March 2016

Price: 75/-

Volume 2 | Issue 5 March-2016

EDITORIAL Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology Published by BENISON Media SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market Karnal - 132001 (Haryana) Tel: +91 184 4036770 info@benisonmedia.com

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

T

he Budgetary announcement by Union Finance Minister in Parliamentary Budget Session recently, indicates that the Indian economy is on a high growth

trajectory. As per the advanced estimates, the country is expected to register a GDP growth of 7.6 per cent in FY16, as compared to 7.2 per

Publisher & Editor

cent in FY15 (with the base as 2011-12), recording the highest

Prachi Arora prachi.a@benisonmedia.com

percentage increase in the last five years. The economic reforms introduced by the government, a stable macroeconomic environment and the falling commodity prices are some of the factors that have

Managing Editor

helped India achieve strong economic growth estimates. However, to

Dr. T.K. Walli Former Head, Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

attain sustainable economic growth, the government could focus on improving the regulatory environment, increasing the spending on infrastructure, promoting exports, addressing the lukewarm rural economy, and attracting FDI and private sector investments.

Business Head

India's economic performance, which came under distress in FY13,

Vinod Kumar Saini info@benisonmedia.com

registering about 5 per cent GDP growth, has attained a high growth trend, owing to an improved performance in various macroeconomic parameters as well as the several reforms announced by the

Designing & Marketing

government, to provide the much-needed economic stimulus.

Ashwani Verma ashwani.v@benisonmedia.com

Improved economic growth in FY16 is due to the enhanced performance in the manufacturing. Indian Industry as such is expected to display better performance as compared to FY15, owing

Circulation & Subscription Head

to various initiatives launched by the Government of India, such as

Sunny Kamboj subscribe@benisonmedia.com

'Make in India', 'Start-Up India, Stand-Up India', 'Skill India' and 'Smart Cities', to facilitate India's growth. Manufacturing in FY16 is expected to grow at 9.5 per cent as compared to 5.5 per cent in FY15.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

However, Agriculture continues to be a major area of concern. As per

Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale Former Chairman, CLFMA of India

advanced estimates, the Indian agricultural sector is expected to

Mr. Amit Sachdev Indian Representative, US Grain Council Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand US Soybean Export Council Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani Dr. SN Mohanty Former Principal Scientist, CIFA

register a modest growth of 1.1 per cent in FY16, due to decline in production levels of various crops and poor monsoon, recorded for the second consecutive year. The draught situation experienced by the country during the last couple of years has caused a very severe impact on agricultural production and thousands of farmers have committed suicides. Seized of this serious situation, govt during the present budget has given a tilt in favour of agricultural sector, keeping provisions for boosting up agricultural and animal production. We hope that Animal Husbandry sector gets its due share, which contributes significantly to total agricultural GDP apart from the fact that the demand for proteins of animal origins is shooting up with

Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta Agricultural Economist

increased urbanization and affluence among the people. However,

Dr. Swamy Haladi Feed Additive Expert

contribution it makes to national and agricultural GDP. Since Feed

the budgetary provisions of this sector has always fallen short of the

Dr. R Gnana Sekar Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting

Industry too is directly dependent upon grains and oilseed production

Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

positive impact on feed ingredient prices and their availability for the

as its raw materials, any improvements in their yield shall have a healthy growth of feed industry.

T. K Walli www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in www.benisonmedia.com

Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Vollume 1 | Issue 10 | August 2015

Contents RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

05

New protein extraction method for Animal feed from Biomass

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

06

An evolution in Cattle Feed Industry

ARTICLE

10

Improved energy efficiency & pellet uniformity control in extruded aquafeed

20

Hydroponic Fodder to Refresh Animal Husbandry Sector

24 Importance of Physically Effective Fiber in the Ration of Dairy Cattle MARKET PROJECTIONS 13

Imported corn awaits discharge at Port

PELLETING TIPS 14 Importance of Proper Hydration during Conditioning

Upcoming Events

INTERVIEW

16 INNOVATIONS

27

Innovative Approaches for Climate Smart Livestock Practices 29-31 March 2016

EVENT COVERAGE

29

Grain slowdown but Asia still no. 1-VICTAM Asia

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18-20 April 2016

Front Cover: farmet

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Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON MEDIA, nor any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’ activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

R&D Image source: feed-a-gene.eu

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

research is required with regard to wheat used in poultry feed. bran. Separating protein from wheat The method may also be suitable for the bran is known to be difficult. production of a protein concentrate to be added to food, though this requires VTT has tested the method with a 60further study. According to VTT research litre pilot system. The method can be scientists, animal feed is the primary easily scaled up to an industrial scale. application for protein enriched with The chemicals used are cheap and DES. suitable for use in foods, and many are FDA-approved.

The commercialisation of this patented DESs are used in metal extraction and polishing, but today, they are also used in the separation of biomass fractions.

Previously, there has been no research on how well they are suited to separating proteins from biomass.

The method in question is rather simple: DES and solid biomass, such as BSG, are heated and mixed in the reactor for two hours. Finally, water is added into the reactor and the solids separated by filtering. DES molecules, proteins and water are separated This new protein enrichment method can through membrane filtering. particularly benefit breweries and animal The protein is then dried, and the end feed producers. result is a high-quality protein Protein in rapeseed press cake could also concentrate that could be utilised in, for be separated to a high degree, but the example, the feeding of pigs or poultry. difference with traditional extraction DES have nutritional value; they contain, methods was not significant. Further for example, a precursor of vitamin B

invention is currently being examined.

The research results will be published in a scientific journal in 2016. The development work was funded by Tekes the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation and VTT. A deep eutectic solvent incorporates two or more substances with high melting points into a mixture with a melting point substantially lower than any of the individual pure components.

A known example of this is the mixture (molar ratio 1:2) of choline chloride (mp 302 째C) and urea (mp 133 째C), which has a melting point of 12 째C. Deep eutectic solvents represent a new generation of organic solvents; research into their possible applications only began in recent years.

Source: 5M Publication

www.benisonmedia.com

D

eep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of solids that form a liquid solution at low temperatures when mixed in suitable ratios. The method has been tested on separating protein from brewer's spent grain (BSG), rapeseed press cake and wheat bran, all of which contain significant amounts of protein.

These food industry by-products contain significant amounts of fibre, which decreases their suitability as feed for production animals that are not ruminants. Brewer's spent grain responded best to protein separation with DES: almost 80 per cent of the protein in BSG could be separated, while conventional extraction methods can achieve no more than 40 per cent. The separation of other substances, such as carbohydrates, can be optimised through the choice of DES.

05

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

Dr. K. Rathnam, Amul Dairy

S

ince 2000, the technical growth of feed industry has contributed to transformation of livestock production to

highly commercial and specialized business. Thereby, India has shown ample growth in milk production & emerged as number one milk producing country with production of 146 MMT. A major chunk of around 70% of the total production is contributed by unorganized sector

Indian Dairy sector has evolved from rags to riches

1940s

• Per capita milk availability – 132 g/day • Milk rationing and scarcity • Dependent on import

2013-14 • Per capita milk

White Revolution Cooperative dairying countrywide milk grid – linking producers to consumers

availability – 290 g/day (Slightly higher than world average)

• 17% of global output • Net exporter

Cutting out middle men

• High intermediation

• Increased share of producers in consumer price

Strengthening production, procurement, infrastructure & technology transfer

Made dairy farming India’s largest self-sustainable rural employment generator

Making the country #1 in milk production

against 30% contribution by organized sector, where cooperative sector has

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

played a substantial role to lead the

06

growth.

Per capita consumption of milk has

• Production– 146 million tonnes • Estimated to reach 170 million tonnes by 2020 • Milk is India’s largest agricultural commodity • Gr ew at CAGR of 3.7 % in the las t decade*

increased from 276 to 450 ml. Milk cooperatives are continually striving to meet the milk demand for huge population (1.31 Billion) of the country.

The three tier structure of the cooperatives, set up by Amul Dairy, Anand known as “Anand Pattern” enabled the country to obliterate the hardships of milk producers faced over the period of 6 decades.

-

UP – 18% AP & Rajashtan – 9% each Punjab & Gujarat – 8% each Maharashtra – 7% MP – 6 %

Top 7 milk producing states contribute more than 65% of milk production

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Milk production trends (million tonnes) 127.9 92.5

FY '05

116.2

100.9

140.0 132.4

146.0

For better nutrient availability of feeds, feed additives like enzymes, probiotics, single-cell proteins and antibiotics are widely used in production systems worldwide.

Economy

FY '06

FY '07

FY '08

FY '09

FY '10

FY '11

FY '12

FY '13

FY '14

FY '15

Commodity wise production (million tonnes) 140

106

95.91 32.88

24.35

Milk

Rice

Wheat

Maize

Oilseeds

19.27

Pulses

Data 2013-14

Animal Population

Nutritional Advances

In India, the largest milch animal (inmilk and dry) population comprising of cows and buffaloes, has increased from 111.09 million to 118.59 million (growth of 6.75%) and the number of animals in milk, cows and buffaloes, has increased from 77.04 million to 80.52 million (growth of 4.51%) and the total number of female cattle count is 122.9 million.

