Public service delivery survey by TINEPAL

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx

;j]{If0f @)!^

-lzIff / :yfgLo ljsf; s]lGb|t_

TofuaGbM of] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] k|sfzs ;+:yfsf] wf/0ff k|ltlalDjt ug]{ 5}g .

tflnsf;"rL tflnsf !M ljleGg lhNnfaf6 tYofª\s ;+sng.................................................................................................... # tflnsf @M ;fj{hlgs lhNnf txdf k'?if / dlxnf pQ/bftfaf6 k|fKt e|i6frf/;DaGwL :sf]/........................... & tflnsf #M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lnFbf ef]u]sf] ;d:of÷e|i6frf/sf] k|sf/.................................................................... !) Tfflnsf $M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lnFbf tf]s]sf]eGbf a9L b:t'/ ltg'{sf] sf/0f

......................................................... !!

tflnsf %M pQ/bftfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lnFbf kfPsf] ;Gt'li6sf] b/.................................................................. !@

ªVII

lrq;"rL lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq lrq

r VIII

!= pQ/bftfsf] n}+lus ljefhg -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_......................................................................................... $ @= pQ/bftfsf] pd]/ ;d"x -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_................................................................................................ $ #= z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] :t/ -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_................................................................................................. % $= k]zfsf cfwf/df ljefhg -;ª\VofÖ @@)@_............................................................................................. % %= pQ/bftfsf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_..................................................................................... ^ ^= ut b'O{ jif{df e|i6frf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g -;+VofÖ @!(*_..................................................................... ^ &= e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;/sf/L lgsfosf] k|efjsf/L -;ª\VofÖ @!(*_............................................................. & *= ;]jfu|fxLsf] ck]Iffcg';f/ ;/sf/sf] ;]jfk|jfx -;ª\VofÖ @!(%_............................................................. * (= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf u};;sf] k|efjsfl/tf -;ª\VofÖ @!(&_................................................................... ( !)= ;]jfu|fxLn] lnPsf] ;]jf / ef]u]sf] ;d:of -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_............................................................... !) !!= e|i6frf/L sfo{ lj?4 ph'/L -;ª\VofÖ @)^&_................................................................................... !@ !@= e|i6frf/L sfo{ lj?4 ph'/L ul/Psf ;+:yfx? -;ª\VofÖ !)@_........................................................ !# !#= btf{ ul/Psf ph'/Lsf] cj:yf -;ª\VofÖ (&_..................................................................................... !$ !$= e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L gug'{sf] sf/0f -;ª\VofÖ !*&*_..................................................................... !$ !%= eljiodf ph'/L btf{ ug]{ cle?rL -;ª\VofÖ @)&!_.......................................................................... !$ !^= gu/kflnsf÷lhlj;åf/f ePsf] ;"rgf k|jfx -;ª\VofÖ @!!(_............................................................. !% !&= gu/kflnsf÷lhlj;åf/f ah]6af/] v'nf 5nkmnaf/] hfgsf/L -;ª\VofÖ @!!%_.................................. !% !*= gu/kflnfsf÷lhlj;sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd -;ª\ofÖ @!!)_................................................... !^ !(= ph'/Lsf nflu cgf}krfl/s lgsfosf] :yfkgf -;ª\VofÖ @!^&_........................................................ !& @)= ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf -;ª\VofÖ @!!$_...................................................................................... !& @!= ljsf; ultljlwaf/] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;'Gt'li6 -;ª\VofÖ @!@!_.................................................................. !* @@= ljBfnodf lzIfssf] pkl:ylt -;ª\VofÖ !$%%_................................................................................. !* @#= lzIfsx?n] ljBfyL{nfO{ ug]{ ;dfg Jojxf/ -;ª\VofÖ !$%#_............................................................. !( @$= ;dod} k/LIffkmnsf] k|sfzg -;ª\VofÖ !$$(_.................................................................................... @) @%= kf7\ok':tssf] ;dod} pknAwtf -;ª\VofÖ !$$@_.............................................................................. @) @^= ljBfnodf cleefjssf] e]nf -;ª\VofÖ !$%#_................................................................................... @! @&= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gaf/] ;"rgf -;ª\VofÖ !$%!_............................................................ @! @*= e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] tTjx? -;ª\VofÖ @!&)_............................................................................. @@ @(= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ sbd -;ª\VofÖ @!^^_............................................................... @@ #)= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf -;ª\VofÖ @!^)_......................................................... @# #!= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'wf/sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ sbd -;ª\VofÖ @!^@_....................................................... @#

ljifo;"rL e"ldsf...................................................................................................................................................................... u tflnsf;"rL..............................................................................................................................................................ª lrq;"rL................................................................................................................................................................... r cu|syg................................................................................................................................................................. em kl/R5]bM ! cWoog kl/ro / ljlw ........................................................................................................................................ ! !=! k[i7e"ld / ;Gbe{..................................................................................................................................... ! !=@ cWoogsf] p2]Zo...................................................................................................................................... @ !=# cWoogsf] If]q......................................................................................................................................... @ !=$ cWoogsf] ;Ldf....................................................................................................................................... @ !=% k|ltj]bgsf] ;+u7g................................................................................................................................... @ !=^ cWoog ljlw............................................................................................................................................ @ kl/R5]bM @ tYofª\s ljZn]if0f ................................................................................................................................................. $ @=! pQ/bftfsf] ljj/0f ............................................................................................................................... $ #=! e|i6frf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff......................................................................................................................... ^ $=! ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;DaGwL cg'ej................................................................................................................. ( %=! :yfgLo ;/sf/ ................................................................................................................................... !% ^=! ;fd'bflos ljBfno............................................................................................................................... !* &=! ;'emfj..................................................................................................................................................... @! kl/R5]bM # lgisif{ tyf l;kmfl/; ......................................................................................................................................... @$ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

...................................................................................................................................................... @%

k|ZgfjnL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ;j]{If0f @)!^ cGtjf{tf{sf] k|ZgfjnL.................................................................................. @^

cu|syg e|i6frf/ ;fdflhs dxf/f]usf ?kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;a} /fi6«nfO{ ufFHb}cfPsf] 5 . To;df klg ul/a /fi6«df o;sf] c;/ k|lts"n x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ljleGg lgsfon] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf ;lqmo agfpg cfjZos x'G5 t/ /fhgLlts b[9 OR5fzlQm cflb sf/0fn] o:tf] e"ldsfdf k|ZglrGx p7\g] u5{ . o;n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] r':ttf, b'?:ttf / kf/bzL{tfdf k|Zg lrGx p7\5 .

pQ/bftfx?dWo] #! k|ltzt dlxnf / afFsL k'?if lyP . pQ/bftfsf] b[li6sf]0fdf lemgf]?kdf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfdf sdL cfPsf] lyof] . o;sf] sf/0f pQ/bftfdf r]tgfj[l4 lyof] . tfklg w]/}h;f] pQ/bftfn] cem} klg ;/sf/L ;]jf, ck]Iff u/]cg'?k gePsf] pNn]v u/] . o; ;DaGwdf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfn] k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdx? rnfpFb}cfPsf] kfOP klg w]/} k|efjsf/L gePsf] ;]jfu|fxLsf] a'emfO{ 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cfpg] o:tf ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;do–;dodf cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf cWoog–cg';Gwfgn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ lrlqtdfq ug]{ x}g ls cfufdL lbgx?sf] k|fyldstfnfO{ ;d]t :ki6 ub{5 . To;} s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] cfkm\gf sfo{qmd ePsf gf}j6f lhNnfx? -l;/fxf, /f}tx6, eQmk'/, ?kGb]xL, afUn'ª, afFs], bfª, bfr'{nf / bf]nvf_ df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] af/]df cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo eg]sf] pQm lhNnfx?sf] ;/sf/L lgsfodf x'g] ;]jfk|jfxsf] If]qx?df hgdfg;df /x]sf] wf/0ff / cg'ejsf] d"Nofª\sg÷/]vfsª\g ug'{nufot o; cWoogaf6 k|fKt d'Vo kl/0ffdnfO{ ut jif{sf] o:t} cWoog;Fu t'ngf ug'{ lyof] .

pQ/bftfx? a9L ;]jf lng uPsf sfof{nox?df ljB't\, gu/kflnsf, c:ktfn / dfnkf]t sfof{no lyP / oL sfof{nox?df g} ;a}eGbf a9L ;d:of ef]u]sf lyP . o;df klg ;a}eGbf l9nfO{ x'g] sfof{nox? dfnkf]t sfof{no / gu/kflnsf /x]sf] cWoogn] b]vfpF5 . b'j} sfof{nox?df sfd l56f] ;Sgs} nflu tf]lsPsf] ;/sf/L b:t'/eGbf a9L a'emfOPsf] pQ/bftfn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . s]xL pQ/bftfx?n] c:ktfn egf{ kfpg / lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts kfpg klg cltl/Qm z'Ns lt/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf lyP . o;f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ePsf] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6sf] b/ utjif{eGbf lemgf]?kdf a9]sf] b]lvG5 tfklg ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6 a9fpg cem} w]/} k|oTgx? cfjZos 5 .

