting their kids use such expensive equipment as learning tools. But the only one who has dropped the digital camera so far is me," says Price.

Over the past year, the students in Price's class have taken photographs in and around school, designed World Wide Web sites, and made lifesize images of themselves, called "stand-ups," to place around New Haven. These multimedia activities are the result of Lincoln Bassett's after school resources and New Haven community programs like Leadership , Education, Athletics in Partnership (L.E.A.P.).

Price's use of up-to-date, high-tech tools creates an atmosphere of "respect and trust," the key to his teaching style.

"These are real tools for real people, and if you believe in kids, they will believe in themselves," he says. "If kids learn to manipulate the media, they'll learn when they're being manipulated."

I8J

Taking pictures is exciting and more fun. Usually adults don't let us use equipment like that, but now they trust us.

14

-Alyssa, age eight

-Marisa Ga/v~z, a fr~shman in Ezra Stiks Co/kg~, is photography ~ditor ojTNJ.

All photos by stutknts in Rob"t Prius thirdgratk class.

THE NEw JouRNAL

It's fun, when people are doing something in the pictures, it makes you laugh. I -Lamont, age nine. like taking pictures of motorcycles, cars, and computers.

arly on the morning of December 19, the students of Langdon Hammer's Contemporary American Literature class took their places in a crowded Linsly-Chittenden lecture hall. With only a few minutes remaining before the final exam, students flipped nervously through a semester's worth of notes. They double-checked their backup ballpoints and folded back the covers of their blue books.

But some of these students thought they had nothing to worry about. They expected the exam co be a piece of cake. They believed they had seen the questions beforehand.

Several days prior to the final, some students had obtained what they thought was a copy of the exam. They called friends. The information spread. Some students even gathered to memorize the questions. Students speculated about the source of the informacion but were hesitant to reveal where or with whom it originated. A persistent rumor suggested that a TA's review session was the source, which implied that the information was legitimate.

In the context of the Graduate Employees and Students Organization's (GESO) impending grade strike, anxiety was at a fever pitch within the Yale community. Undergraduates, in particular, worried that the strike would result in an arbitrary assignment of grades if professors attempted to hastily give marks during the TAs' absence. Out of the intensifying hysteria surrounding the grade strike, the issue of cheating surfaced. The blurriness of exactly what constituted "cheating" became an issue for closer scrutiny.

16

Students in Hammer's course only really began to wrestle with the possibility that they had cheated once the exam was over. One student left two anonymous messages for Professor Hammer (BK '80). Another wrote a short letter to him expressing conce_rn about the notes he had obtained from a review session. After seeing the exam, he worried that the notes had provided him with more information than he should have had. In response to the student's letter, Hammer (BK '80), an associate professor of English, approached the teaching fellow in question. He was satisfied that what had transpired was nothing more than a thorough review session. "I would be vety concerned about it if students felt there was something wrong before the exam and did not come forward to myself or to the teaching fellow," says Hammer. "It's one thing if a teaching fellow says some things in a review session, and it's more than should be said. It's another thing for students to walk away from a review session feeling that they are in possession of the exam and feeling guilty and secretive. If that were the case, I would want to know about it immediately."

In order to address cheating, one needs to be able to identify it.

Yale seems to have a problem doing that. About half of the cases that come before the Executive Committee are related to cheating and plagiarism. Rogers Smith (Hon. MA '90), the current Ex Comm Chair and professor of political science, believes, "It is clear that it is a recurring and not too unusual phenomenon at Yale." But a complicating factor lies in the difficulty in assigning blame: is it the students' fault? theTAs'? the professors'? To localize blame overlooks

Tm. NEW jouRNAL

larger structural problems. Namely, with no consistent or authoritative administrative action on the situation, the responsibility gets passed around and around-and a culture of cheating remains intact.

1

ambiguity of Yale's policy on recrtied information. He is fed up with a system that rewards students who have access to tests. Talking it over with other students-a personal project of his-has provided a forum for thinking through possible solutions.

Alex Krulic (PC '96), a student representative on the Ex Comm, has joined Prout in this discussion. He believes that Yale should establish a black and white policy regarding the use of old material.

"Old exams should either be part of the public record or their use should be prohibited entirely." What the rwo agree on is that there must be some clarification of policy. The ethics governing the use of information cannot remain as they are, half-obscured and little considered.

young man smiled sheepishly. There was a measure of in his voice as he talked about his fraternity. They have plans in the upcoming year. They intend to conduct a fundraising events in support of local charities. They hope to buy a new house. But more significantly, they have created a new position within the organization: Director of Scholarship. His smile widened, became more sheepish. The Director of Scholarship, he approach assumes that professors will monitor the use of said, will be in charge of organizing the "academic files" housed in the fraternity, which currently stand in a state of disarray. The three material. Certain professors, for instance, place old exams reserve in libraries to be used as study guides. Students scrambled-up file cabinets that represent the contributioqs of past and present members-the midterms, problem sets, and labs of have equal access to the material. This eliminates fear of an unfair curv(:). For this system to function properly, the professor years past-will be assembled methodicaJiy for easy access by must change the questions on labs and exams each semester. This fraternity brothers and their friends. does not always happen. It is a well-known fact to undergraduates Yale does not have a clear policy on this time-honored tradition's legality. Smith says, "It depends whether the professor has indicated that previous exams could not be used. A student is culpable if the professor asked the student not to. Many professors don't do that, in which case I think it's perfectly fine if students look at previous exams." This places students who cannot get their hands on old material at a distinct disadvantage.

