ELECTIVE REPORT ON
LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (LEED) LAB B. Arch. 4 th Year 2020-2021 Submitted by SONAKSHI SHARMA Guided by Prof. Hina Zia
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA NEW DELHI-110025 Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Certificate In the partial fulfilment of the B. Arch. (4th Year) degree program, this is to certify that Sonakshi Sharma has worked on the Elective Report entitled “Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design” under our guidance and supervision.
Prof. Hina Zia Dissertation Guide
Prof. Hina Zia Head of Department
External Examiner 1
Prof. S.M. Akhtar Dean
External Examiner 2
DECLARATION
I, Sonakshi Sharma, hereby declare that the Dissertation on ‘Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design’ submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Architecture (4th Year) is my original research work and that the information taken from secondary sources is given due citations and references.
Sonakshi Sharma Date: xx/04/2021
Place: New Delhi 2020-21
Bachelor of Architecture (4 th Year)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I feel pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to my dissertation guide, Prof. Hina Zia, for her valuable guidance, constant encouragement, constructive criticism and valuable suggestions throughout the course of the present study. I would further like to thank my parents, Mr. Satish Sharma and Mrs. Shashi Sharma for their blessings, support and constant encouragement.
Sonakshi Sharma B.Arch. 4th Year F/O Architecture and Ekistics Jamia Millia Islamia
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
Certificate
ii
Declaration
iii
Acknowledgements
iv
1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction to Green Buildings 1.2. Relevance of Building Rating Systems 2. LEED and its variants 2.1. LEED 2.1.1. Introduction 2.1.2. Structure 2.1.2.1. Prerequisites 2.1.2.2. Credits 2.1.2.3. Complex Credits 2.1.2.4. Points and Certification 2.2. Variants 2.2.1. Building Design and Construction 2.2.2. Interior Design and Construction 2.2.3. Building Operations and Maintenance 2.2.4. Neighbourhood Development 3. LEED v4.1 O&M 3.1. Introduction 3.1.1. Existing Buildings 3.1.2. Existing Interiors 4. Arc 4.1. Introduction 5. Case Studies 5.1. TCF Center (Detroit Convention Center) 5.1.1. Introduction 5.1.2. Environmental Policy 5.1.3. LEED Scorecard
01
5.1.4. Strategies 5.1.4.1. Energy Conservation 5.1.4.1.1. Energy Efficiency 5.1.4.1.2. Daylight Harvesting 5.1.4.1.3. Air conditioning 5.1.4.1.4. Energy dashboards 5.1.4.1.5. Enclosed loading docks 5.1.4.1.6. Utility auditing 5.1.4.2. Water Quality and Conservation 5.1.4.2.1. Water usage reduction 5.1.4.2.2. Run off water 5.1.4.2.3. Condensate reclaim system 5.1.4.2.4. Water bottle refill station 5.1.4.3. Air Quality 5.1.4.3.1. No idling 5.1.4.3.2. OSHA indoor air quality standards 5.1.4.3.3. Green cleaning 5.1.4.3.4. Environmental Procurement Policy (EPP) 5.1.4.3.5. No smoking 5.1.4.4. Waste Management 5.1.4.4.1.Composting 5.1.4.4.2. Donations 5.1.4.4.3. Reduce 5.1.4.4.4. Reuse 5.1.4.4.5. Recycle 5.1.4.5. Community Engagement and Social Responsibility 5.1.4.5.1. Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts 5.1.4.5.2. Local sourcing 5.1.4.5.3. Health and wellness on-site activities 5.1.4.5.4. Visitor Education 5.1.4.6. Other Sustainable Features 5.1.4.6.1. Sustainable transportation 5.1.4.6.2. Venue transportation 5.1.4.6.3. Heat island reduction 5.1.4.6.4. Honey bees
5.1.4.6.5. Sustainable technology 5.1.4.6.6. Green roof 5.2. DLF Mall of India 5.2.1. Introduction 5.2.2. LEED Scorecard 5.2.3. Strategies 5.3. RMZ Ecoworld 5.3.1. Introduction 5.3.2. Using Arc to achieve LEED certification 5.3.2.1. Energy 5.3.2.1.1. Innovation 5.3.2.1.2. Arc Integration 5.3.2.1.3. Future 5.3.2.2. Water 5.3.2.2.1. Innovation 5.3.2.2.2. Arc Integration 5.3.2.2.3. Future 5.3.2.3. Waste 5.3.2.3.1. Innovation 5.3.2.3.2. Arc Integration 5.3.2.3.3. Future 5.3.2.4. Transportation 5.3.2.4.1. Arc Integration 5.3.2.4.2. Future 5.3.2.4. Human Experience 5.3.2.4.1. Innovation 5.3.2.4.2. Future 5.3.2.5. Project Future 6. Project 6.1. Introduction 6.1.1. Context 6.1.2. Accessibility 6.1.3. Climate 6.1.3.1. Temperature
6.1.3.2. Wind 6.1.3.3. Humidity 6.1.4. Key Dependencies 6.1.4.1. Water 6.1.4.2. Electricity 6.1.4.3. Gas 6.1.4.4. Healthcare 6.1.4.5. Daily Needs 6.1.4.6. Recreational 6.1.5. Area Chart 6.1.6. Conditioned vs Unconditioned Areas 6.1.7. Light Intensity Mapping 6.1.8. Lighting Fixtures 6.2. Arc Evaluation 6.2.1. Project Details 6.2.2. Energy 6.2.2.1. Data 6.2.2.2 Analysis 6.2.2.3. Scoring 6.2.3. Water 6.2.3.1. Data 6.2.3.2. Analysis 6.2.3.3. Scoring 6.2.4. Transportation 6.2.4.1. Data 6.2.4.2. Scoring 6.2.5. Human Experience 6.2.5.1. Data 6.2.5.2. Scoring 6.2.6. Emissions 6.2.6.1. Evaluation 6.2.7. Waste 6.2.7.1. Data 6.2.7.2. Scoring 6.2.8. Overall Performance 6.3. LEED Evaluation 6.3.1. L+T Prerequisite: Transportation Performance 6.3.2. SS Credit: Light Pollution Reduction 6.3.3. WE Prerequisite: Water Performance
6.3.4. EA Prerequisite: Energy Performance 7. Strategies for Performance Improvement 8. Conclusion 9. References
Annexure Bibliography
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
No. Image Description
Source
1
www.usgbc.org
2
Logo of LEED
LEED v4.1 for Operations & Maintenance: www.usgbc.org/resources/checklist-leed-v Existing Buildings 4-building-operations-and-maintenance
Page no. 3 7
3
Logo of Arc
www.arcskoru.com
8
4
Sample scorecard of Arc
www.arcskoru.com
9
5
Energy Scorecard
www.arcskoru.com
10
6
Water Scorecard
www.arcskoru.com
10
7
Waste Scorecard
www.arcskoru.com
11
8
Transportation Scorecard
www.arcskoru.com
11
9
Human Experience Scorecard
www.arcskoru.com
11
TCF Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
12
TCF Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
13
12
LEED v4.1 O+M: Existing Building Scorecard for TCF Center
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
13
Double heighted windows for ample daylight
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
14
Inside Lobby of TCF Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
Outside the TCF Center
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
16
Waste Disposal System
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
18
Banquet inside the TCF Center
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
19
Cafeteria inside the TCF Center
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
19
Community engagement programs
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
21
Honey Bees fostering
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
22
Lactation Pods
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-c enter-detroit-convention-center
22
Mall of India, Noida
www.dlfmallofindia.com
23
10 11
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
14 14 16
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Leed Scorecard
www.usgbc.org/projects/dlf-mall-india-no ida
24
RMZ Ecoworld
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
25
Energy score
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
27
Conceptual Ventilation Diagram
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
28
Water Score
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
28
RMZ Ecoworld
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
29
Waste Score
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
30
Transportation Score
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
31
Human Experience Score
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
32
RMZ Ecoworld
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
33
RMZ Ecoworld scorecard
www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmzecoworld
34
Location of R. K. Puram Sector 3 in Delhi Author
35
Accessibility and Context of Sec-3, R.K. Puram
Author
35
36
Figure Ground
Author
36
37
Street Pattern
Author
36
38
Land Use
Author
36
39
Temperature Band of Delhi
Climate Consultant
36
40
Sunpath
Climate Consultant
36
41
Wind Direction table of Delhi
Climate Consultant
37
42
Wind Wheel of Delhi
Climate Consultant
37
43
Relative Humidity of Delhi
Climate Consultant
37
44
Floor Plan
Author
39
45
Conditioned vs Unconditioned Areas
