May issue by ThinkGrainThinkFeed

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Postal No. PKL-212/2015-2017

Vollume 1 | Issue 7 May 2015

Herbals as Alternatives

NCDEX Art of Managing

RNI No.: HARENG/2014/61357

Contents Monthly Magazine for Feed & Feed Technology

Vollume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

EDITORIAL

Published by BENISON Media SCO 27, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market Karnal - 132001 (Haryana) Tel: +91 184 4036770 info@benisonmedia.com

Publisher & Editor Prachi Arora prachi.a@benisonmedia.com

Managing Editor

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Large impact of grass quality on methane emission

Dietary Choline Supplementation in Dairy Cows

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS Herbals as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters

ARTICLE

Dr. T.K. Walli Former Head, Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI

10 Art of Managing High Yielding Cows

Business Head Vinod Kumar Saini info@benisonmedia.com

FEATURE Time to think: Maize

Designing & Marketing Ashwani Verma ashwani.v@benisonmedia.com

Online Marketing Nidhi Virmani promotion@benisonmedia.com

Circulation & Subscription Head Sunny Kamboj subscribe@benisonmedia.com

INTERVIEW Interview with - Avinash Mohan Executive Vice President - NCDEX

MARKET PROJECTIONS Corn prices in US down

PELLETPEDIA Poor Pelleting and Respiratory Challenges/Ascites

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale Former Chairman, CLFMA of India

EVENT COVERAGE Asia's Largest Dedicated Feed & Grain Show to Return to Bangkok

Mr. Amit Sachdev Indian Representative, US Grain Council Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand US Soybean Export Council Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Livestock Development Officer, Govt. of Maharashtra Dr. SN Mohanty Former Principal Scientist, CIFA

INDUSTRY NEWS Poultry-feed sales by India seen slumping to lowest since 1990s

Opportunities in Ghana's Aquaculture Industry

Commercial GM corn approved in Vietnam

Indian Soybean Imports To US Jump As Shoppers Seek Organic Food

Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: Prachi Arora | on behalf of: Benison Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Published at: SCO-27,

Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta Agricultural Economist

IInd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora

Dr. Swamy Haladi Feed Additive Expert

policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The

Dr. R Gnana Sekar Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu

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Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON MEDIA at its office in Karnal. Editorial data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher consider its sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk. Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON MEDIA, nor any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’ activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction.

EDITORIAL

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

t is quite unfortunate that the farmers' suicides in the country have remained unabated for the

last decade and a half, and are still going on till date. The situation has further worsened with the recent

% OF ALL ANTIBIOTICS USED IN ANIMAL SECTOR AS

GROWTH PROMOTER

unseasonal rains, causing damage to the rabi crops in the northern states to the extent of 30-50%. Because of this, wheat production is likely to fall this year by 4-5 %, from the initial estimate of 95.76 MT in 2014-15. In spite of that the centre has fixed the

wheat procurement target of 30.05 MT, as against 28 MT bought by FCI last year. Our efforts to increase food production have, by and large yielded good results. But it is really intriguing that Government of India has not given a serious thought to build up the storage capacity vis-a-vis increase in food grain production. This is resulting in so much wastage of food grains due to fungal spoilage. The fungal infested grains cannot be even fed to animals as feed, as the animal products like milk and meat shall have a higher

content of aflatoxins and thus, unfit for human consumption. The real answer lies in capacity building for food storage through the construction of state-of-the-art foolproof temperature controlled storage system(silos) for grains. Thankfully, in the current financial year government has allocated a sum of INR 90 crores for the construction of godowns by FCI in collaboration with state governments. But that definitely is not enough, and more needs to be done to save the food grains from spoilage. While the suicides committed by thousands of agricultural small and medium landholders have become a regular feature in the country, the same is not true for landless and small and marginal landholders, those who are engaged in livestock raring. In the age old traditional integrated farming

system, Livestock and Dairy Farming provides means of sustenance to the farmer family. Dairying is one form of vocation where by selling milk farmer makes daily income. Although the contribution of livestock sector to total agricultural GDP is 28 %, yet, the allocation of funds for

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livestock sector is much below the desired level, which needs

to be raised substantially, in view of the kind of insurance that livestock acts in times of adversity. The Union Budget 201516 has allocated a total outlay of INR 488 crores for the development of Livestock Health and Disease Control Program, National Livestock Mission, National Program on Bovine Breeding, Cattle Development and a new scheme for Conservation of Indigenous Breeds. In addition to that INR 481 crores has been set aside for National Dairy Plan (NDP), Dairy Entrepreneurship and National Program for Dairy Development. This is still much less than what livestock

sector gives back to national GDP. T. K. Walli

R&D

The quality of grass herbage and grass silage significantly affects enteric methane production of dairy cattle, according to new research of Wageningen UR in the Netherlands. A considerable reduction in methane emission can be realised by shortening the grass regrowth interval. Improving grass quality is a practical measure with large potential for dairy farmers aiming to mitigate methane emissions. The studies were carried out by Wageningen researchers as part of the innovation programme Low-Emission Animal Feed. Measure impact on methane In dairy farming, methane contributes most to the global warming impact of milk production. The 'Clean and Efficient' covenant between the Dutch government and the agricultural stakeholders requires a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2020 compared to 1990 levels. To help achieve this reduction, the Dutch Dairy Board, the Product Board Animal Feed and the Ministry of Economic Affairs funded the innovation programme

Low-Emission Animal Feed. In this programme, researchers accurately measure the impact of diet on enteric methane production of dairy cattle in respiration chambers. Results of this research are exchanged with other national projects including 'Cows and Opportunities', and results are also used to develop practical tools including 'Carbon Feed Print' and 'Annual Nutrient Cycling Assessment' to help farmers cut their contribution to climate change. Grass quality and methane production The major share of feed intake by dairy cattle involves grass herbage and grass silage. Thus it is essential to have quantitative knowledge on the impact of grass quality on methane production. Despite the importance of grass, data on this impact actually is rather scarce worldwide. Available data has frequently been obtained using experimental methods with a low accuracy, and it is widely assumed that grass quality has no or only minor impact on enteric methane production. However, results of an advanced simulation model of fermentation

processes in cattle developed by Wageningen researchers indicated large differences in methane production with various grass qualities. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted in climate respiration chambers. The results show that an increased grass maturity at harvest significantly increases methane production per kg of milk (milk expressed as fat- and protein corrected milk). Methane production of dairy cattle fed early-cut grass silage was up to 30% lower per kg milk than that of silage made from grass cut at a later stage of maturity. Similarly, high fertilised and less mature grass herbage reduced enteric methane production per kg milk, compared with low fertilised, more mature grass herbage. Improving quality of grass, fed either fresh or ensiled, has large potential for dairy farmers aiming to mitigate methane emissions. The research was carried out by PhD research workers Sabrina Podesta, Geronda Klop, Bayissa Hatew and Daniel Warner. The advanced simulation model of fermentation processes is used in the National Dutch Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory. Source: Wageningen UR

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R&D

Choline, a trimethylated quarternary amine involved in transport of fat from liver, provides labile methyl groups for transmethylation reactions and is required for the synthesis of phosphotidylcholine from cell membrane. Its ability to increase milk fat synthesis and treat cows suffering from fatty liver after parturition has stimulated research on dietary supplementation of choline to dairy cows. Although the choline requirement of dairy cows has not been

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

established (NRC, 2001), it has been reported that the duodenal flow of choline represents less than 30 per cent of the dietary needs. That just goes to suggest that dietary choline gets degraded in rumen to a greater extent and not available to the host ruminant. Therefore, it becomes imperative that the choline is supplemented in the diet of cows in rumen protected form, so that its degradation in rumen is reduced and the undegraded part is absorbed post-ruminally to be available

to the host ruminant. In NDRI Karnal, an experiment was conducted recently to test the efficacy of the rumen protected choline (RPC) of the commercially available preparation, so as to find to what extent it is degraded and the proportion which escapes ruminal degradation. The second part of the experiment was to see as to what extent does the dietary supplementation of choline influences, milk yield, milk composition and choline content in milk. The results showed that RPC was only 27.11 % degraded in rumen and 72.8 % remained undegraded in rumen. While choline supplementation had no influence on milk yield and milk composition of cows, even the lowest dose of 54g/day/ cow choline was good enough to increase the milk choline content. Source: Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition

Sustainable fish feed alternative unveiled

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April 2015: US-based sustainable life science firm, Calysta Inc, is set to launch a new fish feed ingredient that it says could reduce the industry's reliance on unsustainable fish stocks.

This is a high quality microbial protein produced with minimal land and water use, is non-GMO and approved in the EU for all fish and livestock species, and is said to provide a cost-competitive alternative to conventional fishmeal. “The new ingredient can replace fishmeal and soy protein with a nutritious, naturally occurring protein, and offer consumers a new option that is sustainable and healthy,” said Alan Shaw, president and CEO, Calysta. “It can also contribute to the aquaculture industry's need for sustainable products to meet increasing global demand for new sources of protein,” he added. The new ingredient will be manufactured

using a natural proprietary fermentation process, a production method similar to that used to produce yeast-extract sandwich spreads. Studies have

confirmed it's nutritional value, based on criteria such as animal growth and health. Source: Worldfishing

INDUSTRY THOUGHTS

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Herbals as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters MJ Saxena*, Dr. Anup Kalra**

75 www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

% OF ALL ANTIBIOTICS

Pharmaceutical entities have been used mostly in the field of animal science for the treatment of diseases and growth promotion. It is worth noting here that a lion's share (about 75%) of the total amount of antibiotics is used in this sector as growth promoters. The scenario is likely to change with the Indian government putting in the ban for use of antibiotics as growth promoter. This implies that most of the antibiotics may not find an easy passage into the human food chain. Earlier unsafe amounts of residues of these drugs has led to:

USED IN ANIMAL SECTOR AS

GROWTH PROMOTER

being used thus are Avilamycin, Salinomycin and Flavophospholipol. RUMA (responsible use of medicines in agriculture Alliance of UK), has launched a series of guideline documents providing advice to animal farmers on ways to limit antibiotic use. Thus we may safely conclude that it won't be long before all antibiotics are totally banned from use as growth promoters in animal farming sector all over the world.