"Yale should draw the line in the dirt. It should declare old exams, problem sets, and papers taboo," says Matt Prout (PC '96) vehemently. As a Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry (MB&B) major, he has taken his fair share of Group IV courses and has been frustrated time and again by the

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that some of Yale's professors consistently use unmodified questions. The emphasis on the expression of original ideas that characterizes most humanities courses, like Langdon Hammer's Contemporary American Literature class, makes it difficult for students to benefit from questions that are reused. Science courses, on the other hand, demand exact answers: numbers, chemical names, formulas. It is hard to tell who has done the work and who has plagiarized.

Budgetary constraints and high enrollment in Introductory Chemistry require that professors recycle labs from semester to semester. Prout estimates that 60 to 70 percent of students in introductory level science courses consult old lab reports.

In courses such as these, "It's only by choice that people don't have them," says Prout.

Using old information is the norm. "There is not much social stigma attached. You see everyone doing it."

Kurt Zilm, director of undergraduate studies in the chemistry department, raised his eyebrows at Prout's estimation. "If this is true about pre-med students, this is very scary. That means we're educating and putting into med school a less than ethical group." But he does not blame individual students for their lack of scruples. "They have all rationalized their behavior in the pressure of the norm. They think that in order not to be penalized, they must all do this." One TA in a Group IV course expressed her faith that there are students who do not use old labs. But to do so, she said, means resisting an enormous temptation as well as risking relatively bad grades. Smith believes, "Cheating at Yale does not represent conscious; well-plotted, Machiavellian deceptions; rather, it is panicky behavior due to stress."

THE NEW jOURNAL

But some students blame themselves. A student in Associate Professor Malcolm Boshier's Physics 200a class bombed her first exam. Because Boshier was known to recycle questions with some regularity, a friend offered her a copy of the preceding year's exam from a fraternity's archive. Worried that the professor would wise up to them, students with the exam kept it quiet. "We didn't know how many people knew. We thought it would be really nice if he kept doing this." The morning of the second exam rolled around. The student had been up late the night before studying the old exam. She entered the exam room feeling guilty. "I was terrified that the exam would be exactly the same. I was scared I was going to get a grade I didn't deserve."

She found that about half of the questions were precisely those she had studied from the fr.aternity exam. She continued to use old exams to study, but her conscience nagged her.

J\j

ulture of cheating thrives because scenarios like the one that occurred n Boshier's class happen frequently at Yale. They usually remain undetected or unproved. Professors and TAs may have their suspicions that something funny is going on, but there is often no hard evidence. Amy Francis (GRD '96), a TA in MB&B, is certain that cheating goes on all the time right under her nose. "We do have a feeling for whether students are understanding or not. You get a totally clueless person handing you a beautiful piece of work. You can't say 'Listen, this

doesn't sound like you, you sound l ike an idiot in class.' I assume that it's their own work. I'm just never going to know."

But the equation just doesn't add up. If cheatin g is as common as these people suggest, especially in Group IV courses, t h en the l ack of response by the administration remains a mystery. Why doesn't each of us know a dozen peers who have suffered consequences for their actions?

The answer may be that students are being caught but not punished. According to Zilm, the faculty in his department hesitate to even bring cases with hard evidence to the Ex Comm. He describes faculty members who have taken actions against students as once-bitten, twice-shy.

The scenario goes something like this: after just one too many humiliations in which the disciplinary body didn't even give a slap on the wrist to an offending student in what the department felt to be a cut and dry case, the faculty loses faith. When the Ex Comm does not act, the faculty takes matters into its own hands. "A professor may feel that the strongest thing he can do is to have it affect the student's grade. There is not a disciplinary body to back up the faculty."

Tricia Serio (GRD '97), also a TA in MB&B, lays the blame elsewhere. She says that it is not so much the lack of a Yale disciplinary response, but apathy on the part of professors that fosters cheating. In one instance, a student of hers plagiarized directly from a published research journal.

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When Serio caught the student (it was clear by the inconsistency in writing style and comprehension level from section to section that something was amiss), she brought the case to the attention of the professor teaching the course. The professor allowed the incident to slide, and the student's infraction was swept under the carpet. "Plagiarism is not taken seriously at all here," says Serio. "It js next to impossible to get the faculty to do anything about it."