o; cWoogn] ;]jfk|jfx;Fu ;DalGwt !@ If]qnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] . oL If]qx?df dfnkf]t sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g, ;/sf/L c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo s]Gb|, lhNnf k|x/L, oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, gfkL sfof{no, gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;=÷lh=lj=;=, ljB't\ k|flws/0f, vfg]kfgL sfof{no, s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, /fhZj tyf s/ sfof{no, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no /x]sf 5g\ . of] cWoogsf qmddf tLg ljifout cWoog tyf gf} lhNnfdf kl/df0ffTds cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . cWoogsf nflu ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] sfof{nox?df uP/ ;]jfu|fxL tyf ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] lyof] . kl/df0ffTds cWoogsf nflu k/ldl;jn O// -q'6L_ nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cfpg] pQ/bftf ;ª\Vof @@)% 3/w'/Lsf] ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

hlt;'s} ;d:of ef]u] klg ;]jfu|fxLdWo] w]/}h;f]n] ph'/L ub}{ gu/]sf] b]lvof] . ph'/L u/]sfx?dWo] klg w]/}h;f] ph'/L dflyNnf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?df ph'/L u/]sf] / To;dWo] s]xL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no;Dd k'u]sf] b]lvof] . ph'/L ul/xfn] klg w]/}h;f] pQ/bftfx?sf] ph'/Ldf ;'g'jfO ePg . To;}u/L, cWoogsf qmddf Ps tLxfOeGbf a9L pQ/bftfx?nfO{ sxfF–s;/L ph'/L bftf{ ug'{k5{ eGg] klg yfxf gePsf] pNn]v u/] . w]/} pQ/bftfx?sf] eljiodf ph'/L btf{ ug]{ cle?rL /x]sf] 5 . To;sf nflu cem} cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd cjnDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] af/]df ul/Psf] ljz]if cWoogn] pQ/btfsf] cfwfeGbf 7"nf] lx:;f ;"rgf k|jfx ePsf] ljifodf hfgsf/ gePsf] kfOof] . To;df klg pQ/bftfsf] lx:;f gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=÷uf=lj=;=df cfof]hgf x'g] v'nf 5nkmnaf/] hfgsf/ gx'g'n] o; ;DaGwdf tTsfn s]xL sbd lng cfjZos b]lvG5 . em XI

:yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ljlgof]hg x'g] ah]6af/]sf] v'nf 5nkmndf cem} w]/} ;]jfu|fxL ;xefuL x'g g;Sg', ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] yfxf gkfpg'af6n] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 o; ;DaGwdf cem} w]/} sfd ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L, ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf s]xL lzIfsx? ljBfnodf cem} clgoldt x'g] u/]sf] pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L, sltko cj:yfdf cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] lzIfsx?af6 ;dfg Jojxf/ gkfPsf], ;dodf k/LIffkmn k|sfzg gePsf], kf7\ok':ts gkfPsf] nufotsf ljifo pQ/bftfaf6 cfPsf] lyof] . cWoogsf qmddf oL pNn]lvt w]/} ljifodf /fhgLlts bn / sd{rf/LtGq hf]l8Psf]

XII`

pQ/bftfsf] a'emfO 5 . o;}u/L, :yfgLo:t/df /x]sf gful/s ;dfh / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfsf] hfu?stfdf klg pQ/bftfn] hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] o; cWoogn] gful/s r]tgfsf] :t/ j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;}sf sf/0f ;]jf lngsf nflu pgLx?df cfTdljZjf; ;d]t a9]sf] b]lvG5 . tyflk, sd{rf/LtGq / /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm\gf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

kl/R5]bM ! cWoog kl/ro / ljlw o; kl/R5]bdf cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld / ;Gbe{, cWoogsf] p2]Zo, If]q, ;Ldf, cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] ;+u7g / cWoog ljlwnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=! k[i7e"ld / ;Gbe{

dflyNnf] lgsfob]lv tNnf]tx cyf{t\ hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo;Dd k'u]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf hgtfsf] kx'Frdf afwf k'¥ofpg] t 5Fb}5, csf]{lt/ lglZrt JolQmsf] kmfObfsf nflu dfq ;fj{hlgs ;]jf s]lGb|t x'g] vt/f x'G5 .

e|i6frf/ zAb e|i6 / cfrf/ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . e|i6 eGgfn] lalu|Psf] / cfrf/ eg]sf] cfr/0f xf] . To;}n] e|i6frf/ eg]sf] lalu|Psf] cfr/0f jf g/fd|f] afgL eGg] a'em\g'k5{ -e§/fO{, @))(_ . o; cWoogsf] nflu eg] e|i6frf/sf] cy{ æJolQmut nfesf] nflu ;/sf/åf/f ;'lDkPsf] clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u ug{'Æ jf ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfg u/]jfkt gful/s;Fu 3'; / sldzg lng' xf] -lSn6uf8{ / DolSng–Pa|f]cf, @)))_ .

e|i6frf/ cjwf/0ff ;"rsfª\s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) @)!%sf cg';f/ g]kfn e|i6frf/ x'g] d'n'ssf] !#)cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] / @& cª\s kfPsf] b]vfpF5 -6«G;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn, @)!%_ . o;df z"Gon] clt e|i6 d'n's / !)) n] e|i6frf/ z"Go /x]sf] d'n's eGg] hfgsf/L lbG5 . h;n] g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf cToGt} ;'wf/sf] sfd cfjZos /x]sf] b]vfpF5 .

ljZjJofkL¿kdf x]bf{ e|i6frf/ ;fdflhs dxf/f]usf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 -a]s/, Ou/ / l;8n, @))*_ . g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ e|i6frf/af/]sf] r]tgf a9\bf] b]lvG5 . t/, e|i6frf/ lj/f]wsf] efjgf / sfo{df eg] k|ZglrGx 5Fb}5 . ljz]if u/]/ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿df o;sf] c;/ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . Tof] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL ljleGg lgsfon] ;lqmotf a9fpg' cfjZos 5 .

;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ltlglw ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] ;g\ !((^ b]lv ljleGg sfo{x¿ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] lhNnf:t/df bft[ lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL clej[l4sf nflu ljleGg sfo{x¿ h:t} hgr]tgf hufpg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/sf k|oTg ug]{, cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug]{, k|lzIf0f cflb sfo{ ub}{cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs tyf lghLIf]q, b'j}df JofKt /x]sf] dflgG5 . hgtfn] lng] ;]jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ePsf] x'gfn] o; cWoogdf klg ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] d'2fnfO{ ljz]iftM ;d]l6Psf] 5 .

hg:t/af6 ;]jf k|jfx / e|i6frf/;DaGwL u'gf;f] / c;Gt'li6 ;do–;dodf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf ljljw sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] @)!% df g]kfnsf gf} lhNnf l;/fxf, eQmk'/, /f}tx6, ¿kGb]xL, afUn'ª, afFs], bfª, bfr'{nf / bf]nvfdf ;/sf/L ;]jfk|jfxaf/] ;j]{If0f u/L e|i6frf/ ;DaGwdf gful/ssf] wf/0ff / cg'ej ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;j]{If0fsf] p2]Zo e|i6frf/k|lt cfd–a'emfO{, ljleGgvfn] clgoldttfx¿sf] k|s[lt / To;sf] If]qsf] cg'dfg tyf sdhf]/ ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ lyof] . ctM ca of] @)!^ cWoogn] hgdfg;df ;]jfk|jfxk|lt pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff / ef]ufOdf Ps jif{ klxn]eGbf s]–s:tf] ;'wf/ cfof] jf cfPg eg]/ cWoog ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu of] o; jif{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxaf/] cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cl3Nnf] jif{sf]

e|i6frf/ ljleGg tx / tKsfdf b]lvPsf] dflgG5 . dflyNnf] gLlt agfpg] lgsfo xf];\ jf /fhgLlts tx jf k|zf;lgs xf];\ jf lghLIf]q k|foM oL ;a} If]q e|i6frf/af6 cfqmfGt ePsf] dflgG5 . o;sf] :j¿k / k|sf/dfq km/s 5 . e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ s'g} Ps kIfaf6 dfq eP jf :jfy{ gldn] tTsfn k|lt/f]w jf sf/afxL x'g] x'gfn] To;df ;+nUg kIfn] o;nfO{ 7"nf] ;~hfn agfP/ g} sdfOvfg] af6f] agfPsf x'G5g\ -;]G6/ km/ :68L cfkm 8]df]qm];L, @)!)_ . e|i6frf/hGo ultljlwsf nflu cgf}krfl/ s¿kdf v8f ePsf o:tf ;d"xsf] c;/ /fHosf]