The focus as of now is on alternative measures like efficient Boisecurity measures, optimized nutrition, the use of biologically active peptides, organic 1) Antibiotic Residue related problems acids, probiotics, prebiotics etc. Herbal 2) Emergence of antimicrobial medicines have also started taking its resistance in pathogens. share in this category. Herbal medicine The regulatory agencies all over the is today a valid & proven science, with world have over the years reached great potential for integration with consensus towards judicious use of these drugs. As of September 1999, The allopathic medicine to the benefit of animal health. EU has banned all antimicrobials licensed for use in human treatment from being used as feed supplements in animal sector. The only antibiotics

It is a known fact that Ayurveda since ancient times has been very useful in maintaining health & productivity of

animals. Ayurveda (Ayur-Life, VedaKnowledge, in Sanskrit), the science of life is the oldest medical discipline. It is a holistic approach to remedies of maladies affecting humans and animals. Herbals are integral part of most of the medical therapies mentioned in Ayurveda. The ancient art of Ayurveda is a part of the wisdom & lore of India. Ayurveda not only takes care of treatment of human & animals but also places great emphasis on prevention of illnesses and maintenance of health. The global herbal market is about US $62 billion which is growing around 1015% annually as against a growth rate of 3% for allopathic pharmaceuticals and is expected to reach US $5 trillion by the year 2050. Indian share of the world trade of herbal products is negligible (around Rs.450crore) as of now. The scientific & technological advancement in the field of diagnostics, material analysis, instrumentation & introduction of the latest biological

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

The herbs mentioned in the Ayurveda have been critically evaluated, their genus & species & active parts have been identified, and their chemical investigation for identification of active principles, confirmation of biological activities & safety data have been scientifically studied & established. Ayurveda has never been static and this body of knowledge, that is now quite well documented, has been swelling with information collected from still undocumented traditional know-how as well as from validated data obtained from well-planned modern scientific studies conducted all over the world on different medicinal herbs and natural elements and their clinical benefits to humans and animals. Ayurvedic practitioners have been innovative and dynamic and the process of discovery of newer remedies is still on.

their genetic manipulation as well as the intensive methods of their rearing. This coupled with improper care of animals in terms of its management & husbandry practices has led to series of problems in animals. Over these years use of Herbal specialties has helped the farmer in improving health & productivity of his livestock. Of course, appropriate processing is equally important. Let us take look at some of the important areas which may be of concern to the vet & the animal owner.

Stress caused by the intensive breeding and management practices is faced by nearly each and every animal being reared for commercial and recreational purposes. Fast and efficient production of high quality farm produce from low quality inputs is in itself a stressful proposition. Such stress is almost always accompanied with immunosuppression, and this predisposes these animals to other ailments infectious or otherwise which are detrimental to farm profits and sometimes even fatal. The production loss because of various stresses in animals may be difficult to estimate directly, however the losses can be as high as Rs. 15.0 to 20.0 crores. Some commonly available and extensively used herbs against stress include In Animal Husbandry, the requirements Mangifera indica (Amra Ghansatva), for remedies have been constantly Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), changing with changes in the methods and Ocimum sanctum. of rearing animals to such an extent Mastitis is one of the most important that the requirements of present day production diseases causing farm animal remedies are entirely deterioration in milk quality & quantity. different from those prevalent a couple The annual losses due to mastitis in of decades ago. Major developments in India are to tune of 1000 cr Mastitic the field of animal breeding have led to milk is unfit for human consumption & the adoption of highly specialized may pose severe health hazards. Owing breeds of animals that excel in different to multiple etiologies & its association traits for which they have been with udder immunity it is difficult to handpicked. For example cross bred eradicate mastitis. Therefore control of cow now produces more milk. The layer mastitis in milch animals is the first & bird produces more than 300 eggs in a foremost step for â&#x20AC;&#x153;Clean & Quality Milk year. Pigs grow much faster & produce Production.â&#x20AC;? Some important herbs lean meat. which are known to have positive Therefore, during the process of production, farm animals often fall prey to a number of ailments to which they are much more susceptible owing to

impact on udder Immunity & bringing the animal back into production are: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cedrus deodara, Ocimum sanctum, and Curcuma longa.

Another major area which affects the farm profits is reproductive efficiency. It is a commonly observed complaint under field conditions that animal has retained placenta after parturition. In advent of above, the animal does not come in eostrus. Even if the animal comes in heat, it does not conceive. The estimated losses in India because of the improper reproductive efficiency may be to the tune of Rs 30 to 40 Cr/annum. In such cases, the most effective step advised is cleansing of uterus immediately after parturition. This followed by timely induction of heat & conception for next calving. In such cases herbs along with trace minerals have been found to play a significant role. Important Herbs for improving reproductive efficiency are Plumbago zeylanica, Aleo barbedensis, Aristolochia indica, Gloriosa superba, and Peganum harmala. In short it may be inferred that Ayurveda can offer solutions to various problems associated with Animal Health. Thus leading to better health & productive life cycle. In modern era, another natural way of co existence is that our farmers commercially grow herbs in their agricultural farms. These herbs not only fetch additional source of agricultural income for the farmers but scientific use of herbs helps in improving health & productivity of farm animals. The above instances are but glimpses from the vast and virgin world of Ayurveda through the clear eye of modern science. Despite a plethora of information having been already garnered over a period of time, Ayurveda is still shrouded under the green blankets of the forests and the thick beard of the seers. For Ayurvedic remedies to be accepted in mainstream medicine and for the masses to refrain from indiscriminate use of contemporary system of therapy, this precious gift from Mother Nature must be given its due place among contemporary systems of therapy. *MJ Saxena, Managing Director, Ayurvet Limited **Dr. Anup Kalra, Executive Director, Ayurvet Limited

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screening models in the last four decades has revived the interest of modern scientist & health care practitioners in herbals. Additionally, the development of the resistance of pathogens & parasites against the deadly chemicals developed in last few decades coupled with ever growing concern of toxicity & damage to the environment has also helped in creating renewed interest in the science of herbals.

ARTICLE

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

V R Reddy * and M R Reddy ** Abstract Antibiotics are used in human medicine to treat infections, as prophylaxis to prevent infections post surgery/trauma and in food producing animals, to treat infections and at suboptimum dose level as performance promoters. Up to 50% of all the antibiotics prescribed in human medicine are not needed or are not optimally effective as prescribed. The microbes express ways of resisting the antibiotics used. The antibiotic residues in a small sample of broilers in New Delhi NCR are at much lower levels than prescribed by EU union. There is little to no evidence to support the claim that the use of antibiotic feed additives in animals feeds has contributed to the problem of antibiotic resistance in human medicine. The EU banned the use of various antibiotic feed additives at levels labeled for growth promotion. Almost immediately a surge of enteric disease problems in food-producing animals followed. Herbal antibiotic preparations are available (eg. Herbiotic FS - a poly herbal preparation, having antimicrobial activity). A bacterium multiresistant is called a superbug or super bacteria. The recently discovered antibiotic from the screening of uncultured bacteria, is the teixobactin. Antibiotics misuse and over use have to be stopped to zero level in human medicine. Antibiotics are to be used in food producing animals for therapeutic purposes as are being used in human beings. Certain antibiotics may be identified which are not used in humans for therapeutic purposes, but may be used for performance promotion purposes. Herbal antibiotics with proven efficacy may be approved for performance improvement and therapeutic purposes in poultry.

Introduction Antibiotics are being widely used in human and veterinary medicine since more than 65 years, with benefit to both human and animal health. Antibiotic is a drug, naturally occurring, semi-synthetic or synthetic, that inhibits the growth or

destroy microorganisms that cause disease in humans, animals, or plants (IFT, 2006). Antibiotics are used in human medicine to treat infections and as prophylaxis to prevent infections post surgery/trauma. In food producing animals, antibiotics are used to treat

infections as in human medicine and at suboptimum dose level as performance promoters. Several physiological, nutritional and metabolic effects are ascribed to antibiotic performance improvement additives (Table 1). A general feeling exists in the animal

Table 1. Physiological, nutritional and metabolic effects ascribed to antibiotic feed additives in livestock (+ shows an increase in response, - shows an decrease in response)

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Physiological effects

Nutritional effects

Growth and metabilsm of harmful bacteria

Efficacy of nutrient absorption by modifying the Gut wall

Energy retention

Metabolic effects +

Ammonia Production

+ Gut energy loss

Toxic amine production

Gut absorption capacity

+ Nitrogen retention

Alpha-toxin Production

Fecal moisture

Limiting amino acid supply

Fatty acid oxidation

Mucosal cell turnover

Vitamin absorption

Fecal fat excretion

Stress

Vitamin synthesis

Liver protein synthesis

Feed Intake

Âą Trace element absorption

Gut alkaline phosphatase

Fatty acid absorption

Gut urease

Glucose absorption

Methane

Calcium absorption

Toxic amine production

Plasma nutrients

+ Univ Nebraska Extension RP 196

*Paper presented at Farmers-Industry-Scientist meet on 2 Mar 2015 at ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute (CARI), IVRI campus, Izatnagar, Bareilly

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

The microbes express ways of resisting the antibiotics used. Resistance may be defined as the temporary or permanent ability of a microorganism and its progeny to remain viable and/or multiply under conditions that would destroy or inhibit other members of the strain (Cloete, 2003). Microorganisms have been present on this planet for about 4 billion years, and for much of that time have been engaged in intensive interaction (including predation, competition, and cooperation) and antimicrobials are sometimes produced in the process. It is therefore entirely to be expected that resistance to various

them resistant” (See Tadvi 2012). For any antibiotic sooner or later after its invention, antibiotic resistance occurs (Table 2). It is difficult to treat the infections with resistant organisms, requiring costly and sometimes toxic alternatives. It is always essential to be aggressive in keeping resistance developing and to prevent the resistance developed from spreading (CDC, 2013). In India, national estimates of antibiotic resistance are not available (CSE, 2014), but for most of the common antibiotics, the % resistance of many organisms is high (The Table 3). Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide

Table 2. Antibiotics introduction and resistance developed

Antibiotic Introduced

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic Resistance Identified

Penicillin Tetracycline Erythromycin

1943 1950 1953

Methicillin

1960

Gentamycin

1967

Vancomycin

1972

Imipenem, Ceftazidime

1985

Levofloxacin

1996

Linezolid

2000

Daptomycin

2003

Ceftaroline

1940

Penicillin-R-Staphylococcus

1959

Tetracycline-R-Shigella

1962 1965

Methicillin-R-Staphylococcus Penicillin-R-Pneumococcus

1968

Erythromycin-R-Strptococcus

1979

Gentamycin-R-Enterococcus

1987 1998 1996 1998 2000 2001 2002

Ceftazidime-R-Enterobacteriaeceae Vancomycin-R-Enterococcus Leofloxacin-R-Pneumococcus Imipenem-R-Enterobactriaceae XDR Tuberculosis Linezolid-R-Staphylococcus Vancomycin-R-Staphylococcus

2004/5

PDR-Actinobacter, Pseudomonas Ceftriaxone-R Nisseria gonorrhoea PDR-Enrobactriaceae

2011

Ceftaroline-R Enterococcus CDC 2013.