Biotechnology is proved beneficial to livestock producers through breed improvement like use of alkali biotechnology to enhance digestibility of fibrous feed and maximize the utilization of crop residues. Use of bypass feed technology to facilitate fermentative digestion and inclusion of bypass nutrients to balance fermentative digestion is also getting popular.

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Feeding Scenario in the Country

08

to improve digestion of low quality feeds.

Though India has succeeded in attaining number one position in milk production, traditional feeding to milch animals needs to be replaced by feeding of scientifically compounded feeds to further improve milk production and profitability.

Unfortunately, Indian feed industry is able to fulfill only 10-15% of the total requirement. For nutritional growth and maintenance of quality food standard, the fast growing Dairy industry in the country should be ideally complimented with a growing feed industry. Extensive efforts are needed to educate the farmers to minimize cost of milk production through ration balancing, use of TMR, bypass proteins and bypass fats. Like organized farms and progressive farmers, small and marginal farmers also need to adopt these practices for better profitability.

Genetic manipulation & balance of rumen microbes is in vogue as a tool

Currently, India is self-sufficient in livestock feeds and does not depend on imports. Instead, the country exports solvent extracted meals. The Indian economy growing at the rate of 6-8 percent per annum & livestock industry is the second largest contributor to gross domestic product (GDP), after agriculture which accounts to 9 percent of the total.

Considering the need of balanced feed and its supply, the feed industry has better opportunities and scope to perform well in near future. India had a considerable increase in feed production, up to 29.4 million tons (a 10 percent increase over 2013), owing mainly to favorable weather conditions and consistently-improving farming methods and technology.

Conclusion Today the livestock industry is seen as the principal factor to improve the livelihood of people and bring extra income to the family. Globally Indian

World Scenario of Feed Producton TOP 20 COUNTRY TOTALS (In Million Tons)

1

China

182.69

2

USA

172.45

3

Brazil

66.15

4

Mexico

30.70

5

India

29.43

6

Spain

29.18

7

Russia

25.66

8

Japan

24.31

9

Germany

23.58

10

France

22.16

11

Canada

20.35

12

Indonesia

19.98

13

Korea

18.58

14

Thailand

16.91

15

Turkey

15.42

16

Netherlands

14.33

17

Vietnam

14.10

18

Italy

14.04

19

UK

13.49

20

Philippines

12.38

Feed Production by species Number of Feed Mills Globally (estimate)

Total Global Tonnage

31,043

980 Mil Tons

Source: Alltech 2015 Global Feed Survey

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

feed production stands at only 3%, which is approximately 29.43 MMT of total 980 MMT (2014). Among which Cattle feed is 7.5 MMT. It is been estimated that by 2025 the country would require more than thrice the quantity of feed it produces today, including a double increase in cattle feed. To meet the growing demand, it is essential to identify the challenges of the sector. As mentioned above, not only an aggressive promotion of educating the farmer is essential to promote the usage of feed, but strengthening the link between feed industry and the farmer is equally important. There also needs to be formulated an approachable cost factor for the small & marginal farmers to avail the same to increase the per capita consumption of protein feed, thereby increasing and improving quantity and quality of milk. There has been a slow but steady change in the feed sector of the country with international standard feed plants being established.

Production of safe and hygienic feed, along with biogenetically modified is the current and upcoming trend to improve the quality of nutritionally balanced compounded feed. Thus supporting millions of farmers with added income and benefiting over 1.3

Amul’s - State of the art feed plant in Kaira district

billion population with availability of quality and affordable milk.

China

183

6

0.2

2

85

24

41

0

18

0.4

0

USA

173

19

0

21

24

20

55

7

11

9

6

Brazil

66

5

0

3

14

6

31

1

1

2

1

Mexico Spain

31 29

5 3

0.2 0.2

Russia Japan Germany France

26 24 24 22

2 3 7 3

0 0 0.3 0.4

3 4 0.1 0.3 5 0 2

5 14 0 9 6 10 5.3

4 2 9 4 6 2 2

11 3 11 10 4 4 3

0.3 0.4 0 0.6 0 0 1

0.2 0.2 1 0 0 0 0

1 0.5 0 0.5 0.3 0 1.1

0.5 0.2 0 0 0 0.3 0.3

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“Good days are ought to come!”

Top Ten in-depth results

Source: Alltech 2015 Global Feed Survey

09

ARTICLE

Image source: nofima

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

T

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

o substantially improve extruder performance in aquafeed production, in recent years Muyang Group made research efforts in different aspects. The energy efficiency improving technology and its application as well as the development on pellet uniformity control is introduced in the present article.

10

With the development of extrusion technology, one of the development trends in aquafeed milling is that extruder is taking the place of pellet mill and becomes the most popular and most efficient milling machine because of its flexible production adaptability, high product quality and high sanitation assurance. However, the obstacle impeding extruder popularization is energy input, which must be decreased.

As it is well known that, sufficient energy is required to put into the extrusion system to sustain the whole

extrusion process, from material

1.1 Method to maximize SME

conditioning to kneading, shearing,

utilization

cooking, extruding, forming and finally First of all, the approach was studied to match the SEM input with that Essentially, the input energy is required for material ripening. If lower than that required, the input SME normally defined into two forms: the specific mechanical energy (SME) and could not ripen the material sufficiently even though it would the specific thermal energy (STE).

Analyzing from the energy inputs that result in higher production capacity, vice versa. Therefore, only proper SME required for cooking the raw recipe input can guarantee high quality components, there are three possible extruded aquafeed while maximizing ways to improve energy efficiency of production capacity. an extrusion system, i.e. to increase By quantifying the abilities of each production capacity while decrease screw segment (including conveying, the power consumption: shearing and mixing abilities) and (1) Improve the utilization efficiency testing the effects of different screw of SME; combinations, the extruder research team found out the optimal screw (2) Improve the utilization efficiency configuration that can achieve proper of STE SEM input for a given auquafeed (3) Try to input and utilize most STE production task. from the relatively cheaper source Based on above mentioned studies -steam to substitute some SME and a perceptual as well as rational input knowledge of extrusion technology, obtaining qualified aquafeed.

shearing efficiency

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

cheaper than that in electric power form. And the SME input to a running extruder always comes from electric power supply. What if some part of the required electric power is substituted with steam thermal energy, the production cost of aquafeed will be decreased significantly.

hasty shearing stabilized shearing

During cooking, the amount of steam thermal energy utilized by feed mash is determined by conditioner pressure.

For instance, conditioned by saturated Feeding Discharging steam, the highest conditioning temperature that feed mash can Fig.1 Stabilized shearing VS. hasty shearing achieve is 100°C under 0.1MPa while can reach 164.19°C under 0.6MPa. Muyang extrusion team worked out a The moisture and heat of steam is new concept — “stabilized shearing.” hard to penetrate into the core of feed Therefore, on one hand to make full use of steam thermal energy under mash particles and “cook” them just Usually, the whole extrusion process by the simple physical mixing function ambient condition, on the other hand that material undergoes, from being to optimize the conditioning pressure of a conventional conditioner, fed into the extruding chamber up to and maximize the steam energy especially for the oil-rich aquafeed being extruded out of the die plate, is utilization. mash. That means more steam and a “hasty shearing” process longer conditioning time has to be accompanied by high pressure, high The more the steam energy being power consumption and high wearing given in order to achieve high mash utilized by feed mash, the less the of working parts, and also inconstant gelatinization.

SME required for extrusion. discharge of extruded material.

Targeting the goal of improving steam The “substituting SME with steam

1.2 Method to maximize STE utilization Aquafeed mash needs to be precooked in the conditioner by hot steam before entering into the extruder chamber for extrusion. How to maximize the utilization of thermal energy from a given amount of steam to improve the gelatinization of aquafeed mash in the conditioner has been the focus of research team for years.

utilization and enhancing feed gelatinization, the research team has invented the “reinforced conditioning technology”, which can improve the mass and heat transfer efficiency and uniformity of steam effectively.

thermal energy” technology in the extruders has been proven to be an effective and economic way.

Pellet Uniformity

Good pellet uniformity and pleasing appearance are the important and Conditioner with the new technology attractive characters for high quality achieves excellent conditioning aquafeed. However, the relationship performance. Besides, the production between good pellet uniformity and capacity of an extrusion system high production capacity is hard to equipped with reinforced conditioning balance, especially for the single-screw technology is able to increase by 10extruder. As the production capacity 15% compared to that with a common increases, the pellet uniformity DDC conditioner, because of the declines. Usually, good pellet thorough pre-cooking function in the uniformity can be gained when the conditioning process. Furthermore, extruder is running at 70~80% of its the enhanced pre-cooking could bring rated load. Essentially, the nonin more stable running of the machine uniform extruded pellets are and less wear of the working parts generated by materials lacking such as the segmented screws and homogeneity in the whole feed milling extruding chamber liner, which process. From grinding to mixing, alternatively is saving maintenance conditioning, extruding and forming, cost. material's lack of proper homogeneity in any of these processes will finally 1.3 Substitute SME with steam cause non-uniform extruded pellets. thermal energy Fortunately, material homogeneity in As it is well known that, the same the grinding, mixing and conditioning energy in steam thermal form is far

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The stabilized shearing technology brought by the group can largely stabilize the shearing efficiency in the whole extrusion process (see Fig.1).

