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Volume 7 | Issue 1 November-2020
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Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
EDITORIAL Publisher & Editor Prachi Arora prachi.a@benisonmedia.com
Managing Editor
Is Indian feed industry evolving?
F
eed manufacturing is a science that requires upgradation which comes at a cost. Whether it is about improving efficiency, experimenting with newer alternative raw
Dr. T.K. Walli Former Head, Dairy Cattle Nutrition, NDRI
Subscription Head Gaurav Chander g.chander@benisonmedia.com
materials or producing sustainable feed, Indian feed industry has been evolving but the pace is quite slow. Though varying cost or availability of quality feed raw material has been a concern for Indian feed industry for years. But does that mean we are ready to experiment with alternatives like Insect meal? The answer might not be straight.
Designing & Online Marketing Head Ashwani Verma info@benisonmedia.com
The Indian feed industry has started to experiment with this newer ingredient to find out its efficacy in poultry feed. It might take its own course of time to be used as a regular ingredient due to
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higher cost and lower availability but for the time being whatever
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little quantity is produced in India is getting used in pet food industry. Positive news is that the big players of Indian poultry industry have already started to invest in the technology not only as a user but as an insect meal producer. Protenga, a known player in Asian market, shared in a recently conducted Feed Webinar by Think Grain Think Feed on insect meal preference by producers who want to differentiate their products from the competitors (find out more in webinar coverage at p14).
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Another sustainable animal feed producing company from the UK
Dr. Dinesh T. Bhosale Former Chairman, CLFMA of India Dr. S.P. Vinil Poultry Expert Mr. Amit Sachdev Indian Representative, US Grain Council Dr. P.E. Vijay Anand US Soybean Export Council Dr. Suhas Amrutkar Subject Matter Specialist, Animal Nutrition, MAFSU, Parbhani Dr. SN Mohanty Former Principal Scientist, CIFA Dr. Meeta Punjabi Mehta Agricultural Economist Raghavan Sampath Kumar Commodity Expert Dr. Swamy Haladi Feed Additive Expert Dr. R Gnana Sekar Lead Consultant, GS Dairy Farm Consulting Dr. Suraj Amrutkar Assistant Professor, Dept. of ILFC, SKUAST-J, Jammu
turning industrial emissions into novel protein got European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator funding of â‚Ź2.5 million. In the UK, and in Europe, poultry and farmed fish are usually fed on fishmeal and soy, which is mainly imported from South America and has a huge environmental impact. The company is developing
Monthly Magazine for Feed Technology
a new, sustainable way to produce animal feed, which reduces CO2 emissions by more than 90 percent, compared to the currently used protein sources. India is also bringing such innovations. A Jodhpur-based animal nutrition startup has raised Rs 5 crore in seed funding from Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund (RVCF) to scale its feed production capacity and expand to newer geographies. It is establishing a new supply chain for unconventional ingredients in the animal nutrition sector. So, sustainability is on the radar in the International as well as Indian feed market.
Prachi Arora
MonthlyVollume Magazine for 10 Feed Technology 1 | Issue | August 2015
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
Contents R&D
05 Sustainable Animal feed producing company secures European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator funding
ARTICLE 18 Success Story of Bypass Protein
24 Role of Probiotics for Gut Health Management in Poultry
INDUSTRY THOUGHT INDUSTRY NEWS
08 Feed industry should expect the unexpected COVER STORY 10 Feed Safety – A responsibility or compulsion?
06 Company using unconventional ingredients for Animal nutrition raises seed funding from Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund 13 Lower EU corn supply outlook due to losses in France and Romania – USDA report 30 A new market intelligence and price information for farm produce
WEBINAR COVERAGE
14 Outlook of Traditional and Alternative Feed Raw Material
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Printed by: Jaiswal Printing Press | Published by: Prachi Arora | On behalf of: BENISON Media | Printed at: Chaura Bazar, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Published at: SCO-17, 2nd Floor, Mugal Canal Market, Karnal-132001, Haryana | Editor: Prachi Arora Think Grain Think Feed is a monthly magazine published by BENISON Media at its office in Karnal. Editorial policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily those held by the editors. The data/information provided in the magazine is sourced through various sources and the publisher considers its sources reliable and verifies as much data as possible. However, the publisher accepts no liability for the material herein and consequently readers using this information do so at their own risk. Although persons and companies mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither BENISON Media, nor any of its employees or contributors accept any responsibility whatsoever for such persons’ and companies’ activities. All legal matters are subjected to Karnal Jurisdiction. Disclaimer : The published material and images are sourced from various websites and newspapers, and used for information purpose only, if you have any issue, please inform us at info@thinkgrainthinkfeed.co.in. BENISON Media or Think Grain Think Feed is not liable for any claim prior to written information.
Sustainable Animal feed producing company secures European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator funding UK biotech company, Deep Branch, has secured further investment to scale up the sustainable generation of protein that could transform food production and supply chains. Complementing the REACTFIRST project, the company is turning industrial emissions into novel protein sources for animal feed and now, with European Innovation Council (EIC) Accelerator funding of €2.5 million the company will be able to scale up the production process. The funding will go towards building a new facility at the Netherlands-based Brightlands Chemelot Campus, a hub for circular chemistry and chemical processes, which Deep Branch expects to be operational by Q2 2021. Using microbes to convert CO2 from industrial emissions, into a new type of single-cell protein, Deep Branch has developed a low carbon animal feed with a nutritional profile that is comparable with fishmeal, the gold-standard protein source in aquafeed. However, unlike fishmeal, the single-cell protein can be produced year-round, reducing the impact of any seasonal fluctuations in price or yield.