2010

antimicrobials will occur in natural microbial populations without our intervention. Alexander Fleming (1945) in his noble prize lecture on 11 Dec 1945 warned of the danger of resistance: “It is not difficult to make microbes resistant to penicillin in the laboratory by exposing them to concentrations not sufficient to kill them, and the same thing has occasionally happened in the body and by exposing the microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make

problem. The use of antibiotics is the single most important factor leading to antibiotic resistance around the world. Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs used in human medicine. However, up to 50% of all the antibiotics prescribed for people are not needed or are not optimally effective as prescribed CDC, 2013). Antibiotics are also commonly used in food animals to prevent, control, and treat disease, and to promote the growth

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feed/food industry that the gains that have been made in food production would not have been possible without the use of antibiotics as growth promoters to contain the threat of disease to animals. With proper management and gut health maintenance, it is possible to maintain poultry on antibiotic free diets with the best performance possible. In experimental diets, more than 2.6 kg body weight with about 1.7 FCR and not more than 4% mortality was obtained in broilers 1-42 days age. The World Health Organization stated, “Antimicrobials are vital medicines for the treatment of bacterial infections in both humans and animals. Antimicrobials have also proved to be important for sustainable livestock production and for the control of animal infections that could be passed on to humans” (USFDA, 2014). The benefit to human health in the proper use of antibiotics in food animals is related to the ability for these drugs to combat infectious bacteria that can be transferred to humans by either direct contact with the sick animal, consumption of food contaminated with pathogens from animals, or proliferation into the environment.” As poultry veterinarians and scientists, our challenge is to help poultry producers to understand the issues and implement effective controls for the benefit of both the poultry industry and society.

ARTICLE

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Table 3. Antibiotic Resistance for few antibiotics in India

Ciprofloxacin, % 69-93

Common infections caused Escherichia coli

Diarrhea, infections of urinary tract and respiratory tract

Klebsiella spp.

Pneumonia, blood stream infections, meningitis

Pseudomonas spp.

Doxycycline, % Tetracycline, %

37-91

53.3

Pneumonia, eye and ear infections

52.2-98.5

28.6-88.4

Enterobacter spp

Infections of blood stream, urinary tract and lower respiratory tract

30-100

100

Citrobacter spp.

Infections of urinary tract and blood stream

44.9-100

Acinetobacter spp.

Pneumonia, infections of blood stream and urinary tract

40.7-95

82.6

Proteus spp.

Infections of urinary tract and blood stream

0-63

Enterococcus spp.

Infections of urinary tract and blood stream

70-96.5

50-100

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

Pneumonia, infections of blood stream, skin and soft tissues

61-72

CSE 2014: CSE Review: 13 studies since 2002 on ABR in India The resistance development process and the spread of the resistance are given in Fig 1 and 2. of food-producing animals. The use of

antibiotics for promoting growth is not necessary, and the practice should be phased out (CDC, 2013).

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Fig 1.Resistance Dvelopment in Microorganisms

Fig 2. Spread of antibiotic resistance

CDC 2013

The antibiotic overuse and misuse in humans and animals is the single most important cause of emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. In fact, globally more antibiotics are used in animals than humans; in the US 80% used in animals. In India, poultry and fishery industry consumes a significant proportion of total antibiotics used, but data is not available (CSE, 2014). The bacteria of concern from a human health standpoint are Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Enterococcus spp. None of the bacteria are of significant clinical concern in poultry flocks (i.e., very few clinical diseases are caused by them). However, at any time the antibiotic treatment is performed, these organisms are exposed to the antibiotic, and resistance can develop as a consequence of this exposure. Antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon that occurs when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics but also occurs without antibiotic exposure in the case of inherent resistance. The use of antibiotics in animals and humans has accelerated the rate of resistance development by increasing selection pressure placed against both pathogenic

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015 Table 4. MRLs for Poultry as per EU and US Standards, μg/kg and nonpathogenic bacteria. When Muscle Liver Kidney poultry are treated with antibiotics, it affects both target and nontarget EU US EU US EU US bacteria, and resistance in both classes of 1 All tetracyclines 100 2000 300 6000 600 12000 bacteria may develop. Resistance Doxycycline 100 300 600 development occurs by the exchange of Enrofloxacin + Ciprofloxacin 100 300 300 100 200 extra-chromosomal DNA called plasmids Neomycin 500 1200 500 3600 5000 7200 1 and through genetic or chromosomal Chlortetracycline + Oxytetracycline + Tetracycline changes within the bacteria. PlasmidEMA; UDFDA, 2014. mediated resistance can occur within or between the same or different population directly or indirectly for the antibiotics to be given for populations of bacteria. There are, through pets and farm animals. producing animals for performance essentially, 3 routes by which animal use improvement. of antimicrobials can affect public health Antibiotic Residues Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Antibiotics given to food producing (Guardabassi et al., 2008). Food Safety animals (eg poultry) are found in tissues. ! Increased prevalence of resistance A withdrawal period is suggested to get Whether the antibiotics are used for genes in zoonotic bacterial therapeutic purpose or for growth pathogens with transfer directly (to the residues to a safe level, for human consumption. This is termed as promotion, the withdrawal period farm visitors, farm staff and specified has to be followed and the maximum residue level (MRL). European veterinarians) or, through MRLs permissible for these antibiotic Union prescribed stringent standards inadequate food hygiene, to growth promoters should not be than many other countries (eg US) (Table susceptible humans. exceeded at any time. 4). ! Increased prevalence of resistance CSE (2014) studied the antibiotic Residues of veterinary medicinal genes in commensal bacteria, again products are "pharmacologically active with either direct or indirect transfer, residues (oxytetracycline, substances and their metabolites which chlortetracycline, doxycycline, via food, to humans, or subsequent remain in foodstuffs obtained from enrofloxacine and ciprofloxacine) in the transfer of these genes into animals to which the veterinary chicken samples in Delhi NCR (National pathogens. medicinal product in question has been capital region). Chicken from all the ! Contamination of the environment parts of NCR tested contained antibiotic administered". An MRL is the maximum with residues of antimicrobials concentration of residue following residues in muscle, liver and kidney through disposal of carcasses, or (Table 5). This is a serious issue. However, administration of a veterinary medicine litter, such that pathogens or the antibiotic residues are at lower levels which is legally permitted or acceptable commensals are exposed to than prescribed by EU union. Yet the in food. The responsibility for keeping selection and reach the human guide lines suggested may be followed residues under the MRL lies with Table 5. Antibiotic residues in chicken in Delhi NCR

Antibiotics found Oxytetracycline

Number 8

Antibiotic (μg/kg)in % 11.4

Chlortetracycline

10.20

liver 9.13 -

Doxycycline

14.3

11.94- 20.66

14.61-20.66

11.94

Enrofloxacin

3.37- 131.75

3.84-58.06

3.37-131.75

15.73 -

Ciprofloxacin

14.3

3.55 - 64.59

3.55-26.27

7.55-64.59

1.4

Overall level 8.25- 15.16

Muscle 8.45-13.60

K idney 8.25 -

70 chicken samples tested from Delhi Natl Capital Region (NCR) Delhi: 36, Noida: 12, Gurgaon: 8, Faridabad: 7, Ghaziabad: 7 Phase 1 (Sept‐ Oct, 2013), 50 samples were tested. In 4 samples, muscles, liver, kidney; in 46 samples muscle were tested. Phase 2 (May-Jun14, 20 amples were tested. In 10 samples, muscles, liver; in 10 samples muscle were tested. 6 antibiotics tested: (Tetracyclines): Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline and Doxycycline; (Fluoroquinolones): Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin; Aminoglycosides: (Neomycin). Neomycin: Not tested in Phase 2

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Chicken with antibiotic

No significant difference is results from different parts of NCR. Antibiotics found in all tissues tested - muscle, liver and kidney. No significant difference in residues in different parts of Chicken. More than one antibiotic in 17 percent chickens: Fluoroquinolones in 28.6 % (20) chickens, Tetracyclines in 14.3 % (10) chickens. Residues were in the range of 3.37‐ 131.75 μg/kg Neomycin not detected.

CSE 2014: CSE Review:

ARTICLE veterinarians and farmers, using licensed animal medicines. Use of animal medicines is strictly controlled by law, and requires observance of the withdrawal period. This is the time which passes between the last dose given to the animal and the time when the level of residues in the tissues (muscle, liver, kidney, skin/fat) or products (milk, eggs, honey) is lower than or equal to the MRL. Until the withdrawal period has elapsed, the animal or its products must not be used for human consumption.