The optimal screw configuration can not only impart extrusion process proper SME inputs but also ensure the product gelatinization not less than that of the “hasty shearing technology.” It has been proven that, when producing aquafeed with the stabilized shearing technology, an extruder can increase the capacity by 15% with an energy savage of 12% per ton of feed.

11

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

processes is easy to be controlled with available techniques. The most challenging task is to control feed mash homogeneity during extruding.

Causes of non-uniform feed mash: (1) Non-uniform shearing force- The more difference of shearing force brought by extruding screw stressing on feed mash, the more non-uniform gelatinization and the more nonuniform pellet is achieved.

(2) Different flow rate- Flow rate of feed mash during extruding could be different in two zones: the screw zone and the non-screw zone (between the end of screw and the die plate). The different flow rate of feed mash in the extruder will cause different ripening time, and different gelatinization as well as different pellets quality accordingly.

Nonuniform flow rate

Flow pass width

Uniform flow rate

Flow pass width

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

INDUSTRY NEWS

Fig.2 Non-uniform flow rate VS. uniform flow rate

12

For a normal extruder, the difference of shearing force and that of flow rate are related to production capacity. The larger the actual capacity that is close to the rated value, the bigger the difference of shearing force and that of flow rate. In view of above impacting factors, the research team has developed the “turbulent flow extruding technology” to control pellet uniformity in aquafeed extrusion (See Fig.2). It is applied to well distribute the shearing force in the screw zone and to unify the flow rate in both the screw zone and to unify the non-screw zone (between end of screw and die plate) in an extruder chamber.

The turbulent flow extruding technology can help extruder (especially the singlescrew extruder) perform outstandingly in aquafeed production.

Source: Muyang

Record low Zimbabwe corn crop badly affect drought-hit South Africa

S

outh Africa, which is the continent's biggest corn producer and is suffering the worst drought in history, may need to help neighboring Zimbabwe with corn supplies as a drought cuts its harvest to the lowest since records started, a grain and oilseed farmers' body said. Zimbabwe will probably produce 200,000 metric tons, said Grain SA, South Africa's largest representative of corn farmers, which cited data from South Africa's Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy. That would be the smallest crop since at least 1961, when data from the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization starts.

Zimbabwe needs 1.1 million tons to 2 million tons of corn in 2016-17, Grain SA estimated. Zimbabwe traditionally relies on South Africa and Zambia for corn, which is used to make a staple food. The biggest nation in the region last year suffered its lowest rainfall since records began in 1904, with Zambia stepping in to provide supplies to countries in the area, but dry spells have now also curbed agricultural output in Zambia, where the 2016

harvest may drop about 30 percent to the smallest since 2009.

South Africa may have to import 3.8 million tons of corn in the year to April 2017 as the drought cuts this year's harvest to 7.44 million tons, the smallest since 2007. Grain SA's import estimate includes about 810,000 tons to be supplied to the Southern African Development Community countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland, but doesn't account for Zimbabwe's needs because it estimated

Zambia would fulfill the requirement.

“Zambia stocks are down, which lessens its ability to sufficiently supply regional markets,” said Wandile Sihlobo, an economist at Grain SA. “What all this means is that there will be additional pressure on the South African side.”

The broader region may have to import as much as 10.9 million tons of grains such as corn, wheat, and soybeans, according to Senzeni Zokwana, South Africa's agriculture minister.

Source: bloomberg

MARKET PROJECTIONS

I

mported corn that arrived in

14240/MT; April up 5.28% to Rs

$21/MT; PNW-China $12.25/MT;

India in late February 2016 is

12760/MT; May up 3.52% to Rs

Argentina-Brazil-China ranging.

awaiting discharge, following the

12350/MT; June up 3.32% to Rs

Methyl Bromide re-fumigation at

12440/MT and July at Rs 14614/MT.

belts, no major harm reported, but that

found a bottom here as well. There are

could delay the harvest by a few days.

more ships in the market and this is

The high day time temperature would

leading to more supply than demand.

also mean early maturity. Future price

Trade is also good, but not enough to

however have move up in the last two

fulfill the supply. Benchmark US Gulf-

weeks as weather related and

Japan down to $22.75/MT; PNW-Japan

Following the low corn prices in US, DDGS prices on FOB basis have been more or less stable at $183/Mt (FOB US Gulf) and $198/MT (FOB PNW). It is a good buy for the poultry and date sector as a protein-energy source. CNF price stop Vietnam at $213/MT and to China at $210/MT. The DDGS has 27% protein and 6% fat and can be used in broiler and layer ration at 10% levels and in dairy feeds at 15% levels without any problem. Indian poultry and feed millers continue to use high priced SBM at Rs 34000/MT, while the world continues to use low prices protein meals to feed the livestock. Imported Sunflower meal is all coming to India and priced at a max of Rs 21000/MT (all costs paid) for a 35% protein. DDGS could be one of the cheapest sources of protein with an added advance of energy, which also will need to be valued. Just as corn, the duty on import of protein meals will need to be ZERO to make it feasible.

sentiments. March up 0.92% to Rs

down to $13.25/MT; US Gulf-China

Source: Techproindia

Kandla port. As market awaits the

In the US however, the future prices

receipt of the cargo, spot prices have

have been down from 2nd week of more or less remained stable. From last February 2016 and for last week have week of February to 1st week of March, been stable. The market may have the prices moved up slightly.

found the bottom as of date as the

Nizamabad at Rs 14614/MT up 0.41%,

market also await the WASDE report

Davangere at Rs 14900/MT up 0.51%;

this week. On Corn contracts March

Karimnagar stable at Rs 14550/MT;

$130.52/MT; May $141.02 down 0.36%;

Sangli down 1% to Rs 14750/MT,

July $143.06/MT down 0.22%;

Gulabbagh 4.67% to Rs 16930/MT.

September $145.42/MT down 0.16%.

which indicates that the market awaits

The downtrend on the CBOT has helped

the arrival of maize in Bihar. Future trade

the FOB prices to also soften and

from Bihar continues, contracts at Rs

currently indicated at $159 /MT (FOB US

14500-14750/MT being done for

Gulf); $168/MT (FOB PNW).

April/May 2016 deliveries. There have

The freight rates from US to the market

been some rains in some of the corn

has been low and the market may have

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Image source: dredgingtoday

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

13

PELLETING TIPS

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Dr Naveen Kumar, Delst Asia

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

While we all accept, understand and agree that steam is the only thing that contributes to all three elements temperature (sensible heat), heat (latent energy or heat), and moisture required to condition the mash meal before going for pelleting. Requirement of these three elements vary according to local ingredients, meal temperature, and meal moisture including other environmental factors.

14

In some parts of the world (mostly temperate regions) or at a particular time of the year, meal moisture gets quite high so we need to focus more on temperature and heat from the steam.

While in other places, meal temperature gets too high and ingredients are so dried up (in tropical regions) that we require more moisture by pulling in low temperature high saturated steam to manage extra conditioning time and before reaching setting conditioning temperature fast. In some conditions, both temperature and moisture of the ingredients is so low that we require all three elements-temperature, heat and

moisture of steam to condition the • meal properly. It is not desirable to have a single operating setting parameter for running the pellet mill, as all the three elements mentioned above are closely related to each other for the successful pelleting operation.

Hence, it is of utmost importance to work with the correct steam type that provides a fine balance of these three elements, as per the requirement of meal ingredients and the mill operator should be trained to work dynamically.

In case, steam is not able to contribute enough moisture in dried-up conditions to properly condition the starch rich diets as required for feed manufacturing, we may add moisture through water in the mixer. It is necessary to provide sufficient moisture as enough hydration is the key in starch cooking and properly conditioning the • mash meal before it enters the pellet press.

So, the primary objectives of proper meal hydration during conditioning are to:

Ensure uniform moistening of feed particles – Adding sufficient water in mixer or sufficient steam in conditioner, helps to moisten the feed particles uniformly which if offered sufficient time (inside the conditioner), helps this water to penetrate inside the feed particles with enough agitation in the form of paddle rotation which also depends on the particle size (at this point of time, we have to remember while it is very easy to transfer temperature and heat from the steam to the feed particles, it is the moisture which is the most difficult to get transferred and that is the reason that we always advocate for a long time conditioner with minimum 40-60 seconds of conditioning time).

Initiate the cooking process – the cooking reaction is primarily a function of temperature and time, in the presence of sufficient water.

If any of the element is missing, feed will not get properly

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Note that in this discussion, cooking, conditioning or starch gelatinization are being used as interchangeable generic terms to describe the various material transformations, which occur during the feed processing to form pellets or crumbles.