Francis has had similar experiences. & a TA in an upper-level MB&B course last year, she discovered one of her students blatantly plagiarizing out of both the textbook and the lab manual. When she told the professor, Fra~cis found herself at a dead end. "The instructor said 'What can we do about it? They all do it."' She subsequently informed the Director of Undergraduate Studies, who didn't think it was a serious offense. "Everyone was sort of passing the buck. They kept passing it to the person above them." Francis refused to grade the plagiarized work. Instead of the standoff one might expect, nothing happened. "Another TA graded the paper," she said with regret. The worst part about it was that the student continued plagiarizing both in Francis' class and later when he came to work in the lab adjacent to hers.

Listening to Francis in the hallway outside their lab, Serio shakes her head with disgust. She comments quietly, "I don't think Yale College will address it. It's too caught up with the image that the undergrad is infallible."

A university that ignores cheating virtually sanctions it. Yale propagates the confusion over who is responsible. As for where the buck stops, the official line

wavers. "Basically the college treats this as the responsibility of the professors. This system does not always work well. We could try to do more to disseminate the idea of norms, " says Smith. After momentary consideration, Smith said that it is the professors who should be making the greatest effort to raise consciousness among their students and set the parameters for ethical behavior.

T

homas Carew, professor of biology and psychology, announced to his Cellular Basis of Behavior class that, just for the record, he was aware that old copies of the exam were circulating. He explained that his students were welcome to use them. One undergraduate sat in anticipation, waiting for Carew to specify where she might get a copy. He never did. & he launched into his lecture, she became more and more bothered. She didn't know anyone who had taken the course before.

She thought Carew's position was a cop-out, as if chis professor acknowledged the problem of cheating but refused to deal with it in a constructive way. She puts into words the dilemma of undergraduates, graduate students, and professors alike: "If this is not cheating, then my lingering question is, what is it?"

IIIJ Dana Goodytar, a sophomore in Davenport College, is on the stajfofTNJ

THE NEW JouRNAL

Yale's Southern Accent Garry From April 9 to September l, the lobby of Sterling Memorial Library will display the exhibit, "Elms and Magnolias: Old Blue in a Coat of Gray," curated by junior Garry L. Reeder II. The photos, artwork, and literature in the exhibit were collected by Reeder over two years of independent research. Reeder discusses the ties between Yale and the South in this article, a companion to the exhibit.

failing to secure a patent for his cotton gin, Whitney was awarded a contract from the federal government for 10,000 guns. To fill this order, he opened a gun factory, the Whitney Armory in New Haven, and introduced interchangeable parts. This marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in America, foreve r changing the northern economy. Ironically, the guns that were produced at Whitney's New Haven gun factory would later be used in a war over slavery.

0

ne evening on the Old Campus in 1819, over 100 years before the gothic imports arrived and when the brick row still stood strong, a secession crisis held hostage one of Yale's rwo literary societies. On the rop floor of the Georgian-Colonial brick Lyceum, the university's chapel and library on the O ld Campus, a face-off began within the Linonia Society.

Two candidates, one northern, one southern, were being considered for president of the society. The northern candidate emerged victorious, and a southern party of 32 students within the Linonia Society walked out and formed the Calliopean Society. Whether the walkout was sectional or personal in origin remains unclear, but the Calliopean became the society of choice for southerners until its d issolution in 1853. Without the residential college system, the dormitories on the Old Campus, or the Political Union, these literary societies formed the major avenues of social and intellectual interaction. Only those who belonged to a society could use its books and attend its meetings and debates. In th e same year that the Calliopean was formed, the national debate over the admission of Missouri into the Union as either a free or slave state was on the minds of most Americans.

The formation of the Calliopean Society foreshadowed the course that history was to take 40 years later.

The national dilemma of sectionalism which cook hold of the Yale campus and eventually killed its sons can be traced to rwo of Yale's most pro.minent students, Eli Whitney (B.A. 1792) and John C. Calhoun (B.A. 1804). Whitney, a resident of New Haven, played an unexpected, yet pivotal role in the advent of the Civil War. The summer after his graduation Whitney went into the South to visit the widow of General Nathaniel Greene, a hero of the American Revolution. There he invented the cotton gin.

His invention corona ted "King Cotton," transformed the southern economy, and in turn changed the nature of American slavery. The cotton gin made the production of cotton quick and profitable throughout the South by increasing the production potential and value of slaves. After returning to New Haven and

L. Reeder II

any of the South's most prominent sons came to Yale in the first half of the nineteenth century out of their cultlike adoration for John C. Calhoun. In 1830, 69 southerners were enrolled at Yale, compared to 17 at Princeton and 16 at Harvard. However, this preference for Yale among the Ivy League schools should not be misinterpreted as evidence of

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Thinking ofHome: William Faulkner's Letters to His Mother and Father 1918-1925. peaceful relations between northern and southern students. Many of those attracted to Yale by Calhoun's influence formed the Calliopean Society, a by-product of the slowly dissolving Union.