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Withdrawal periods exist so that MRLs are not exceeded and to ensure consumer safety. Accordingly, safety is of paramount importance when both MRLs and withdrawal periods are established. As a result, although residues above the MRL should not occur, even if they do, they generally present no risk to the consumer because of the very large safety margins used in setting the MRL. For example, the calculation of the MRL value is based on the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the drug in question. The calculation of the ADI includes an extremely large safety factor. In addition, the MRL calculation assumes an average intake per person of 500g of meat, 1.5 litres of milk, 2 eggs and 20g of honey.

Maximum Residue Limits are set considering the safety and residues data. The safety data contains all the pharmacology and toxicology studies carried out with the medicine in laboratory animals. These studies examine what happens to the substance in the body and assess how much can be given safely, without inducing any unwanted adverse effects. The safety data also includes the calculation of the ADI. This is based on results in laboratory animals and particularly on the so-called No-Observed-Effect Level, the dose with no observable effect is the most sensitive test used. The residues data contains all the data concerning the formation, nature, behavior and disappearance of residues after a medicine has been given to a farm animal. Together, the results from the residues data on the quantities and behavior of residues in farm animals, with the ADI derived from the safety data and the theoretical food intakes

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

(500 g meat, 1.5 litres of milk etc) are used to calculate the MRL(s), on the assumption that consumers get the maximum level every day of their lives. The MRLs set by the EU/USA depend on the per capita meat consumption of the concerned countries. The same MRLs will be of little importance in Indian context since the per capita meat consumption in our country is still far below as compared to EU/USA (EMA, FDA 2001, CAC 2012). EU Ban on Feed Additives in Food producing animals Cervantes (2005) concluded that â&#x20AC;&#x153;There is little to no evidence to support the claim that the use of antibiotic feed additives in animals feeds has contributed to the problem of antibiotic resistance in human medicineâ&#x20AC;?.

antibiotic feed additives had a health promotional and disease prevention effect in food-producing animals even when used at concentrations labeled for "growth promotion". Although the antibiotic feed additive bans implemented by the EU achieved the objective of reducing the incidence of resistance on indicator bacteria in raw food products of animal origin, this has not resulted in any measurable improvement on the problem related to antibiotic resistance in human patients or human hospitals. This may be explained by the fact that monitoring of antibiotic resistance in raw meat products is not representative of the bacteria that may actually reach the consumer. Proper cooking of foods of animal origin

The EU banned the use of various

destroys any bacteria that might have

antibiotic feed additives at levels labeled

contaminated them, and dead bacteria

for growth promotion. Almost

cannot transmit antibiotic resistance to

immediately a surge of enteric disease

people. While the incidence of food

problems in food-producing animals

borne diseases in the USA population

followed. The surge in enteric diseases of has continued to decline, in the EU it has food-producing animals was followed by continued to increase, at least for certain a surge in antibiotic use in food-

bacteria like salmonella, campylobacter

producing animals for therapeutic

and C. perfringens. Therefore, it is

purposes. The antibiotics used to treat

becoming increasingly apparent that the

food-producing animals belong to the

bans on antibiotic feed additives have

various classes of antibiotics most

not resulted in a safer food supply

frequently used in human medicine, this

(Cervantes, 2005).

might have actually had a more adverse

Herbal Antibiotics

effect on the creation of antibiotic

use of antibiotics for therapeutic

Herbal antibiotic preparations are available. One such preparation is Herbiotic FS, a poly herbal preparation, having antimicrobial activity (Table6 and 7).

purposes in food-producing animals has

Super bugs

clearly proven that the prior use of

Bacterial genes can be transferred

resistance in people than the use of the antibiotic feed additives. The surge in

Table 6. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of herbiotic FS

Micro-organism

Min inhibitory conc Min Bactericidal Conc mg/mL mg/mL

Pathogenic micro-organisms Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae

0.156 0.312

0.312 0.625

Staphylococcus aureus

0.312

0.625

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

0.312

0.625

Salmonella typhi

0.312

0.625

Bacillus subtilis

0.312

0.625

Beneficial organism Lactobacillus acidophilus

Saini et al., 2006.

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015 Table 7. Herbiotic FS (0.250g/kg: 1-18d; 0.500g/kg: 19-42d) on Salmonella gallinarum infection in broilers

between bacteria in horizontal fashion by conjugation, transduction or Salmonella gallinarum Ref 7 10 organisms (0.1ml soln/b on 18th d age) transformation. A gene for antibiotic diet resistance which had evolved via natural None Herbiotic FS selection may be shared. Many antibiotic Body weight, g 1130 970 1516 resistance genes reside on plasmids, Salmonella gallinarum(viable counts/g liver) facilitating their transfer. If a bacterium 6 2 4d post infection 44.57x10 8.28x10 4 1 carries several antibiotic resistance genes 8d post infection 19.85x10 5.14x10 1 it is called multiresistant or informally a 23d post infection 3.32x10 , Banerjee and pradhan 2009. Table 8. USFDA approved commonly used antibiotics for therapeutic and subtherapeutic use in poultry poultry

Arsanilic acid

Drug Use g/Ton feed 75-120

Withdrawl time (days) Feed efficiency, Growth, Pigmentation

Avilamycin

5-10

Bacitracin

4-50

Feed efficiency, Growth

None

1-20

Feed efficiency, Growth

None

Feed efficiency, Growth, Disease control

None

Bambermycin Chlortetracycline

10-100

None

Lincomycin Oxytetracycline

2-4 5-50

Feed efficiency, Growth Feed efficiency, Growth

None 0-3

Penicillin

2-50

Feed efficiency, Growth

None

Roxarsone

24-36

Feed efficiency, Growth, Pigmentation

None

Spiramycin (EU ban)

5-20

None

Avoparcin (EU ban)

7.5-15

None

Tylosin (EU ban)

4-50

Feed efficiency, Growth

None

Virginiamycin (EU ban)

5-20

Feed efficiency, Growth

None Univ Nebraska Extension RP 196

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Drug

ARTICLE superbug or super bacteria (Gaikwad, 2010). New Delhi Metallo-betalactamase-1 (NDM-1) is an enzyme that makes bacteria resistant to a broad range of beta-lactam antibiotics. These include the antibiotics of the carbapenem family, which are a mainstay for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. The gene for NDM-1 is one member of a large gene family that encodes beta-lactamase enzymes called carbapenemases. Bacteria that produce carbapenemases are often referred to in the news media as "superbugs" because infections caused by them are difficult to treat. Such bacteria are usually susceptible only to polymyxins and tigecycline. NDM-1 was first detected in a Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from a Swedish patient of Indian origin in 2008. It was later detected in bacteria in India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Japan. The most common bacteria that make this enzyme are Gram-negative such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, but the gene for NDM-1 can spread from one strain of bacteria to another by horizontal gene transfer (See wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi_metallobeta-lactamase_1).

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SURVEY

A recent discovery of a new antibiotic from the screening of uncultured bacteria, after a long time, is the

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

teixobactin. The teixobactin inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to a highly conserved motif of lipid II (precursor of peptidoglycan) and lipid III (precursor of cell wall teichoic acid). The mutants of Staphylococcus aureus or Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to teixobactin were not obtained. The properties of this compound suggest a path towards developing antibiotics that are likely to avoid development of resistance (Ling et al., 2015). Strategies to reduce or minimize antibiotics in food producing animals The serious nature of antibiotic residues concerns us to have strategies to reduce the antibiotic residues in food producing animals. Several strategies are possible. The following may be considered for discussion. 1.

Antibiotic misuse and over use has to be stopped to zero level in human medicine.

Antibiotics are to be used in food producing animals for therapeutic purposes as are being used in human beings.

Certain antibiotics may be identified which are not used in humans for therapeutic purposes may be used for performance promotion purposes. A list of such products approved by FDA is given in Table 8.

Herbal antibiotics with proven efficacy may be approved for performance improvement and therapeutic purposes in poultry.

Water quality and management practices have to be improved to reduce microbial burden.

Several additives (Antioxidants, Vitamins, Trace minerals (organic), acidifiers, enzymes, immunostimulants, pre and probiotics, herbal additives, essential oils) may be considered for improving the well being and immune status of poultry. Possibility of Implementation The restriction of the antibiotic types for poultry if carried with all the strategies may yield good results. Can we implement it effectively? Pesticides in bottled water, in blood of punjab farmers, transfats in edible oils, antibiotics in honey, high salt, sugar and transfats in junk food, were reported in our country (CSE, 2014). Artificial milk (prepared with urea, animal fat) and vegetable oils mixed with animal fats extracted from dead animals are being marketed? How many organizations/persons have been prosecuted for these? *References are available on request. *V R Reddy, Retired Professor, Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad **M R Reddy, Principal Scientist, Project Directorate n Poultry (ICAR), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Alarming contamination of heavy metals in Asian feed 30% of the samples collected from complete feed, premix, inorganic minerals and organic minerals contained heavy metals and are above the acceptable EU levels. This marks the fifth year Alltech has conducted the survey throughout the Asia-Pacific region on samples of complete feed, premix, inorganic minerals and organic minerals. Almost 500 samples were submitted as part of the 2015 survey and analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) with an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) within Alltech's extensive laboratory facilities. "As we have seen over the previous years we have conducted the survey, the results

were once again quite alarming. Results show 30% of 498 samples tested were contaminated with at least one heavy metal above acceptable EU levels. A closer look into the results show that 14% of inorganic minerals, 7% of organic minerals, 15% of premixes and a staggering 68% of the complete feeds analyzed were contaminated. This has been shown to have not only an impact on animal performance but also on consumer safety," said Tara Jarman, Alltech Asia-Pacific mineral manager. One poultry feed sample from Southeast Asia contained a high level of lead at 722 ppm. High contamination levels are commonly found in inorganic minerals

due to the mining and manufacturing process as well as less stringent quality assurance applied to feed-grade mineral sources. “Producers are looking to organic minerals because, aside from the fact that organic minerals are more bioavailable and safe, they respond well to the needs of high performing animals and demonstrate efficiency,” said Steve Elliott, global director of minerals for Alltech. “It is important to remember, that this survey is only a snapshot in time. Heavy metal contamination is an ongoing risk. The only way to ensure ongoing quality minerals, free from heavy metal, PCB and dioxin contamination, is to test every batch” said Jarman.