kl/0ffd;Fu sltko 7fpFdf t'ngf;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . !=@ cWoogsf] p2]Zo o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] hgdfg;df ;]jfk|jfxk|ltsf] wf/0ff / cg'ej xfFl;n ug'{ xf] . o; qmddf utjif{sf] t'ngfdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf s]–s:tf] kl/jt{g cfof] jf cfPg egL t'ngfTds cWoog;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o; cWoogn] lzIff If]q / :yfgLo lgsfodf s]–s:tf r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ egL cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{, o; cWoogsf] ljlzi6 p2]Zo lgDg 5g\ M != hgtf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /x]sf ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 x'g] ;]jfk|jfxsf] If]qx¿df hgdfg;df /x]sf] wf/0ff / cg'ejsf] d"Nofª\sg÷/]vfª\sg (Mapping) ug'{Ù / @= @)!^ sf] cWoogaf6 cfPsf] d'Vo kl/0ffdnfO{ @)!% sf] ;j]{If0f;Fu t'ngf ug'{ . !=# cWoogsf] If]q o; cWoogdf d'VotM !@ ljleGg ;]jf If]qnfO{ s]lGb|t u/]/ hfgsf/L ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 . / oL If]qx¿df dfnkf]t sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, ;/sf/L c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo s]Gb|, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, gfkL sfof{no, gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;=÷lh=lj=;=, ljB't\ k|flws/0f, vfg]kfgL sfof{no, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, /fh:j tyf s/ sfof{no, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no /x]sf 5g\ . oL dfly pNn]lvt !@ sfof{nox¿df d'VotM dfgj ljsf;, ;fdflhs Gofo / cflYf{s ;'/Iffdf ljz]if e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . oL sfof{nox¿sf] 5gf]6 ug'{k"j{ ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodaf6 cfPsf] ;dfrf/ tyf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] cWoognfO{ klg cfwf/ agfOPsf] lyof] .

;Sb5 . dfly pNn]v u/]cg';f/ of] ;j]{If0fdf s]xL u'0ffTds ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf]n] ;j]{If0faf6 cfPsf] lgisif{nfO{ ljleGg cfofdaf6 x]l/Psf] 5 . !=% k|ltj]bgsf] ;+u7g of] ;Dk"0f{ k|ltj]bg hDDff tLg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] cg'R5]bdf k[i7e"ld k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg'R5]bdf cWoog ljlwnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L, cWofo b'O{sf] klxnf] v08df e|i6frf/af/] gful/s b[li6sf]0f;DaGwL ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . e|i6frf/;DaGwL cg'ejnfO{ bf];|f] v08df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgsf] t];|f] cg'R5]bdf cWoog lgisif{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . !=^ cWoog ljlw o; cWoogdf u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds (Qualitative and Quantitative) b'j} ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . cWoog ubf{ k|of]u ePsf oL ljlwx¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . !=^=! ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t o; cWoogsf qmddf cfkm\gf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|fylds -k|fO{d]/L_ / dfWolds -;]s]G8]/L_ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . ;]s]G8]/L ;|f]tsf ¿kdf k|sflzt cfn]v, k|ltj]bgx¿nfO{ lnOPsf] 5, h;cGtu{t 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnaf6 k|sflzt k|ltj]bgx¿ kq– klqsfx¿, j]e;fO6x¿ / o; cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿ kb{5g\ . k|fOd]/L;|f]tsf ¿kdf cWoogsf nflu 5flgPsf gf} lhNnfsf ;]jfu|fxLsf cjwf/0ff / cg'ejx¿ kb{5g\ . !=^=@ cWoog If]q

o; cWoogdf gf}j6f lhNnfdf ;ª\VofTds ;j]{If0f (Quantitative Survey) ug'{sf ;fy–;fy} # j6f lhNnfdf u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg klg ul/Psf] 5 .

of] cWoog 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnåf/f ;~rflnt cfof]hgf /x]sf gf} lhNnfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . tL lhNnfx¿ l;/xf, bf]nvf, eQmk'/, /f}tx6, ¿kGb]xL, afUn'ª, afFs], bfª / bfr'{nf lyof] . oL lhNnfsf !@ j6f ;/sf/L sfof{no o; cWoogdf ;d]l6Psf lyP .

!=$ cWoogsf] ;Ldf

!=^=# gd"gfsf] ;ª\Vof

of] ;j]{If0f g]kfnsf ljleGg gf}j6f lHfNnfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . tL lhNnfx?dWo] tLg lhNnf 5fg]/ u'0ffTds (Qualitative) cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . ;a} lhNnf / If]q g;d]l6Psfn] of] cWoognfO{ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx;Fu ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsGg . e|i6frf/af6 u|l;t cGo d'n's;Fu klg of] cWoogsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ nfu" ug{ ;lsb}Fg . tyflk, s]xL kl/0ffd / lgisif{ eg] b]zsf] cGo efux¿;Fu ;fGble{s x'g

gf} lhNnfdf ePsf] hDdf 3/w'/L ;ª\Vof &(,((,&%& nfO{ @ k|ltzt q'l6df lx;fa nufpFbf cfpg] gd"gf ;ª\Vof @@)% -/fj;km\6, @))$_ nfO{ lhNnfsf] 3/w'/L ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df ljefhg ubf{ tflnsf ! cg';f/ gd"gf lnOof] . o; cWoogdf k/ldl;jn O//nfO{ sd -b'O{ k|ltzt_ u/]/ gd"gf ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5, h;n] ubf{ gd'gfn] a9LeGbf a9L 3/w'/Lsf] k|ltlglwTj u/f];\ .

tflnsf !M ljleGg lhNnfaf6 tYofª\s ;+sng qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * (

lhNnf afUn'ª afFs] eQmk'/ bfª bfr'{nf bf]nvf /f}tx6 ?kGb]xL l;/fx hDdf

;ª\Vof !^$ @%& !*% #!) !@# !@% @*$ $$) #!& @@)%

!=^=$ gd"gf ;ª\sng ljlw of] cWoog d"ntM p2]Zok|flKtsf] nflu ul/g] ¥of08d gd"gf ;ª\sngsf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ul/Psf] lyof] . gf}j6f lhNnfsf Ps–Psj6f gu/kflnsf If]qx¿ ;x/L gd"gf ;ª\sngsf] cjwf/0ffcGtu{t p2]Zok/s9Ën] 5flgPsf lyP . k|To]s gu/kflnsfsf j8f gDa/sf] ;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ sDtLdf cfwfh;f] j8fx¿ kg]{u/L uf]nfk|yfaf6 tL j8fx¿ 5flgPsf lyP . To;kl5 gu/kflnsfnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] gd'gfsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ tL j8fx¿ a/fa/¿kdf afFl8Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{ uPsf ;j]{If0fstf{n] 5flgPsf j8fsf] cGbfhL dWolaGb" kQf nufPsf lyP . To; dWolaGb"af6 cfk"m plePsf] 7fpFaf6 bfofF 3/sf] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ klxnf]¿kdf 5fg]sf lyP . bf];|f] pQ/bftf 5fGbf klxnf] 3/af6 rf/ 3/ 5f]8L kfFrf}+ 3/ lnOPsf] lyof] . pQ/bftf ;s];Dd 3/d"nL / olb 3/d"nL gePdf !* jif{ k'u]sf]] jo:snfO{ lnOPsf] lyof] . o;/L 3/d"nL jf cGo JolQmnfO{ ;f]4f 3/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ kof{Kt¿kdf 5nkmn ug{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . ;j]{If0f ug]{ qmddf s;}n] c:jLsf/ u/] Tof] JolQmnfO{ s/ gu/L csf]{ 3/nfO{ ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