John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, the valedictorian of his class, was the most influential American politician to graduate from Yale during its first two centuries.

During his long tenure in U.S. politics, he held the positions of Congressman, Secretary of War, Vice President, Secretary of State, and Senator. Calhoun's numerous letters to Yale faculty and alumni reflect his sense of connection to Yale. New Haven, a bastion· of Federalist support for a strong central government in the Early Republic, solidified Calhoun's antifederalist, states' rights commitments.

The pro-southern sentiments of Calhoun and the Calliopean Society, however, represent only one perspective of antebellum southerners at Yale. One man in particular, Cassius M. Clay of Kentucky (B.A. 1832), stood in stark contrast with many of his fellow southern students. Clay complicates many preconceived notions about the homogeneity of the antebellum South and about the southern experience at Yale. Rather than reacting negatively to the opposing viewpoints of his new environment, he embraced them and returned to the South with a new vision.

Even though he was the son of a slaveholder, Clay became one of the South's leading abolitionists after hearing the fiery rhetoric of the abolitionist champion William Lloyd Garrison in New Haven. During the Civil War, Clay intermittently served as a major-general of the Union Army and as Minister to Russia.

In the ten years leading up to the Civil

22

War, the campus and the city saw the warning signs of the coming violence. In 1853, the Calliopean Society dissolved, and many southerners returned to the South. When the society disbanded, the center of southern social and intellectual life collapsed and southern enrollment plummeted. In 1850, 72 southerners were enrolled at Yale, 65 at Harvard, and 115 at Princeton. By 1860, only 33 remained at Yale while Harvard and Princeton remained stable with 63 and 113 respectively. The dramatic increases in the numbers of southerners at H?-rvard and Princeton can be attributed, in part, to those universities' shifts away from a local perspective to a national one by midcentury. For the southern students who remained, the sectional instability only increased.

S

unday morning, January 20, 1861, the national secession crisis rocked the Yale campus when students and professors awoke to find a secession flag flying above Alumni Hall on the Old Campus. During the night, Southern students had broken into the building and raised the flag up the flagpole. It had a large white background with a red cross in the center that spanned the flag's length and width. Depicted in the upper lefthand corner was the crescent moon and palmetto tree associated with the state of South Carolina. Northern students stormed the building, but they found the locks plugged with nails and the doorknobs removed. After failing to break open the doors, they found a back entrance, which they used to climb to the roof. Once on the roof, they tore down the flag and took back Alumni Hall. This event made national headlines when the

following issue of Harper's Weekly reported the confrontation and illustrated the chaos with three on-the-scene sketches. Unlike the majority of Ivy League schools during the secession crises, Yale did not expel its southern students at the outbreak of the war, though the war itself would draw many men back home.

The Civil War began in 1861 and would not loosen its grip until 600,00Q Americans-166 Yale men-were dead·.

The issues fueling the backroom squabbles of a student organization were brought out into the open and decided on the battlefield. Of those killed, 55 were Confederate, 48 from Yale College, and seven from the Yale Law School. The casualty rates for Union and Confederate Yale students were vastly different: 69 percent of Confederates, while only 13 percent of the Union alumni, were killed.

In· 1915, the names of both Union and Confederate dead were carved in the freshly cu t marble of the Woolsey Rotunda. Yale students' important contribution to the Confederacy, however, came not on the battlefield but within the government.

The Confederacy's Attorney General Judah P. Benjamin (B.A. 1828) was later appointed Secretary of War. Benjamin was the highest-ranking Yale man on either side of the conflict. He had been expelled before graduating for reasons still contested today. The official records say that he was expelled for "cheating," but there is no further elaboration on the charge. He was at the top of his class and there are no signs that he cheated on his academic work. It has been assumed that he was cheating at cards or engaged in some other form of gambling on campus.

Yale men also held power within the

TH£ NEW JouRNAL

Yale's urban New England setting gave many southerners the opportunity to begin the process of understanding the South. private sphere of the Confederacy. Burton N. Harrison (B.A. 1845) was Jefferson Davis's private secretary; Richard Taylor (B.A. 1845) was Davis's son-in-law and President Zachary Taylor's son. t would be easy to conclude that the return of southern alumni to Yale and the voyages of new southern students would be strained by the events of the early 1860s, but the divisions did not settle as deeply as in many of the other Ivy League schools. Boston, where Harvard is located, was the seat of abolition. Brown had expelled its southern students during the war. Yale was thus left in a better position to restore post-war ties with the South. Only Princeton fared better, with its Presbyterian tradition and longstanding complacence toward slavery.

Alumni from the South rerurned to Yale as early as 1866, and by the 1870s, ivy from Robert E. Lee's house was planted on the Old Campus during Commencement to symbolize the reconciliation of the Confederacy with the rest of the nation.

With the arrival of the twentieth century, the South would help transform Yale into a great research university.