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

FEATURE

Time to think: Maize A revolution in grain preservation: The Maize Perspective *Dr Naveen Kumar

We know that fungi or molds like Aspergillus flavus contaminate maize predominantly after it is being stored and moisture is expelled out or formed around the grains. The methods which are used to inhibit mold formation are spraying ammonium propionate or propionic acid over the maize, which extends only temporary protection because of its unstable nature, hence exposing the grains to mold & aflatoxins contamination. Aflatoxins renders the grain unfit for human a shift towards protein based food from Maize production has come of age in consumption as it is found to be a carb diet. The poultry industry is India, where it is no more the booming at a rate of 8-10 percent (the carcinogenic and stunting growth even quintessential subsistence crop for the farmer, preserved for hard days. Now it consumption of meat in South East Asia in adults. What is the way out then? Is there is expected to grow at a whopping 20 is gaining ground, with the acreage any solution? The solution lies in area grown from 8.55 million ha (2010- percent). deliquescents, and the product is a 2011) to 9.40 million ha (2013-2014) Maize is the crop with maximum usage technology that is used currently in with CAGR of 3.2 percent. at industrial end, from textile to inducing rainfall. It helps the seeds sweetener, value added food to fuel, Maize is the most nutritious feed for retain moisture and thus stops moisture poultry, arguably second only to wheat, toothpastes to detergents, baby from exuding out of the endosperm, powder to medicines, and its demand is its nutritional value stands at 3,365 thus nipping the bud of mold formation kcal/kg compared to rice 3,320 kcal/kg ever rising. Pharmaceutical and food right before it could start even. Not and rice bran 2,620 kcal/kg. Even wheat segments are expected to grow at 12only this, prevention of migration of 15 percent while the starch industry is contains high non-starch free water refutes all requirements of polysaccharides, which are indigestible expanding at 10-12 percent. As of now, pest management. Thus we tend to and is also costlier by 20 percent. there are only 40 products that are save around 6 percent of what we Although India's share of global trade is derived from maize in India. However, could have lost by introducing this in the international arena, there are mere 2.5 percent , yet India stands as technology which is absolutely nonsome 800 products that use maize in its the most prominent exporter of maize toxic, it's drinkable rather and cost various avatars. Clearly, as the market in South East Asia, superseding even much lesser than what we keep keeps opening, which is now only a USA due to strategic reasons. Maize investing in mold inhibition, aeration, matter of time, all these usages will constitutes around 9 percent of total silos, fumigation and what not. sooner or later be imported in India as food grains produced in India, making Further in 2012-13, average grain well, raising the demand for maize even it third most important crop after rice storage requirement was estimated to and wheat. In 2004, it was fourth largest further. be 117.8 MT; the government The present scenario suggests that the produced crop and has rather beaten warehouses could store only 71 MT. country needs to enhance its Jowar in production in India, owing to This means that there was a dearth or production in acreage as well as the its ever increasing demand in poultry deficiency of quality storage of 42.6 MT. yield per hectare. Some lateral thinking feed and industrial end use. Hence, we need to re-address the is also needed to be done and even Today maize constitutes around 60-70 problem, by decentralizing and storing percent of the grains that are absorbed adopting some innovations which can maize in a more sustainable, cost be of tremendous value to address this by the feed industry, while some 62 effective manner and at a more lacuna. Presently, in the case of maize percent of the total produce goes to fundamental level. At the level where only, the losses incurred due to storage poultry alone. With developing the moisture can be hold inside the economy, poultry and other associated problems is, roughly about 6 percent. endosperm itself. industries expand accordingly, owing to Hence some original thinking needs to *Dr Naveen Kumar, Business Director, Delst Asia

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be done right at the outset of storing grains itself to prevent the losses.

ARTICLE

ThinkGrain GrainThink ThinkFeed Feed--Volume Volume11| |Issue Issue77| |May May2015 2015 Think

Art of managing high yielding cows! *Dr. R Gnana Sekar

Introduction India is heading towards producing around 165 MT milk by 2020. Several projects and attempts are initiated by govt and private players to move towards this vision. Growing interest is observed among dairy producers towards good quality and high yielding animals. At the same time their knowledge about managing these high quality animals needs to

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Details

be upgraded so as to help them to maximize the profitability at their dairy farms. The following challenges/ questions are faced by a vet or any other veterinary service provider when he/she meets a dairy farmer.

Low peak yield and lower persistency

Repeat breading and anoestrus conditions

How to manage mastitis

Post partum metabolic disorders like ketosis, milk fever How to make Dairy Farming profitable.

Enquiry about feeds and feeding for high yielding dairy cows

Animals in negative energy balance and its negative effects

As all of us know well, the productivity of dairy animals is

DM%

Milk production kg/day/animal

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

Concentrate kg/day

90%

Green Roughage kg/day

25%

Dry Roughage kg/day

90%

Dry matter intake kg/day

13.1

14.9

16.7

Feeding cost Rs/head/day

229

279

329

Cost of feed Rs/kg of DM

17.5

18.7

19.7

Milk Production Efficiency

0.76

1.01

1.20

Cost of production (on feed) Rs/kg

22.9

18.6

16.45

*Avg cost of concentrate Rs 25/kg, Green roughage Rs 4/kg, Dry roughage Rs 8/kg

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

milk yield. Education on proper record keeping on breeding, milk production, feeding practices will help the producers to understand and analyze the farm practices and improve profitability at a dairy farm. Success stories by dairy farmers from Punjab Punjab dairy farmers made every Indian dairy farmer and the professionals involved in dairy farming to be proud by showing an example of developing and managing high yielding cows. Great improvements in the last 15 years shown by Progressive dairy farmers of Punjab i.e by improving farm average from 12 lits to 20 lits. Dairy farmers from different locations of India should visit the farms owned by PDFA Punjab to learn and get confidence on managing high yielding cows. Conclusion

By putting our focus on feed, breed and management, it will definitely help in maximizing the efficiency of high yielding animals and in getting Good quality cows are not able to producing animals and cost of more milk from these animals produce expected milk production production of milk. extension department of several This table gives us an idea about the due to poor or improper universities and milk procurement management practices like cow feed expenses incurred to produce companies are playing a major role in one kg of milk with different levels of comfort. They are still kept under extending their support to improve poor quality shelters. This creates big the knowledge level of the dairy milk production. Cost of production stress for milk producing dairy cow. of milk can be reduced when we get farmers to increase productivity of In particular, cross bred cows go more milk from the same animals. At dairy animals. Initiatives to influence under tremendous heat stress and the same time we need to be the influencers like vets, AI workers resulted in loss of milk production. prepared to learn more to manage and other professionals in dairy Dairy farmers report that they notice industry will help everyone to these high producing animals. 15 20% reduction in milk production upgrade/establish proper breeding Breeding Management during heat stress periods. services and nutritional and Majority of the small cow farmers Many improvements are happening management of improved breeds. (less than 10 animals) are influenced in terms of shed designing, milking Apart from making availability of by the local AI personals and use the practices (using machines) and good quality semen to improve semen available with them. This feeding management at the farms breeds, education regarding the creates a challenge on maintaining a with more than 10 or 15 animals. usage of compound cattle feed, good quality breed or improvement Many progressive dairy producers importance of nutrition, silage in breeding. These small farmers sell make an attempt to reduce the heat making and management of cross good quality female calves (of by using foggers, fans, sprinklers and bred high yielding animals will help improved genetics) instead of raising tanks to cool the animals. This helps the influencers to influence the milk the female calves in the farm and them to reduce heat stress and producers on how to increase replace the old or culled cows. Lack of improves milk production. Feeding of average milk production and also maintenance of good quality calves bye pass fat during hot humid reduce cost of production of milk. lead to poor growth, calf mortality and conditions proves beneficial in *Dr. R Gnana Sekar, Lead Consultant, GS Dairy thus increase the cost of cows. reducing heat stress and maintaining Farm Consulting

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On the other hand, dairy producers with more than 15 animals are gaining/seeking more knowledge on breeds and breeding. They discuss with their vets or AI people or consultants and use good quality semen and keep a record of the semen used in their farms. Many of the progressive dairy producers buy Focus on MPE to reduce cost of good quality semen and store it in production of milk their farm itself. This creates a Today, our animals are underutilized positive trend on improving breeds in in majority of the places due to poor progressive dairy farms. Progressive feeding and management conditions. dairy farmers understand the Milk production efficiency (MPE) of commercial value of a heifer with the dairy cows, calculated as total improved genetics and they give milk produced for every kg of dry much focus on calf rearing and use matter intake, is around 0.6-0.8 at them for replacement. This helped most of the farms in India. That means we get less milk per kg of dry many of the dairy producers to matter consumed. Profitability of the double the wet average of the farm in last 10 years. Creating confidence dairy farms can be improved when among AI workers regarding MPE moves towards higher side. We technological advances on feeding need to focus on improving milk and management of cross bred dairy production efficiency as this is animals will help them to transfer the directly relates to cost of production technology to small producers. of milk. Other management practices: Cow A small example is given below to comfort calculate MPE of different milk influenced by feed, breed and management. Focus on the management of these three factors is very critical to prepare the animals and dairy producers to increase profitability of dairy farms. We will focus on managing cross bred animals under Indian conditions.

INTERVIEW

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Interview with Avinash Mohan Executive Vice President - NCDEX The price volatility of feed commodities exposes the feed industry to substantial risk. Mr. Avinash Mohan, Executive Vice president - NCDEX discusses vital role of NCDEX in animal feed industry. Excerpts from the interview: Please share your views on the role that NCDEX could play in animal feed industry.

the procuring feed companies who were now able to get consistent supply at benchmark prices.