Author
40
46
Light Intensity Mapping at 8am
Author
41
35
47
Light Intensity Mapping at 2pm
Author
41
48
Light Intensity Mapping at 9pm
Author
42
49
Light Fixtures
Author
42
50
Type of Lights
Author
43
51
Energy Usage graph
www.arcskoru.com
44
52
Total site energy graph
www.arcskoru.com
45
53
Total source energy graph
www.arcskoru.com
45
54
Cumulative electricity use
www.arcskoru.com
45
55
Cumulative liquid fuel use
www.arcskoru.com
45
56
Monthly average Arc energy score
www.arcskoru.com
46
57
Energy Improvement Score
www.arcskoru.com
46
58
Water Usage graph
www.arcskoru.com
46
59
Total water consumption
www.arcskoru.com
47
60
Water use intensity per occupant
www.arcskoru.com
47
61
Water score
www.arcskoru.com
47
62
Water Improvement Score
www.arcskoru.com
48
Graph showing Popularity of transport mode in occupants and visitors
www.arcskoru.com
48
64
Transportation Score
www.arcskoru.com
49
65
Satisfaction Feedback
www.arcskoru.com
49
66
Average Occupant Satisfaction
www.arcskoru.com
50
67
Human Experience score
www.arcskoru.com
50
68
Emission specification
www.arcskoru.com
50
69
Average GHG Emission Intensity
www.arcskoru.com
51
70
Cumulative GHG emissions
www.arcskoru.com
51
71
Waste Data
www.arcskoru.com
52
72
Cumulative Waste Generation
www.arcskoru.com
53
73
Cumulative Waste Diversion
www.arcskoru.com
53
74
Waste Score
www.arcskoru.com
53
75
Overall Performance Score
www.arcskoru.com
53
63
76
Average Arc Score
www.arcskoru.com
53
77
Overall Performance Score
www.arcskoru.com
54
78
Exterior Light Shading
Author
55
LEED
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
Sonakshi Sharma
01. Introduction 1.1. Introduction to Green Buildings Green building is a holistic concept that applies to buildings, their sites, their interiors, their operations, and the communities in which they are situated. The process of creating a green building runs throughout the entire life-cycle of the project, starting from the inception of a project idea and continuing until the project reaches the end of its lifetime and then its parts are recycled or reused. The goal is to amplify the positive and mitigate the negative of these effects throughout the entire life cycle of a building. Green buildings are not just limited to built structures but it pursues solutions that represent a healthy and dynamic balance between environmental, social, and economic benefits. Types of Green Buildings Type
Characteristic Limitation
Net Zero Energy Ready May use fossil fuels or electricity for heating Could become "net zero energy with the addition of solar panels or other renewables
• •
Still emits carbon pollution if using gas on site Carbon pollution from electricity use will decrease over time as coal and natural gas are replaced by renewables
Net Zero Energy May use fossil fuels or electricity for heating Generates as much energy on site or nearby as it uses on an annual basis
• • •
Still emits carbon pollution if using gas on site Not all buildings have solar potential Generation may not match demand; fossil fuel burning power plants may still be needed during peak hours, leading to higher electricity rates
Net Zero Carbon May use fossil fuels or electricity for heating Fossil fuel use (on-site or on the grid) is offset with the purchase or generation of low-carbon energy.
• •
Still emits carbon pollution if using gas on site Carbon offsets are achieved only if purchased clean energy displaces high-emissions energy There are multiple definitions of when carbon 1
Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
Sonakshi Sharma
balance is achieved Zero Carbon No fossil fuel burned on site Only uses clean electricity or low-carbon fuels
Zero Carbon +
• • •
• •
Increased demand on clean electricity grids Biofuels still emit carbon pollution and can only be considered carbon neutral if feedstocks are sustainably managed and fugitive emissions are addressed
No fossil fuel burned on site Generation and load are optimized to meet the needs of the grid Provides energy storage and/or load management to relieve grid demands
1.2. Building Rating Systems and their relevance A green building rating system is a tool that evaluates the performance of a building and its impact on the environment and users. It comprises a predefined set of criteria relating to the design, construction, and operations of green buildings. The construction industry, although is not the only one responsible for environmental exploitation, is a key contributor. In addition to the waste generated, huge amounts of resources are consumed during the construction and maintenance of buildings. Looking at the current global scenario where the resources are dwindling and the ecology is in a crisis, the need to create, construct and maintain the buildings responsibly becomes essential. Needless to say, this is accompanied by resource efficiency, minimized negative impact on the environment and healthy environment for users. These measures can be encouraged by providing incentives and recognition to those who comply with these set standards with the help of rating systems and subsequent certification. There are various rating systems to assess the buildings, in India predominantly the rating systems mentioned below are followed: • LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) • GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) • IGBC (Indian Green Building Council)
2 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
02. LEED and its variants 2.1. LEED 2.1.1. Introduction Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a green building certification program that involves a set of rating systems covering different phases of a building's lifetime. Beginning at designing and planning level, it goes on to cover the construction, operation and maintenance phases of the building. Innovation and exemplary performances are recognised with different levels of certifications. Developed by non-profit U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) from 1994 to 2015, LEED has grown from one standard for new construction to a comprehensive system of interrelated standards. Available for virtually all building types, LEED provides a framework for healthy, efficient, and cost-effective green buildings. LEED certification has become a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and leadership.
Fig 01: Logo of LEED Source: www.usgbc.org
2.1.2. Structure The LEED rating system consists of prerequisites and credits. Based on these, certifications are given. 2.1.2.1. Prerequisites Prerequisites are basic required elements or green building strategies that must be included in any LEED-certified project. These set the minimum requirements that all buildings need to meet in order to achieve LEED certification. 2.1.2.2. Credits Credits are optional elements that can be incorporated to gain points towards a greater LEED certification.
3 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
Following is a list of credits and prerequisites available over the various rating systems available in LEED S.NO. Category
Intent
1.
Integrative Process
To support high-performance, cost-effective project outcomes through an early analysis of the interrelationships among systems.
2.
Location and Transportation
To reduce pollution and land development effects from transportation.
3.
Sustainable Sites
Minimize the impact of buildings on green spaces, wildlife habitat and water resources, protect and restore open spaces while capitalizing on existing infrastructure
4.
Water Efficiency
Reduce the quantity of water need for a building and reduce the strain on minimum water supply
5.
Energy and Atmosphere
Increase energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy in buildings.
6.
Materials and Resources
Reduce the environmental impact on natural resources, and reduce and manage waste.
7.
Indoor Environmental Quality
Establish ideal indoor air quality, eliminate indoor air pollution and create a healthy environment for building occupations.
8.
Innovation
Encourage and recognize innovation in green building categories not addressed by the LEED rating system.
9.
Regional Priority
Provide incentive for the achievements of credits that address geographically specifically environmental priorities.