I

though the country was reunified nd moving toward international rominence, the North and South were developing in different ways. Jim Crow thrived in the South , and the Robber Barons began to dominate the national economy. The aristocracy, which had sent its sons to Yale, saw a new capitalist, urban culture emerge. New money from northern industrialists such as the Vanderbilts, Sterlings, and Harknesses supported the rapid construction of the residential colleges,

library, and graduate school. Social life began to revolve around secret societies, eating clubs, and the other groups formed from the ranks of New England's prestigious and elite boarding schools.

Southerners entered a social order dominated by this group and felt it necessary to form their own brotherhood.

The Southern Club first appeared in the Yale Banner in 1895. Between 1895 and 1905, their logo portrayed persistent racial stereotypes, depicting alcohol, guns, and women. One of the early club logos depicted two Sambo-like black men chasing a chicken down the street.

These logos suggest a reliance on entrenched stereotypes and icons of southern life in the face of a new and unfamiliar social elite. The Southern Club had chapters on the majority of the Ivy League campuses.

An April 1898 article in the Atlanta journal reported the annual meeting of the Southern Clubs that was held at Harvard that year. The members ate, drank, sang "Dixie," and discussed the contributions of southerners in the Ivy League.

T

he Southern Renaissance in literature and the emergence of southern universities, in the first decades of the twentieth century, created a new generation of southern intellectuals and writers who gained national attention.

As these ¡changes occurred in the South, Yale was expanding and opening its doors to a larger portion of the American population. New professors without Yale degrees and students without New England pedigrees began to arrive in New Haven.

One of the best-known figures of the Southern Renaissance, William Faulkner, carne to New Haven in April 1918. Living an apartment at 120 York Street, Faulkner worked in the Winchester Arms Factory while visiting his friend Phil Stone (B.A. ' 14, LAW '18).

Faulkner's l etters from New Haven to his parents in Mississippi offer a glimpse into the life of a southerner living at Yale in the beginning of the twentieth century.

He was intrigued by the lack of AfricanAmericans in New Haven and the surprisingly large number of southerners living in the city itself. The popular obsession with the clock and the other trappings of industrialization, such as trolleys, trains, and large factories, were both fascinating and annoying to Faulkner. He found the people friendly and interesting, although excessively preoccupied with status and tradition. Many literary critics argue that Faulkner's Quentin Compson of Absalom, Absalom! and The Sound and the Fury are based on the author's observations of Yale and New Haven. In 1942, Yale became the

23

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first university to exhibit Faulkner's writings, since much of his work was out of print.

The social and academic scene became more integrated as the residential college system replaced the eating clubs and other elite groups, with the exception of the secret societies. The emphasis on research brought new professors from the South in the 1930s. The faculty of the history an~ English departments benefited greatly from this infusion of southerners. Among the new names were Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, a historian of the Old South; David M. Potter (GRD '36), a student of Phillips and a historian of America and the South; Mary Wright, a historian of China and the first woman to be tenured at Yale; Cleanth Brooks, a literary critic; Robert Penn Warren (M.A. '28), an author and poet. Phillips and Potter were influential in shaping the discipline of American history, while Brooks and Warren, through their founding of a school of literary criticism known as New Criticism, reshaped the way students read literature. The presence of these luminaries attracted more southern minds, such as one of America's most distinguished historians, Sterling Emeritus Professor C. Vann Woodward, who replaced Potter in 1961.

T

he more democratic Yale also opened its doors to a group of southerners that were merging into the American mainstream: AfricanAmericans. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, African-Americans were admitted in sizable numbers for the first time.

During these first few years, John Blassingame (GRD '71) and Henry Louis Gates , Jr. (CC '73) came to Yale as

THE NEW JOURNAL

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students. Blassingame, a history professor at Yale, and Gates, the W. E. B. Dubois Professor of Humanities and Chairman of the African-American studies department at Harvard, are now two of the preeminent scholars of African-American life, past and present. Both came from the rural South to New Haven and Yale during the last years of the Civil Rights movement, the Bobby Seale trial, and the Black Panthers. The incong.ruity of a rural southern African-American at a wealthy, elite university in an urban setting created unique tensions and new ways of understanding the South and the relationship of African-Americans to the South.

Professor Edward Ayers (GRD. '80), Kenan Professor of History at the University of Virginia, said, "Yale, in short, made me see the South through eyes other than my own. In a very real sense, it gave me the South." Now one of the foremost scholars of the American South, Ayers came to Yale with no overwhelming interest in the region of his birth but left with a new vision.

Yale's urban New England environment gave many southerners the opportunity to begin the process of understanding the South. They defined the South for themselves but also for the others around them. Exploring the lives of nearly three centuries of southern Yalies, the stereotypes of both the South and New England dissolve. In their place, new ways of seeing emerge attesting to the many Souths that exist within the past and the OBI present.

Garry L. Rud~r II is a junior in Jonathan Etiwards Co/kg~.