As a national platform to facilitate price discovery and risk management in the commodity space NCDEX could play a vital role in animal feed industry. Raw materials like Maize, Soymeal & other grains contribute approximately 80-90% of total feed cost. This makes this industry highly sensitive to price volatility. Historically we have seen that these commodities are volatile which exposes the industry to substantial risk. NCDEX provides an effective tool for price risk management. The feed industry is increasingly using this platform to offset their price risk. The other requirement of the feed industry is consistent supply of inputs which is also fulfilled by both NCDEX Forwards and Futures. The industry value chain has started taking deliveries of commodities through NCDEX platform.

Could you throw some light on the status of integrating physical market?

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What kind of response you are getting on forward marketing concept?

The exchange has launched exchange-traded forward contracts named as â&#x20AC;&#x153;AGRIM SAUDAâ&#x20AC;?. It's a new concept and NCDEX is the only exchange to offer this segment in India. In the physical markets, trading forward contracts is a prevailing practice but there are huge risks associated in terms of price transparency, quality & quantity defaults. With exchange-traded forwards, all these challenges can be overcome. We have seen a good response from value chain participants for these contracts and active trading has been seen in Maize, Sugar, Castor, Turmeric, Coriander & Jeera. In Maize alone, exchange has delivered more than 4000 tonnes of goods through the Forwards segment. However these are early days and there is need to create awareness and explain the benefits of these contracts to the trade participants. On the back of the extensive outreach programs that the Exchange is conducting and the encouraging response received so far, we are positive that the forward contracts will bring about a paradigm shift in the physical trade in times to come. What kind of initiatives could NCDEX take to involve Indian feed manufacturers? We are closely working with Feed industry to align our products to meet their evolving requirements. In view of the emerging demand for Rabi Maize from Bihar, the Exchange has launched an innovative revolving basis centre concept for Maize. Gulabbagh is the basis centre for Rabi Maize and Nizamabad is the basis centre for Kharif Maize. This triggered an infrastructure revolution in areas earlier largely neglected for want of suitable infrastructure. This has not only benefitted the farmer in terms of better prices but also

Creating a national market for agriculture would help remove market distortions, create a level playing field for stakeholders and promote efficiency. It will remove the bottleneck in the supply side as it would allow a corporate/ buyer to work across the states and will help farmers get increased returns. Recognizing that farmers need to be incentivized through realization of reasonable prices for agricultural production, the Government has re-emphasized the creation of Unified Market Platform (UMP) as a way forward. The UMP brings international best practices to offer risk management and trade fulfillment processes for spot markets in the state and also brings the allied services of scientific warehousing and grading under one platform. At NCDEX we have been working with several state governments to help them modernize their APMCs and also help them procure their commodities or sell their commodities for various welfare programs like MSP, PDS. We have been doing that through our subsidiary NCDEX e Markets Ltd.(NeML). The 'Karnataka Model' finds notable mention in the latest Economic Survey. With the government allocating Rs. 200 Crore under the centralsector scheme for promotion of national Agricultural Market through Agri-Tech Infrastructure Fund (ATIF), the migration towards a national market through implementation of a common e-platform for agri-marketing across all states seems a definitive reality. We believe that last year an MOU has been signed between NCDEX and CLFMA. Could you spell out its main features? NCDEX works closely with industry bodies to steer the development of the industry. Our MOU with CLFMA is a step in the same direction, wherein we are committed to undertaking joint efforts towards increasing the awareness of risk management solutions for the poultry and feed industry which is one of the most growing industries in India. Our efforts are focused on providing a transparent, national, online marketplace for the trade and help in efficient hedging and procurement for the industry. Could you please share with us the theme and the purpose of recently concluded Maize Summit 2015 held in association with FICCI? Maize production in India has increased at ~4.2% CAGR from ~19.7 million tonnes 2008-09 to ~24.3 million tonnes in 2013-14. However, its share in global production is only 2.5% and in recent past, exports from India have been

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

The focus of the Maize summit has been to encourage collective brainstorming and debate. The summit was an attempt to take a macro outlook for Maize and the demand potential of Indian Maize from South East Asia. It provided a platform to ideate the way forward to place Indian maize on the global map. The objective was to identify key development areas and invite collaborative solutions & ideas from a diverse set of minds. In order to achieve its objective, we partnered with FICCI to bring together stakeholders across the value chain including technology providers, producers, infrastructure providers and policy makers. The outcome and recommendations will then be presented to the policymakers.

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limited (only ~3% of global exports in 2013-14) due to relatively lower quality and higher price. Going ahead, there lies immense long term potential to increase India's importance in global maize landscape. Right from yield & quality enhancement to realization improvement to loss reduction, there lie opportunities galore. However, realizing it would require a focused, planned and collective effort from each stakeholder throughout the value chain right from production to marketing to storage.

MARKET PROJECTION

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Corn prices in US down April 2015: The sowing pace of corn in the US is faster than last year at 19%. The 5 year average was 25% and with drier weather, corn will be planted at the right time. Prices continue to come down for corn and the co-product prices too, specially DDGS. There is also pressure from SBM from South America and that is also causing prices of DDGS to be very competitive. Corn on CBOT closed 1.5-2% lower this week. May down 1.32% to $141.57/MT. Jul down 1.79%to $142.91/MT; Sept down 2.07% to $145.50/MT and Dec down 2.06% to $149.68/MT. This has also helped the FOB prices to be lower than last week and the FOB US GULF prices of corn was indicated at $172 and could be down to $170/Mt for July delivery. FOB PNW indicated at $179/MT, down $3/MT this week. Argentine corn is indicated at $168 May delivery and $172/MT July delivery. Similarly Brazil corn at $166/MT in May and $170/MT FOB in July; Black sea corn at $160/Mt May is a competitive price. DDGS and other plant proteins very competitive in the world

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DDGS prices on FOB basis (US Gulf and PNW) were down by $13/MT against last week and were quoted at $233 230/MT and $242/Mt for the period May-Jul for the two locations. Delivered prices of DDGS to Vietnam and China were also down and were indicated at $303/MT and $286/Mt respectively. July delivery price of DDGS to China is

indicated at $280/MT. SBM prices are also putting pressure in DDGS and are being quoted at $358/Mt from Brazilian; $370/MT Argentine SBM and $410/MT US SBM. Indian SBM price at this point is about Rs. 40000/MT ($634/MT) in the domestic market. Another 4 months to go before the new plant protein crop becomes available and these higher prices will certainly give a jolt to the domestic livestock sector. Corresponding CGM price is US is indicated at $690/MT in May and down to $685/MT in July. Ingredient prices in India are higher In the domestic market maize prices continue to move upward in all markets, except in Gulabbagh where arrivals are putting downward pressure on the price, which is indicated at Rs.11880/MT the NCDEX delivery centre. Current farmer selling price is ranging between Rs.11000-11500/MT depending on the quality. At other locations, like Telangana delivered price is being quoted at Rs. 13400/Mt; Gujarat 14000/MT. On the exchange (NCDEX), while May prices were up at Rs. 12140/MT, June and July prices closed lower than last week at Rs.12140/Mt and $12340/MT respectively. Barley prices in India have tended to move up at Jaipur (Spot) and were indicated at Rs. 12639/MT, possible due to delayed arrivals in North India and crop damage due to unseasonal rains.

In the US, feed barley was quote at $240/MT and malting barley was indicated at $250/MT at Idaho and $265/MT at Minneapolis. A recent study acknowledges that the weather pattern in India has changed and that the monsoon peaks later than normal. The withdrawal of the monsoon is now mid October and suggests that the sowing should be done accordingly. The farmers should move away from the normal/traditional systems and adopt scientific means, and seek weather information before making a decision to plant. Freight rates remain stable mostly and the benchmark US Gulf-Japan and PNW-Japan freight being indicated at $30.75/MT and $17/MT respectively. USG-China and PNW-China is indicated at $29.5/MT and $16/Mt respectively. Argentina/Brazil to China freight was indicated in the range of $22.75-31/MT depending on the port, ship load and the discharge. Mr. Amit Sachdev, Indian Representative, US Grain Council

PELLETPEDIA

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Poor Pelleting and Respiratory Challenges/Ascites Because of poor pellet quality and

small enough, 2-3 Îźm in diameter, to

significant data to support these

reduced pellet hardness, up to 50%

bypass initial physical barriers and

theories. However, invention with

fines have been reported in the

disseminate deeply in the respiratory

antifungal agents to reduce the

poultry pellet feed under field

system.

symptoms associated with ascites and

conditions. These incidents of high levels of fines in the field are not only associated with poor live weight and

preventing mortality from the disease confirms the role of mold and its

Aspergilloma is a fungus ball that colonizes in a healed lung scar or abscess from a previous disease.

spores as a major causative factor for

FCR but also have huge dusting

the ascites.

potential, which can pose a threat of respiratory disease in today's hyper

Recent development on Ascites Alveoli Aspergilloma

Syndrome (AS) has confirmed that

Spores

producing broilers too. The fines in

Blood vessels

Ascites is not caused by the increased

the feed are inhaled by the birds and parts of air sacs, specially thoracic air sac, where air stays for longer period. This causes difficulty in breathing for the birds and hence, could lead to deficiency of oxygen in their blood. While processing of feed makes it more readily digestible by animals, it also becomes easily digestible for molds as well. After pelleting and bagging, mold spores appear almost immediately within 12-24 hours in the feed under field conditions. The moisture content of the feed usually ranges from 10-12 percent. When

It has been suggested that the dust created by the fines of the feed and mold appeared in the stale feed get inhaled by the birds during increased number of pecking, leading to irritation and reduced efficiency of the airways. Poor air quality, environment dust and respiratory diseases also imapires the perfusion capacity of chicken lungs, creating an imbalance between oxygen supply and the O2 requirement of a fast growth rate oxygen required to sustain rapid but by an impairment of the O2 supply growth thus predispose birds to needed to sustain the fast growth rate ascites by causing respiratory damage. of these hyper producing birds. The commercial broiler of today represents

such a feed is exposed to environment

the culmination of dramatic changes

and retained in the pans as uneaten

over the past 60 years.