;j]{IfsnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] k|ZgfjnL eg{sf ;fy–;fy} ToxL qmddf pQ/bftf;Fu s'/f ubf{ lghsf] ljz]if cg'ej eP To;nfO{ ;ª\u|x ug{ yk cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] lyof] . u'0ffTds cWoogsf nflu tLgj6f lhNnfx¿ 5flgPsf] lyof] . tL lhNnfx¿df cg';Gwfgstf{x¿ cfk}mF k'u]/ ;]jfu|fxL tyf ;]jf lbg] sfof{nosf sd{rf/L;Fu k|ToIf¿kdf cGtjf{tf{ lnPsf lyP . !=^=% k|ZgfjnL tyf cGtjf{tf{sf] k|Zg th'{df To;}u/L, kl/df0ffTds cWoog ljlwdf k|ZgfjnLx¿ klxn] cª\u|]hL / kl5 g]kfnL efiffdf tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ubf{ cGo o:t} k|sf/sf k|ltj]bg / ;fdu|L cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . To:t}, ljleGg If]qsf lj1x¿;Fu kof{Kt 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ePkl5 k|To]s lhNnfsf cg';Gwfg k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ Ps lbg] cled'vLs/0f tflnddf ;xefuL u/fOPsf] lyof] . tL ;j]{If0fstf{n] lhNnfsf v6fOPsf :yfgdf uP/ tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/]sf lyP . !=^=^ tYofª\s bflvnf / ljZn]if0f k|fKt tYofª\snfO{ klxn] PS;]ndf bflvnf ul/of] To;kl5 :6fl6l:6sn Kofs]h km/ ;f];n ;fOG; -PkLP;P;_ eGg] sDKo"6/ ;km\6j]/ k|f]u|fddf ljZn]if0fsf nflu nluof] . tYofª\s bflvnfdf ePsf] q'l6 -O//_ nfO{ Wofgk"j{s ljZn]if0f ub}{ cfjZos k/]sf] 7fpFdf k|ZgfjnLnfO{ k'gM kN6fP/ x]l/of] . To;kl5 tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ;'? ul/of] . JofVofTds tYofª\s ljZn]if0f -l8l:qmlK6e :6fl6l:6s_ sf] dfWodaf6 vf; u/L cfj[lQ u0fgf -lk|mSj]G;L Sofns'n];g_, dWod, k|ltzt k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . To;kl5 cfPsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ n]vflrqdf kl/0ft u/]/ b]vfOof] . To;}u/L, u'0ffTds tYofª\snfO{ ljZn]if0fsf nflu klxnf lnlvt dfWoddf nluof] . To;kl5 tL lnlvt tYofª\sx¿nfO{ sf]l8ª ub}{ lydx¿ lgsflnof] . tL lydleq tYofª\snfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{ ljZn]if0fsf nflu kl/df0ffTds tYofª\s k|:t't ug]{ zLif{sdf nluof] .

kl/R5]bM @ tYofª\s ljZn]if0f o; kl/R5]bdf ;j{k|yd o; ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL pQ/bftfx¿sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL pQ/bftfsf] cjwf/0ff, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] cg'ej, :yfgLo ;/sf/ Pj+ ;fd'bflos ljBfnoaf6 ePsf]

@=!=! pQ/bftfsf] n}lËs ljefhg pQ/bftfx¿nfO{ n}+lus cfwf/df dlxnf / k'?if u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf 5 . k|fKt kl/0ffdnfO{ lrq ! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq != pQ/bftfsf] n}lËs ljefhg -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_

;]jf cg'ej ;fy} k|efjsf/L ;]jfsf nflu ;'emfj qmdzM k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . @=! pQ/bftfsf] ljj/0f ;j]{If0fsf pQ/bftfnfO{ lnË, pd]/, z}lIfs of]Uotf, k]zf / k|sf/sf cfwf/df ljefhg u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq ! sf cg';f/ pQ/bftfx¿dWo] b'O{ ltxfO{eGbf a9L -^*=# k|ltzt_ k'?if / afFsL Ps ltxfOeGbf sd -#! k|ltzt_ dlxnf pQ/bftfx? /x]sf 5g\ . @=!=@ pQ/bftfsf] pd]/ ;d"x pQ/bftfsf] pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ kfFr efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . h;nfO{ $) eGbf d'gL, $) b]lv %),

lrq @= pQ/bftfsf] pd]/ ;d"x -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_

lrq #= z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] :t/ -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_

%) b]lv ^), ^) b]lv &) / &) eGbf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;;DaGwL ljt/0f lrq @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfx¿dWo] b'O{ ltxfO{eGbf a9L pQ/bftf %) jif{eGbf sd -sl/a &$=% k|ltzt_ pd]/sf / ;a}eGbf sd sd &) jif{eGbf dflysf -@=$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ . @=!=# pQ/bftfsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf o; cWoogdf pQ/bftfsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfaf/] ;"rgf lnOPsf] lyof] . ;"rgfsf cfwf/df :gftsf]Q/ txeGbf dfly, :gfts, pRr dflj, cfwf/e"t tx, lzlIft / clzlIft u/L ;ftj6f z}lIfs :t/df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;;DaGwL ljj/0f lrq # df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L -%%=$ k|ltzt_

dfWolds txeGbf dfly lzIff xfl;n u/]sf pQ/bftf 5g\ . To;dWo] ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] / cfwf/ e"t lzIff lnPsf cfwfeGbf -$@=!k|ltzt_ sd 5g\ . o; ;j]{If0faf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] pQ/bftfsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{]b]lv lnP/ pRr lzIff lnPsf] ju{ 5 . @=!=$ pQ/bftfsf] k]zf–Joj;fo ;j]{If0fsf] qmddf pQ/bftfsf] k]zfnfO{ s[lif, ;]jf, Jofkf/, dhb/L, a]/f]huf/ / cGo u/L ^ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfsf] k]zf÷Joj;fonfO{ lrq $ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} -$#=@ k|ltzt_ s[lifdf cfl>t /x]sf] tYof+sn] b]vfpF5 . ;]jf lng hfg]x¿dWo] sl/a Ps rf}yfO{ -@$=^ k|ltzt_ Jofkf/df ;+nUgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

lrq $= k]zfsf cfwf/df ljefhg -;ª\VofÖ @@)@_

lrq %= pQ/bftfsf] k|sf/sf cfwf/df -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_

@=!=% 3/d'nL eP gePsf] cfwf/df pQ/bftfsf] juL{s/0f ;j]{If0fsf qmddf pQ/bftf 3/d'nL eP jf gePsf] af/] hfgsf/L lnOPsf] lyof] . o;;DaGwL juL{s/0f lrq % df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} 3/kl/jf/sf k|d'v ;j]{If0fdf k/]sf 5g\ h;sf] k|ltzt ^@= # /x]sf] 5 . #=! e|i6frf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff o; v08df pQ/bftfsf] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df x'g] e|i6frf/sf] af/]df cjwf/0ff, ;/sf/n] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu rfn]sf sbdaf/] pgLx¿sf] a'emfO{nufot u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] sbd cflb ljifosf] cWoog ljZn]if0fdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . #=!=! lhNnf txdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf lhNnfsf sfof{nox¿df x'g] e|i6frf/ kl/jt{g eP gePsf] o; cWoogsf] Ps ljifo lyof] . o;;DaGwL a'emfOnfO{ qmdzM cToGt} a9]sf], s]xL dfqfdf a9]sf], h:tfsf]–t:t} /x]sf], s]xL dfqdf 36]sf] / cToGt} 36]sf] u/L kfFr efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

;f];DaGwL ljZn]if0f lrq ^ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lrq ^ sf] cg';f/ pQ/bftfsf] a'emfO{df ljut b'O{ jif{df e|i6frf/ a9]sf] -sl/a ^) k|ltztn]_ b]lvPsf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ of] k|ltzt %#= % lyof] . cl3Nnf] jif{sf] kl/0ffd cToGt} a9]sf] – $@=(, s]xL a9]sf] – !)=&, klxn]sf] cj:yf h:t} – @&=!, yf]/} 36]sf] – %=^, cToGt} 36]sf] – #=@ / yfxf gePsf] atfpg] pQ/bftf !)=# k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;j]{If0fsf qmddf cToGt} e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfdf sdL cfPsf] -$@=( k|ltztaf6 #*=* k|ltztdf em/]sf]_ t/ e|i6frf/ s]xL a9]sf] atfpg]sf] k|ltzt ljuteGbf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] -cl3Nnf] jif{ !)=& af6 @!=! k|ltztdf a9]sf]_ ;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf sdL cfpg'df r]tgf:t/sf] j[l4 x'g' xf] . lhNnf txdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf l56f]–5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ;]jfk|jfxaf/] ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ljleGg sfo{qmd ul/Psf] / To;sf] sf/0f hgtfsf] r]tgfsf] :t/ a9]sf] u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxL;Fu ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLsf qmddf pQ/bftfn] ;~rf/dfWodsf sfo{qmd, gful/s j8fkq / ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfaf6 x'g] sfo{qmd cflbsf sf/0f r]tgfdf

lrq ^= ut b'O{ jif{df e|i6frf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g -;+VofÖ @!(*_

j[l4 ePsf] atfPsf] lyP . ;]jfu|fxLsf] r]tgf:t/ j[l4 x'Fbf pgLx¿ a9L cfTdljZjf;L b]lvP . h;sf] sf/0f e|i6frf/ klxnfeGbf sd x'Fb} uPsf] dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] csf]{ k|df0f tflnsf @ sf] e|i6frf/;DaGwL :sf]/nfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 .