Benefits of Proper Hydration: Achieving required hydration softens particles and reduces die wearing. As water is part of the cooking reaction, uniform hydration also enhances degree of starch gelatinization that means more leaching of amylose to bind other feed particles. Gelatinization enhances the ability of starch to absorb large quantities of water and this may lead to improved digestibility and improved feed conversion efficiency (a starch

granule can hold up to 300% moisture than its weight).

By achieving required degree of cooking, digestibility of the pellet is improved.

Gelatinization increases the speed of enzymes (amylases) to break down the starch linkages, thus, converting it to simpler and more soluble carbohydrates as higher gelatinized starch or feed gets faster digested and assimilated in the bird's body. A high degree of cooking also means that binding and pellet durability can be achieved with less starch (with protein binding also contributing to the protein quality). If cooking is initiated in the conditioner, less cooking needs to be done in the die chamber, which may result in improved throughput. But also, in a conditioner, the cooking is achieved under relatively low shear conditions (low mechanical energy) compared to cooking in the extruder barrel – so reduced water solubility and higher water absorption in the product also enhance pellet durability after it is wet.

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conditioned to produce desirable quality of pellets. Enough conditioning with right quantity of moisture in the mash meal in conditioner also helps the starch gelatinization process to get completed in the die.

15

INTERVIEW

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Ottevanger Milling Engineers is one of the leading feed mill suppliers in the world.

The company specializes in design and manufacturing of equipment and installations in the feed industry, and carried out a large number of projects worldwide: equipment and installations for mixed feeds, premixes, additives, fish feed, pet food, and other cereal related processes.

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Mr. Paul Eijmberts, Area Sales Manager Asia & Pacific, shares about the company's profile, the challenges in the Indian market.

16

Could you tell our readers about Ottevanger Milling Engineers?

Ottevanger Milling Engineers is a family-owned, Netherlands-based company, founded in 1909. For more than a century Ottevanger Milling Engineers is a major player in the global feed milling industry. Over these years a large number of countries and customers have been provided with dedicated and proven solutions for feed production.

What are the new projects that are expected to be pursued by Ottevanger Milling Engineers in near future? Especially, in the feed section, which of these three areas viz. Poultry, Cattle, Aqua feeds is going to be the main thrust area of your activity.

Ottevanger's solutions can be found in all sectors of the animal feed industry and also cover fish feed and petfood processes. Furthermore Ottevanger builds premix plants, oil seed and cereal processing plants and biomass process plants.

Majority of the plants in Asia are related with processing of poultry feeds (mash, pelleted/crumbled), but there is a significant trend for fish feed production, for either floating and sinking fish feeds.

Furthermore, there is an increasing demand for heat treatment processes for sanitizing purposes.

Could you please share the factors that makes Ottevanger Milling Engineers different from other national and international players in the market?

Through constant innovation and with changing market needs in mind, Ottevanger is constantly improving Equipment and Services. Recently the High Efficiency Line (HE Line) has been launched, which covers the new

generation Pelletmill, Rollermill and Crumbler. This line has brought to the market improvements in terms of capacity, reduced motor power, dust-arm design, as well as easy and ergonomic maintenance.

Please throw some light on concept of Containerized Feedmill.

Besides conventional feedmills, Ottevanger also has a unique modular concept; the Containerized Feedmill. This Containerized Feedmill is developed in the early 70's and since then many references build worldwide. The Containerized Feedmills are still growing in popularity and are supplied for a range of applications, bringing versatility to the market.

Containerized Feedmills can be supplied in the range of 1 ton per hour up-to 45 ton per hour. According to the defined scope of processes, the proper equipment is installed in 20-foot container frames, which can be handled as separate modules. The container frame, being used for shipment, is also the steel structure for the machine tower.

The modules can be stacked and connected together, creating the planned process line of the feedmill. Depending on the capacity, finally the machine towers seldom exceed 10 meters in height.

Benefits to customers may include : !

Machine tower has limited height, and can be build inside lightweight warehouse building (no wind loads). !

As the container frame is used for shipment and being part of the steel structure of the machine tower, the savings on steel and shipment cost are significant. !

In combination with the low weight loads of the machine tower, the costs on building and civil works are limited.

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

As such plants can be erected in a short timeframe; require less installation personnel and tools, and for a shorter period of time. !

Having a small floor print, this compact feedmill still has enough space for maintenance activities. !

The modular concept also allows easy expansion on later date. The ease of attaching an additional pelleting line or other processes on the existing Containerized Feedmill, prevents you from huge (re-)investments on equipment and on building.

A number of Containerized Feedmills have been provided in several Asian countries, performing to satisfaction of customers and meeting processing requirements. Some of the latest customers opting for Containerized Feedmills are in Thailand and Malaysia.

In India, Containerized plants are installed for producing a range of Fish Feeds.

Who is Paul Eijmberts (Area Sales Manager Asia & Pacific) and how does he see the market ?

Paul started working in the feed industry in 2007, and is within Ottevanger Milling Engineers, since 2012 responsible for the Asian &

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!

17

ARTICLE

18

health (less diseases), has been recognized. The Indian Feed industry is looking for the best possible solution, but is also a price-sensitive market.

Limited by budgets, customers find it challenging finding appropriate processing solutions. The unique Ottevanger Containerized Feedmills concept, is a great opportunity to overcome this challenge. It is challenging to build understanding that the overall investment of a new feedmill, is more than equipment only.

Containerized Feedmills come with multiple cost reductions in the overall investment, without sacrificing on plant performance and durability, and making European standards affordable.

It is positive to find several Governmental programs boosting the Agricultural sector in India, in order to create better access to protein sources.

Also the Dutch Embassy in Delhi plays an active key role in part of these programs, we feel always supported in a professional way.

The first Containerized Feedmills

already found their way in India, and for sure more will follow.

Would you give some tips to the feed millers on maintenance of feed mills?

Maintenance is an important part of running the feed mill, and must be part of the daily schedule. Every system requires more or less maintenance.

Maintenance can and should be planned, to have the best machine performance and durability. Without maintenance any machine finally will stop at an undesired time, causing unwanted downtime and costs.

Besides the machine choice on price, properties and performance, also the serviceability topic should be balanced.

Well-designed equipment also meets this aspect, which will limit your maintenance activities and costs in the upcoming years.

With our design, dedicated machine parts absorb the wear factor, and are simply exchangeable and cost efficient.

For more details, customers may contact at india@ottevanger.com or mkp@ottevanger.com

Telangana's first cattle feed plant opens Telangana's first cattle feed production plant was inaugurated in February at Gadwal. Construction started in mid-2013, with the feed plant being completed at an estimated total cost of Rs 8-10 crore. The new feed plant has a production capacity of 100 tonnes per day, a large increase from the 10 tonne a day plant that had been in operation.

The new feed mill will produce more than enough feed to satisfy local demand, so the feed mill is also set to supply feed to neighboring states such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The feed plant manager, Satyanarayana Yadav, said that the new modern plant had been built in addition to the existing conventional feed mixing plant. The feed produced at this plant is distributed in Khammam, Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda, Warangal, Medak and Nizamabad districts in Telangana and Chittoor and Anantapur districts in Andhra Pradesh. Feed is produced by mixing 12 types of ingredients to help enhance production of milk in cattle. The feed is sold under the brand name of Vijaya Feed.

Source: Feedmachinery

INDUSTRY NEWS

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Pacific region. Visiting the Asian and Pacific countries is large part of his job, and Paul can be found on the major trade shows in the region. For customer meetings and participating in selected trade shows, Paul travels frequently also in India. He is involved in development programs and has constant interaction with supporting companies, embassies and local representations, with one goal: bringing feed production (standards) to higher levels to accommodate the local feed production.

Paul: “It is important to listen carefully to customers, and to understand their needs, demands and plans. With proper understanding of these plans, customers can be guided in defining a solution that suits for the next decades, and not only for the next years. I feel pleased that pragmatics and flexibility within Ottevanger Milling Engineers, is key in serving customers with durable solutions. Many of such tailor-made solutions found their way in the different areas of the feed sector”.

“Besides offering complete projects or single machines/equipment, Ottevanger Milling Engineers has a unique feedmill concept: the Modular, Containerised Feedmill. This flexible feedmill design is already available from small capacities and opens doors for small feedmillers to high quality equipment standards”.

Please share some of learning about Indian Feed Industry. What are the challenges and opportunities for Ottevanger in the Indian market ?

The Indian feed market is maturing, with growing awareness of the positive impact of compound feed on animal products. Contribution of balanced compound feeds on higher farm output (milk, meat, eggs) and increased safety of these products, but also on animal

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

INDUSTRY NEWS

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Import rules to toughen in China imports coupled with a big drop in the domestic harvest means China may have to increase imports of canola meal this year to meet the needs of the fishfarming sector, the analyst said.