leftover for a day or more, before it is

Genetic selection processes that

consumed in automated feed system,

focused mainly on production traits

it gets heavily contaminated with

putting heavy pressure on the bird's

mold spores. Birds fed with lots of

cardio respiratory system and

fines in feed with increasing mold

immunity. Birds already low in

spores infestation and placed in

immunity coupled with impaired

environments contaminated with

immune system when fed on dusty

aerosolized conidia (mold spores),

feeds with invisible molds, do not

may show significant pathology after only a short duration of exposure. Anatomy and physiology of the avian

succeed in eliminating inhaled dust or Ascites is a disease, which causes

mold spores at the site of air

lung-air sac system are strikingly

death in poultry apparently because of capillaries causing development of fluid retention. Ascites is commonly loosely attached plaques overgrown

different from that of the broncho-

known as "water belly". There is no

by connective tissues. These plaques

alveolar lung of mammals. Avian air

known cause and no apparent cure.

or necrotic debris in the respiratory

sacs are particularly prone to

There are theories that the amount of

submitted to an airflow that favours

tract can obstruct the trachea or heat in the early days of the chicken or bronchi or fill up the air sacs to impair turkey's life, or stress, may be the the O2 supply.

particle deposition. Mold spores are

cause of ascites, but there is no

contamination because they are

PelletPedia is a monthly column contributed by Dr. Naveen Kumar, to discuss the problems of feed industry. Please share your views and problems at editor@benisonmedia.com

www.benisonmedia.com

while exhaling these settle in various

INDUSTRY NEWS ARTICLE

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Poultry-feed sales by India seen slumping to lowest since 1990s Soybean-meal exports from India may plunge as importers switch to cheaper supplies from South America

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Supplies from India cost more than global rates after benchmark meal futures traded in Chicago dropped 30% in the past year on record global harvests. Iran is buying less because an easing of international sanctions means it can get supplies from Brazil and Argentina, Jain said. The government support price in India is above the world market and farmers haven't been selling beans for processing, he said.

“India is totally out-priced and the world is really not looking at India as a regular or genuine supplier now,” said Atul Chaturvedi, chief executive officer, Adani Wilmar Ltd. “The farmers are not releasing the beans in the market in the hope of better prices.” Soybean meal was offered at $445 a tonne at Kandla port in India on 26 March, according to the Solvent Extractors Association of India, while futures traded at $323 per 2,000 pounds on the Chicago Board of Trade the same day. Processors crush beans into meal for livestock feed and cooking oil.

April 2015:

Freight rates

Laser guns are being used to measure

Sales from India plunged 71% to 502, 958 tonnes in the five months through February from a year earlier as importers turned to Brazil, Argentina and the US, Jain said. Shipments to Iran, the top buyer in the previous year, fell to 184,800 tonnes from 510,535 tonnes, data from the group show.

methane emissions from dairy cows

India has shipped soybean meal mainly to Iran, France, Indonesia and Myanmar April 2015: Soybean-meal exports from this year for use in poultry feed, India, Asia's largest shipper of the poultry feed, may plunge this year to the according to B.V. Mehta, executive lowest level in more than two decades as director, Solvent Extractors Association of importers from Iran to Vietnam switch to India. cheaper supplies from South America. A decline in freight rates because of the Sales are set to drop as much as 29% to 1.5 MT in the year that began on 1 October from 2.1 MT a year earlier, according to Davish Jain, chairman of the Soybean Processors Association of India. That would be the lowest since at least 1992-1993, according to group data.

Methane emissions now being measured by laser guns

slump in oil prices made supplies from Latin America cheaper, Jain said. The Baltic Dry Index, a measure of commodity shipping costs, is down 53% in the past year as Brent crude lost 46%. Shipments of Indian soybean meal will fall to 1.65 MT in the 12 months through September from 2.74 MT a year earlier and compared with a high of 5.29 MT in 2007-2008, according to US department of agriculture data. Record crop Rising domestic demand is the only silver lining, Jain said. Consumption of soybean meal, flour and other soybeanbased products is expanding at 10% to 15% annually and is estimated at 5 MT this year, he said. Prices of soybeans, meal and oil have declined as the global oilseed harvest climbs 11% to a record 315.06 MT this year, according USDA estimates. While the crop worldwide expands, output in India will probably drop 3.5% to 9.17 MT in 2014-2015, according to the Central Organization for Oil Industry and Trade.

with the aim of breeding cattle for future lower emissions, research shows. The research was conducted in Scotland's Rural Agricultural College (SRUC) where data was taken from 207 Holstein Freisian cows after milking. Dr. Stephanie Smith presented the research at the recent British Society of Animal Science conference and Dr. Smith said that the research found that the majority of emissions come from a cow's mouth and nose. According to the SRUC, the laser gun is a hand held portable gas detector that can be pointed at livestock to record their methane output and that the device is used in the environmental engineering industry to detect methane leaks from pipe-lines and landfill sites. The research presented at the conference showed that methane was emitting from the 207 cows at regular intervals and there was a relationship between methane emissions and when the cows were feeding. Dr. Smith said that it might be possible to get lower methane emissions by improving feed utilisation while not compromising on the size of the animal. The SRUC says that currently it is estimated that livestock farming accounts for about two thirds of all manmade methane emissions yet estimates at individual animal level are not available in most production systems.

Farmers “made money by holding onto the beans in the last few years,” Chaturvedi said. “This year the world is awash in beans, so I don't think history will probably help them out.”

time consuming as each cow must

Source: Livemint

Source: Agriland

Measuring the emissions however, is individually measured by the researcher, the SRUC says.

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Opportunities in Ghana's Aquaculture Industry April 2015: The Netherlands Embassy has recommended the Ghana government to take steps to increase local feed production to facilitate the growth and economic potential of the aquaculture industry. This is based on a study of the aquaculture sector in Ghana which gives indication of great opportunities especially for tilapia farming. There's currently only one local fish feed manufacturer and that is regarded a major challenge in efforts to grow the sector. Most fish feed are imported thus increasing cost of production. "I think definitely there is an opportunity to invest in a local production plant for fish feed because there is only one or two plants that produce fish feed," First Secretary at the Netherlands Embassy in Ghana, Thierry Van Helden, told Joy Business.

on fish processing locally as well as fingerling production to meet market demands.

"We want to stimulate Dutch companies to invest in the aquaculture He is positive an investment in sector in Ghana and to increase trade in establishing local feed mills would The Netherlands Embassy, meanwhile is that area so we can modernize and bring down prices. trying to lure investors from its country professionalize the sector to a higher Among the other recommendations the to explore the opportunities in Ghana's level," Mr Van Helden said. Source: Modern Ghana Embassy is making is the concentration aquaculture sector.

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INDUSTRY NEWS

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Commercial GM corn approved in Vietnam March 2015: Vietnamese farmers nationwide are now able to plant three varieties of genetically-modified (GM) corn from the Swiss firm Syngenta, according to a new government's rule announced recently. The three varieties are NK66 BT, NK66 GT and NK66 BT/GT and will be supplied to corn farms nationwide with each variety being distributed to specific regions, said the decision from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

MIR 162 from Near the end of the month, the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources issued a bio-safety certificate for Monsanto's MON 89034 corn variety, enabling farmers to start commercially cultivating the crop, which is banned in Europe and China.

Those developments and the latest biosafety certificate for the three GM corn varieties by Syngeta were in line with a 2006 ambitious plan to develop biotech crops as part of a “major program for NK66 BT in particular will be supplied to the development and application of regions with European corn borers, biotechnology in agriculture and rural NK66 GT for places with strong weeds development.” and the other for farms susceptible to The plan aimed to cultivate Vietnam's both the borers and weeds. first GM crops by 2015 and have 30-50 percent of the country's farmland covered with genetically modified organisms by 2020. Vietnam currently imports 1.5 million tons of corn for feeding animals every year from Brazil, Argentina, and the US, including GM varieties, according to the agriculture ministry. Pham Dong Quang, director of the Department of Crop Production, said the three varieties can resist pest and herbicide as well as produce higher yields. “GM corn will be used for animal feed only and thus, it does not require special labeling,” he said.

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

Earlier, the agriculture ministry has approved result of tests for impacts to the environment and biodiversity of NK66 corn. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has also issued certificate for bio-safety for the three GM corn varieties.

Kumar Datta, Syngenta Vietnam country director, said the company will coordinate with provincial agricultural agencies on plans to widely spread the varieties for better income of the farmers. Last August, the agriculture ministry approved the imports of four corn varieties engineered for food and animal feed processing namely, MON 89034 and NK603, produced by DeKalb Vietnam (a subsidiary of US megacorporation Monsanto) and Bt 11 and

However, the plan has prompted concerns as many scientists questioned the high costs of GM seeds and pesticides as well as their uncertain yields and the potential to undermine local food security, making them a poor choice for a developing country like Vietnam. According to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, only 27 countries planted GM crops in 2013. At least 60 have labeling requirements, including Japan, Brazil and the EU. In the US, less than a quarter (22 percent) of field trials were inspected in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture, meaning that most field trials are simply unmonitored. "Vietnam does not have a monitoring or testing system in place that it can use to assess the safety of foods made from GMOs in the country or imported from abroad," Genna Reed, a researcher at the Washington D.C.-based Food & Water Watch Source: Thanh Nien News