The REACT-FIRST project supported by grant funding from Innovate UK, the UK's Innovation Agency is the firstof-its-kind. It brings together 10 consortium partners from industry and academia that share a commitment to tackling the global climate crisis and achieving net zero carbon emissions in the food production industry. Extensive research and testing will help the partners to gather valuable data about the cost, digestibility, nutritional quality and carbon footprint of the single-cell protein. Working with renewable power company, Drax, as well as a consortium of industry leading partners, the technology has already been proven on a smaller scale. This latest funding will enable Deep Branch to scale up increasing production to enable animal feed manufacturers to expedite performance testing of the new protein. Deep Branch was one of only two UK companies to be shortlisted for the EIC programme. Peter Rowe, CEO of Deep Branch, said: “In the UK, and in Europe, poultry and farmed fish are usually fed on fishmeal and soy, which is mainly imported from South
America and has a huge environmental impact. We are developing a new, sustainable way of producing animal feed, which reduces CO2 emissions by more than 90 percent, compared to the currently used protein sources. “Setting up the pilot plant represents an important next step in finding the perfect recipe for new product that meets the requirements of feed producers. We'll be undertaking further trials with BioMar and AB Agri, two leading animal feed companies that support the salmon and poultry farming industries. Thanks to the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation support, we can expand our production capacity to match the volumes that feed producers need to run these trials. “Brightlands Chemelot Campus is the ideal location for our Scale-Up Centre, and there is a clear alignment between our goals and the facility's overall ambitions for CO2 recycling and sustainable hydrogen use. The industrial site gives us the ability to scale up quickly and has room for a large-scale production facility as well as the raw materials to create Proton™. We have access to everything we need.” Source: Deep Branch
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R&D
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
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INDUSTRY NEWS
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
Company using unconventional ingredients for Animal nutrition raises seed funding from Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund Krimanshi Technologies Pvt Ltd, a Jodhpur-based animal nutrition startup has raised Rs 5 crore in seed funding from Rajasthan Venture Capital Fund (RVCF) to scale its feed production capacity and expand to newer geographies. "Animal feed sector is an underserved market and not much innovation has been seen here in the past. Quality and affordability do not go hand in hand and hence most dairy farmers could not get their hands on the best of the products. We are trying to change this through our deeper understanding of animal nutrition, chemistry and biotechnology and are focused to reduce the feed costs while ensuring better quality feeds to our livestock
farmers,” said Nikhil Bohra, Founder and CEO of Krimanshi. Founded in 2015, Krimanshi is working in animal feed production, primarily in dairy, and is bringing innovation by establishing a new supply chain for unconventional ingredients in the animal nutrition sector. The startup is expanding production capacities across Rajasthan and Karnataka and would also cater to the feed market in Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra and North East. It also claims to have a wider economic, social and environmental impact, with farmers reporting up to 20 percent increase in milk production, transforming agri and food waste into nutritious cattle which results in saving of
CO2 emissions and creating new jobs in establishing unconventional feed ingredients supply chains. While mentioning about the deployment of funds, Nikhil added, “We will use the fresh capital to set up our feed production plants, venture into poultry and fish segment and scale-up food and agri waste upcycling capacity. We will also be focusing to build a strong sales team and distributor network in Rajasthan and Karnataka and digitize feed transactions.” RVCF, a venture capital firm based out of Jaipur, is currently investing out of its third fund and invests in early and growth stage transformative companies in Agri/Food, IT/ITES, Healthcare, Education space etc. “Krimanshi has built costeffective nutritive feed solutions for milch animals all-round the year by upcycling food waste. It is further expanding into poultry and aqua feeds. Nikhil and his team are well equipped to provide solutions to feed the burgeoning livestock population in the country," said Gaurav Chowdhry, Vice President at RVCF. Source: YourStory
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INDUSTRY THOUGHT
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
Feed industry should expect the unexpected Guy Soreq, Glowlit We work in a volatile industry that is accustomed to prices spiking, however in 2020 we saw something really unique. In a perfect storm brought on by COVID, everything spiked all at once placing a huge amount of stress on feed industry. Feed additive prices rose very sharply, peaked, and have since been on a far slower downward trajectory. Certain prices have already reached pre-COVID levels, while others are very close. This return is just in time for the expected end-of-year trend which often sees remaining stock sold off at a discount, but if this year has taught us anything it's that we should expect the unexpected. Guy Soreq
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Image Source: International Feed Industry Federation
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COVER STORY
Feed Safety – A responsibility or compulsion? With increasing feed requirement in India and lower margins, how do a feed producer ensure Feed Safety? How the FSSAI regulations would impact the cattle feed sector? Think Grain Think Feed interacted with different kind of players to find out the answers. Read below excerpts: Categories of feed contaminants Naturally occurring feed contaminants: This class of feed contaminants is made up of toxic or deleterious substances that are inherent constituents of animal food and that are not the result of environmental, agricultural, industrial, or other such contaminations. There are two classes of feed contaminants which should go under testing - some of the mycotoxins such as aflatoxin and fumonisin, the glycosylates; and heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. Non-naturally occurring feed contaminants: This class of feed contaminants is made up of industrial toxic or deleterious substances which are increased to abnormal levels in the animal food through mishandling or other intervening acts of industries. This can be avoided by careful handling or standardized procedures. Role of feed regulations
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
food production, to the highest quality assurance standards of integrated food safety systems. The most important role played by feed regulations is providing protection for the consumer as well as the regulated industry. Feed regulations safeguard the health of man and animals while providing a structure for orderly commerce. Feed safety is a prerequisite for animal health and welfare, which in turn leads to food safety and human health. FSSAI to cater issue of mycotoxins in Milk in India
Justin Tan According to Justin Tan, Regional Technical & Marketing Director, Asia Pacific at Biomin, Feed is an integral part of the food chain and its safety has been recognized as a shared value and a shared responsibility. Feed production must thus be subject, in a similar manner as
As recently as late last year, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) announced that food of animal origin, such as milk, are often found to be noncompliant with regulatory standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Cattle feed is a major source by which milk gets contaminated with Aflatoxin M1, a carcinogenic derivative of the most commonly occurring mycotoxin in Indian livestock feed, Aflatoxin B1. A national-level survey revealed the presence of this highly toxic, cancer-causing mycotoxin in milk samples were taken from Tamil Nadu and several other Indian States. The safety of cattle feed in India can easily be improved with more attention being placed on optimizing animal nutrition, focusing on gastrointestinal health and performance, and adopting a proper mycotoxin risk management strategy.
A survey conducted by FSSAI in October 2018 revealed that 5.7% of the milk samples were contaminated with Aflatoxin M1 residues beyond permissible limits i.e. in 368 out of 6,432 tested samples. The regulatory body is taking steps to regulate the feed sector as well. �In India, there is still a lot of room for improvement in terms of raising standards of feed technology, while building upon the existing infrastructure, to take feed and livestock production to the next level,� Justin said.