2.1.2.3. Complex Credits Typically credits or prerequisites with a heavy focus on energy & HVAC, “complex credits” require additional time to review, and thus have a higher appeal review fee than other credits. 4 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
2.1.2.4. Points and Certification For achieving LEED certification, it is necessary to satisfy all prerequisites and earn a minimum number of credits. On scoring additional points, the level of certification increases as it is the number of points a project earns that determine the level of LEED certification it receives. There are four levels of certification: 一 Certified (40–49 points) 一 Silver (50–59 points) 一 Gold (60–79 points) 一 Platinum (80+ points) 2.2. Variants The following project types and scopes are addressed by LEED rating systems: LEED Building Design and LEED BD+C: New Construction Construction LEED BD+C: Core and Shell LEED BD+C: Schools LEED BD+C: Retail LEED BD+C: Healthcare LEED BD+C: Data Centers LEED BD+C: Hospitality LEED BD+C:Warehouses LEED BD+C: Homes LEED BD+C: Multifamily Midrise Interior Design and Construction
LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors LEED ID+C: Retail LEED ID+C: Hospitality
Building Operations and Maintenance
LEED O+M: Existing Buildings LEED O+M: Data Centers LEED O+M: Warehouses and Distribution Centers LEED O+M: Hospitality LEED O+M: Schools LEED O+M: Retail
Neighbourhood Development
LEED ND: Plan LEED ND: Built Project
5 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
03. LEED v4.1 O+M 3.1. Introduction LEED for Operations and Maintenance (O+M) offers existing buildings an opportunity to pay close attention to building operations, by supporting whole buildings and interior spaces that have been fully operational and occupied for at least one year. The project may be undergoing improvement work or little to no construction. By focusing on both performance oriented sustainable strategies and outcomes, LEED helps build high performing buildings. Consider that it can take up to 80 years to make up for the impacts of demolishing an existing building and constructing a new one, even if the resulting building is extremely energy efficient. However, many older buildings around the world are inefficient and resource-depleting, but with keen attention to building operations that can be turned around by using LEED O+M. The certification system identifies and rewards current best practices and provides an outline for building’s to use less energy, water and natural resources; improve the indoor environment; and uncover operating inefficiencies. 3.2. Updates in Version 4.1 LEED v4.1 was launched in July 2019 for its beta users. It includes: • Existing Buildings. Existing whole buildings. • Existing Interiors. Existing interior spaces that are contained within a portion. Spaces may serve commercial, retail or hospitality purposes. Following are the updates introduced in the latest version: • A shift from documents for documentation to data for documentation by tracking performance in energy, water, waste, transportation, indoor air quality, toxin free environment and occupant satisfaction • Get certified and stay certified with data driven recertification guidance that aligns with certification requirements • LEED points are based on performance (score) • For the first time applies to buildings and interior spaces.
6 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
3.3. Checklist and Scorecard
Fig 02: LEED v4.1 for Operations & Maintenance: Existing Buildings Source: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/checklist-leed-v4-building-operations-and-maintenance
3.4. Advantages LEED helps building owners and managers solve building problems, improve building performance, and maintain and improve this performance over time. LEED reduces cost streams associated with building operations, reduces environmental impacts, creates healthier and more productive employee workspaces, and provides public recognition for leadership in sustainability. The majority of requirements for LEED for Existing Building certification are operations and maintenance best practices. LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance encourages owners and operators of existing buildings to implement sustainable practices and reduce the environmental impacts of their building over their functional life cycles.
7 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
04. Arc 4.1. Introduction Launched in late 2016 by Green Business Certification Inc. (GBCI), Arc Skoru is a digital platform that allows any project — whether a single building, a community or an entire city — to measure improvements and benchmark against itself and projects around it.
Fig 03: Logo of Arc Source: www.arcskoru.com
It is available for all projects pursuing LEED certification and will eventually include other green building rating systems, standards protocols and guidelines.Additionally, Arc is inclusive of all projects, even those not pursuing certification, so that all buildings can measure performance and make incremental improvements towards LEED or any other rating system. It facilitates connections to people and projects globally. It encourages innovation, enabling informed decisions on building design, operations and maintenance. 4.2. Features • •
• •
•
Existing buildings can use Arc to earn LEED Operations + Maintenance certification and precertification using the O+M performance path. Projects that are currently pursuing and planning to register for the LEED for Existing Buildings standard path can also use Arc for performance data reporting. Cities, communities and districts can use Arc to start tracking data and earn LEED pre-certification. All registered and previously certified LEED projects have access to Arc to keep their LEED certification up to date. Project leads can also use Arc for performance data tracking and reporting as per the initial requirements in LEED for data sharing. Projects previously using the LEED Dynamic Plaque will be included in Arc.
8 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
4.3. Scoring Approach The overall Arc Performance Score is based on the comparison of the given project with the existing green buildings around the world and hence uses the existing dataset to evaluate. The Arc Performance Score is based on a three-level structure using five categories. It uses three types of information in addition to measured performance data for each category: 1. Normalizations for floor area, occupancy, schedule, and outdoor air temperature. 2. Key parameters, critically including the greenhouse gas emissions factor of grid supplied electricity. 3. A Reference Set of green building projects around the world Score Structure The overall Arc Performance Score is a 0-to-100 metric. It is not limited to whole numbers and fractional scores are allowed. Performance categories include Energy (33%), Water (15%), Waste (8%), Transportation (14%), and Human Experience (20%).
Fig 04: Sample scorecard of Arc Source: www.arcskoru.com:
These weights are based on priorities established in the LEED v4.1 rating system, and, consequently, these reflect the expressed values of the LEED Steering Committee and USGBC membership (USGBC 2015). The result is a composite 0-100
9 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
value for any project, each category, and each metric. Minimum data requirements to generate an Arc Performance Score for use with LEED include: • ≥12 consecutive months of whole project energy consumption data • ≥12 consecutive months of whole project water use data • ≥1 survey for whole building waste generation and diversion from landfill per year • ≥1 survey of occupant commuting per year • ≥1 occupant satisfaction survey and measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations 4.3.2. Scoring Categories The Arc Performance Score is evaluated under the five categories: Energy, Water, Waste, Transportation, and Human Experience. 4.3.2.1. Energy POINTS: 33 12 month energy usage is evaluated in this category. A data template is provided which needs to be filled with the energy usage for each month. This data is then evaluated to visualise a score under this category. Low energy use and Carbon emissions result in a higher score.
Fig 05: Energy Scorecard
Fig 06: Water Scorecard
Source: arcskoru.com
Source: arcskoru.com:
4.3.2.1. Water POINTS: 15 12 month water usage is evaluated in this category. A data template is provided which needs to be filled with the water usage for each month. This data is then evaluated to visualise a score under this category. Low water usage results in a higher score. 4.3.2.1. Waste POINTS: 8 In this category, at least one waste analysis needs to be provided which includes the weight of waste generated and waste diverted from landfills. This 10 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
Sonakshi Sharma
helps visualise the score for this category. Low waste generation and high waste diversion results in a higher score.
Fig 07: Waste Scorecard
Fig 08: Transportation Scorecard
Source: arcskoru.com
Source: arcskoru.com:
4.3.2.1. Transportation POINTS: 14 For this category, a survey needs to be conducted of the occupants as well as the visitors. It evaluates the distance travelled and the means of transportation opted for the same. The distance traveled is then converted to carbon emissions, so lower the emission higher is the score. 4.3.2.1. Human Experience POINTS: 20 For this category, a survey needs to be conducted of the occupants as well as the visitors. It evaluates the occupant’s satisfaction. In addition to that, at least 1 air quality sampling test needs to be conducted for CO2 and TVOC data for every 25,000 sf. Samples need to be collected from PID sensors or lab testing and formulated into a datasheet. This helps visualise the score that gets better with higher occupants satisfaction and better indoor air quality.
Fig 09: Human Experience Scorecard Source: arcskoru.com
11 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
LEED
Sonakshi Sharma
B. Arch 4 th Year (Day) 2020-21
05. Case Studies 5.1. TCF Center (Detroit Convention Center) 5.1.1. Introduction Built in 1960 in Detroit, Michigan, USA, TCF Center is a Convention Center having 2.4 million sq. ft. (723,000 square feet) of exhibit space. Formerly called Cobo Center, it is visited by 1.5 million visitors annually.
Fig 10: TCF Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
TCF Center is located in the heart of a revitalized downtown core, bursting with arts, culture and entertainment. It is within walking distance of stores, over 100 restaurants, shops and businesses, new hotels and attractions. Attendees can walk along the majestic 3.5 mile Riverwalk and wave to their Canadian neighbors to the south across the Detroit River. TCF Center is managed by ASM Global, the largest company in the world specializing in the operation of convention centers, arenas, stadiums, and theaters. And they partner with the Detroit Regional Convention Authority (DRCFA) in introducing best practices, fiscal responsibility and a total focus on outstanding customer service. With 723,000 square feet of exhibit space, TCF Center boasts one of the largest contiguous exhibit floor spaces in North America and is the 17th largest convention center in the country. The DRCFA completed a $279 million upgrade in 2016 that transformed TCF into a state-of-the-art facility that will be enjoyed for years to come. In 2020, TCF Center was awarded the USGBC Leadership Award.