China will allow no more than one percent of foreign material in canola shipments starting April 1, the country's quarantine agency said last month. The higher standard may be costly for Canadian exporters, resulting in the country taking a more cautious approach to selling canola to China.

“There will be a shortage of canola meal at home. Feed mills may have to increase imports whenever prices are favourable,” said an industry analyst.

The rule also affects Australian canola, but Canada is by far China's largest supplier of the oilseed, known also as rapeseed. Industry participants have speculated that the higher standard is part of a plan to reduce China's large canola oil stockpiles by reducing seed imports rather than because of concerns about the transmission of the blackleg fungus.

Expectations of low canola oilseed

Chinese feed mills consume about 11 million tonnes of canola meal a year and soymeal has already replaced the use of canola meal to a large extent since 2015. The replacement would continue this year and that would cap the growth of imports, the analysts said. But for fish farming, canola meal cannot be replaced fully, he added.

“But imports would not return to the 2011 level, though there could be a short-term spike during the peak consuming season” from May to August, said Xu Aixia, an analyst with Everbright Futures Co. Ltd.

China imported a record 1.38 million tonnes of canola meal in 2011 after Beijing limited canola imports from Canada due to fungal disease in 2009.

Beijing has been selling its sizable state rapeseed oil reserves, equivalent to about one year of consumption.

China was the biggest importer of Canadian canola during the 2014/15 crop year, buying 4.1 million tonnes, according to Statistics Canada data.

Source: Reuters

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China may suffer a shortage of canola meal, a protein-rich feed ingredient, after Beijing plans to toughen the import standards for the oilseed from major exporters, industry analysts said.

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Dr. Suraj Amrutkar*, Dr. Suhas Amrutkar** and Bharti Deshmukh***

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Introduction

20

Hydroponics means the technique of growing plants without soil or solid growing medium, but using water or nutrient rich solution only for a short duration. Typical hydroponic systems are produced under artificial conditions (i.e. green house or lighted systems in a closed box) with regular watering, producing a crop within 6-7 days. This amount of time is sufficient to sprout seeds such a barley, wheat, and sunflower, or legumes like peas, to produce a 4-8 inch growth of green shoots. With hay and grain prices reaching record highs, unpredictable weather patterns, damaging pasture lands, farmers across the country are in need of a dependable and affordable feed for livestock. Growing fodder hydroponically is more efficient than any other means of producing feed for livestock. There is renewed interest in hydroponic fodder systems for dairy, livestock or poultry operations. The idea of putting one kilogram of seed into a hydroponic system to produce 10 times its weight in fodder is appealing.

However, the actual dry matter weight of the original grain to the fodder produced may or may not increase.

Hydroponics grown up by Maize

Hydroponic green fodder is grown up by maize. Soaking time of only 4 hours Hydroponic Fodder System Analyses is sufficient for maize seed. Soaked In analyzing hydroponic fodder, the first seed produced from 1.25 kg un-soaked maize seed is loaded in a 90 x 32 cm step was to analyze the dry matter tray. Hydroponic green fodders look exchange in sprouting the seed. A like a mat consisting of roots, seeds and simple experiment was conducted. plants. About 3.5 kg and 5.5 kg Barley seed in the amount of 5.5 hydroponic green fodders were kilogram when put into each tray produced from each kg of yellow maize around 88% dry matter (DM), yielded (CT-818) and white maize (CM-4), 55 kilogram of fodder when harvested at 12% DM or 6.6 kilogram of DM. This respectively. Production cost of hydroponic green fodder from white equated to a 36% DM increase. Other maize was lower than yellow maize. In samples have shown more than 10% comparison to conventional green DM losses. Feed analysis shows the barley fodder protein increases 2%-4% fodder, hydroponics green fodders from the barley grain seed as a percent contained more crude proteins (13.6 vs. of dry matter. Total digestible nutrients 10.7 %) and less crude fibre (14.1 vs.

25.9%). Intake of hydroponic green (TDN) as a percent of dry matter can fodders by dairy animals was upto 24 decrease 10% from the barley grain. kg/animal/day. As green fodders is an Thus, it is important to evaluate this integral part of dairy ration. Progressive DM exchange that occurs as total dry modern dairy farmers with elite dairy matter weight changes of protein and herd or in situations where fodders TDN. This may yield much different results than only looking at percent dry cannot be grown successfully, one can produce hydroponic green fodder for matter changes. feeding dairy animals.

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

does not hold up to scrutiny after careful though. The main problem is On daily feeding of 10 kg hydroponic that it exhibits a net loss in terms of dry fodder maize per cow, farmer can save 1 kg of seeds will make 6 kg of fodder. matter yield of 24-30% after 6 to 7 days 1.0 kg concentrate mixture per cow All animal rations consider feeds with further enhancement of 1.0 litre primarily as dry matter (DM) equivalent, of growth. The dry matter yields of hydroponic systems are actually milk per cow per day. The young calves since water is provided separately and negative, compared with the initial seed fed with 1-2 kg hydroponic fodder all of the other nutrients required by gained higher body weight (350 gm vs. the animals to live, grow and lactate are input. Additionally, there is likely to be a 200gm) with better skin coat. in the dry matter (DM) portion. Thus, a loss in feeding value of sprouted grain compared with raw gain, on dry weight Benefits to Livestock feed with 90% water (such as sprouted basis.

This result makes sense when grain) has considerably less feed value Hydroponics Fodder is a more natural considering that the seed must utilize than something with only 5% water feed and is comparable to the forages stored carbohydrates in order to drive (such as the grain itself). So, in the the digestive systems of livestock and growth of the seedling. The costs per example above, if 1 kg of seed is 95% horses were designed to process. Due kg or ton produced are likely to be to its increased digestibility and the DM and the resulting fodder is 10% significantly higher per unit hay availability of nutrients, there is a wide DM, then 0.95 kg of seed (1kg at 95% equivalent (or feed grain equivalent). range of benefits to feeding fodder DM) produces about 0.9-1.2 kg of dry Although, hydroponic forage has great over grains and concentrates. Not only weight fodder (9-12 kg of total fodder shall the animals be healthier and have at 10% DM) which is no net DM gain at appeal to those who wish to be more self-sufficient in feed supply, the yield, a better quality of life, they shall also be all, in fact, it is a loss of DM. more productive and profitable. quality and costs of this system appears However, this is just a back of the Benefits to all animals include: envelop calculation. Let's try testing the not to be favorable.

Can hydroponic fodder production !

Faster weaning and less stress on concept using real data from real be profitable? mothers and young stock sprouted fodder. !

Correction for dry matter is very important

Less manure due to increased digestibility of fodder

Why do seedlings lose dry matter in 6-7 days of growth?

If you have animals, you have a choice whether to

Seed utilizes the starch stored in the seed during the first week or so of growth before photosynthesis and root uptake of minerals kick into cause dramatic increases in growth. So, its not surprising that the total dry weight of the plant (i.e. seed, root, shoot) decreases during that time, rather than increasing, because the plant is using up stored carbohydrates from the seed.

Later, plant is quite capable of producing its own food from sunlight and CO2 and begins to gain weight

!

Graze, pasture or grow your own hay or silage

!

Purchase hay or other forages

!

Grow the feed hydroponically

!

Boosted immune system

!

Increased longevity and lifespan

!

Earlier heat cycles

!

Improved fertility

!

Stimulated appetite during heat stress

!

Better behavior and temperament

Advantage of hydroponic fodder production !

Minimal labour

!

Higher green fodder yield grown in a limited area

!

Control over feed quality

!

Less manure to handle

!

Lower operating costs

!

Less feed wastage

rapidly. So, the hydroponic systems are likely to lead to a net loss in dry matter and carbon upto about 10-14 days of growth.

!

Reduced feed storage cost

Disadvantage

!

Minimized veterinary/ treatment costs

The hydroponic concept may be appealing at first look, but it generally

So the economics of production appear to be quite questionable. Additionally, one should consider that one is losing D.M. each week in a hydroponic system compared with feeding barley grain directly.

Where hydroponic fodder may fit?

Although the economics, the yield and the quality of hydroponic sprouted grain forage are not highly favorable, the concept has a great appeal to those who wish to be more self-sufficient in feed. It may fit for those producers who do not have local sources for hay or forage or simply want to be more selfsufficient. For small animal producers

Dry Matter Exchange Analysis Type

Dry matter %

Whole sample

Grain seed

95

1 kg

Total Dry matter on whole sample 95

Sprouted grain

10

6 kg

60

Conclusion It means loss of dry matter after soaking

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Effect on milk production

21

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

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(rabbits etc.) this may offer a ready source of palatable feed. Hydroponic sprouted grain may also be an appealing feed which varies in the diet for animals fed only hay and grains.

22

farmers are dependent mostly on

grown fodder, but because of

packaged cattle feed. Of course,

operating system, the cost goes up.

hydroponic fodder cannot substitute

However, it is still cheaper than

green fodder and hay completely, as

concentrate feed and the animal gets

it lacks fibre content. But, it is

the satisfaction of consuming fodder.