Tanveer Malik Feed Producer ensuring safe feed production De Heus India ensures safe feed production with quality raw material for which the company has to pay a premium. Tanveer Malik, Director at De Heus India shared that during the purchase process we communicate quality specifications for each raw material along with the purchase order with vendors. Raw materials (RM) are analyzed at the reception before unloading, all the parameters like crude protein, fat, fiber, moisture, starch, amino acids in some cases,
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COVER STORY
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
urease activity, and aflatoxin (in high-risk RM) are checked and if the quality meets our standard then it is accepted otherwise rejected. Even during the production process, the finish feed samples are collected at every one hour and analyzed, if there is any deviation in the quality or it is not fit to dispatch then it is sent to RM section for reprocessing. Quality feed acceptance in India According to Malik, quality is one component in the buying process in the animal feed sector (especially in India) but there are other factors which influence the buying decision like price, credit, supply, availability, etc. Overall, the percentage of farmers who want to buy the quality feed is quite less in the country rather price is the most important factor here. Feed raw material should be covered in regulation “It would be a challenge for all players to meet the regulations as quality RM availability itself is an issue. As per my understanding, around 85% of animals in India are fed with raw material or a mixture of a couple of RM (home mixture) and if feed company is implied with quality standards as per FSSAI regulations especially Aflatoxin, though other
parameters remain in control in feed produced by bigger players, then the cost would increase to such an extent that farmers might shift to home mix. The objective cannot be fulfilled until raw materials also get covered in this regulation,” Tanveer said. “As it is well known that most preferred feed RM in cattle feeding is cottonseed cake used by 90% of farmers but it has a very high risk of aflatoxin and gossypol, so the impact on the feed industry will be huge,“ he added.
wastes, etc and with possibly new safety risks,” said Bharat Aswani, General Manager – FOSS India. ”Hence, feed producers must continually monitor each of their facilities and act swiftly to address any feed safety issue within their supply chain. In addition, the industry must be committed to continuous improvement in the area of feed safety through ongoing research and new feed technologies and interventions,” Aswani added. Future potential of cattle feed industry in India
Bharat Aswani Risk with unconventional feed ingredients Though in many countries, adequate knowledge and sufficient awareness are lacking to ensure feed safety among all operators along the whole value chain. “New and unconventional feed ingredients are entering the production chain e.g. agro-industrial by-products (such as the ones of the biofuel industry), insects, food processing by-products, food
The Indian dairy industry is growing with a CAGR of 4-6% for the last couple of years and demand for cattle feed is also increasing at the same pace, many professional players are entering the market and even existing ones are also improving their quality to compete. It would be difficult for smaller players to compete. “Based on milk production and the number of animals in India, the total feed requirement is more than 100 million MT vs currently the production is just at 12-13 million MT so there is a huge growth opportunity for the animal feed sector,” said Tanveer Malik while discussing the scope of the cattle feed industry in India.
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Lower EU corn supply outlook due to losses in France and Romania – USDA report European Union (EU27 + UK) corn production for 2020/21 is estimated at 64.2 million metric tons (mmt), down 2.5 mmt (4 percent) from last year, according to the USDA. USDA recently released its November Supply/Demand Report. Harvested area is estimated at 8.9 million hectares (mha), down 0.1 mha from last month, but unchanged from last year, and up 3 percent from the 5year average. Yield is estimated at 7.23 tons per hectare (t/ha), down 2 percent from October, down 4 percent from last year, and down 1 percent from the 5-
year average. Harvest is nearly finished in the European Union, including in the largest corn producers of France and Romania, where drought has been responsible for lowering the crop in both countries this year. In France, the crop is estimated to be down 0.6 mmt from last month to 13.8 mmt. France has a significant amount of irrigated corn in its southwest that helps mitigate yield losses. Yield is estimated at 8.83 t/ha. Romania is the single largest contributing-member to EU corn area, but with an
average yield of 4.12 t/ha, Romania has the lowest corn yield in the EU27. Among other reasons, it has a low proportion of irrigated corn and a high normal summer temperature, which can quickly deplete soil moisture. This year, drought in Romania was most prominent in its largest corn producing region in the southeast. Romania corn is estimated at 10.7 mmt, down 0.6 mmt from last month, and 10 percent below its average production level. The 2020/21 crop is estimated to be 25 percent below last year's record crop.
Brazil removes import tariffs on maize and soybeans In October the Brazilian government suspended the tariffs on imports of soybeans, soy meals and soy oils until 15 January 2021 and on imports of maize grain until 31 March 2021. Normally, imports of maize and soybeans from nonMercosur countries are subject to an 8 percent import duty, while those of soy meals and soy oils to 6 percent and 10 percent tariff, respectively. The measure seeks to boost national supplies and limit
price increases. Prices of soy products and maize have been increasing sharply since end-2019, despite the record outputs of soybeans and maize in 2020, mainly driven by an uptick in domestic and export demand. The sustained depreciation of the national currency, which had lost nearly 40 percent of its value over the past 12 months as of mid-October 2020, supported the strong foreign demand. Although a further increase in
plantings of the 2021 soybeans and maize crops is officially forecast, there are concerns that the final area sown may be impacted by a delay in planting operations on account of adversely dry conditions. The temporary removal of import duties follows other measures (FPMA Food Policies and GIEWS Country Brief) that the government has taken in the past months to tackle the high prices of grains, including rice and wheat. Source: FAO
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INDUSTRY NEWS
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
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WEBINAR COVERAGE
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
Outlook of Traditional and Alternative Feed Raw Material The pandemic has brought an intense shift in the way we do business and feed business is no exception to that. New innovations are adopted in sales to adapt to the new normal of virtual interactions. In this changing scenario, Think Grain Think Feed organized Feed Webinar to understand the Feed raw material outlook which covered corn, soybean, soymeal and insect protein, and was attended by 120+ participants from India and Abroad.
Mr. Jaison John
Mr. Jaison John, General Manager-Procurement, Suguna Foods moderated the session. Working with the largest broiler producers in India and handling more than 70 feed mills across the country with a daily production of 7000 tonnes. He shared the pandemic and rumours resulted in loss of INR 25000 crore of the Indian poultry industry, though prices have recovered but the loss won't be recovered in such a short time. Corn market outlook Mr. Amit Sachdev, US Grain Council shared interesting insights on the Corn which is the energy provider has a major chunk of the 70% cost that goes into to feed for poultry or livestock production.
Mr. Amit Sachdev
Indian corn market The rumours of virus transmission through chicken consumption resulted in demand destruction even before the pandemic. But
slowly and gradually industry started to move up, today it is at par or a bit higher than pre-COVID-19 stage. Still, the industry is at 70% of the capacity i.e. still have to increase 30% to reach normalcy. Same is with the egg prices, it was much lower, but at present, we are at the same price as that of pre-COVID-19 times. As per projection form government of India there is a slighter higher area under
Area under Maize; Production and Productivity
corn and average production which for the previous year was 15.7 MMT in 2019-20 is expected to be 15.9 MMT for 2020-21. Though area under cultivation is more in some states but area under fodder and silage which comes from the same mode of corn should also be considered. Another factor is damage caused in states like Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka due to excess rains and most recent rains in Telangana and South Maharashtra. In corn export, currently, India is exporting to Bangladesh which is expected to reach 0.25-0.5 MMT. There are reports of cargoes to Vietnam and requests are also received from Malaysia. Also, wheat has exported to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Source: Ministry of Ag and farmers welfare, GOI
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From first week of September the pricing in Bihar started to move up which is when the export started out. While green and blue lines give you Barley and Pearl Millet price – which is selling at the same price.