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25

Stanley Eva Bonime God and turned out to be "the best" of them all. ' ' Y :ou foolish, nai've, gullible woman...They're trying to trick you .. .l have the Truth ...Can I give you a list of Ask Stanley what he thinks of women, and you'll get some pretty good doctors?" A van stands parked on the corner of interesting answers. Of course, all of woman's problems can be Humphrey and State Streets, plastered with bumper traced back to Eve, who committed the first sin. Women are more stickers and proudly displaying posters on its front and back that easily tempted because of an inherent weakness: they lack the same read THEY'RE KILLING BABIES HERE. Beside the van, 72-year old analytical skills as men. He knows this fact because of "studies." He Stanley paces back and forth as he tries relentlessly to lead hundreds yells at almost any woman he sees, "You women just want your of misguided women to the "Truth." The women he addresses sex...you want your pleasure. You're making the baby pay." On the subject of equality, Stanley speaks fairly reasonably. Women can be outside Women's Health Services range from physicians to teenagers to child-toting mothers, but he spends the majority of his time Senators and members of Congress, but, "No, I don't think they talking and arguing with the clinic escorts-Yale students and New should be President ... " he says, adding, after a stream of Haven residents who volunteer to protect women from Stanley's unintelligible words, " ... they're irrational." Stanley is a virgin. He harassment. says he is still saving himself for marriage.

Besides his oversized snow boots, newsboy hat, gray car coat, gloves duct-taped at the fingertips, and green polyester pants, which I n the area of reason and truth, Stanley has much to teach the rest have gone out of style and come back since he's owned them, of us. He knows that husbands never beat their wives, because Stanley also wears a blown-up newspaper mounted on cardboard. domestic violence occurs only in common-law marriages, not in The sign rests on his bent forearms and remains wedged tightly in real married couples. When he advocates the rhythm method of place underneath his chin, emphasizing an unusually strong and birth control, which he says is 97 percent effective, an amiable escort weathered jaw. The article tells the story of a woman who died in a tries to compliment him, saying that awareness of the body is hospital after trying to give herself - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - important. He disagrees, an abortion in an alley, because she It's the women who are consenting to sex. though: "You should only be thinking about it when you're couldn't raise the money for the clinical procedure. Pro-choice Why are you women consenting to have married." They proceed to activists usually claim this type of th k d discuss menstruation: "It's not Story as one of their strongest sex wi every Tom, Die , an Harry? blood, just uterallining...well, I arguments for legal and funded abortion, but Stanley has embraced guess some blood comes, but that's just because of Eve's sin." it as a major part of his crusade, muttering repeatedly, day after day, According to Stanley, 500 women die every day from supposedly "What a way to go. On the table, killing your baby." He considers safe and legal abortions. He tells the women that they will never be this death the worst kind because if the woman is on the table under happy if they argue with the Truth. anesthesia, she cannot repent to God and must therefore go to Hell.

A different side of Stanley appears when he deals with men.

The assortment of bumper stickers and pictures on his brown Rather than the fact-spouting and preaching that he uses to save and yellow van include: IMPEACH CLINTON FOR CRIMES AGAINST women, Stanley turns into a schoolboy. His face takes on the HUMANITY; BE A HERO SAVE A WHALE, SAVE A BABY GO TO JAIL; FETUS countenance of a small child, and he approaches the men and MEANS LITTLE ONE; and a collage of pictures of aborted fetuses at whispers to them, as though he is disclosing important man-to-man different stages of development arranged in the shape of a cross. A secrets. He makes one of his more abstract remarks after a man statue of the Virgin Mary and a baby stroller sit on the strip of grass walks by and yells at him one day. Stanley turns to the escorts and between the sidewalk and the curb. The sign on the suoller says, says, "People here are weird. The lezzies and the homos are ruin,ing ABORTION DOCTORS KILL FOR BLOOD MONEY, and a Mylar balloon the neighborhood." Women are usually afraid to talk to him, attached to one side says NEW BABY in pink and blue letters. Stanley because he is prone to following them down the sueet when they was the second youngest of ten children, and among his many leave the clinic, but most of the men enjoy arguing with him. They stories illustrating the beauty of life, his favorite is probably about often tell him to get a job and swear at him, which Stanley always his younger sister. Because she came as a surprise, she was a gift from takes to mean they have something on their conscience. He taunts,

27

"Did you have an abortion in your past?"

Stanley likes to repeat himself, especially when he comes up with a particularly clever idea or phrase. These phrases often evolve into schoolyard-type chants, such as, "Your mother gave you life." Another favorite is the cliched yet singable "a-BOR-tion is MUR-der." He elaborates on this slogan, by challenging everyone to check i n Webster's Dictionary and see that the definitions for "abortion" and "murder" are identical: "the willful taking of human life."