Hydroponic fodder growing system

definitely a better substitute for

Conclusion

It is well accepted fact that feeding dairy animals is incomplete without including green fodder in their diet.

Green fodders are staple feed for dairy animals. Dairy animals producing upto 12-15 liters milk per day can be maintained by feeding green fodders.

Inclusion of green fodders in ration of dairy animals decreases amount of concentrate feeding and thus increases profit. Therefore, for economical and sustainable dairy farming, fodder production round the year is highly essential. As an alternative to conventional method of green fodder produce hydroponic technology is coming up to grow fodder for farm animals. In a simple way, a hydroponic fodder system usually consists of a framework of shelves on which plastic trays are stacked. After soaking overnight, a layer of seeds is spread over the base of the trays. During the growing period, the seeds are kept moist, but not saturated. They are supplied with moisture usually via spray irrigation. Holes in the trays facilitate drainage of excess water. The seeds will usually sprout within 8-12 hrs after soaking in 7 days has produced a 8-10 inch high grass mat.

Hydroponic fodder is much more easily digestible, full of nutrients and enzymes that the energy spent on this digestion process would be less with the resultant extra energy being diverted to milk production and growth.

packaged feed. The urban dairy

Hydroponic fodder: can it refresh dairy sector Hydroponic fodder promises to be the way to redeem dairy farmers faced with scarcity for quality cattle feed, especially for dairy farmers in urban area who do not have enough land to cultivate the required quantity of green fodder. Such

A noval fodder technique i.e. advanced hydroponic system for growing green the ever increasing price of cattle fodder indoors is designed to feed, and the lack of availability of overcome green fodder shortage, green fodder. Shrinking land size in especially in areas, where limited land the state ensures lack of availability is available for fodder cultivation. It of green fodder and hay in sufficient has very low water use. This system quantities. The spiraling cost of recovers and recirculates water for a packaged cattle feed add to the cost 98% water reduction. This system of dairy farming. Hydroponic fodder allows growing mold free sprouted fodder. It has lowest labour provides an effective solution for both problems. Hydroponic fodder is requirement. The unique construction of system, allows for easy collection of more nutritious than the mature fodder resulting in lower conventional green fodder and labour costs. Fodder system must cheaper and safer than the operate in a damp environment. commercially available packaged feed. The fodder production unit may However, hydroponic sprouts may still have good application in organic, use green house. The green house intensive, small-scale livestock with has tiered racks, each racks has row high value outputs or in areas with of perforated trays for soaked seeds. extremely high land or alternative feed Pipes fitted with micro fogger above prices. each tray ensures proper Image Source: Grain Saver

farmers in India are worried about

Hydroponics can have application in organic dairies needing to feed very and water fogging of the seed trays high forage levels year round that can in the green house. Tube lights produce their own seed for reasonable provide optimal light requirement costs. Due to changes in the nutritive inside the green house. The sensor characteristics of the fodder (less control unit regulates inputs of water starch, more sugars, vitamins and and light automatically. Seeds like lysine) monogastrics such as people, maize, barley and sorghum are used horses, swine and poultry may have to grow fodder. The unit requires more benefit. Research data on dairy electricity round the clock. The seeds cows is limited to determine are sown in a batch of 12 trays on a definitively whether or not the feeding daily basis. The water and soluble characteristics of the fodder changes nutrients are sprayed at regular production or body condition enough intervals. Within six days, the plants to warrant the additional cost. With a reach the height of 22cm, they are cost 3 to 5 times that of the original then peeled off from the trays, and barley grain or other readily available the fodder is ready to feed the cattle. feed sources, increased animal Some farmers claim an increase of performance of that magnitude is milk production and in terms of highly unlikely, but more research quality, there is an increase of 0.3% in seems necessary. fat and 0.5% SNF, fetching better * Assistant professor, Poultry Science, F.V.Sc. maintenance of required humidity

prices for the formers. In nutshell, fodder produced through hydroponics system is definitely of better quality, compared to normal

& A.H., SKUAST-J, Jammu. ** Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra. *** Assistant Professor, AGB, KCVAS, Amritsar.

INDUSTRY NEWS

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

Fodder Banks to provide quality feed to Secure Livestock Resources in Ethiopia Ethiopia is taking the leading position in its livestock resource potential compared to other African countries. However, due to various reasons, the nation has not yet exploited from this untapped economic potential for years.

in case of emergency. It also has satellite areas to transfer fodder from the area where it was developed to pastoral community." In some African countries, a well managed fodder bank of about four hectares can provide protein supplements for 15 to 20 cattle during the dry season.

Learning from past experiences, it seems Growing forage legumes also increases that things are improving. Following the yield of subsequent crops. The ability of drought, both the government and pastoral community are working together to reverse forage legumes to benefit both crops and livestock will be increasingly important in the situation by devising various areas where population pressure is mechanisms. Among others, developing increasing. These days, this mechanism has fodder bank is one. been being implemented not only in states A fodder bank is a bank that deposits that are affected by the drought but also livestock feed and provide to pastorals. other states that are not facing this Communal grazing usually comprises poor quality grasses which are burnt-out during challenge. Presently, the government has been working aggressively to reverse the the dry season. Fodder banks can provide drought both in Afar and Somali states. Dr. high-quality feed during the dry season, and are gaining acceptance among settled Mohammed Ibrahim- animal work process head, Somali State livestock and pastoral pastorals in the sub-humid zone. bureau said, "Together with the federal Animal and Fish Husbandry Directorate ministry, the state has been providing Director- Tadesse Sorri said, "The fodder emergency assistance to areas highly bank serves a great deal when there is affected by the drought. Every effort has shortage of feed, especially when the been made to protect the livestock. We are drought is extended. It can be green or making efforts to control the drought dried and accumulated in shades to use it

before affecting beyond 50 per cent.

Besides developing fodder banks, the state together with the government is now buying and transporting fodder in to the drought affected areas." Currently, in drought affected areas, the government has been taking various measures to protect livestock. Realizing the root cause of the problem at drought affected areas, various water wells has been dug and gone operational. On the other hand, on emergency basis the government has been providing molasses and various type of fodder to areas exposed to the drought. In the emergency basis, besides the provision of fodder, the government has been supplying various types of drugs, vaccination and other medical equipment to control disease that may occur as a result of crowding. Besides this, the government has bought over 35 million cattle from pastorals to keep them at ranches and return to the community after the drought.

Developing a fodder bank assisted by irrigation water is not new for Ethiopia. It is also common in other parts of the world.

Source: allafrica

KVASU -only Indian Institution to get Worldwide Universities Sustainability Fund of Leeds (UK), University of Sydney, University of Western Australia (Australia), Zhejiang University (China), Kansas State University, Penn State University, University of Wisconsin (USA) and Bahir Dar University (Ethiopia) have been selected for the project.

The project titled 'Global farm platform — towards sustainable ruminant production' has been accepted under the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) sustainability fund. KVASU is the only institution selected from the country and it would get nearly £5.7 million under the project initially, said Dr. T.P. Sethumadhavan, Project Coordinator and Director of Entrepreneurship, KVASU.

KVASU has been identified for the project towards dairy stabiliser for the tropics and feed intake. A significant proportion of grazing animals utilise feed resources poorly so they fail to meet market specifications and thus reduce profitability.

These unproductive animals have a disproportionate environmental impact because they have low productivity, he said.

Besides KVASU, other universities such as University of Alberta (Canada), University

The key aim of the project is to standardise protocols for collection of

individual feed intake records on young, growing cattle and on grass land production systems.

The project includes international workshops at Malawi, Alberta and India in the areas of advanced ruminant feed intake, genetics and ruminant methane emissions. WUN sustainability grant will be essential to maintain functionality of network and envisages genetic improvement in dairy cattle for tropics.

The project will recognise and emphasise the role of women in livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods. “At a time when women self help groups are actively involved in dairying, this project assumes more significance for Kerala,” said Dr. Sethumadhavan.

Source: The Hindu

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

The Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU) has been selected as one of the institutions to get Worldwide Universities Sustainability Fund to strengthen and accelerate the development of major initiatives under sustainable agriculture.

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

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Deepika Tripathi, Srobana Sarkar, Ravi Prakash Pal and Veena Mani National Dairy Research Institute

24

Dietary fiber is a key component of dairy cattle ration. Decreased milk fat percentage, reduced feed conversion ratio and hoof health problems are often related with the low fiber content in the animal diet. The effectiveness of the fiber in the ration depends on the type, quality, particle size as well as the amount of forage and non-forage fibrous sources being fed to the animal.