df}lvs¿kd} hfGg rfxG5g\ ;]jfu|fxL sd{rf/Ln] gful/s j8fkqdf k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] sf/0fn] l56f]–5l/tf] ;]jf lbg] u/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . cWoog ul/PsfdWo] Ps lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] hgtfn] gful/s j8fkq gkl9sg} l;w}+ ;]jfk|jfxaf/] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]Wg cfpg] u/]sf] atfP . rfx] lzlIft jf clzlIft, pgLx¿ xfdL ePsf] 7fpFdf l;w} cfP/ s;/L / sxfF ;]jf lng] egL ;f]W5g\ . t/, xfdLn] gful/s j8fkqdf 5, hfg';\–k9\g';\ gegLsg} ;a} k|lqmof oxLaf6 df}lvs¿kdf atfOlbg] u/]sf 5f}F .

o; tflnsf @ n] lhNnf txdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] dfqfnfO{ lrlqt u/]sf] 5 . pQ/bftf;dIf lbOPsf] k|ZgfjnLdf Go"gtd e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ z"Go tyf clwstd e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ !)) cª\s lbOPsf] lyof] . dlxnf / k'?if pQ/bftfaf6 cfPsf cf}ift cª\snfO{ tflnsf @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . t'ngfsf nflu ut ;fnsf] cf}ift cª\s klg;Fu} /flvPsf] 5 .

tflnsf @M lhNnf txdf k'?if / dlxnf pQ/bftfaf6 k|fKt e|i6frf/;DaGwL :sf]/ jif{

cf}ift +:6fG8{ 8]leP;g

k'?if dlxnf @)!% ^%=@(+@$=#* ^!=%)+@)=)$ @)!^ %&=#+@%=# %(=$$+@#=%

cf}ift leGgtf kL Eofn' #=&* !=(

tflnsf @ af6 k'?if tyf dlxnf pQ/bftf b'j}n] lbPsf] e|i6frf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cToGt sd?kdf eP klg ;g\ @)!% sf] eGbf @)!^ df s]xL sdL cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] sf/0f r]tgf j[l4 x'g' xf] . pQ/bftfdf ;"rgf a9]sf] sf/0fn] ;r]tgf cfPsf] b]lvG5 h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] cfTdan a9\g uO{ zf;g Joj:yfk|ltsf] cjwf/0ff s]xL xb;Dd ;sf/fTds ag]sf] xf] -bL sf6{/ ;]G6/, @))@_ . #=!=@ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu ;/sf/L sbdsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf qmddf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf

)=)! )=)(

nflu ;/sf/n] lnPsf] sbdaf/] lrq & df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ lgs} k|efjsf/L, k|efjsf/L, clnslt k|efjsf/L, ck|efjsf/L / lgs} ck|efjsf/L u/L kfFrj6f ;"rsdf ;]jfu|fxLsf dtnfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] .

lrq & df ;j]{If0fdf ;xefuL emG8} cfwf pQ/bftfn] -$*=( k|ltzt_ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu ;/sf/L k|of; s]xL xb;Dd k|efjsf/L /x]sf] dx;'; u/] . ;/sf/L sbd k|efjsf/L gx'g'df ljz]if u/]/ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu sfo{/t ;/sf/L lgsfo ;lqmo x'g

cWoog ul/Psf] Ps lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] eg], ægful/sftfsf nflu cfjZos sfuhft k'u]g, sfuhft lnP/ cfpg';\Æ eg]sf] t tLgn] /fhgLlts bnsf JolQm kf] NofP5g\ . of] s'/f klg ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ sfuhft / k|lqmof k'¥ofpgeGbf klg h;/L eP klg ;]jf lng'k5{ .

lrq &= e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;/sf/L lgsfosf] k|efjsf/L -;ª\VofÖ @!(*_

lrq *= ;]jfu|fxLsf] ck]Iffcg';f/ ;/sf/sf] ;]jf k|jfx -;ª\VofÖ @!(%_

;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ cWoog ul/Psf] Ps lhNnf c:ktfnsf] l:ylt cToGt} bb{gfs lyof] . c:ktfnsf] aflx/L efudf kmf]xf]/ / kmf]xf]/sf] sf/0fn] leqL sf]7fx?;Dd b'u{Gw x'GYof] . ;]jfk|jfx klg cToGt sdhf]/ lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf Ps gofF sfof{no k|d'v ;?jf eP/ cfP . ;'? d} pgnfO{ :yfgLo:t/af6 c:ktfnsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ;Nnfx / bafa lbOof] . geGb} ^ dlxgfdf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿ b]lvP . cWoogsf] qmddf Pshgf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;f]Wbf pgn] c:ktfnsf] ;]jf k|jfx klxn]eGbf /fd|f] ePsf] atfP . t/, klg cWoog 6f]nLsf ;b:o c:ktfn k'Ubf ToxfF b'/fj:yf b]lvGYof] . c;fWo} kmf]xf]/sf] uGw c:ktfnsf] leqL sf]7f;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . Pshgf la/fdLsf s'?jf g;{x¿;Fu s]xL s'/f ;f]wL/x]sf lyP, t/ g;{x¿ tL s'?jfsf] s'/f g;'g}em}+ u/L ;d"xdf a;]/ 3/fo;L s'/f ug{ Jo:t lyP . g;s]sf]nufot sd{rf/Lsf] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g x'g g;s]sf] u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf b]lvof] . Ps hgf ;]jfu|fxLn] eg] gofF k':tfsf s]xL sd{rf/Ln] t'ngfTds¿kdf l56f]–5l/tf] ;]jf lbg] atfP . t/, 5nkmns} qmddf csf{ Ps ;]jfu|fxLn] eg] sd{rf/Lsf] gofF k':tf jf k'/fgf] k':tfeGbf klg ;]jf kfpgsf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] k|j[lQ klxn] / clxn] TolQ leGg g/x]sf] atfP . tfklg sltko sfof{nox?df ;]jfk|jfxsf] :t/ qmdzM ;'wf/ ePsf] u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf kfOof] . #=!=# ck]Iffcg'¿k ;/sf/L ;]jfk|jfx ;]jfu|fxLsf] ck]Iffg';f/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 ;]jf k|fKt eP–gePsf] ljifonfO{ lrq & df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|Zgdf ;]jfu|fxLn] ck]Iffcg';f/ ;]jf kfPsf], gkfPsf] jf slxn]sflxFdfq ;]jf kfPsf]df egL cfkm\gf] dt lbPsf 5g\ . 8

lrq * n] pQ/bftfsf] cfwf lx:;feGbf a9L -%!=( k|ltzt_ ;j{;fwf/0fn] rfx]h:tf] ;]jf gkfPsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] cem} klg ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfon] hgtfsf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . u'0ffTds cWoog ul/Psf] Ps lhNnfdf xfdLn] ;j{;fwf/0f;Fu ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf ;/sf/L ;]jf kfpg g;Sg'sf] ljifo vf]hL u/]sf lyof}+ . clwsf+z ;]jfu|fxLn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/ ;]jfu|fxL d}qL x'g g;s]sf] atfPsf lyP . Pshgf ;]jf u|fxLn] eg], æxfdL clkm;leq l5bf{ g} sd{rf/L;Fu 8/fpFb} 8/fpFb} af]Ng'k5{ . pgLx¿s} :j/ 7"nf . of] k'u]g Tof] k'u]g . !% ldg]6kl5 cfpg';\, cfh xflsd ;fa x'g'x'Gg . oL /]l8d]6

:jf:Yo ;]jf lng lgs} :ff:tL cWoog ul/Psf] Ps lhNnfsf] :jf:Yo sfof{nodf cfPsf Ps jof]j[4 ;]jfu|fxLn] eg] c? egsf] t hg]tg] rNbf] xf], lhNnf c:ktfndf :jf:Yo ;]jf lng a8f] x}/fgL v]Kg'k/]sf] 5 . sfsL{y/sf tL j[4n] eg] eL8d\–eL8 uf8L r9]/ h;f]t;f] c:ktfn t cfOk'U5', t/ c:ktfndf kfnf] g} cfpFbg} , la/fdL rfkfrfk x'G5g\, 8fS6/sf] ;ª\Vof sd 5 . lghL c:ktfn hfFbf k};fn] y]Ub}g . ;/sf/Ldf hfFp kfnf] kfpg} ufx|f] . c:ktfndf k'u/] l56f] lgsf] xpFnf, lgsf] xpFnf eg]sf] c:ktfndf kfnf] kv{bf kv{bf cem} la/fdL eOG5 . 8fS6/n] lr6 lbG5g\ xfdL ;+w} cf}ifflw aflx/ lsG5f}+ . aLrdf w]/} ;f:tL v]kk] l5 d cfkm" lghL c:ktfn klg uP . t/, k};f]n] wfGg} ufx|f] ef] To;kl5 km]l/ ;/sf/Ld} cfpg'sf] ljsNk ePg . o:tf] u'gf;f] ;'lg;s]kl5 cWoog 6f]nL lhNnfe/sf :jf:Yo s]Gb| / c:ktfnsf] lgoGq0f / lgoudg ug]{ lgsfo lhNnf :jfYo sfof{no k'us ] f] lyof] . hxfF n]vfkfn / sfof{no ;xfos lyP . Ps sd{rf/Ln] sfof{no k|dv ' xKtf lbgcl3 /fhwfgL uPsf] atfP .