Another common chant is "You' re the loser," or variations such as, "Don't be a loser. Be a winner." He complains that people change the meanings of words and now spell the word "love" L-U-S-T. From this concept, he sometimes progresses to the enigmatic chant, "When you love, you only have small problems. When you love, you only have small problems." apport bordering on affection develops between Stanley and the scores. They greet each other in the morning, engage in lengthy discussions, and even share an understanding of certain rules. He vacillates between mean namecalling and a subtle appreciation of their company. On one beautiful day, he looks up gratefully and asks with great profundity, "Why is the sky blue?" to which an escort explains the physical concepts of wavelengths and color. Wearing the face of a proud father, Stanley counters, "God made it that way." On another day, he decides to quote Shakespeare to illustrate his oftenstared point that if you're lying to yourself, you'll never be happy. Trying to say, "To thine own self be true," he fumbles with the words until deciding that it means, "If you're not true to others, you can't be true to yourself." He becomes confused when he

A

28

notices that something doesn't sound quite right ¡and starts to reverse h is logic, eventually returning to h is initial interpretation. He then explains that ¡he has never read Shakespeare. He should, but he doesn't have the time. That's for leisure, and he has too many other things to do.

His childlike manner can also unexpectedly express itself as harsh cruelty.

One day, when an escort asks him why he never yells at the men since they are equally responsible for pregnancies, he shouts in reply, "It's the women who are consenting to sex. Why are you women consenting to have sex with every Tom, Dick, and Harry?"

When an Asian woman who counsels victims of rape and domestic violence in the clinic steps out of her car and smiles at the escorts, Stanley calls, "Hey, it's the smiling Chinese woman!" Over the various exclamations of shock emitted by the escorts and other people standing outside, be asks her if she is going to go murder babies, too. He has no qualms about describing his favorite story of a woman dying from a botched illegal abortion as a patient walks toward the clinic with her small children, who are bewildered by the old man yelling at their mother.

Stanley gets angry at the escorts because, he says, they're helping make abortions happen. He often tells them that the Devil has got them under his control. He argues one day, more eloquently than usual, "The women all have the ambulatory capacity to

walk themselves to the door," meaning that the escorts are unnecessary. "You're as helpful as-" He pauses, searching for ~ simile. "You're like a pimple. You're about as useful as a pimple on a face." At this pronouncement he basks in self-satisfaction for a few moments, and then continues, "You know what I mean? It's useless." n his more genial days, Stanley has been known to compliment the escorts for being dedicated, even if their morals are w rong. "Where are the people on the life side?" he laments. Seeing two escorts, both female, walk arm-in-arm, he smiles and asks tauntingly if t hey are going steady. Remembering a moment later that the escorts don't tolerate this sort of comment, he hastily returns to h is schoolboy defensiveness and insists, "I can say thar. That's harmless." When he inquires about an escort's AIDS Awareness ribbon, she asks him if he wants one. He refuses, for fear that it might be "misunderstood." People might think he was one of those liberal-minded people, the people who don't believe in the Truth. Since many of the escorts are Yale students, Stanley frequently reminds them that he is older and has the Truth, saying, "You know what your opinion's worth? It's worth about three cents." One escort a$ks him why people in such highly educated areas tend to be pro-choice. "Education corrupts," he says.

0

THÂŁ NEW JouRNAL

The New journal would like to thank Dr. Daniel Yergin and Dr. Angela Stent Yergin for their generous contribution to our magazine.

though Stanley's Truth is bsolute, it still must yield to ederal and state law. H e has faced several lawsuits, and is forbidden to step on the property of Women's Health Services. His expenses are mainly lawsuits and transportation, since he splits his time between the clinics in New Haven and Bridgeport, thirty minutes away. Kept several feet from the escorts and the door to the clinic-a parking lot serves as a buffer zone between the sidewalk and the building-Stanley tells everyone who walks toward the door that ''I'm not allowed on the property, because I have the Truth." He entreats them to come to him. As he follows a woman down the street one morning, a policeman pulls up in his car and says, "That's harassment, Stanley. You were in court last week."

Stanley's main purpose in coming to the clinic is to save these foolish women who are being deceived by the abortion doctors.

With a mixture of smugness and indignation in his voice, he explains that the doctors are tricking women in order to make money. "Women's Health Services?

That's just a front. This place would go out of business if they weren't doing abortions."

Aiming his voice at the second-story window-the room where the abortion procedures take place-he spends the day trying to spread his saving Truth. When the day is over, he packs his stroller and his Virgin Mary back into the van and drives away, muttering to himself, "You foolish, naive, gullible women ... foolish ... na"ive ... gullible ... foolish women."

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What I Learned from the Strike of '96 Dan ook around Yale and you'll see lots of aloof humanities majors and Science Hill geeks walking around with their heads in the clouds. Without any useful skills, dependent on others to feed and clean up after them, Yalies are frightening examples of human frailty and weakness. In response to this epidemic of fragility, the administration has taken action.

Determined that every undergrad take a term in the Sterling School of Hard Knocks (SSHK), Yale has provoked a work stoppage so that it might send its students out to walk the pavement of the mean streets of New Haven. Who says Yale isn't responsive to student needs?