Adequate length of the fiber is necessary in dairy cattle ration to maintain proper rumen function because long forage particles in the diet promote chewing and salivary secretion, thus maintaining the rumen pH. The physical effectiveness of dietary particles can affect feed intake, digestive efficiency, milk production and composition as well as and health of the dairy animals cattle. The concept of physically effective fiber (peNDF) was introduced to relate the physical characteristics of feeds to rumen pH by assessing the effects of feed particle size on chewing activity. The term

peNDF combines the physical effectiveness factor (pef) of the feed with its neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and can be used in diet formulation to ensure adequate particle size.

ruminal pH through the provision of salivary buffers. Inclusion of fibrous diet slows the rate of feed digestion in the rumen as fiber is more slowly digested than starch and sugar. It is established that more VFA are produced after concentrate feeding as compared with Importance of fiber animal ration forage which causes the depressions in Long forage particles in the diet promote chewing and salivary secretion ruminal pH. Therefore, addition of forages to the diet not only increase which facilitates the buffering of acids the rumination time but also balances resulting from feed digestion. In the VFA production. This may also shift addition, it creates a floating mat (dense, floating layer located just under the site of starch digestion from the the gas in the top portion of the rumen rumen to the intestine which reduces containing the more recently consumed the potential risk of ruminal acidosis.

Fiber and Non-Fiber Carbohydrates feed to be available for microbial population for fermentation) in the The reduced level of effective fibre rumen stimulating contractions of the decrease animal performance by rumen. In absence of fiber in the diet lowering chewing activity, leading to rumen becomes stagnant pool and less salivary buffer secretion. This may removal of VFA via absorption and fluid cause reduced ruminal pH and results passage from the rumen declines in altered ruminal fermentation thereby increasing the risk of ruminal patterns with low ratios of acetate to acidosis. Thus, particle length of propionate (A: P) that ultimately result forages and the amount of fiber in the in modified animal metabolism and diet can have a significant impact on reduced milk fat synthesis. Nonfibrous

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

of fiber that stimulates chewing and contributes to the floating mat of large particles in the rumen. It divides the rumen contents into floating mat of large particles on a pool of liquid and small particles). Earlier the term effective NDF (eNDF) was used to determine the total ability of a feed to replace forage in a diet and maintain milk fat percentage. The terms eNDF and peNDF are often used interchangeably though effective NDF (eNDF) is the overall effectiveness of NDF for maintaining milk fat content and physically-effective NDF (peNDF) is the specific effectiveness of NDF for stimulating chewing activity in relation to particle size of the forage or feed.

Recommended level of peNDF to Diets with less than 19% NDF from maintain ruminal pH at 6 would be 22% forage should contain high-fiber byproducts by replacing grains to increase and for maintaining milk fat percentage of 3.4% is 20%. The peNDF (% of DM) total diet NDF and reduce diet nonof feeds is determined by multiplying fibrous carbohydrate (NFC). NDF is a NDF concentration by the proportion of measure of cellulose, hemicellulose, particles retained on a 1.18-mm sieve and lignin fractions of feeds. NDF is or peNDF effectiveness factor. more highly correlated with feed Percentages of particles retained on a volume and chewing activity than ADF 1.18-mm sieve for some feed or CF. Although the NDF in high fibrous components are soybean hulls, brewer by-products is not as effective as NDF grains, corn silage, legume silagefrom forages to maintain normal milk coarse chop, whole cotton seed, fat percentage, it is effective in high legume hay, and grass hay is 3%, 18%, concentrate or low forage diets, as it 81%, 82%, 90%, 92% and 98% aids in meeting the total diet NDF and respectively. But the analysis of NFC recommendations. Fiber individual feed and fodders for the percentage in the dairy cattle ration proportion of particles retained on a should not be less than 15% NDF as it 1.18-mm sieve is a limiting factor for would result into the milk fat application of this system in the field. It depression. On DM basis the NDF could be overcome by standardizing concentration for the diet containing the particle size at feed manufacturing 42% or 35% forage would be 19% and organizations such as CLFMA. The 16% NDF respectively. actual amounts fed should be peNDF determined by formulating diets based Physically effective NDF is the fraction on the requirements and limits for Table 1: Guideline for NDF

Minimum NDF from Minimum NDF in

Maximum NFC in

Forage (%)

Diet (%)

Diet (%)

19

25

44

18

27

42

17

29

40

16

31

38

15

33

36

nutrients, such as CP, RUP, RDP, NDF, NFC, fat and P, especially when multiple high-fiber by-products are used in the same diet. The peNDF will always be less that NDF, whereas eNDF can be less than or greater than the NDF concentration in a feed.

Need for physically effective fiber??

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the most common method to estimate fiber in the animal feed. The requirement for long coarse fiber in the form of forage has long been recognized in cattle. The deficiency of fiber in the diet results in the syndrome like failure of rumination, difficulty in eructation causing tympany or bloat, reduction in food consumption in cattle and depraved appetite. The concept of physically effective NDF (peNDF) is to estimate the NDF portion of the diet that stimulates chewing activity and possibly the growth and functioning of the rumen microbes. peNDF would accurately predict the cow's chewing response to forage/feed particle size.The adequate amount of physically effective fibre in high producing dairy cattle is important for maintaining normal rumen functions, decreasing the risk of metabolic disorders and avoiding suppression of fibre digestion, feed intake, milk production as well as alterations in milk composition. On the other hand, feeding excessive amounts of physically effective fibre decreases feed intake and lowers the feed efficiency due to reduced microbial protein synthesis. Thus, it is essential to find out an optimum amount of dietary fibre that is required to decrease the risk of ruminal disorders without impairing production performances in dairy animals. The particle size of the forage is also a critical factor to determine normal rumen fermentation characteristics. Increasing forage particle size generally results in increased rumination time per unit of dry matter consumed and affect the nature of feeding behavior. In normal feeding patterns a consistent supply of nutrients to the rumen leads to a constant environment for bacterial

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carbohydrates (NFC) or nonstructural (NSC) carbohydrates, rapidly fermenting carbohydrates, are used to replace fibre in low fibre rations. Unlike other nutrients where requirements are provided in grams per animal per day for specific body weight and milk production level, fiber requirements are considered as minimum amount for maintaining normal rumen environment and preventing various metabolic disorders such as ruminal acidosis, abomasal displacement and milk fat depression. NRC (2001) guidelines for minimum NDF from forage, minimum total diet NDF, and maximum diet NFC are presented in the Table 1.

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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

growth. Alternatively, rapid or selective ingestion may result in large diurnal variations in acid production and ruminal pH. The average dairy cattle spends maximum of about 14 h/d in chewing and ruminating depending upon the diet. The peNDF content of the diet can be increased either by: increasing the NDF content i.e., including more forage or byproduct feeds or by increasing the chop length of forages for low fiber diets. This increases the chewing activity resulting in the increase of rate of flow of saliva, thus providing the buffering capacity which may adequately buffer the digestion of the feeds. Fiber digestion may be impeded and milk fat levels may become depressed when rumen pH levels fall below 6.0. Rumen pH is a function of lactic acid and VFA production. The diets with longer particle size and greater amounts of

effective fiber stimulate saliva production. The intake of particles greater than 19.0-mm was found to be negatively correlated with the amount of time rumen pH remains below 5.8.

Several methods to measure peNDF have been proposed with each at differing stages of development and validation. The modified Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) is a widely used tool to quantitatively estimate forage and total mixed ration (TMR) particle size. Until more research is available on peNDF systems, the most practical method to evaluate the effective fiber level in dairy cattle diets is to ensure that level of NDF in ration and forage and TMR particle size are within recommended ranges.

Conclusion The physically effective fiber aims at balancing diets to promote healthy

rumen functions in dairy cattle reducing the risk of acidosis and improving feed conversion efficiency. Other factors such as maintaining the optimum ruminal pH, during the fermentation of diet (mainly starch content and grain processing) and feeding management practices need to be considered in addition to physically effective fiber to prevent ruminal acidosis. A greater proportion of forages can be included in the diet without lowering its digestible energy content. With the aim of maintaining normal ruminal functions, fiber digestion and for preventing milk fat depression syndrome and metabolic disorders in high producing dairy cattle, diets can be formulated or evaluated for chemical fiber and effective fiber (minimum) and non-fibrous carbohydrate (maximum).

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INDUSTRY NEWS

Brazil corn exports are boosting

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In February, Brazil recorded corn exports of 5.37 million tons. According to data from the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, this is almost five times higher than exports for February 2015, which stood at 1.10 million tons. These exports produced revenue of $892.2 million, compared with $206.4 million in February last year.

According to Lucilio Alves, a professor and grain researcher in Brazil, this phenomenon can be explained by a combination of a bumper harvest, favorable Brazilian exchange rate, and attractive prices. “We are seeing domestic corn prices 30% higher than those in Argentinian and American markets, and so producers are taking advantage of this opportunity,” he stated.

December 2012,” he explained.

Forecasts for 2016 February exports are up 20.6% on January volumes, which were 4.45 million tons. Cumulating volumes for 2016, Brazilian corn exports are at 9.83 million tons.

Corn exports are set to shrink in the coming months, giving way to soybean shipments. As soybeans are harvested, producers start planting the second crop, which includes corn, cotton, rice, and beans. An increase in the acres planted to corn for the second crop, plus a good harvest, is expected, boosting exports again during the second half of the year.