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5.1.2. Environmental Policy The TCF Center and ASM Global commit to operations that reduce their environmental impact, focus on conserving resources, and utilizing products, technologies, and methods that continually improve in these efforts. Their sustainable initiatives focus in the areas of: • Waste Reduction and Diversion • Energy Conservation • Water Quality and Consumption • Air Quality • Environmental Procurement Policy • Community • Human Resources Policy and Staff Training
Fig 11: TCF Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
5.1.3. LEED Scorecard When certified in October 2019, TCF Center was the largest LEED-certified building in Michigan and the largest to certify Gold. It is also the largest and only convention center in the world to certify under LEED v4.1 Operations and Maintenance (O+M). The pursuit of LEED certification began in August 2018 when the LEED v4.1 O+M beta version was published. The documentation was completed entirely online using the Arc Platform. As a result of the recent renovation, the building was already designed in a way that met many the requirements of the LEED scoring system.
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Fig 12: LEED v4.1 O+M: Existing Building Scorecard for TCF Center Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
5.1.4. Strategies 5.1.4.1. Energy Conservation TCF Center management team is fully committed to an energy conservation program that is focused on infrastructure improvements, automation and technology, and vigilance. Significant improvements to TCF Center’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing infrastructure has reduced energy consumption throughout the facility. 5.1.4.1.1. Energy Efficiency Induction lighting is installed in the exhibit halls saving 40 percent on electric use in 723,000 square feet of space. Computer scheduling and monitoring of lighting in the exhibit halls make sure that appropriate lighting levels are used according to occupancy. Occupancy sensors in all meeting rooms turn off lights when not in use. Escalators are energy efficient and run based on occupancy and event needs and turned off when not in use.
Fig 13: Double heighted windows for ample daylight Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
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5.1.4.1.2. Daylight Harvesting Daylight harvesting uses outdoor light meters to automatically adjust light based on daylight coming into the building. On sunny days lighting is reduced in parking lots, interior areas like the concourse, docks and exterior lit areas. Daylight harvesting reduces electric use by more than 10 percent annually. The glass-enclosed concourse area on the main level, the three story glass atrium and the third-floor corridor ceiling provide enough natural light during the daytime hours to minimize the main hallway daytime lighting. 5.1.4.1.3. Air conditioning TCF Center is air conditioned by pumping grey water from the Detroit River through chillers that then send the cool water to various air handlers, providing cooling to zoned areas in the building. This system uses considerably less electricity than conventional air conditioning units. 5.1.4.1.4. Energy dashboards Energy in TCF Center is monitored by a building automation system. This computer-based system connects the HVAC and lighting systems, enabling them to communicate on a single platform to deliver the information needed, enhancing occupancy comfort, safety and efficiency. 5.1.4.1.5. Enclosed loading docks Loading docks with automatic doors that close after use and air walls to keep cold or hot air out during use ensure that energy is not being lost from mismanagement of the dock area. 5.1.4.1.6. Utility auditing The management team at TCF Center tracks every unit of electricity, steam, natural gas, and water consumed at the facility and monitors trends against past history and the budget to make adjustments in real time to reduce usage where practical and appropriate. Meters and sub-meters track daily consumption rates and immediately began saving more in energy than it was spending. Vigilant monitoring of energy use daily ensures that systems are operating at maximum efficiency. TCF Center is fully automated with lighting levels and HVAC delivery specifically scheduled to coincide with event hours, as well as the technological monitoring capability to adjust to a changing exterior environment that impacts conditions inside the venue. The management team tracks every unit of electricity, steam, natural gas, and water consumed at the facility. They monitor trends against past history and the budget for real-time adjustments to reduce usage where appropriate.
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Fig 14: Inside Lobby of TCF Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
5.1.4.2. Water Quality and Conservation Best practices policies address water quality and conservation methods throughout the facility including chemical management, landscaping, irrigation and building infrastructure (toilets, sinks, urinals, and showers) efficiencies. 5.1.4.2.1. Water usage reduction TCF Center continues to renovate existing restroom facilities to transition all fixtures to low flow conservation-friendly faucets, urinals and toilets. The water fixture updates also included installation of restrictors in the sinks and water pressure is reset based on the building’s occupancy. River water is used instead of potable water to cool condensers on chiller plants. 5.1.4.2.2. Condensate reclaim system TCF Center has a condensate water reclamation system that uses Detroit River water instead of potable water to cool condensers on chiller plants. Proximity to the river permits the success of this program. The system reclaimed 5,278,862 Btu/ hr of heat energy and saved $129,242 in energy costs in 2019 . 5.1.4.2.3. Run off water TCF Center uses run-off water on landscaping irrigation. The savings from using run-off water is nearly three million gallons annually or 30 percent of total usage. Operations has commissioned a study to explore the diversion of all storm water from the venue. 5.1.4.2.4.Water bottle refill station 16 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Sonakshi Sharma
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A water bottle refilling station was placed in one of the busiest parts of the facility and tested for efficacy of use. The station was wildly popular and in 2019, TCF Center installed several more stations throughout the venue to reduce the use of water bottled with single-use plastic. 5.1.4.3. Air Quality The health and comfort of TCF Center employees and visitors are top priority, and all laws, ordinances and regulations are strictly observed to insure contaminant-free air quality. Areas of focus include anti-idling policy and enforcement, smoking policies, alternative transportation, fleet vehicle management and management of VOCs and hazardous air pollutants. 5.1.4.3.1. No idling All commercial vehicles in TCF Center are regulated by the City of Detroit No Idling Ordinance, including vehicles propelled by diesel and non-diesel fuel. Civil infractions to the ordinance, whether warnings or violations hold parties accountable to the City of Detroit for registration and penalty collection. Penalties between $150 and $500 may apply. All security personnel working in TCF Center are trained in the No Idling Ordinance and expected to follow reporting procedures and follow up at all times. 5.1.4.3.2. OSHA indoor air quality standards OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) standards are strictly enforced in TCF Center during event move in and move out periods, and other construction projects. 5.1.4.3.3. Green cleaning TCF Center has an advanced green cleaning policy focusing on both practices and products Housekeeping staff uses products that are environmentally safe and non-toxic. 5.1.4.3.4. Environmental Procurement Policy (EPP) A written procurement policy was developed to address and consider environmental ethical impacts, and adhere to the stated goals of the venue’s environmental policy. This includes a focus on regional, organic, and sustainable materials, as well as vendors who consider their environmental impact and support the mission of the venue. In accordance with this policy 17 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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TCF Center is directed to procure cost-competitive products and services that minimize resource consumption and negative impacts on the environment, resources, and human health. 5.1.4.3.5. No smoking Smoking is prohibited everywhere on TCF Center property and allowed only 25 feet from the facility on public property. Members of the TCF Center executive team routinely comb the facility and issue warnings and violations to the no smoking ordinances. Signage is posted at the building entrances to make sure that visitors entering the facility are not obstructed by secondhand smoke. Indoor parking garages are patrolled and regulated. 5.1.4.4. Waste Management Reduction and Diversion TCF Center’s comprehensive waste management program focuses on identifying, reducing and diverting the various waste streams created by venue operations, attendees and clients. TCF Center also works to reduce the amount of waste created, and diverts waste from landfills by means of reuse, repurposing, composting and recycling items. TCF Center has an aggressive waste diversion program, including donations, recycling and compost. All of their efforts helped the facility achieve a 65% waste diversion rate in 2019. 5.1.4.4.1.Composting All compostable dinnerware in TCF Center is supplied by My Green Michigan, a local nonprofit committed to helping companies reduce their carbon footprint. Compostable materials are sent to Hammond Farms, TCF Center's local agency that turns compost into dirt used in local urban farming initiatives. Compostable materials include kitchen food waste, food court waste, sod and mulch.
Fig 16: Waste Disposal System Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
In 2018, they increased annual compost diversion by creating food court compost stations, buying all compostable silverware for use in the food courts, 18 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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and creating extensive training programs for staff. And, they worked closely with Hammond Farms to expand the list of materials that can be composted, and improve reporting for any load that is not accepted for composting. 5.1.4.4.2. Donations Materials left behind for donation to local agencies are collected in the TCF Center loading dock area and distributed according to agency need. Materials include carpet, clothing, tables, chairs, lumber, office supplies, plants, and unserved food. TCF Center’s exclusive food and beverage contractor collects prepared food that has not been served for pick-up by Forgotten Harvest, a local company that delivers to pantries, soup kitchens and shelters throughout Southeastern Michigan.