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Wheat is still available at a higher price and hence Indian Poultry farmer is not using it. But it is moving out from certain parts. Also, Telangana has released remaining corn of 0.7 MMT in the market from last year stocks. How will it impact the market is still unknown but it will certainly increase the supply of corn in the Southern part of the country so the pressure in this market goes down. Last year corn demand was 25.8 MMT but demand destruction of this year especially from the poultry sector will reduce the demand by about 3 MMT. That extra corn might find new destinations if the price remains right.
Corn Balance Sheet – October 2020
Area Down
Opening Stocks Down Production Cut
Increased supplies and lower domestic demand
Increased exports
Source: USDA
world ending stocks are down from last year by an estimation of 9 MT. Conclusion 1.
US Corn market As per Corn balance sheet for 2019-20 crop, the ending stock is 50.7. Yield, area planted and area harvested is higher. Average production has jumped up by at least 30MMT while the overall supply is down. Then why the world prices are moving up – that's a question for everyone. In US, domestic demand is down, in 2019-20 total domestic use was 352 MMT, expected to be about 311 MMT in October. Export is the key which is looking higher at 51.9 MMT and can further go up to 62 MMT.
7.
2.
China buying feed raw materials to fill up its warehouses, including Soy Food inflation up in most countries and domestic demand increasing
3.
Production in some countries showing a decline; US and Ukraine
4.
Logistics issues; Argentina
5.
Drop in world ending stocks
6.
LA NINA in 2020-21 (Weather conditions point towards drought in South America)
Pressure on the grain complex – overall, be it for food or feed – trade is increasing
Outlook of Soy and Soymeal Ms. Rajini Panicker, Vice President for Commodities, Phillip Capital shared the forecast for supply & demand for the next year with a focus on the Indian crop The beginning stocks from the previous season are high, due to unprecedented consumption 2019-20 proved to be a unique year.
Ms. Rajini Panicker
Though March onwards there is a lack season but still small supplies of soybean remain coming on monthly basis which stopped from March till April with some
India Soybean Supply & Demand
World corn production is much higher at 1.58 BT compared to last year of 1.12 BT, another 46 MT has been added but the area under corn coming from Ukraine is lower than last year. The Source: PhillipCapital Research
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WEBINAR COVERAGE amount coming to supply in June. The slowdown in arrival because of negligible Mandis, and slowed crushing in 201920 resulted in a supply of about 7.1 MMT with a carryover of 0.5 MMT from the previous season. Production An increase in acreage is observed across all major paddy crops and soybean is no exception to that which saw about 6.5% increase in acreage as the monsoon started at the correct time in June. Though both factors implied a bumper crop but factors like over rain in August, late withdrawal of monsoon,
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
potential increase YoY in soybean. The marketable surplus for the soybean is estimated at 1 MT for feed which is about 14%. In terms of imports, a recent trend that has been observed, soybean coming from the African continent. Last year the import was close to 4 Lakh MT while this year because of the high-prices of soybean and also the inhibition of some of the participants to trade with the Indian counterparts due to past issues, a much lower import of 1.5 Lakh MT is estimated. There is optimism in terms of direct use of soybean in the daily consumption and
Even if a crop of about 8 MMT is assumed and crushing increase by 15% compared to the last year then soymeal supply would be 6.3 MMT compared to the previous year of 5.5 MMT i.e. a 14% increase in supply. Despite pricing being high, due to positive gross crushing margins still there is intensive crushing. Soymeal trade is expected at about 0.5 MT which is unchanged from last year due to higher prices of Indian soymeal. This will be analysed further. On the domestic meal consumption, an increase of 15% is estimated because of improvement in broiler prices and consumption which is further expected to increase as lockdown is lifted.
Source: PhillipCapital Research
FAS, USDA
monsoon in Maharashtra even in the month of October, pest infestations in MP etc impacted the production. Though the first estimates from SOPA was as high as 12 MMT while it could be close to 9.5 MMT. That means a 12%
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number getting revised from bullish number of 12 MT to 9.5 MT, the overall supply could be higher by 13% compared to previous year.
exports, an incremental increase of about 10% is expected. Putting all this together, a supply of 8MT for this year vis-Ă -vis 7MT of last year i.e. an increase of 13% is expected. Which means that despite the production
It is interesting to note that the global soybean supply is estimated to increase by 2% to 627 MMT while global consumption is expected to increase by 5% therefore a drawdown on stocks can be seen. The global soybean stock is estimated at 88MMT which is one of the lowest stocks in about 5 years. Globally a tightness is observed despite the higher YoY US production, there is concern over the LANINA prospects and its impact on South American production. This tightness in the global market is also reflected in the CBOT soybean future. This is a 5-year price chart shows the AG prices are USD11 a bushel which is somewhere the same as that of prices in the year 2017. Given the fact that the stocks are lowest in 5 years, a
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price rise can also be expected. The same thing applies for soymeal, the ending stocks estimated to be lower by 3% YoY while supply to increase by 3%. An Alternative Protein Insect Meal Mr. Leonard Wein of Protenga presented on the Insect meal, which is a well-accepted concept in European market but is a new one for Indian industry. Why Insect as feed? There is two-fold reason to it, one is closing the protein gap, an increasing population expected to reach 10 billion by 2050, more quantity and better-quality protein especially the animal protein is required. Second is reducing the environmental impact, as the use of soybean meal and fish meal in animal feed have strong environmental impact. The key idea for insect protein is the circular economy, the ability to bring the nutrients that drop out of the value chain from primary production in agriculture to processing to animal farming to consumption, insects provide an opportunity to recycle or upcycle those to back in the quality nutrients into the value chain. This process results in reduced deforestation and lower greenhouse gas emission, and these proteins have much lower footprint in terms of space and water.
high-density i.e. it has a fast development cycle, an excellent concentrator of nutrients and it is not a pest or a vector. Feed usage is basically focused on two lifecycle stages which is Larval stage and Prepupal stage. Most commercial companies focus on the larvae stage. Farming insects produce three potential products – 1. Most basic stage is live feeders i.e. insect biomass which can be used in feed and traditionally used in exotics, in pets and reptiles. But now it is also used in poultry industry at commercial scale as a feed supplement for free-range farming system and shown to have a positive impact on growth, health, and animal welfare. 2. To get into a shelf-stable format that can be traded and sold, it has to be processed that is into dry-insect larvae which is sold into the pet food industry.
3rd level for inclusion or substitution in diet. Insect oil – A micro ingredient The second major product is insect oil which is usually mechanically extracted from the insect biomass and characterized by high lauric acid content which plays an important role particularly in early nutrition as an immune booster with easily metabolizable energy. It also plays an important role in pelleting formulation to increase the feed intake and has shown to be very effective in pet food as well as shrimp feed. Because of higher princes and low availability it cannot substitute soybean meal or fishmeal. But can be used as a novel ingredient for product differentiation.