Maize To Lead Global Grain Contraction Smaller maize output will drive a 'modest decline' in global grain production this year. However, grain production will remain three per cent above the five year average, according to the International Grains Council (IGC). This will, in part, be possible thanks to a record soyabean year, bucking the trend with an 11 per cent increase. In its latest grain market report, the IGC predicted maize to drop by 43 million tonnes, taking volumes three per cent below last year's record harvest. A lower US corn crop, as well as reduced wheat prospects in Argentina, China and India were highlighted in the report for 2015/16. With total use set to lift only seven per cent, the IGC predicts closing stocks to expand sharply. Record human demand last year is expected to be matched over the coming season and demands from livestock, biofuel and brewing sectors will remain steady. The IGC said: “Livestock sector needs will likely stay high, but feed utilisation of grains will continue to face competition from alternatives, especially oilseed meals which are expected to be in abundant supply. “Industrial use is forecast to rise, mainly for starch and brewing, with demand in the ethanol sector seen broadly unchanged y/y. “Global stocks at the end of 2015/16 are projected to contract by 5 per cent, to 415m t; most of the reduction is for maize in the major exporters, but with falls, too, for wheat and barley.” The report sees world trade decreasing by one per cent this year, largely due to a decline in Barley transportation. Source : The Poultry Site

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Indian Soybean Imports To US Jump As Shoppers Seek Organic Food April 2015: A growing demand for organics, and the near-total reliance by US farmers on genetically modified corn and soybeans, is driving a surge in imports from other nations where crops largely are free of bioengineering. Imports such as corn from Romania and soybeans from India are booming, according to an analysis of US trade data released in April by the Organic Trade Association and Pennsylvania State University. Most of the corn and soybean shipments become feed for chickens and cows so they can be certified organic under US Department of Agriculture guidelines. Organic poultry and dairy operators shun feed made with seeds from domestic suppliers in favor of foreign products even as the US remains the world's top grower of corn and soybeans. As a result, imports to the US of Romanian corn rose to $11.6 million in 2014 from $545,000 the year before. Soybean imports from India more than doubled to $73.8 million.

Rapid growth Sales of foods certified by the US as free of synthetic chemicals or genetic engineering reached $35.9 billion in 2014, an 11% increase over 2013. Rising consumer demand in what's been a niche market is creating shortages, pushing companies that supply farms needing organic feed to seek out foreign sources. About 90% of US corn and soy is bioengineered, thus automatically ineligible for the organic label. Limited data The four years records of USDA show rapidly growing trade relationships. In 2014, US organic exports were $553 million, almost quadruple the 2011 total. Imports last year were $1.28 billion, led by $332.5 million of organic coffee. Imports of two crops, corn and soybeans, that also are the leading US exports underscore gaps in the market, said Miles McEvoy, deputy administrator of the USDA's National Organic Program. Soybeans are the second-biggest US organic import, with $184 million shipped

last year. India is the no. 1 source, followed by China. For corn, with overall sales of $35.7 million in 2014, Romania is the biggest seller to the US, followed by Turkey, the Netherlands and Canada. Organic prices “If there were a market incentive for more people to produce organic corn, there would be more of it,” said Paul Bertels, vice president for production and utilization with the National Corn Growers Association in St. Louis. Even though organic corn is selling for about $12.50 a bushel, more than triple the cash price for regular corn, lower yields and the threeyear transition period makes GMO- and synthetics-free grain not worth the risk, he said. Still, as commodity prices tumble and growers seek higher profit margins, US farmers may seek out more organic acreage, said Lynn Clarkson, founder of Clarkson Grain Co. in Cerro Gordo, Illinois. “With the markets at break-even prices for many farmers, we're seeing more interest in organic land,” he said. Source: Live Mint

PRE-EVENT

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

Asia's Largest Dedicated Feed & Grain Show to Return to Bangkok financial implications of the impending ASEAN FREE TRADE ZONE.

2016 is a very special year for Victam International BV in Thailand as it is our 25th Anniversary. It seems amazing that the very first VICTAM Asia event was held in a hotel car park in Bangkok in 1991. The event was of course much smaller than our current shows in BITEC, our exhibitors were happy and demanded that we repeat the whole thing again and now here we are talking about a show in 2016! The exhibitions and conferences will take place from 29 to 31 March 2016, and will be held once again the Bangkok International Trade& Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand. The Synergy of the three shows:

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

FIAAP Asia 2016 is the only specialist exhibition and conference for the ingredients, additives and formulation of feeds for animals, aquafeed and dry petfood for the expanding Asia Pacific markets. This show directly relates with VICTAM Asia 2016 as this primarily profiles animal feed production equipment and technology.

technology have adapted it so that they can market their pellet mills to the growing biomass industries of Asia. If you are visitor from a biomass pelleting plant you will also need the same equipment used within the other mills silos, conveyors, bagging systems, etc. There are a number of supporting conferences, these are: The FIAAP Conference 2016,

Petfood Forum Asia 2016,TheAquafeed Horizons Asia 2016,The Thai Feed Conference Pellets Update Asia, Global Milling Conference/Grapas Further about the show VICTAM Asia 2016 Conference, Good Manufacturing which is Asia/Pacific's largest exhibition of Practice. equipment, technology and ancillary The last event in Asia which was very systems required for the safe and effective production of feeds for animals, aquafeed successful and held in 2014 was completely sold out. The shows attracted and dry petfood and biomass pellet over 6000 industry executives from production. throughout South and South East Asia. Lastly we have the GRAPAS Asia 2016 and Visitors came from a total of 63 countries it is the only trade show in the Asia/Pacific so a truly international event. region for rice & flour milling systems, grain processing, storage, preservation & Those of you who were at FIAAP/VICTAM/GRAPAS Asia 2014 event distribution, industrial noodle & pasta will recall that we arranged for all the production, the manufacture of breakfast cereals and extruded snacks. Animal feeds Presidents and Secretary Generals from all the ASEAN feed milling associations to require grains, etc. as a base for their attend a specially convened meeting. production that shows the synergy During this meeting it was decided to between the three shows and why it is coform the FEDERATION OF ASEAN FEED located with VICTAM Asia. MILLING ASSOCIATIONS, Mr Pornsil is the There is also another area where our current Chairman. shows give added value to both our In 2016 the members of the Federation exhibitors and our visitors and that's in will meet again for the 2nd ASEAN FEED biomass pellet production. Biomass SUMMIT at BITEC during our event. Here pellets are produced through similar these feed executives will discuss and help technology used in the production of feed determine future policies and objectives, pellets, so the manufacturers of this together with looking at the trading and

We are proud to have the support of the following organisations: The Thai Ministry of Agriculture & Co-Operatives, The Thai Department of Livestock Development, The Thai Rice Exporters Association, The Thai Chamber of Commerce, The Thailand Convention&Exhibition Bureau, The Thai Department of Fisheries, The Thai Feed Mill Association, The Thai Petfood Association, The Thai Rice Milling Association, The Thai Rice Packers Association VICTAM hasalso another reason for celebrating and that is because 2015 is the 50th anniversary of the formation of Victam and the very first VICTAM exhibition which was held in Utrecht in the Netherlands in 1965. During these years the exhibitions and the series of conferences that accompany the shows have grown enormously. What is very pleasing is that there are still a good number of companies who exhibited in the first show and are still exhibiting with us in 2015. The technology has changed, as have the faces, but it is gratifying to see these companies are still trading and expanding their marketing and sales horizons. Many of them also exhibit in Bangkok. FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS International 2015 will be held from 9 to 11 June, in Koelnmesse, in Cologne, Germany. Victam's largest show with 250 exhibitors coming from all over the world to display the very latest technology within the fields of animal feed production, flour milling & grain processing and biomass pelleting. As with our Asian show there is a series of technical conferences on wide ranging subjects. This event is the international meeting place for the feed, milling, grain processing and biomass pelleting industries. For further information on the exhibition and/or the conference please go to www.victam.com

2015

CALENDAR OF EVENTS

MAY Asia Pacific Dairy Conference Date: 15-16 May 2015 Venue: Bangkok, Thailand Email: events@asian-agribiz.com

BUCHI FeedSeminar Date: 16 May 2015 Venue: The Taj Gateway Hotel M G Road, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India Email: shaikh.s@buchi.com

World Aquaculture 2015 Date: 26-30 May 2015 Venue: Jeju Island, Korea Email: carolm@was.org

JUNE FIAAP, VICTAM & GRAPAS INTERNATIONAL 2015 Date: 09-11 June 2015 Venue: Cologne Exhibition Halls (Koelnmesse), Cologne, Germany Email: expo@victam.com

Aquafeed Horizons 2015 Date: 09 June 2015 Venue: Cologne Exhibition Halls (Koelnmesse), Cologne, Germany Email: editor@aquafeed.com

www.thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in

The International GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance Date: 10 June 2015 Venue: Cologne Exhibition Halls (Koelnmesse), Cologne, Germany Email: serviceclient.france@gmpplus.org

Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 1 | Issue 7 | May 2015

AUGUST Grain Tech India 2015 Date: 21-23 August 2015 Venue: Bangalore International Exhibition Centre, Bangalore, India Email: graintechindia@gmail.com

SEPTEMBER Poultry Feed Quality Conference Date: 3-4 September 2015 Venue: Bangkok, Thailand Email: events@asian-agribiz.com

Livestock Asia 2015 Date: 21-23 September 2015 Venue: Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre, Malaysia Email: duangcheewan.j@ubm.com

SPACE 2015 Date: 15 to 18 September 2015 Venue: RENNES fairgrounds, FRANCE Email: info@space.fr

OCTOBER ILDEX Indonesia 2015 Date: 08-10 October 2015 Venue: Jiexpo, Jakarta, Indonesia Email: panadda@vnuexhibitionsap.com

AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2015 Date: 20-23 OCTOBER, 2015 Venue: Rotterdam, NETHERLANDS Email: info@info.ntnu.no

The IFF Feed Processing Conference Date: 11 June 2015 Venue: Cologne Exhibition Halls (Koelnmesse), Cologne, Germany Email: iff@iff-braunschweig.de

VIV Turkey 2015 Date: 11-13 June 2015 Venue: Istanbul Expo Center, Turkey Email: info@hkf-fairs.com

Global Grain Food & Feed 2015 Date: 19-20 June 2015 Venue: JW Marriott, Pune, Maharashtra, India Email: events@teflas.com

To list any industry event related to Grain & Feed industry please write us at editor@benisonmedia.com