Fig 17: Banquet inside the TCF Center
Fig 18: Cafeteria inside the TCF Center
Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
5.1.4.4.3. Reduce TCF Center event managers encourage show managers to consider alternative material use by providing suggestions such as: use TCF's digital signage, use local sustainable transportation, use online order forms, develop menus with locally sourced food, and use compostable dinnerware or china. 5.1.4.4.4. Reuse Material development that allows reuse is also encouraged during event planning meetings with options such as: use signage and brochures without dates, reuse badge holders and lanyards, and donate unserved food. Materials left by events are donated to local agencies for reuse and upcycling. 5.1.4.4.5. Recycle Paper, aluminum cans and plastic bottle recycling containers are placed in all office areas and high traffic meeting areas throughout the TCF Center. All pallets are recycled to a local-area vendor. 5.1.4.5. Community Engagement and Social Responsibility 19 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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The venue acts as a steward for the environment and local community. This includes creating opportunities for staff involvement, education of stakeholders and participating in programs which contribute to the overall benefit of the city. 5.1.4.5.1. Anti-Human Trafficking Efforts TCF Center condemns all forms of human trafficking and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. The management takes the problems of human trafficking during events very seriously, and has worked with all local law enforcement agencies to refer any suspicious activity immediately. Over the past few years, this has resulted in several arrests for human trafficking. Hoteliers, suppliers, employees and visitors are all expected to uphold the standards and provide training or be given resources to identify, report and survive occasions of human trafficking 5.1.4.5.2. Local sourcing Seventy percent of food cooked and served in TCF Center is from locally sourced suppliers, a figure that is as much as 10 percent higher in spring, summer and fall seasons, but lower in Michigan winters. Centerplate, TCF Center’s food and beverage provider, sources and utilizes regional based vendors and farms to incorporate local, seasonal items whenever possible. The venue partners with community based organizations to minimize the waste of leftover items by providing to Metro Detroit’s under served. 5.1.4.5.3. Health and wellness on-site activities TCF Center is dedicated to providing free exercise, networking and community engagement opportunities for the local downtown community. Activities like Zumba, Yoga and Tai Chi are coupled with opportunities to give back to local nonprofits that support the areas needy. Activities are conducted on the venue's outdoor terrace and during inclement weather, held inside in the beautiful 30,000 square-foot, three-story glass atrium, overlooking the Detroit River. 5.1.4.5.4. Visitor Education Visitor education in TCF Center is inclusive of everyone coming into the venue from tourists to event attendees because sustainability is fully integrated into the operations and event planning of the facility. More than 100 waste disposal stations are strategically placed throughout the center from docks to food courts with corresponding instructional signage. Every few feet there is a new green focused message within view of every visitor. TCF Center holds guided green venue tours and events like honey harvesting or panel discussions regularly for visitors, local groups and facilities to share best practices and celebrate the growing sustainability movement in the Metro Detroit area. 20 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Fig 19: Community engagement programs Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
5.1.4.6. Other Sustainable Features TCF Center includes many other sustainable features that contribute to the health and wellbeing of the planet and people. Many of them contributed to the LEED Gold certification. 5.1.4.6.1. Sustainable transportation TCF Center continuously works to partner with local agencies that offer transportation options to visitors which provides a reduced carbon footprint for travel during events. The Detroit People Mover (DPM) is a fully automated light rail system and the cornerstone of TCF Center's sustainable transportation options. There is a station on the 4th level at TCF Center that is one of 13 stations in the elevated single-track loop in Detroit’s central business district. 5.1.4.6.2. Venue transportation TCF Center uses several tricycles for staff to move around the building. Light loads can be relocated around the facility and the maintenance team and housekeepers can stay fit at the same time! Bike share services are also available with 25 bikes at the TCF Center station that can be rented and left at any of the other 43 bike stations in Detroit. The DPM shares a station at Grand Circus Park with the Q-Line, a 6.6-mile circulating streetcar loop taking visitors to the sports, theater and museum districts of Detroit. There are also several electric car charging stations in the TCF Center parking garage. 5.1.4.6.3. Heat island reduction TCF Center has various roof types including a highly reflective white roof, reflective pavement selections and the green roof. Also contributing to this LEED credit were the parking spaces that take up no additional physical 21 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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footprint. The rooftop and underground parking helped earn this credit by removing a significant amount of square footage from the roof area. 5.1.4.6.4. Honey bees TCF Center partners with Bees in the D to foster four honey bee hives on the center’s living green roof. The honey is used by the TCF Center culinary team and presented as gifts throughout the year during educational events on sustainability hosted by the TCF Green Committee such as tours, receptions and community outreach events.
Fig 20: Honey Bees fostering
Fig 21: Lactation Pods
Source: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-center
5.1.4.6.5. Sustainable technology Technology is deeply embedded in the TCF Center’s sustainability program as the cornerstone of the "reduce" efforts. One hundred interior digital signs direct attendees and display meeting room agendas without the use of signage materials that may end up in the waste stream. The two jumbotron exterior digital signs give events the means to promote sponsors and sell advertising without the use of materials that may also end up in the waste stream. Event organizers are encouraged to use webcasting and video conference services to reduce the carbon footprint and extend their audiences. And to use electronic documents and communications during events, TCF Center provides high-speed free WiFi throughout the facility. The computerized systems allow TCF Center to schedule lighting levels and room temperatures according to room occupancy saving energy when levels can be lower. 5.1.4.6.6. Green roof TCF Center is home to a 10,000 square foot living green roof that creates a natural habitat for birds and insects as well as providing insulation to cool and heat the building. It is completely covered with living green roof vegetation and growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane and irrigation systems alongside four honey bee hives and an organic herb garden. The 22 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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addition of hydroponic gardens reinforces the commitment to locally sourced, wholesome foods by eliminating pesticides and fungicides while optimizing nutritional value. The program will also ensure year-round availability of fresh produce through the Midwest winter season. 5.2. DLF Mall Of India, Noida, India 5.2.1. Introduction
Fig 22: Mall of India, Noida Source: www.dlfmallofindia.com
DLF Mall of India is a retail mall located in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India and the world’s first mall to be certified with LEED Platinum under Operations and Maintenance v.4: Existing Buildings. The mall was opened in April 2016 and certified in October 2019. Designed by Benoy Architects and constructed by Turner International, the mall has a gross leasable area of 1,800,000 sqm and has been divided in 5 zones spread over 7 floors. It includes 330 brands that include 100 fashion brands, along with 75 food and beverages options along with many entertainment choices. 5.2.2. LEED Scorecard On achieving 88 points out of 110 in the LEED O+M: Retail category, DLF Mall of India was given a LEED platinum certification. The breakdown of the score has been stated in the scorecard below:
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Fig 23: Leed Scorecard Source: www.usgbc.org/projects/dlf-mall-india-noida
5.2.3. Strategies • Energy efficient air conditioning system with 20 percent less energy consumption. • Solar power plant of 40 kw for using solar energy. • Solar water heater of 4,000 litre, which helps save electrical energy. • Ventilation fans coupled with CO sensor in car parking. • Overdeck insulation with solar reflective index (SRI) finish. • Pumps and fans coupled with variable speed drives to save energy. • Sequencing batch reactors for wastewater treatment with the latest technology. • Organic waste converter for wet garbage. • The main structure shell and core of the building is reinforced cement concrete, selected for its robustness and durability, along with a high performing fire rating. • Planting of native plants that help with the microclimate • Skylight for ample daylight and less dependency on artificial lighting fixtures. • Efficient water fixtures to reduce water wastage 24 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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• Reduced wall window ratio (WWR) • The mall boasts of 100 percent treatment and reuse of the waste water generated • Onsite and storm water management system consisting of rain water harvesting tanks and bore wells to recharge ground water. 5.3. RMZ Ecoworld 5.3.1. Introduction The RMZ Ecoworld building complex is located in Bangalore, a major business and technology hub in the south of India. Consisting of 14 buildings over 77.8 acres, RMZ Ecoworld is one of the largest corporate complexes in Southern India. RMZ Ecoworld encompasses of: • An aesthetic and sustainable work super-space. • Open landscaped public space. • Sprawling health activity facilities and space. • Dedicated luxury lifestyle experience space with shopping, dining, and recreation. • Public cultural spaces like Amphitheatre and Art gallery. RMZ Ecoworld is a LEED Gold certified project, designed for a natural and optimal energy footprint with richly landscaped central sculpture and extensive water features. The project has sophisticated emergency management system along with services, support services and facility management innovations like BMS system, where all critical operations of the building are managed through a dedicated central hub within the project space.