Mr. Leonard Wein
Research shows that insect meal increases digestibility and feed conversion ratio in poultry. Overview of main products
3. It can be further processed into insect protein meal and then insect oil which become the raw material for formulated feed which is the
Black soldier fly is the main attraction of this industry, which is flourishing all across the globe. It is nutritious and a natural feed for poultry, fish, and pet. It is also very suitable for large scale industrial production of flies with natural Source: Nutrition Technologies Data
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ARTICLE
Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
Success Story of Bypass Protein T. K. Walli, Former Head, Dairy Nutrition Division, NDRI, Karnal Introduction
T. K. Walli
The very concept of feeding Bypass protein to ruminants was proposed by the renowned Australian Scientist from CSIRO, Dr. W.T. Scott in late 70s. However, when it was thought of conducting research on this feeding technology in India, there was a lot of objection from many quarters. Incidentally, during that period, NDRI received many foreign experts under several International Programs. All of them without any exception totally rejected the idea of doing research on bypass protein. The reason being the low yielding dairy animals in India don't need bypass protein, since the microbial protein synthesized in their rumen may be quite sufficient to take care of their protein needs. Notwithstanding the fact that during the last 3 decades, a lot of research has been conducted on bypass protein in the different Indian universities and research institutes, including NDDB which is the pioneer organization for the commercialization of this feed technology in India. However, NDRI was the first research institute to undertake research on bypass protein. In fact, it virtually delineated most of the research aspects of this technology, and finally NDDB made it a successful commercial technology. How the new perspective bypassed the earlier apprehensions on the Bypass Protein concept? During the literature search, a research paper by Satter and Slyter (1975) published in Journal
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
in the rumen of cows and buffaloes in India is generally much higher than actually required for microbial protein synthesis in rumen
of Dairy Sci. (US) mentioned that only 5 mg of ammonia/100 ml of rumen liquor are optimally required for maximum protein synthesis in the rumen. While a series of experiments conducted on cattle and buffaloes fitted with rumen cannula earlier showed that the rumen ammonia levels varied from above 5 to 20 mg/100 ml of rumen liquor. Satter and Slyter (1975) publication surprised in two ways: a)
b)
only a low level of ammonia is required to maximize protein synthesis in rumen why the ammonia level
After giving some thought it was realized that under rural conditions of the country, grains are mostly consumed by humans and non-edible oilcake are fed to ruminants. Oil cakes fed to animals are generally highly degradable in the rumen, with some exceptions, and thus, produce excess ammonia in rumen. For efficient use of ammonia with respect to Amino Acid synthesis in the rumen, a matching soluble carbohydrate, like grains, are required to provide CO2 after its degradation. In the absence of sufficient availability of carbon skeleton as CO2, to trap excess ammonia, ammonia gets accumulated in the rumen. Since Amino Acids are like bricks for protein synthesis, its degradation/ conversion to ammonia in the rumen is akin to the production. This excess ammonia has to be cleared off from the rumen, as it has no use to the animal. The recycling of N is least needed in such a situation. After absorption from the rumen, ammonia is transported to the liver for conversion to urea, before its excretion through urine. But for urea synthesis, the animal has to spend its own energy, thus, rather the animal has to pay a price to clear this ammonia.
Thus, feeding of Bypass protein offers triple benefit to the animal. It saves feed protein, saves animal's own energy and there is less urea excretion through urine. This last point has a bearing on protecting the environment, through less Nitrous Oxide emission into the atmosphere. The mechanism behind the feeding bypass protein Testing the protein degradability of several Proteinous feeds: Several oilseed cakes and other proteinous feeds were subjected to in vivo dacron bag technique for estimation of protein degradability and also to calculate the RDP (Rumen Degradable Protein) and UDP (Undegraded Dietary Protein) values of these feeds. Proteins of Mustard, rapeseed, and GN cake are highly degradable in the rumen, (80-85%), and need protection. However, proteins of Cottonseed cake, Maize gluten meal and guar meal are least degradable in the rumen, are naturally occurring Bypass Protein, and thus do not protect. Protein from Soybean cake has a medium degradability (around 50 %), and needs protection. Measuring the flow rates of various Nitrogen Fractions at Abomasun fed Bypass Protein: A feeding trial was conducted on 12 cow calves fitted with the abomasal cannula. Two groups of animals were fed isonitrogenous diets, having either 35 or 65% naturally
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occurring Bypass Protein in
Formaldehyde (HCHO)
concentrate. Flow rates at
Treatment: Groundnut Cake
abomasum were measured,
was subjected to HCHO
using chromic oxide as
treatment using different
digesta marker and RNA as a
levels of formaldehyde, viz.
microbial marker. Flow rates
0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.5 g
of Microbial N,
HCHO/100 g cake protein.
Urea/Ammonia N rates/24 h
The protein degradability in
were significantly reduced on
the rumen was measured by
the higher Bypass Protein
in vivo Dacron bag
level.
technique. It was observed
However, the flow rates of
that the level of 1.0 g
protein N, Non-Ammonia
HCHO/100g of cake protein
Non-Urea N, and Amino acid
caused 70-80 % protection
N showed significantly
of its protein in the rumen.
higher flow rates on the
Accordingly, this level was
higher bypass Protein levels.
considered as the optimum
This clearly proved that when
level of HCHO for protecting
Bypass Protein is fed to
proteins from highly
ruminants, there is an overall
degradable cakes. Formalin
increase in the flow of Amino
is easily available in the
Acids to the lower tract, and
market in liquid form. It is
thus, making more Amino
40% HCHO, and accordingly,
Acids available for the
2.5 ml of Formalin shall
absorption in the intestines
provide 1 g of HCHO.
of the animal.
Formalin is a cheap chemical,
Methods for protection of
thus making HCHO
proteins in highly
treatment quite a very cheap
degradable cakes: There are
method of protein protection
two ways to protect the
for making it a Bypass
proteins in highly degradable
protein. However, at the time
cakes in the rumen, and to
of Formalin application,
convert these into Bypass
precautions have to be
Protein.
observed due to its volatile
Heat Treatment: Heat treatment of oil cakes can be done through roasting at 140 degrees C for 30 minutes. It was found that the above time/temperature combination was quite sufficient to protect soybean cake protein, having protected its protein from rumen degradation up to 7080 %. However, the problem with this method is that it is not a cost-effective technology.