sfof{nox¿df cfOtaf/–;f]daf/ k|d'vljxLgsf] cj:yf u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf cWoog ul/Psf lhNnfx¿dWo]sf] Ps lhNnfsf d'Vo–d'Vo sfof{nox¿df cfOtaf/ cWoog 6f]nL k'u]sf] lyof] . To; qmddf lhNnf k|zf;g / lhNnf k|x/L sfof{noafx]ssf gfkL, dfnkf]t, s[lif, lhNnf ljsf;, gu/kflnsf, lhNnf lzIff, lhNnf :jf:Yo, ljB't\ k|flws/0fdf sfof{no k|d'v e]l6Pgg\ . lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sfof{no k|foMh;f] lgldQ k|d'vsf e/df rNg] u/]sf] e]l6of] . cfOtaf/ / ;f]daf/dfq xf] ls ;w}F o:t} xf] egL sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu a'em\bf pgLx¿n] k|foM sfof{no k|d'vx¿ z'qmaf/ xflh/ u/]/ /fhwfgL jf 3/ hfg'x'G5 / cfOtaf/;d]t l9nf] u/L cfpg] x'G5 . /fhwfgLdf 3/ kl/jf/;Fu a:gs} nflu w]/}h;f] sfof{no k|d'vx¿n] dGqfnosf] sfd, ;]ldgf/ uf]i7L, cfkmGt la/fdL cflb sf/0f b]vfP/ lxF8\g'x'G5 . hjfkmx¿ x'g\ .Æ o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] s]xL ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] Jojxf/ / dfgl;stfdf cem} w]/} kl/jt{g x'g h?/L 5 . #=!=$ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_ x¿n] u/]sf] k|of;sf] k|efjsfl/tf o; cWoogsf] Ps ljifo lyof] . lgs} k|efjsf/L, k|efjsf/L, clnslt k|efjsf/L, ck|efjsf/L / lgs} ck|efjsf/L u/L kfFrj6f ;"rsdf ;]jfu|fxLn] cfkm\gf] dt JoQm u/]sf lyP . o;;DaGwL kl/0ffdnfO{ lrq ( df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lrq ( df pQ/bftfsf] b'O{ ltxfO{eGbf a9L -*!=# k|ltzt_ n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf u};;sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . oBlk w]/} k|efjsf/L eGg] ;ª\Vof Go"g -%=! k|ltzt_ dfq lyof] . lhNnfdf e|i6frf/lj/f]wL jsfnt / sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf cflbsf sf/0f u};;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf kfOof] .

u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf Ps lhNnfdf u};;sf] ;lqmotfdf gful/s a8fkqsf] k|sfzg, /]l8of]df ;]jf k|jfxaf/]sf] ;"rgf, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO h:tf sfo{qmd cfof]hgfdf u};;sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L b]lvof] . Ps u};;sf k|ltlglwn] eg], æxfdL of]hgfa4 ¿kn] /0fgLlt;lxt ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg nflu k/]sf 5f}+ . t/, bLuf] kl/jt{gdf ;d:of b]lvof] . ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] g} u/]sf] ;"rgf k|jfxn] kl/jt{g t cfpF5, t/ s]xL lbg;Dd dfq .Æ Ps kqsf/n] eg] æu};; o;sf dxTjk"0f{ efu x'g\ .Æ

$=! ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;DaGwL cg'ej o; v08df pQ/bftfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lnFbf ef]u]sf] ;d:of, e|i6frf/sf] k|sf/, ;]jf lnFbf a9L ltg'{ k/]–gk/]sf], k/]sf] eP To;sf] sf/0f, e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L, e|i6frf/sf] ph'/Lsf] cj:yf af/] pQ/bftfn] cfkm\gf] dt JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . $=!=!= ;]jfu|fxLn] lnPsf] ;]jf / ef]u]sf] ;d:of ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] lgod / sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] kl/lwleq /x]/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g\ . ljut Ps jif{leq ;]jfu|fxLn] lnPsf] ;]jf / ;]jf lnFbf ef]u]sf] ;d:ofaf/] pQ/bftfnfO{ ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . o; qmddf pQ/bftfn] ;]jf k|bfos !@ j6f ;/sf/L sfof{noaf/] /fo JoQm u/]sf lyP . ;]jf lng rfxg] pQ/bftfsf] cg'ejnfO{ lrq !) df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq (= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf u};;+sf] k|efjsfl/tf -;ª\VofÖ @!(&_

lrq !)= ;]jfu|fxLn] lnPsf] ;]jf / ef]u]sf] ;d:of -;ª\VofÖ @@)%_

lrq !) sf cg';f/ ;]jfu|fxLn] ljB't\, gu/kflnsf, c:ktfn, dfnkf]t sfof{nodf a9L ;]jf lng hfg] u/]sf lyP . oLnufot ;a} sfof{nox¿df ;]jf lng] qmddf ;d:of ef]u]sf] b]lvof] . hxfF ;]jfu|fxL a9L ;]jf lng uPsf lyP, ToxfF g} a9L ;d:of b]lvG5 .

$=!=@ ;]jf lnFbf ef]Ug'kg]{df of ef]lu/x]sf ;d:of÷e|i6frf/sf] k|sf/ ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf lnFbf ef]u]sf] / ef]Ug'kg]{ ;d:ofnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfn] yk /sd ltg'{k/]sf], l9nfO ePsf], nfk/afxL, bnfn

tflnsf #M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lnFbf ef]u]sf] ;d:of÷e|i6frf/sf] k|sf/ 3';÷yk /sd dfnkf]t sfof{no @%! gfkL sfof{no *! lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no $* ;/sf/L c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb| #) lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no #& oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no !)^ g=kf=÷uf=lj=;=÷lh=lj=;= !#( ljB't\ k|flws/0f ** vfg]kfgL sfof{no @^ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no !) /fhZj tyf s/ sfof{no #$ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no $* lhNnf jg sfof{no @ sfof{no

l9nfO nfk/afxL $$$ !(* @)& $*^ ^$ !&$ $#) #%@ !@& %* *) *( !^

@%% !!^ !@) $#) %! (* @@^ @!@ &$ #* #@ ^& !)

bnfn dWo:ystf{åf/f gftfjfb cGo hDdf b'Jo{jxf/ %$ $& !)%! !% !^ $@^ @$ @* & $@& @# $& !)@# !% !^ % !*# @^ !& ^ $@^ $( ^( ( (!( !% #% &!! ) * @#% ) ) !)^ ) * !%$ * !# @ @@& @ * #*

dWo:ystf{åf/f b'Jo{jxf/, gftfjfb cflb dfkm{t cfkm\gf] dt JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ tflnsf # df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf # df k|:t't tYofª\sn] pQ/bftfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf a9Ln] 3';÷yk /sdsf] n]gb]g, l9nfO, bnfn dWo:ystf{åf/f b'Jo{jxf/, gftfjfb cflbaf6 k|efljt sfof{nosf ¿kdf dfnkf]t -!)%! pQ/_ / lhNnf c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo s]Gb| -!)@# pQ/_ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L lhNnf dfnkf]tdf ;a}eGbf a9L 3'; n]gb]g -@%! pQ/_ x'g] u/]sf] blvG5 . ;]jfu|fxLsf sfd l9nfO{ x'g] sfof{nosf ¿kdf dfnkf]t -$$$ pQ/_ / gu/kflnsf -$#) pQ/_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . $=!=# ;]jf lnFbf tf]s]sf]eGbf a9L b:t'/ ltg'{sf] sf/0f ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf lnFbf tf]s]sf] eGbf a9L b:t'/ ltg'{sf] sf/0f klg o; cWoogsf] Ps ljifoj:t' lyof] . pQ/bftfnfO{ o;;DaGwdf rf/j6f sf/0fx? lbOPsf] lyof] / pko'Qm sf/0fx?df lrGx nufpg elgPsf] lyof] . tL sf/0fx? / To;;DaGwL tYofª\sx? tflnsf $ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf $ df pQ/bftfn] sfd l56f] ;Sg] k|of]hgsf nflu dfnkf]t sfof{nodf ;/sf/L b:t'/eGbf a9L b:t'/ lt/]sf] b]lvG5 -$&* pQ/_ . To;kl5