According to Flávio Antunes, consultant at INTL FCStone, Brazil may achieve record highs for corn exports. “The main factor driving exports is the Although Brazil's prices for corn have exchange rate. Last year, the U.S. dollar been high for some months, Alves was worth R$2.80 (Brazilian real). Now explained that they do not represent an the dollar is worth R$4. For us, it's absolute record. “The price curve is beneficial to export, and it's also good rising and current corn prices are the for buyers,” he says. highest we've seen in nominal terms.

He believes the U.S. is forecasting an But taking inflation into account, the increase in the acres planted and a rise price is only higher than that of

Image source: bloomberg

in production of corn, which may balance demand. “When the corn from the U.S. reaches the market, we may see a switch. Rather than seeking Brazilian corn, buyers may prefer American corn,” he said.

Nevertheless, according to Antunes, corn prices in the Brazil market will remain at a high level. “We have very low stocks, and the poultry and pig sectors need corn for animal feed. If we export less, there will be more corn for poultry and pigs. Demand will remain high for Brazil,” he adds. Brazil corn stocks, which stood at around 10 million tons last year, are set to shrink to 6.5 million tons this harvest.

Source: Agriculture

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

INNOVATIONS

Innovative Approaches for Climate Smart Livestock Practices Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta & Dr. Ankaj Sharma, Creative Agri Solutions

C

limate smart and sustainable agricultural practices have been widely discussed at the country level. We have also initiated steps towards enhancing farmer knowledge about climate smart agricultural practices. However the discussion for livestock is relatively limited as yet, though livestock is a

GHG emissions. With emissions estimated at 7.1 gigatonnes CO2-eq per annum, representing 14.5 per- cent of human-induced GHG emissions, the livestock sector plays an important role in climate change. Beef and cattle milk production account for the majority of emissions, respectively contributing 41 and 20 percent of the sector's

resources. For livestock production systems, nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the three main GHG emitted by the sector, are losses of nitrogen (N), energy and organic matter that undermine efficiency and productivity.

Possible interventions to reduce emissions are thus, to a large extent, based on technologies and practices that improve production efficiency at animal and herd levels. They include the use of better quality feed and feed balancing to lower enteric and manure emissions. Improved breeding and animal health help to shrink the herd overhead (i.e. unproductive part of the herd) and related emissions.

Manure management practices that ensure the recovery and recycling of nutrients and energy contained in manure and improvements in energy use efficiency along supply chains can further contribute to mitigation.

Sourcing low emission intensity inputs (feed and energy in particular) is a further option.

Climate change is transforming the planet's ecosystems and threatening the well-being of current and future generations. To “hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius� and avoid dangerous climate change, deep cuts in global emissions are urgently required.

The global livestock sector contributes a significant share to anthropogenic

Most mitigation interventions can provide both environmental and economic benefits. Practices and technologies that reduce emissions can often simultaneously increase productivity, thereby contributing to food security and economic Technologies and practices that help development. Concerted and collective reduce emissions exist but are not action from all sector stakeholders is widely used. Their adoption and use by urgently required to ensure that the bulk of the world's producers can existing and promising mitigation result in significant reductions in strategies are implemented. The need emissions. A 30 percent reduction of to reduce the sector's emissions and its GHG emissions would be possible, for environmental footprint has indeed example, if producers in a given system, become ever more pressing in view of region and climate adopted the its continuing expansion to ensure food technologies and practice currently security and feed a growing, richer and used by the 10 percent of producers more urbanized world population. with the lowest emission intensity. emissions. While pig meat and poultry meat and eggs contribute respectively 9 percent and 8 percent to the sector's emissions. The strong projected growth of this production will result in higher emission shares and volumes over time.

There is a direct link between GHG emission intensities and the efficiency with which producers use natural

Reproduced from “Tackling Climate Change from Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities, published by UNFAO, Rome, 2013.

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strong contributor to climate change.

With this article we plan to initiate a discussion on climate smart livestock practices based on innovate best practices from across the globe. To lay the grounds for the discussion, we first present an overview of the livestock and climate change issues. The current article is reproduced from a report by UNFAO linking livestock and climate change .

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2016

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 2 | Issue 5 | March 2016

MARCH Ildex Vietnam Date: 23-25 March 2016 Venue: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Email: ildex@vnuexhibitionsap.com Web: www.ildex.com

FIAAP / VICTAM Asia 2016 Date: 29-31 March 2016 Venue: Bangkok, Thailand Email: patriciaheimgartner@victam.com Web: www.victam.com

Indo Livestock 2016 Expo & Forum Date: 27-29 July 2016 Venue: Jakarta Convention Center - Indonesia Email: info@indolivestock.com Web: www.indolivestock.com

SEPTEMBER VIV China Date: 6-8 September 2016 Venue: Shunyi District Beijing, China Email: wang.yunyun@vip.163.com Web: www.vivchina.nl

APRIL 120th IAOM International Association of Operative Millers Annual Conference & Expo Date: 4-8 April 2016 Venue: Antalya, Turkey Email: info@iaom.info Web: www.iaom.info/annualmeeting

GFFC Date: 18-20 April 2016 Venue: Antalya, Turkey Email: info@gffc2016.com Web: www.gffc2016.com

PIX / AMC 2016 - Australian Milling Conference Date: 29-31 May 2016 Venue: Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre, QLD, Australia Email: contact@sfmca.com.au Web: www.sfmca.com.au/events/516

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Vietstock Date: 19-21 October 2016 Venue: Saigon Exhibition & Convention Center (SECC, HCMC Email: vietstock@ubm.com Web: www.vietstock.org

NOVEMBER

MAY

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OCTOBER

Oilseed and Grain Trade Summit Date: 14-16 November 2016 Venue: Hyatt Regency, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S. Email: ogts-info@highquestgroup.com Web: www.oilseedandgrain.com

EuroTier Date: 15-18 November 2016 Venue: Hanover, Germany Email: expo@dlg.org Web: www.eurotier.com

JULY 2nd International Conference on Livestock Nutrition Date: 21-22 July 2016 Venue: Brisbane, Australia Email: livestocknutrition@conferenceseries.net Web: www.livestocknutrition.conferenceseries.com

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at editor@benisonmedia.com

EVENT COVERAGE

Grain slowdown but Asia still no. 1 The year 2016 has begun with a sluggish outlook for global grain markets. According to the USDA, falling rice and corn production are expected for 2015/16. Wheat and coarse grains production are also down, with trade in wheat and flour remaining mostly unchanged year on year. The International Grains Council estimates a 2% slump in world grain production this year.

The staple Asian crop, rice saw prices beginning to firm up towards the end of 2015 with supply outlook remaining tight into 2016. Rice trade is expected at 42 million tonnes this year, fuelled mainly by Asian demand. Thailand is seen to overtake India as lead exporter with 10 million tonnes of export for the first time since 2011.

be used as fuel for heat and energy, in addition to ample wood wastes from various non-industrial plantations.

Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines generate about 34 million tonnes of bagasse annually. Given the region's abundant resources and energy needs, the opportunities for biomass pelletizing technologies are plentiful.

Commodity price volatilities and new approaches to feed formulation have led to soaring demand for DDGS in Across the world, a slowdown in the Chinese economy is having a knock-on Southeast Asia over the past decade. effect on global demand and markets. DDGS use in aquafeed has increased In the EU, depressed livestock markets over the years at inclusion rates of 57% on average for the region's top will see a contraction in compound feed production this year, predicts the aquaculture producers – Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam. Opportunities European Feed Manufacturers' to increase DDGS inclusion rates could Federation (FEFAC). The Middle East be increased further, at 10% in has also not been spared, with aquafeeds. depressed oil prices and political challenges impacting demand As countries move up the income appetites in the region. ladder, so do their demands for food

Get up to date at VICTAM Asia 2016

In the face of such a dull start to the year, Asia remains the world's No.1 region for pig, layer, broiler and aqua feed, representing 35% of world feed production. Annual feed production growth averages at 4%, with many of the region's governments increasing their focus on feed and food safety.

and energy. Southeast Asia has tremendous biomass potential with abundant natural resources and no lack of raw materials such as rice husks, residues and wastes from sugar mills for bagasse, palm oil kernel, forestry products, and other byproducts from the agro-processing industry.

It is estimated that the region has 38 million tonnes of rice husks which can

Also on 30 March are Petfood Forum Asia and GMP + Feed Safety conferences. Nutritionists and feed formulators can look forward to the opening day with the FIAAP Animal Nutrition Conference and Aquafeed Horizons Asia on 29 March while the Biomass Conference will round up the three-day expo on 31 March. For more information on FIAAP/ VICTAM/ GRAPAS Asia 2016, visit www.victam.com

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From staple food crop, to alternative energy and feed ingredients

The unique three-in-one FIAAP/VICTAM/GRAPAS concept addresses the distinct yet highly complementary sectors from animal feed ingredients and nutrition, to the grain and milling sectors. , respectively. The GRAPAS Asia Conference on 29 March will profile rice and flour milling and grain processing and the 2nd ASEAN Feed and Rice Symposium will be hosted by Victam International on 30 March.

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