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and corrosive nature. Results of the Growth trial on feeding Bypass Protein Growth trials on goat kids fed two types of Cakes treated with HCHO: A growth trial was conducted on 12 goat kids divided into 2 groups fed untreated or HCHO treated GN Cake (60% BPP in concentrate) for 3 months. At the end of the trial, it was found that it gave 30-35% increase in growth rate in the treated group over the control group. The
feed conversion efficiency was found to be much higher in the treated group. Similarly, in another trial conducted on 14 goat kid, the animals were divided into 2 groups and fed either untreated or HCHO treated mustard Cake (60% BPP in concentrate) for a period of 3 months. The result in this experiment too was similar as observed in kids fed HCHO G.N. cake There was a 30-35% increase in growth in the treated group over the control group. Feed conversion efficiency too was much higher in the treated group as in the first case. Growth trial on buffalo calves fed HCHO treated G.N. Cake: Another growth trial was conducted on 12 buffalo calves divided into 2 groups fed either untreated GN cake or HCHO treated GN Cake (60% BPP in concentrate) for a period of 4 months. In this particular experiment as well, the growth rate recorded was 30-35% in the HCHO treated mustard cake group, over the control group. The higher feed conversion efficiency also seen in this experiment makes it an attractive and cheaper technology. Additional benefits of HCHO treatment on both types of cakes: HCHO Treatment of GN Cake: After finishing the growth trial on kids, the Aflatoxin level was measured in leftover untreated and as well as treated cake samples. Interestingly, it was found
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that the aflatoxin level was 3 times more in the untreated cake. This suggests that apart from protecting cake protein, HCHO treatment does not allow the fungus to grow on the cake. Thus, the HCHO treatment of GN Cake arrests the further growth of fungi, and no further increase in Aflatoxin level in the cake happens, while in the untreated cake the fungus grew unchecked and this increased its aflatoxin content. HCHO treatment of Mustard Cake: After the growth trial on kids, these animals were slaughtered and the organs were subjected to histopathological examination. Results showed that there was a massive cellular degeneration of most of the organs in animals fed untreated cake, while in the treated group all the organs were intact. This proved that HCHO treatment prevents the conversion of glucosinolate, present in the mustard cake to thiocyanate in the rumen. Thus, feeding of Mustard Cake treated with HCHO has no toxic effect on ruminants, suggesting that its feeding is safer in two ways: does not cause any organ damage to the animal and it also prevents Thiocynate Poisoning in ruminants. Effect of feeding Bypass Protein on Reproductive aspects of dairy animals Some experiments on the feeding of bypass protein were conducted by the LPM
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Division of NDRI Karnal, on the reproductive aspects of the animals. It demonstrated that Bypass Protein feeding has some positive effect on reproduction. Because of higher growth rate and feed conversion efficiency, it leads to early maturity, resulting in a slight decrease in age at first calving, an improved conception rate, and a decreased inter-calving period in females. In addition to that, the lower ammonia level in circulation has a positive effect on foetal growth, because the higher ammonia levels in circulation can also cause damage to the foetus. Furthermore, in young bulls, due to more supply of Amino Acids on feeding bypass protein, it could also lead to a better libido as well as better semen quality. Feeding Bypass Protein to lactating animals Effect on milk yield of buffaloes on feeding bypass protein: 12 lactating buffaloes were divided into 2 groups and fed either untreated GN cake or HCHO treated G.N. Cake (@1g HCHO/100g cake protein). The bypass protein level in the concentrate was 60% of total protein. After 4 months of the feeding trial, the average milk yield in the treated group was 12-14% higher. The FCM yield was still better in the treated group because there was a slight increase in the fat percentage of milk from treated cows. The increase in fat percent after feeding
Bypass Protein has been very consistently seen in a number of other experiments. Perhaps the increased Methionine supply on feeding Bypass Protein provides Methyl donor for Fat synthesis, resulting in more fat in milk. Effect on milk yield of goats on feeding bypass protein: A trial on 14 lactating goats divided into two groups was conducted. While the control group was fed concentrate which contained untreated mustard cake, the experimental group was fed concentrate having HCHO treated mustard cake, forming 60% bypass protein in the concentrate. The trend regarding the increase in milk yield was just similar in the HCHO treated group as in other experiments, along with higher fat content, as observed in the case of lactating buffaloes. Milk samples from goats fed HCHO treated mustard cake showed no trace of either Formalin or Thiocyanate, Thus, such milk is absolutely safe for human consumption, apart from the fact that HCHO treatment of this cake is also safe for animals, as demonstrated earlier in goat kids, through histopathological studies. Effect on milk yield of crossbred cows on feeding bypass protein: A) Under NDRI- American Soybean Association Collaborative Project: A trial was conducted on 12 Lactating Cross Bred cows divided into two groups, fed
either Roasted Soybean cake (140 deg C for 30 Min), or Soyabean cake as such, for 3 months, to make bypass protein as 60% in concentrate. At the end of the trial, the treated group showed 12-14% higher milk yield than the untreated group. Though the results were quite encouraging, it has been already mentioned that this is not a cost effective technology. As compared to roasting, the HCHO treatment of cake is a much cheaper technology to convert highly degradable oil cakes into Bypass Protein. B) Under NDRI-NDDB collaborative project: A trial was conducted at NDRI on 12 lactating crossbred cows divided into two groups. The experimental group was fed Bypass Protein feed having HCHO treated G N Cake, while the control group was fed feed containing untreated G.N. cake. After the 3 months of trial, the increase in milk yield was recorded to be around 13 to 14% in the group fed bypass protein over the control group, along with better feed conversion efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Simultaneously a similar trial was conducted by NDDB, using the same bypass protein feed, in the rural areas around Anand. However, the increase in milk yield in the rural area was still higher than recorded at NDRI. The yield varied from 15-20%. After getting convinced, then NDDB Chairman Dr. Amrita Patel
decided to go for large scale production of Bypass protein.
E)
Bypass Protein feeding provides extra supply of AA to liver for more Gluconeogenesis, as propionate supply is not sufficient, due to less ingestion of soluble carbohydrates.
F)
Since, the other two milk constituents viz. Protein and Fat have to keep pace, to match the lactose level in milk. This results in more Milk Volume or in other words more Milk yield.
The biochemical explanation for the increase in milk yield: A)
B)
Quantum of Lactose synthesis decides the quantum of milk to be synthesized in Mammary Gland Lactose regulates the osmotic pressure of milk. More the lactose synthesis, more amount of water Mammary Gland has to suck from blood, which increases milk volume.
C)
Lactose synthesis in Mammary Gland depends upon the supply of glucose, part of which is also converted to galactose, for lactose synthesis.
D) More supply of glucose to Mammary Gland, means more Lactose synthesis.
The first commercial plant for manufacture of Bypass Protein was commissioned at Baroda, under IndoAustralian Collaborative Project in 2004. A Special thanks to Dr W.T. Scott, the pioneer researcher of Bypass Protein feeding and deepest gratitude to my Ph.D Scholars and M.Sc. students, who have been the part of this research journey, spread over 2 decades of time frame.