gu/kflnsfdf ;d]t cgfjZos b:t'/ lt/]sf] ;j]{If0fsf qmddf b]lvPsf] 5 -@%@ pQ/_ . sfd l56f] ;Sgs} nflu dfnkf]tdf ;/sf/L /sdeGbf a9L n]gb]g ePsf] pQ/bftfn] atfPsf 5g\ -@&% pQ/_ . :jf:Yo / lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljifo klg o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z lyof] . k|fKt pQ/x?dWo] c:ktfndf egf{ kfpgsf nflu tf]s]sf]eGbf a9L b:t'/ lt/sf]] !% pQ/ k|fKt ePsf lyP . To;}u/L, ljBfnodf egf{ kfpg cltl/Qm /sd vr]{sf] !# pQ/, lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts kfpg !# pQ/ / 5fqfj[lQ;lxtsf] sfo{qmddf egf{ kfpg @ pQ/ k|fKt ePsf lyP . $=!=$ ;]jf lnFbf kfPsf] ;Gt'li6sf] cg'ej of] v08df ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf lnFbf kfPsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;]jf k|bfos lgsfosf] p2]Zo eg]sf] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;xh / ;/n tj/df 5f]6f] ;dodf ;]jf lbg' xf] . tflnsf @ df pQ/bftfsf] ck]Iffcg'¿k ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;]jf lbP–glbPsf] ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfn] lgs} ;Gt'i6, ;Gt'i6, clnslt ;Gt'i6, c;Gt'i6 / lgs} c;Gt'i6dfkm{t\ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . k|fKt kl/0ffdnfO{ @)!% sf] cWoog;Fu t'ngf klg u/]/ lrq @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf $M ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lnFbf tf]s]sf]eGbf a9L b:t'/ ltg'{sf] sf/0f sfof{no dfnkf]t sfof{no gfkL sfof{no lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;/sf/L c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb| lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no g=kf=÷uf=lj=;=÷lh=lj=;= ljB't\ k|flws/0f vfg]kfgL sfof{no lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no /fhZj tyf s/ sfof{no lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lhNnf jg sfof{no

l56f] sfd ;Sg @&% &( $( @) !$ !!% !!% $% $( $$ !* ^ @

pkxf/sf ?kdf !!# !( @@ ^# !! * *& %( @) & # %$ )

afWo agfP/ () @& #! @@ & #@ $^ #^ !! * !) @)

hDdf $&* !@% !)) !)% #@ !%% @$* !$) *) %( #! *) @

tflnsf %M pQ/bftfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lnFbf kfPsf] ;Gt'li6sf] b/ sfof{no dfnkf]t sfof{no gfkL sfof{no lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no g=kf=÷uf=lj=;÷lh=lj=;= vfg]kfgL sfof{no lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no /fhZj tyf s/ sfof{no lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lhNnf jg sfof{no ;/sf/L c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb| lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no

jif{ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^ @)!% @)!^

lgs} ;Gt'i6 ;Gt'i6 clnslt ;Gt'i6 c;Gt'i6 lgs} c;Gt'i6 ^=# !$=& !$=& (=( $)=^ ) @%=* @!=% #@ !)=^ #=# !&=$ !&=$ *=( #^=^ ) @^=$ #^=@ @&=^ (=( ) !^=* !^=* !)=@ @)=( !=$ @! #$=& @^=^ ^=# !=! !@=$ !@=$ !* $)=$ !!=& @&=@ @&=@ @$=* *=^ @=@ !*=( !*=( (=! @@=# @=^ $)=& #!=^ !*=& ^=% ) @!=$ @!=$ !%=$ &=& $=$ %%=# @(=% &=* # %=$ !^=! !^=! @!=$ !)=& !*=^ #(=! @$=@ !)=& &=$ %=* @(=* @(=* !#=@ !$ #=& $*=@ #)=@ !$=^ #=# ) !% !% !@=% !&=% %=$ %@ @%=* !!=! %=& ) @(=$ @(=$ !&=^ !&=^ $=$ %@=@ @(=@ (=& $=$ %=@ @*=@ #(=% @)=^ ^=% #=% @(=* $!=( !*=@ ^=^

tflnsf % df pQ/bftfn] kfPsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @)!% / @)!^ sf] tYofª\sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf …lgs} c;Gt'li6Ú s]xL sd eO{ c;Gt'i6df em/]sf] 5 . b'O{j6f jif{aLr ul/Psf] t'ngfTds cWoogn] /fh:j tyf s/ / jg sfof{nosf] ;]jfk|jfxdf ;Gt'li6sf] b/ s]xL a9]sf] b]lvG5 . of] eP tfklg pQ/bftfsf] ;Gt'li6 a9fpg w]/} d]xgt ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;f] t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /x]sf] s]xL c;Gt'li6

36\g] :t/ gfkL sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g, oftfoft Joj:yfkg sfof{no, gu/kflnsf nufotdf klg b]lvG5 . ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ lgsfon] ;]jf clnslt klg ;'wf/ u/], To;sf] c;/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6df kg]{ b]lvG5 . $=!=% e|i6frf/L sfo{lj?4 ph'/L cWoogsf qmddf e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L lbPsf] jf glbPsf] eg]/ Pp6f k|Zg ul/Psf] lyof] . o;

lrq !!= e|i6frf/L sfo{ lj?4 ph'/L -;ª\VofÖ @)^&_

lrq !@= e|i6frf/L sfo{lj?4 ph'/L ul/Psf ;+:yfx? -;ª\VofÖ !)@_

ljifonfO{ lrq !! df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

ul/Psf] 5 .

o; lrqdf pQ/bftfx¿dWo]sf] w]/} 7"nf] lx:;f -**=$ k|ltzt_ n] e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L ug]{ gu/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf lyP .

lrq !@ sf cg';f/ a9L -%! k|ltzt_ pQ/bftfn] e|i6frf/;DaGwL jf l9nf;':tLaf/]sf] u'gf;f];DaGwLsf] ph'/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfodf g} xfNg] u/]sf] atfP . o;}u/L, lhNnfdf x'g] u/]sf] cGo e|i6frf/;DaGwL u'gf;f] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf bftf{ ePsf] kfOof] .

$=!=^ e|i6frf/L sfo{lj?4 ph'/L btf{ u/fPsf ;+:yfx¿ lrq !@ df e|i6frf/L sfo{lj?4 pQ/bftfn] sxfF ph'/L btf{ u/fPsf lyP eGg] pQ/nfO{ juL{s/0f

dfnkf]tdf xf}/fgL cWoog ul/Psf]dWo]sf] Ps lhNnfl:yt dfnkf]t sfof{nodf e]l6Psf a:g]ty/sf ;]jfu|fxL cfkm\gf] cfdfsf] gfdsf] hUuf cfkm\gf]df gfd;f/L ug{ uPsf lyP . cln s8f :jefj /x]sf pgsf] To; lbg sfd} x'g} ;s]g . pgn] n]vfk9L Joj;foLn] dfu] hlt /sd lbg tof/ ePgg\, h;sf] c;/ pgsf] sfddf k¥of] . cfkm\gf] xs nfUg] k'Vof}n { L ;DklQ cfkm\gf] gfddf ;fg{sf nflu lsg vr{ ug]{ < pgn] dx;'; u/] ls dfnkf]t sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln] n]vfk9L Joj;foL;Fu ;]l6ª ldnfP/ /sd c;'Nbf /x]5g\ . æc?sf] sfd l56f]–l56f] eof] . d}n] n]vfk9L Joj;foLnfO{ pgLx¿x¿n] eg] hlt /sd lbg tof/ eOg\ . d]/f] sfd x'g ;s]g, Tof] lbg .Æ pgn] eg] . km]l/ tLg lbgkl5 a:g]t dfnkf]t sfof{no k'u] . clg cln g/d ePh:tf] u/L s]xL yf]/} kfl/>dls lbg] eg]/ n]vfk9L Joj;foL;Fu s'/f ldnfP . geGb} n]vfk9L Joj;foL sfof{noleq l5/]sf] !) ldg]6leq sfd aGof] . cl3Nnf]k6s !% ;o dfu]sf lyP, n]vfk9L Joj;foLn] kl5 cf7 ;od} sfd ul/lbP . sfd aGof] .