Fig 24: RMZ Ecoworld Source: www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
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Sonakshi Sharma
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5.3.2. Using Arc to achieve LEED certification The entire Ecoworld campus was initially LEED certified under the LEED India Core and Shell Rating 2011 system and achieved the Gold certification. In 2017, the owner of these properties, known as RMZ Corp., decided that to improve their sustainable operations and the well being of their occupants, they would take on the challenge of further improving their existing performance and re-certifying four of their buildings using Arc. RMZ Corp. partnered with LEED Consultant En3 Sustainability Solutions. Today, RMZ Ecoworld stands as the largest space in the region, and one of the largest in the world to be LEED-certified using the Arc platform. At the onset of the project, the project team registered the development through the Arc website and generated an initial performance score for each building. This opening study found the buildings to have an average performance score of 55, placing them squarely in the middle of the point range for LEED Silver. After seeing this, RMZ Corp and the project team met to discuss potential improvements that could enhance the space and lead to a LEED Gold certification With this in mind, they began to pursue improvements in the five Arc categories – Energy, Water, Waste, Transportation, and Human Experience. 5.3.2.1. Energy 5.3.2.1.1. Innovation Reduced dependency on artificial lighting: The project team and RMZ Corp. engaged in several innovative practices to reduce energy usage in addition to the initial measures taken. RMZ Ecoworld’s location and design has allowed it to have substantial access to natural lighting since its initial construction. Thanks to decisions made in early design phases of the project, the buildings each were able to harvest natural lighting in many areas, improving the overall operations and livability of the building. This, however, had not been integrated into the design of the interior lighting systems. Smart lights: While pursuing re-certification for RMZ Ecoworld, the project team installed technologies that would automatically turn off artificial lights when exposed to natural lighting, helping to save energy and work towards a higher Arc score. Additionally, while they could not mandate renovations within tenanted spaces, the project team made sure to retrofit external, lobby, and common spaces to accommodate LED light fixtures which were more energy efficient than the existing fixtures.
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Fig 25: Energy score Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
5.3.2.1.2. Arc Integration After their innovations went into effect, RMZ Corp. compiled another comprehensive overview of their energy use. Specifically, Arc required that the project team upload four sets of data from the past year. These included energy consumption data through GRID, diesel consumption in litres, energy bills, and diesel purchase bills. Using Arc’s data systems, RMZ Corp. and the project team found that they had reduced RMZ Ecoworld’s energy use by 30%, slashing their operational costs in the process. RMZ Ecoworld’s HVAC system was built with efficiency and sustainability in mind. However, it was found that the HVAC system had been running at suboptimal setpoints for several years. Through collaboration, they were able to set new operating points that ensured the systems were consistently running at optimal loads. 5.3.2.1.3. Future The project team was able to find several ways in which they could continue to improve RMZ Ecoworld’s sustainability. One problem they found was related to the energy infrastructure surrounding the office complex. In Bangalore, where RMZ Ecoworld is located, there are frequent power cuts and power shortages that affect large portions of the city. Therefore, they moved to work with local utility companies to increase the reliability of the power supply across Bangalore. While this policy push is not reflected in their Arc score, it represents a way that Arc can help connect local businesses to each other, encouraging cooperation that benefits all parties.
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Fig 26: Conceptual Ventilation Diagram Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
Arc’s visual analysis of LEED point distribution has also helped to influence RMZ Corp.’s internal energy policies. Looking at the points in Arc that they were not awarded, the project team found that they could dramatically increase RMZ Ecoworld’s Arc score through the investment in, and integration of, renewable energy systems. Additionally, having on-site renewable energy production would greatly reduce reliance on diesel generators during power outages. For this reason, RMZ Corp. has begun to investigate renewable energy options; focusing primarily on solar panels because of the offices’ high exposure to sunlight. It is unlikely that RMZ Corp. would be pursuing these sustainable options if Arc had not demonstrated to them the possibilities that still remained for their property. 5.3.2.2. Water 5.3.2.2.1. Innovation
Fig 27: Water Score Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
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Upon integration with an already existing on-site sewage treatment plant, RMZ Corp. was able to clean water for reuse in various areas, including irrigation and flushing. When the buildings were first constructed, rainwater collection systems were installed, however, a reuse system had not yet been established. With implementation of a system by which this water could be reused, further water consumption was reduced. 5.3.2.2.2. Arc Integration After entering their data into the Arc system, they found that the buildings, on average, received a weighted Water performance score of 9/14. While this is on par with both the global and local average, RMZ Corp. still believes that there are substantial improvements that can be made to further reduce the site’s water consumption.
Fig 28: RMZ Ecoworld Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
5.3.2.2.3. Future There is still substantial room for improvement in RMZ Ecoworld’s water consumption. To achieve lower consumption levels, the project team has suggested starting with an adjustment of the water treatment systems. With improvements to the efficiency and capacity of their water treatment system, RMZ Ecoworld could substantially improve its Water score. In addition to structural improvements, RMZ Corp. is working to change policies within their buildings. Through increased communication with their facilities team, RMZ Corp. has highlighted the importance of preventative maintenance. This means ensuring that all sensors and fixtures are consistently cleaned and properly maintained, which wasn't done previously. By fostering awareness around the physical infrastructure of the water management system,
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it is possible to ensure that all aspects constantly run at their optimal levels, thereby decreasing water consumption. 5.3.2.3. Waste 5.3.2.3.1. Innovation When the project team began to work towards LEED Gold certification for RMZ Ecoworld, the site already had a fairly robust recycling program in place. Since its opening, RMZ Ecoworld has been partnered with external vendors that pick up recyclable waste on site and transport it to various recycling facilities. These vendors have also worked directly with tenants to ensure that waste is well sorted, preventing contamination of recycling loads.
Fig 29: Waste Score Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
The primary change to the existing system has simply been more awareness of the waste stream and a closer monitoring of waste diversion. Through more conscious monitoring practices, waste sorting issues can become more visible and be tackled if necessary. Additionally, the management had begun to integrate an organic waste management system into offices. This has helped to manage food waste, diverting it from landfill and converting it into compost offsite. 5.3.2.3.2. Arc Integration Using the Arc platform, the project team input monthly data regarding RMZ Ecoworld’s generated waste and diverted waste. Through this, it was possible to see monthly fluctuations in the waste diversion ratio and an average success rate of waste diversion. After inputting the data, it was found that the project was significantly more successful than both the global and local average in the category of waste, earning a weighted Waste performance score of 7/8. 30 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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5.3.2.3.3. Future Measures can be taken to make the final leap to a perfect score. The first of these is to work in conjunction with local agencies to improve their recycling capabilities. If infrastructure is updated to accept certain materials that are currently un-recyclable, then further waste can be diverted from landfills. In addition, RMZ Corp. can improve their waste score by implementing programs that more closely track performance in the different offices of their building. This would allow them to better pinpoint areas that need further training, increasing total waste diversion across the facility. 5.3.2.4. Transportation 5.3.2.4.1. Arc Integration As the buildings housed approximately 10,000 occupants, the project team had to facilitate, catalogue, and upload approximately 1,100 survey responses. The project team tackled this challenge through a variety of means. First, they sat down with tenants and their HR teams to explain the purpose of the survey, stressing the benefits it would provide to all occupants.