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Think Grain Think Feed - Volume 7 | Issue 1 | Nov 2020
Image Source: Novozymes
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Role of Probiotics for Gut Health Management in Poultry Dr. Srinivas J, Kemin Industries Introduction Poultry rearing has become a vital economic activity in many countries. In intensive poultry production, newly hatched chicks are more prone to infections due to the slow normal microflora colonization in the intestine. The situation is due to less chance of contact with their mother and acquires microflora from the environment. Due to production pressure, the broiler chickens succumb to stresses, which adversely affects their performance. Under such circumstances, the use of synthetic antimicrobial agents and antibiotics help to mitigate stress and improve feed efficiency and growth. However, with the possibility of antibiotics ceasing to be used as growth promoters in poultry in the coming days, both consumers and manufacturers are looking for alternatives. Europe and South Korea banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters since 2006 and 2012, respectively, and such a ban affects the rest of the world. For sustainable animal production systems, the development of antibiotic alternatives is the need of the hour. Therefore, the concept of probiotic supplementation emerges, which
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is highly helpful to fill this gap.
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starter organisms.
selection. Thus, immediate
Other types of probiotics
probiotic supplementation
such as Bacillus spores
at birth is vital in avian
(direct-fed microbial -
species than in other
DFM) can be included as
animals.
feed additives in poultry
Ideal Characteristics of a
diets due to their heat
Probiotic
resistant capacity and long spp. have a distinct
An ideal probiotic should be characterized as mentioned below.
advantage over
·Source – animal/ bird
shelf life. Generally, Bacillus
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium as DFM, because Bacillus spores are resistant to low pH, bile salts, and other harsh conditions encountered in the gastric environment.
origin ·Nonpathogenic and
nontoxic ·Resistant and
persistent to stress, processing, storage, and gastric acid & bile
Bacillus spores promote
·Antimicrobial activity
gut health by competitive
·To overcome pelleting
exclusion and produce antimicrobial peptides that are cytotoxic to bacterial pathogens and reduce symptoms associated with enteric infectious diseases, such as necrotic enteritis. Some Bacillus (Bacillus What is Probiotic?
subtilis PB6) strains
Probiotics are the live microbial feed supplement that beneficially improves the intestinal microbial balance of the host animal. The most used species with two exceptions in probiotic (intestinal strains) preparations are Lactobacillus species (L. acidophilus, L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. lactis), Streptococcus thermophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, and Bifidobacterium spp. The exceptions are Lactobacillus bulgaricus & Streptococcus thermophilus are yogurt
produce antimicrobial substances with broad-
temperatures and be compatible with most feed additives ·Suitable adherence
factors to attach in intestinal epithelium or mucus and compete for binding sites ·Genetically stable and
viable at the high population
spectrum activity against
Probiotic Colonization
various strains of
Establishing and maintaining healthy gut microflora is essential, which improves the microbial environment of birds' intestinal tract by displacing harmful bacteria. The gut is sterile in newly hatched chicks and acquires microflora from the environment. Chicks may get infected at this time since pathogenic microbes may multiply faster than beneficial bacteria. However, as the days progress, post-hatch,
Campylobacter and Clostridium species. Commercially, chickens reared to hatch in clean incubators devoid of organisms commonly found in the gut. Also, shell microbiological contamination may influence gut microflora characteristics. The hydrochloric acid (HCl) gastric secretion that starts at 18 days incubation has an impact on microflora
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the microflora stabilizes and attains a balance between the 'favorable' and 'harmful' bacteria. This balance may be affected by internal factors like stress or surrounding environment like infectious pressure. At this stage, the concept of probiotics supplementation emerges that is helpful for gut microflora. Survival and stability of the microbial strains used, their relationship with the host, host health, stress, nutritional status, dose, usage frequency, age, and genetics are the depending factors for successful colonization of probiotics. The measured colony forming units (CFU) describes the increased colonization at the beak, and that progressed distally to the colon. Small intestines have anaerobes with a population ranging from 104 to 108 CFU/ml (Lactobacilli, Streptococci, and Enterobacteria). The maximum bacterial population, accounting for 1010 to 1013 CFU/ml, has been recorded in the colon and caecum. Mechanism of Action The probiotics work by competitive exclusion mechanism. Nurmi and Rantala, et. al., 1973, successfully demonstrated that newly hatched chicks develop resistance to Salmonella colonization in the gut by providing a suspension of gut content from healthy adult
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chickens. Probiotics exclude the pathogen replication sites by competing for the common nutrients in the chicken gut. Competitive exclusion refers to the physical blocking of opportunistic pathogen colonization and altering the environmental niches within the intestinal tract like intestinal villus and crypts that leads to a better immune system. The addition of a nonpathogenic culture by competitive exclusion, either single or multiple strains, reduces the pathogenic bacteria in the GIT. Competitive exclusion by probiotics includes competition for physical attachment sites, host immune system enhancement, and production of antimicrobial compounds like shortchain fatty acids and bacteriocins or colicins from metabolic reactions. The epithelial barrier enhancement increases adhesion to the intestinal mucosa, modulation of the immune system, and production of antimicrobial substances that are another mechanism of action by probiotics. Probiotics showing antimicrobial effect provides a frontline of defense against the adverse effects of pathogens. For example, Bacillus subtilis PB6 is a natural strain isolated from the healthy chicken gut, shown broad-spectrum activity against various
strains of Campylobacter and Clostridium spp. by producing antimicrobial substances in vitro. Some Lactobacillus strains inhibit Shigella and Yersinia virulence factors by directly reducing their invasiveness. Mechanism of action in probiotics to modulate the immune system mostly depends on the strains of microorganisms or bacteria used, probiotic preparation method, the environment where birds reared, and the route of administration. Through the interaction of host and the probiotic cultures, many studies observed enhancement of both natural and specific antibodies, interferons, or cytokines, as well as activation or suppression of T-cells that lead to the cytokine expression. The health benefits afforded by probiotics include the formation of low molecular weight compounds (<1,000 Da), such as organic acids, and the production of antibacterial substances termed bacteriocins (> 11,000 Da). Organic acids, acetic acid, and lactic acid have a strong inhibitory effect against gramnegative bacteria, which are the antimicrobial compounds responsible for the inhibitory activity of probiotics against pathogens. Many Lactobacillus produce antibacterial peptides, including bacteriocins and small
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antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Bacteriocins (lactacin B from L. acidophilus) with narrowspectrum activity act against closely related bacteria. Whereas, some bacteriocins are active against food-borne pathogens. The bacteriocin mediated killing includes the target cell destruction by pore formation and inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Probiotic Effect on Necrotic Enteritis (NE) Clostridium perfringens, a gram-positive and sporeforming anaerobe cause an enterotoxemic disease named necrotic enteritis (NE). C. perfringens is commonly found in GIT and develops necrotic lesions on the gut wall resulting in the mortality of poultry. Feed contaminated with C. perfringens implicates outbreaks of necrotic enteritis in chickens. Studies showed that healthy chicken has a relatively low number of C. perfringens in GIT, while the increase in the bacterial concentration correlates with the necrotic enteritis condition. Usage of antibiotic growth promoters to some extent helped in reducing the incidences of NE. However, isolation of antibioticresistant strains of C. perfringens from chickens, a significant shift in consumer attitudes, legislation in the European Union towards raising food