The administration's message to students is clear: "Return to your roots as a hunter and a gatherer. Learn to fend for yourself in this harsh, cruel world. Clean the hair out of your shower drain yourself." Like any proud parent sending its children to the first day of school, Yale watches as students walk through the shiny new electronic gates of the colleges, off to SSHK with nothing but a pat on the back and a $105 allowance. The lessons aren't easy, but hey, neither is life. Yale never promised you a rose garden, pal, so put down that book, and get busy learning something useful.

L

1) Louis' Lunch isn't open for dinner on weeknights.

If you bring three of your best friends across campus from TD in the pouring rain, promising them the best burgers in the world, you're going to lose those friends when you find a big padlock on the door. Those ex-friends may even throw soggy onion rings at you when you end up in Burger King.

2) Business is up at Cutler's and Quality Wine Shop.

Give Yale students $105, and they'll buy liquor and CDs. What a shocker.

30

Murphy

3) Business is down at Commons.

¡Give Yale students $105, and they won't buy cod nuggets and soylada tacos. What a shocker.

4) What do they want? A contract. When do they want it? First thing

in the morning.

In a brilliant tactical move, the union has decided that a surefire way to win student support is to wake up everybody around Berkeley and Calhoun at 6 a.m. by shouting questions at the top of their lungs. ¡ 5) The most important issue ofthis strike is the security firm hired by

Yale.

At least that's how it seems based on the expensive glossy magazine that the unions placed in every undergraduate mailbox.

Apparently subcontracting and casual labor just aren't important enough to be turned into slick propaganda.

6) Henry Kissinger is part ofa secret university conspiracy:

His "surprise" arrival on April 8 allowed President Levin to duck out of his meeting with the Student Labor Action Coalition (SLAC). In truth, Tricky Dick Levin, uncertain of how to handle the hippies congregating in Woodbridge Hall, went to the BatPhone and called in Kissinger. The union is raising money right now to produce a glossy booklet detailing this conspiracy.

7) Mother Nature is a union member.

The April 10 snow storm was a brilliant ma!leuver, forcing students to slog through early morning slush that usually would have been cleared away by Local 35 workers. The blizzard scheduled for Commencement is the unions' ace-in-the-hole;

THE NEW JouRNAL

they've even placed local forecasters on the payroll so that no one will be expecting it.

8) Deciding where to eat can be a major life decision.

With the newfound freedom to choose where to eat, you actually have to spend time thinking about what you might like.

The part of my brain that used to be taken up with thoughts about winning the lottery has been occupied lately with each day's pressing dining decisions.

9) GESO never really mattered.

The single most debated "issue" of the fall semester has become the most ignored "organization" of the present. After six months of grandstanding about forcing Levin to talk to GESO, the Federation has dropped the graduate student group from both its letterhead and its rhetoric.

10) The $5 mi/luhake at Clark's Dairy is worth every penny.

My roommate has figured out that with $105, he can buy 21 of them every week. When he walks in to Clark's, everybody shouts out his name.

11) You can fry eggs on a halogen lamp.

You can also cook with hot-pots, microwaves, barbecues, campfires, blowdryers, or just about any other heat-producing device now that the strike is diverting fire inspectors.

12) Sturknts have more rhythm than workers.

Despite their suburban backgrounds, the members of SLAC who walk the picket lines carry a beat much better than the union members. The SLAC pickets on Friday afternoons are almost funky, with double-beats and improvisations, as compared to the simple, steady thumping that the union seems to prefer.

13) Beer with lunch at Naples is good.

The freshmen are only there on Thursday nights, but the grad students are there everyday for lunch, and joining them for a Rolling Rock really helps your performance in those tough afternoon sections.

14) The four basic food groups: Lucky Charms, Cap'n Crunch, Cocoa Krispies, and Cookie Crisp.

The cereal route is very popular among Yalies who want to save their rebate check. Sugar-coated flakes, tiny cookies, marshmallows, and colored candies aren't just for breakfast.

15) Off-campus sturknts must be really sorry they're not living on.

They may have better food, nicer apartments, cheaper rent, and kitchens, but nobody's giving them $105 in spending money.

If Yale is really concerned about the off-campus exodus, it could make this weekly paycheck a permanent policy, regardless of the strike, as an incentive to keep students in the colleges.

16) The strike is more e./fictive than SlimFast.

Everybody claims to be losing weight and suffering from malnutrition, unable or unwilling to pay more than $12 for decent food found anywhere and everywhere in the naked city.

Perhaps Yale could present the strike positively as a diet plan to prospective freshman who could stand to shed a few pounds at the Yale Fat Farm.

17) Visiting restaurants is nice, but I don't Like Living there.

Setde the strike now.

1111

Dan Murphy, a sophomore in Timothy Dwight Coiiege, is the business manager ofTNJ. 31

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