Fig 30: Transportation Score Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
They then encouraged HR teams to send the surveys via email to their employees, offering raffle incentives, such as free movie tickets, to those who filled it out. The project team was able to get survey results from close to 15% of occupants. Once all the results were calculated, RMZ Ecoworld earned a weighted Transportation score 12/14 on transportation. This was thanks to a location that was highly central to public transportation, and the propensity for many workers to use pooled transportation. 31 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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5.3.2.4.2. Future There are several steps that RMZ Corp. can take to improve the transportation score in the coming years. In order to gain an additional point in Arc, it is necessary to reduce transportation emission levels by 10%. This can be achieved in two different ways. - The first of these would be to create more awareness around the importance of alternative transportation. This awareness campaign would include educating occupants about nearby alternative transportation options. - The second method would be to actively improve nearby infrastructure. By enhancing building and campus accessibility opportunities, it would be possible to further promote the use of more eco-friendly transportation. 5.3.2.3. Human Experience 5.3.2.3.1. Innovation When the project team conducted an initial full IEQ test of the space, they found that much of RMZ Ecoworld was not able to meet the TVOC thresholds set by Arc. This is a category that many LEED Projects struggle with in heavily polluted areas of the world, especially India. To rectify this problem, the project team prioritized infrastructure installation across the two million square foot site.
Fig 31: Human Experience Score Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
They introduced carbon filters, UV lamps, and photocatalytic oxidation units to the tenant spaces that most exceeded the maximum limit of TVOC levels. Upon retesting, the new infrastructure was found to have brought these spaces to TVOC levels that fell within the required thresholds for Arc. 32 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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5.3.2.3.2. Future IEQ and human comfort is the area in which the project has the most room for improvement. However, implementing further improvements will likely be a challenging task as RMZ Ecoworld is a multi-tenant space. Due to lack of central control, many of the materials used to outfit tenants’ interiors do not meet Arc TVOC thresholds. Additionally, to reduce TVOC levels, further installation of activated carbon filters, improved filtrations in air handling units, and the use of green seal certified chemicals for cleaning and ongoing maintenance. This will be a primary focus of RMZ Corp. in the coming years as they seek to enhance their LEED certification. 5.3.2.3. Project Future In the end, RMZ Corp. achieved their goal of certifying RMZ Ecoworld Buildings 5A, 5B, 8A, and 8B as LEED Gold. With this achievement, RMZ Ecoworld has become the largest space in India certified using the Arc scoring platform and one of the largest certified spaces to use Arc in the world. In the coming years, however, there is still much more work that needs to be done. RMZ Corp. has signified their desire to bring RMZ Ecoworld to LEED Platinum status, the highest level of LEED certification. To achieve this, great strides will need to be made in all Arc categories, with particular focus on improving Water and Human Experience.
Fig 32: RMZ Ecoworld Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
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Currently, RMZ Ecoworld stands as a prime example of how Arc can help streamline the LEED certification process for massive, multi-tenanted spaces around the world. This influence and recognition will only continue to grow once the project achieves LEED Platinum.
Fig 33: RMZ Ecoworld scorecard Source :www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-rmz-ecoworld
34 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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06. Project 6.1. Introduction The residence under review is 2 BHK Central Government employees quarter located in Sector 3, R. K. Puram, New Delhi -110022. The residential colony was built in the 1950’s by CPWD in the second phase of extension of New Delhi, Rama Krishna Puram is a Central Government Employees residential colony. The farmlands of the farmers of Munirka were acquired for its development which continued till 1970s. The residential colony majorly consists of double storeyed housing blocks with 2-3 bedroom apartments.
Fig 34: Location of R. K. Puram Sector 3 in Delhi
Fig 35: Accessibility and Context of Sec-3, R.K. Puram
Source : Author
6.1.1. Context R. K. Puram Sector 3 is located in the South-West District of Delhi. It is bordered by major roads on three sides while the fourth is adjoined by Sector-4. Across the roads, to the north is Sector-1, to the east is the protected green land adjoining the Hauz Khas district park and on the south is Munirka. 6.1.2. Accessibility Sector 3 R. K. Puram is well connected to all the major transportation facilities. -Metro: R. K. Puram Metro Station (Magenta Line) -Bus Stop: ▹ ▹
Sector 3 R. K. Puram Sector 2 R. K. Puram
-Roads: 35 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Olof Palme Marg (or Outer Ring Road) Africa Avenue, connecting the Outer and Inner Ring Road Venkateshwara Mandir Marg, connecting to the rest of the R. K. Puram
Fig 36: Figure Ground
Fig 37: Street Pattern
Fig 38: Land Use
Source: Author
Source: Author
Source: Author
6.1.3. Climate 6.1.3.1. Temperature Delhi has a composite climate, i.e. neither summer or winters lasts for more than 6 months. Hence, the temperature difference around the year calls for strategies both active and passive to protect the occupants from the harshness of both extremes.
Fig 39: Temperature Band of Delhi
Fig 40: Sunpath
Source : Climate Consultant
36 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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6.1.3.2. Wind
Fig 41: Wind Direction table of Delhi Source: Climate Consultant
Fig 42: Wind Wheel of Delhi Source: Climate Consultant
6.1.3.3. Humidity The humidity varies throughout the year as mentioned in the table below: Fig 43: Relative Humidity of Delhi Source: Climate Consultant
6.1.4. Key Dependencies The key factors including resources and infrastructure that the occupants depend on have been mentioned and detailed below. 6.1.4.1. Water Water is provided to the residents by Delhi Jal Board (DJB) which is responsible for procurement, cleaning and supplying of water from River Yamuna. 6.1.4.2. Electricity BSES Rajdhani Power Limited, a joint venture of Reliance Infrastructure Ltd and the Govt of Delhi NCT, is responsible for the electricity supply to the residents. The nearest substation (220 KV), inaugurated in 2019, is located in Sector Park, between Sector 3 and Sector 4, which uses state-of-the-art technology viz ‘Gas Insulated Switchgears’ (GIS). 37 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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6.1.4.3. Gas Cooking gas is provided to the residents by Indraprastha Gas Limited (IGL). Piped Natural Gas (PNG) is provided to each residence. The supply pipeline runs underground and is demarcated by yellow stones at certain distances to avoid any damage to the pipeline. 6.1.4.4. Healthcare Since the residential colony is for Central Government Employees, a Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) Dispensary is provided within each Sector. In addition to that, major hospitals such as All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS) and Safdarjung Hospital are located in close proximity. Two pharmacies are also available in the local market that help cater the residents’ smaller healthcare needs. 6.1.4.5. Daily Needs The local market is sufficient enough to cater the residents’ day to day grocery needs and essential requirements. These are retail shops which get their products from wholesale markets. Additionally, if need be the markets in the adjacent Sector of R.K. Puram and Munirka are easily accessible. In today's time, people have shifted from buying from local shops and have started ordering from online stores instead. This has helped the residents in staying safe in the time of a pandemic as well as get a better deal while ordering online. 6.1.4.6. Recreational In the view of the pandemic, the need for Recreational Spaces has increased. For both, physical and mental well being of the residents, they are dependent on these spaces. The sector has ample recreational spaces and parks which allow the residents to maintain a healthy lifestyle while still following the norms related to social distancing. These are provided in terms of open gyms, parks, jogging tracks etc.
38 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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6.1.5. Area Chart Following is the floor plan of the residence under review
Fig 44: Floor Plan Source: Author
S.No.
Space
Area (sqm)
1.
Drawing Room
20
2.
Dining Room
10
3.
Kitchen
10
4.
Bedroom 01
20
5.
Bedroom 02
14
6.