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animals without drugs and medicines led to search of other non-antibiotic alternatives. Kemin formulated CLOSTATâ&#x201E;˘, an active microbial strain to inhibit C. perfringens, contains a naturally occurring strain of Bacillus subtilis PB6 isolated from the intestinal tract of a healthy chicken. CLOSTATâ&#x201E;˘ is a patented proprietary strain that is closely associated with the intestinal epithelium and able to tolerate gastric and bile conditions. The CLOSTATâ&#x201E;˘ strain can form spores that help in the strains' survival during pellet formation and for broiler feed production. Bacillus subtilis PB6 produces a specific bacteriocin in the GIT that has inhibitory activity against pathogenic strains of Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter spp; produces specific surfactins that have efficient antiinflammatory properties. Bacillus subtilis PB6 significantly improves the intestinal morphology, growth performance, carcass traits, and control necrotic enteritis in broilers. Effect of Probiotics on Immune system Using probiotics regularly stimulates the humoral and cell-mediated immunity through enhanced production of natural interferons/ cytokines, increased macrophage, lymphocyte, and natural
killer (NK) cell activity. It upregulates oxidative burst in heterophils and increases immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA). Probiotics produce a gut-stabilizing effect and immune regulation through balanced control of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Probiotics inhibit the growth of infectious organisms by increasing the number of lymphocytes and lymphoid cells in lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the small intestine. Cell-mediated immunity stimulation reduces the flock mortality caused by immunosuppressive diseases [infectious bursal disease (IBD), chicken infectious anemia, reoviral infection, Mareks' disease, and mycotoxins] and fights against viral infection. Their metabolites act as immunomodulatory agents by activating specific and non-specific immune responses of chicks, which in turn enable them to prevent various infectious diseases. Feeding probiotics could improve antibody titers against Infectious bursal disease and Newcastle disease (ND). By increasing the immune status and checking/ preventing enteric infections (bacterial, coccidian), probiotics could help in alleviating the losses due to secondary infections in birds, observed during viral diseases or immunosuppressive
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conditions. Probiotics enhance the resistance of birds and partially protect from the ill effects on growth associated with pathogenic microbes. Probiotics help to reduce the pathogenic microbial load in the intestine, thereby reducing the risk of spread in the house through fecal contamination. A multistrain probiotic use in time (before the infection sets in) and regularly in feed helps to prevent various infectious agents like bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral agents. Chickens fed with dietary Bacillus subtilis PB6 for 28 days tend to display better growth performance and pronounced intestinal morphology, including consistent cell mitosis, extended cell area, and prominent villus height, compared to those fed on a control diet. In a challenge study with C. perfringens, B. subtilis PB6 supplemented diet, broilers had significant feed conversion ratio (FCR) and increased intestinal villi length between 10.88% and 30.46% over infected control. The study demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis PB6 supplementation can improve the host gut physiology and intestinal health in the presence of pathogens.
intestine of birds, which is vital for productivity, growth, efficient feed conversion, and stimulation of birds' immune mechanisms. The mechanism of the action of probiotics in the poultry production system include: competitive exclusion of harmful bacteria/ pathogens, production of antibacterial peptides like bacteriocins and small AMPs, establishing and maintaining a healthy gut microflora, improved digestion, and utilization of nutrients, decreased pH, the release of various antibacterial substances, toxins neutralization, competition for nutrients with pathogens, reduced ammonia production, and immune system stimulation. Effective probiotic accelerates the development of normal microflora in chicks and poults, improves egg production, weight, and size, and helps in better poultry performance.
not only by competitive exclusion but also by producing antimicrobial peptides that are cytotoxic to bacterial pathogens and reduce symptoms associated with enteric infectious diseases, such as necrotic enteritis. Bacillus subtilis PB6 controls C. perfringens induced necrotic enteritis in broiler birds and improves gut health and gut integrity by increasing the villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio. Studies proved that probiotics are a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters used in the poultry industry.
Conclusion Probiotics usage helps to improve gut health by reducing enteric pathogens in poultry. Probiotics act as growth promoters, immunostimulants, and optimize the microflora balance in the avian gut. Bacillus subtilis spores can be included as feed additives in poultry diets
Application of Probiotics
due to their remarkable
Probiotics maintain the proper balance of beneficial microbial population in the
heat stability and long shelf life. Bacillus subtilis spores promote gut health,
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A new market intelligence and price information for farm produce Image Source: FarmTRX
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INDUSTRY NEWS
Farmers who would be selling their produce at farmgate under the recentlyenacted Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion & Facilitation) Act 2020 will have real-time access to prevailing commodity prices through a market intelligence and price information system, which will be up and running soon, according to top Agriculture Ministry sources. One of the major contentions of a section of farmers protesting against the new farm legislations was that when an agribusiness or processor buys produce from farmers in direct trade, farmers may end up selling the produce at low prices as they do not have access to price discovery. Price discovery mechanism “A farmer will have now four different possibilities for selling his or her produce. One, farmer can sell it in
30
physical market, which is a notified mandi. Second, selling through virtual exchanges such eNAM or other private electronic marketplaces. Three, a contract agreement, where there is a visibility of the price. The fourth possibility is farmer selling at the farmgate,” the sources said.
platforms to share price information on a common portal). Similarly, as the contracts are registered, their information will also be available and the fourth element will be commodity exchanges where even future prices are also available,” the sources said. Digital info mode
“We are developing a market intelligence and price information system and a mechanism for disseminating this information to farmers across the country so that they can make an informed choice where they want to sell their produce. The portal is expected to be ready in next three to four months,” they said adding that this is mandated in the section 7 of the Act. This system will be having information all other systems that are prevalent. It will take inputs from physical market, inputs from etrading platforms (it is mandatory for all e-trading
The idea to capture all this information and using an analytical tool, make them available to farmers to understand what is the prevailing price of a particular crop of a particular grade in the local market or in a market in another State or at the national level, they added.The government plans to disseminate the price information through an App, through text messages, also make it available on the portal as well as through electronic displays at various locations such as mandis, where the farmers already have access. Source: Business Line