Toilet
7
TOTAL
81 sqm
39 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Sonakshi Sharma
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6.1.6. Conditioned vs Unconditioned Areas
Fig 45: Conditioned vs Unconditioned Areas Source: Author
Total Conditioned Area = 54 sqm (67%) Total Unconditioned Area = 27 sqm (33%)
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6.1.7. Light Intensity Mapping
Fig 46: Light Intensity Mapping at 8am Source: Author
Fig 47: Light Intensity Mapping at 2pm Source: Author
41 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Fig 48: Light Intensity Mapping at 9pm Source: Author
6.1.8. Lighting Fixtures
Fig 49: Light Fixtures Source: Author
42 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Fig 50: Type of Lights Source: Author
6.2. Arc Evaluation 6.2.1. Project Details Project ID:
8000010609
Project Address:
Sector 4 R K Puram
Project City:
New Delhi
Project State:
Delhi
Project Country/Region:
India
Space Type:
Multifamily: Residential Lowrise
Owner Type:
Government
Gross Floor Area:
81 sqm
Built Year:
1960’s
43 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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6.2.2. Energy 6.2.2.1. Data - Electricity Consumption Table
Fig 51: Energy Usage graph Source: www.arcskoru.com
44 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Piped Natural Gas Consumption Table
6.2.2.2. Analysis
Fig 52: Total site energy graph
Fig 53:Total source energy graph
Source: www.arcskoru.com
Source: www.arcskoru.com
Fig 54: Cumulative electricity use
Fig 55: Cumulative liquid fuel use
Source: www.arcskoru.com
Source: www.arcskoru.com
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6.2.2.3. Scoring
Fig 56: Monthly average Arc energy score Source: www.arcskoru.com
Fig 57: Energy Improvement Score Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.3. Water 6.2.3.1. Data
Fig 58: Water Usage graph Source: www.arcskoru.com
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6.2.3.2. Analysis
Fig 59: Total water consumption
Fig 60: Water use intensity per occupant
Source: www.arcskoru.com
Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.3.3. Scoring
Fig 61: Water score Source: www.arcskoru.com
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Fig 62: Water Improvement Score Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.4. Transportation 6.2.4.1. Data
Fig 63: Graph showing Popularity of transport mode in occupants and visitors Source: www.arcskoru.com
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6.2.4.2. Scoring
Fig 64: Transportation Score Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.5. Human Experience 6.2.5.1. Data
Fig 65: Satisfaction Feedback Source: www.arcskoru.com
49 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Fig 66: Average Occupant Satisfaction Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.5.2. Scoring
Fig 67: Human Experience score Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.6. Emissions 6.2.5.1. Evaluation
Fig 68: Emission specification Source: www.arcskoru.com
50 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Fig 69: Average GHG Emission Intensity Source: www.arcskoru.com
Fig 70: Cumulative GHG emissions Source: www.arcskoru.com
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6.2.7. Waste 6.2.7.1. Data
Fig 71: Waste Data Source: www.arcskoru.com
52 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Fig 72: Cumulative Waste Generation
Fig 73: Cumulative Waste Diversion
Source: www.arcskoru.com
Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.7.2. Scoring
Fig 74: Waste Score Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.2.8. Overall Performance
Fig 75: Overall Performance Score
Fig 76: Average Arc Score
Source: www.arcskoru.com
Source: www.arcskoru.com
53 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Fig 77: Overall Performance Score Source: www.arcskoru.com
6.3. LEED Evaluation 6.3.1. L+T Prerequisite: Transportation Performance -
Intent: To reduce pollution and land development effects from transportation.
-
Requirements: Conduct a transportation survey of building occupants on their commute patterns and calculate accordingly to get the score for this prerequisite.
-
Survey data:
Occupants
Distance Travelled (one way)
Occupant 01
0.2km = 0.125 miles 6
Walk
Occupant 02
13.5km = 8.4 miles
Metro (Heavy Rail) 0.33
-
No. days/ Mode of Transport week
5
CO2e lbs/mile 0
Calculations: For Occupant 01: CO2e for route (lbs.) = (CO2e lbs./mile) * distance traveled in miles = 0*(0.125*2*6) = 0 lbs CO2e for individual occupant (lbs.) = (Σ CO2e for route) / # routes = 0 lbs For Occupant 02: CO2e for route (lbs.) = (CO2e lbs./mile) * distance traveled in miles =0.33*(8.4*2*5) = 27.72 lbs 54
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CO2e for individual occupant (lbs.) = (Σ CO2e for route) / # routes = 27.72/1 = 27.72 lbs Project CO2e per one-way trip per occupant (lbs.) = (Σ CO2e for individual occupant) / # occupants in survey = (0+27.72)/2 =13.86 lbs -
Results: According to the graph for 13.36 lbs average lbs. of CO2e per one-way trip per occupant, Transportation Score = 65 LEED Points = 9
6.3.2. SS Credit: Light Pollution Reduction -
Intent: To increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility, and reduce the consequences of development for wildlife and people.
-
Requirements: Option 1. Fixture Shielding Shield all exterior fixtures (where the sum of the mean lamp lumens for that fixture exceeds 2,500) such that the installed fixtures do not directly emit any light at a vertical angle more than 90 degrees from straight down. Results: LEED Points = 01
-
Fig 78: Exterior Light Shading Source: Author
6.3.3. WE Prerequisite: Water Performance -
Intent: To support water management and reduce water consumption.
-
Requirements: 55
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For Interiors projects, have permanently installed sub-meters that measure total potable water use for any fixtures or fittings in the project scope. Alternately, interiors projects may pro-rate water use, using occupancy and base building water use over twelve consecutive months. Measure total potable water use on a monthly basis for twelve consecutive months (one full year). Input the twelve months of potable water use data and calculate a water performance score for the project. -
Data:
-
Calculations: The water consumption is adjusted for weighted operating hours and converted into daily water consumption using the following equation Equation 1: adjusted daily water consumption = annual water consumption * operating hours adjustment factor / 365 days = 46494.3 * 2 / 365 = 254.76 Daily water consumption per occupant is calculated by dividing the daily water consumption by the weighted occupancy, using the following equation: Equation 2: adjusted daily water consumption per occupant = daily water consumption / weighted occupancy = 254.76 / 2 = 127.4 Daily water consumption per floor area is calculated by dividing the daily water consumption by the gross floor area, using the following equation 56
Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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Equation 3: adjusted daily water consumption per floor area = daily water consumption / gross floor area = 254.76/81 = 3.14 -
Results:
6.3.4. EA Prerequisite: Energy Performance -
Intent: To support energy management and reduce environmental and economic harms associated with excessive energy use by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving higher levels of operating energy performance.
-
Requirements: Conduct a transportation survey of building occupants on their commute patterns and calculate accordingly to get the score for this prerequisite.
-
Survey data:
07. Strategies for Performance Improvement The following strategies can be adopted for performance improvement: 1. Sealing cracks, gaps and leaks and adding insulation can save up to 10% on home heating and cooling costs. 2. Clean or replace all filters in your home regularly. Dirty filters make your system work harder and run longer than necessary. 3. Install water efficient plumbing fixtures. 57 Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Jamia Millia Islamia
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4. Use your microwave instead of your stove when cooking. 5. Defrost your refrigerator and freezer before ice buildup becomes 1/4-inch thick to ensure your appliances are running efficiently. 6. Use natural light when possible. 7. Choose wood-framed windows, instead of PVC or metal. As wood is a natural insulator, it helps to keep the cool air inside the building. 8. Choose water-based paints, in place of oil-based ones 9. Get a Recycling Bin and a Compost Bin.
08. Conclusion LEED rating systems provide builders, developers, architects as well as the occupants of any kind of a building to build, operate and maintain it responsibly. Since it has become a need of the hour, this intricately structured system is a way to encourage and acknowledge those who are positively contributing towards creating energy, water and waste efficient built environments without compromising, but only improving, on the comfort of the user. This process has been made easier to understand and implement with the help of Arc as it precisely mentions the areas that need to be worked on in an existing project.
09. References – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
https://www.usgbc.org/resources/ https://www.usgbc.org/projects https://www.usgbc.org/articles/all-about-arc-performance-platform-no-other https://www.usgbc.org/articles/arc-new-technology-venture-launched-facilitate -leed-certification-measure-performance-and-b https://www.arcskoru.com/guides https://www.usgbc.org/leed/rating-systems/existing-buildings https://www.usgbc.org/leed/v41#om http://leed.usgbc.org/o-m.html https://www.usgbc.org/resources/checklist-leed-v4-building-operations-and-m aintenance https://www.usgbc.org/resources/leed-v41-om-beta-guide https://www.dlfmallofindia.com/ https://www.tcfcenterdetroit.com/about-us/green https://arcskoru.com/ https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/Case%20Study_RMZ%20Ecoworld_ Sept2019.pdf https://www.rmzecoworld.com/ www.arcskoru.com 58
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www.dlfmallofindia.com https://www.usgbc.org/resources/case-study-tcf-center-detroit-convention-cent er
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