u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf Ps lhNnfsf jg sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln] lhNnfsf ;fdfGo ljifodf klg clVtof/df u'gf;f] k'Ug] u/]sf] atfP . lhNnfaf6} ;dfwfg x'g] ljifo ;d]t clVtof/df k'U5 . clVtof/df ph'/L k/]sf] ljifodf ;TotYo a'emL va/ k7fpg' egL kl5 lhNnfsf ;DalGwt sfof{nod} kq cfOk'U5 . To;f] t lhNnfsf ;a} sfof{nodf ph'/L k]l6sf /flvPsf] 5 t/ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noafx]s cGo sfof{nodf /flvPsf u'gf;f] k]l6sfdf Pp6f klg ph'/L kb}{gg\ . a? clVtof/af6 cfPsf ph'/Lsf rfª a9\g yfn]kl5 Ps lhNnfsf] k|zf;g sfof{non] clVtof/sf] ;a} kqsf] ljifodf sfd–sf/afxL ug{ 5'6\6} zfvf g} agfPsf] 5 . clVtof/df k/]sf ;a} ph'/Lsf] ljifodf ToxLaf6 hfgsf/L x'G5 . $=!=& e|i6frf/L sfo{lj?4 k/]sf] ph'/Lsf] kl/0ffd ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo / e|i6frf/df ;+nUg clwsf/Llj?4 ul/Psf] ph'/L sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfaf/] cWoog ug'{ o; cWoogsf] Ps ljifo lyof] . tLgj6f pQ/ ;d"xdWo] Psdf pQ/ lbg pQ/bftfnfO{ elgPsf] lyof]M sfo{ k|lut x'Fb}, s]xL klg sfof{Gjog ePg, sf/afxL ePsf] .

lrq !#= btf{ ul/Psf ph'/Lsf] cj:yf -;ª\VofÖ (&_

lrq !# sf cg';f/ pQ/bftfx¿dWo] sl/a b'O{ ltxfOn] -&@=@ k|ltzt_ n] cfkm\gf] ph'/Lsf] ;'g'jfO{ gePsf] u'gf;f] u/] klg afFsL -@&=* k|ltzt_ n] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] jf u'gf;f]dflysf] ;'g'jfO{ hf/L /x]sf] atfPsf lyP .

æu'gf;f] u/]/ dfq s] ug'{ < xfdLnfO{ s] ef] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g'k¥of] lg <Æ u'gf;f] u/]kl5 o;sf] k|ult u'gf;f]stf{nfO{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf ;]jfu|fxLn] rfx]sf] dWogh/ x'G5 .

$=!=^ e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L gug'{sf] sf/0f

lrq !% df pQ/bftfx¿n] eljiodf e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L btf{ ug{ rfxg'x'G5 ls rfxg'x'Gg eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df cfkm\gf ljZn]if0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfnfO{ u5'{, ulb{g jf yfxf 5}g u/L tLg efudf pQ/ lbg elgPsf] lyof] .

e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L gx'g' jf sd x'g' o; cWoogsf] Ps ljifo lyof] . sxfF ph'/L ug]{ yfxf gePsf], ph'/L ug'{ g} lg/y{s, ph'/L ubf{ eljiodf c;lhnf] x'g] 8/ / cGo u/L rf/

$=!=( eljiodf ph'/L btf{ ug]{ cle?rL

lrq !%= eljiodf ph'/L btf{ ug]{ cle?rL -;ª\VofÖ @)&!_

sf/0fx¿ k|ZgfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ lrq !$ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lrq !$ sf cg';f/ w]/} pQ/bftfx¿ sxfF ph'/L btf{ ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fdf hfgsf/ 5}gg\ -#*=$ k|ltzt_ . u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf Ps hgf pQ/bftfn] eg]

lrq !% df pQ/bftfn] eljiodf e|i6frf/L lj?4 ph'/L ug]{ cle?rL /x]sf] b]vfPsf 5g\ -^@=$ k|ltzt_ . pQ/bftfsf] lgs} lx:;f yfxf 5}g jf ulb{g eGg] ePsfn] o;;DaGwL ljifo lgs} uDeL/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .

lrq !$= e|i6frf/ lj?4 ph'/L gug'{sf] sf/0f -;ª\VofÖ !*&*_

lrq !^= gu/kflnsf÷lhlj;åf/f ePsf] ;"rgf k|jfx -;ª\VofÖ @!!(_

%=! :yfgLo ;/sf/ b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . vf;u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs r':ttf cToGt cfjZos 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;"rgf k|jfx, ah]6af/] v'nf 5nkmn, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, u'gf;f]sf] cf}krfl/s Joj:yf, ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yfnufotsf ljifox¿ o; cWoogsf ljifox? lyP . %=!=! :yfgLo ;/sf/åf/f ;"rgf k|jfx ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t–b'?:t /fVg ;"rgf dxÎjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;]jfu|fxLn] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] k|lqmof, ljleGg ljefu tyf zfvf hfGg;d]t ;"rgfsf] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . lrq !^ df pQ/bftfx¿n] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ePsf] ;"rgf k|jfxaf/]– æul/G5Æ, Æul/GgÆ, æslxn]sflxFÆ / æyfxf ePgÆ dfkm{t cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ elgPsf] lyof] -lrq !^_ . gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=åf/f ;"rgf k|jfx ePsf]] ljifodf pQ/bftfsf] 7"nf] lx:;f -^) k|ltzt_ hfgsf/ jf s]xL hfgsf/ b]lvG5 . afFsL cfwf pQ/bftf -$)=* k|ltzt_ n] ;"rgf k|jfx ePsf] hfgsf/ gb]lvPsf]n] o;;DaGwL tTsfn sbd rfNg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . u'0ffTds

cWoogsf Ps ;]jfu|fxLn] eg] æs;}n] eg]df t yfxf x'g] xf] lg . cf}krfl/s¿kdf d}n] s;/L yfxf kfpg] <Æ o; egfO{af6 klg :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;]jf k|jfxaf/] hfgsf/L cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;]jfu|fxLn] kfpg g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L, u'0ffTds cWoog ul/Psf] csf]{ lhNnfdf ;~rf/sdL{n] eg] lh=lj=;=af6 x'g] ;"rgf k|sfzg hgtf;Dd k'Ug g;s]sf] atfP . lh=lj=;=sf] ;"rgf k|jfxsf] leqL dd{ hgtfnfO{ ;"rgf lbg]eGbf klg cf}krfl/stfdf ;Lldt x'g] u/]sf] atfP . lhNnf ljsf;df dfq tLg ;oeGbf a9L cfof]hgfx¿ 5g\ . tL s]xL cfof]hgfaf/] lj:t[t hfgsf/L ;~rf/sdL{n] kfpg t d'l:sn 5, hgtfsf] tx;Dd s;/L k'uf];\ < pgn] k|Zg u/] . o;n] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 ljsf;af/] x'g] ;"rgf k|jfx cem} Jojl:yt agfpg cfjZos b]lvG5 . %=!=@ ah]6af/] v'nf 5nkmn s'g} klg ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ljlgof]lht ah]6af/]] v'nf 5nkmn k|of]hgaf/] hgtfnfO{ ljsf; ah]6, sfd ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ ldlt, To;df ;+nUg kIf tyf pgLx¿n] cfk"mn] ug'{kg]{ e"ldsfaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . csf]{tkm{

lrq !&= gu/kflnsf÷lhlj;åf/f ah]6af/] v'nf 5nkmnaf/] hfgsf/L -;ª\VofÖ @!!%_

o;n] e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f / ;'zf;gsf] dxÎjk"0f{ kIf kf/blz{tfnfO{ ;d]t an k'¥ofpF5 . lrq !& df pQ/bftfx¿n] gu/kflnsf ÷ lh=lj=;=af6 ePsf] v'nf 5nkmnaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . oxfF pQ/bftfn] æ5Æ, Æ5}gÆ, æslxn]sFlxFÆ / æyfxf ePgÆ dfkm{t\ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . lrq !& sf cg';f/ cfwf lx:;f -%@=^ k|ltzt_ gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=åf/f x'g] ul/Psf] v'nf 5nkmnaf/] hfgsf/ gePsf] kfOof] . o;tkm{ sfd ul/xfNg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;}u/L, pQ/bftfdWo}s} sl/a Ps lx:;f -@%=& k|ltzt_ n] ah]6af/] x'g] v'nf 5nkmnsf] ljifoaf/] :yfgLo JolQmx? hfgsf/ gePsf] b]lvof] . u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf cWoog ul/Psf] Ps lhNnfdf ah]6af/] ;'g'jfO{ x'g] ljifodf :yfgLo hfgsf/ 5}gg\ . s];L y/sf Ps :yfgLon] eg] ælh=lj=;=af6 ufpFdf af6f] / dlGb/sf nflu ah]6 5'6\ofOPsf] eg]sf] ;'g]sf] lyP . dlGb/ klg aGof], 8f]h/n] sRrL af6f] klg vlgof] t/ o;df slt ah]6 lyof] eGg]af/] yfx} ePg .Æ o;n] ah]6af/]sf] 5nkmn k|efjsf/L ¿kdf x'g cfjZos /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . %=!=# ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ eg]sf] s'g} klg ;+:yf, ljsf; k|lqmof cflbsf] kf/blz{tf tyf lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;'b[9 Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;]jfu|fxL kIf;Fu ul/g] :ynut 5nkmn xf] . ;'g'jfO{sf qmddf ;DalGwt lgsfosf k|ltlglw / ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfaLr ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . lrq !& df gfu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=af6 ;f] sfo{qmdaf/] pQ/bftfsf] ljrf/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . lrq !* df pQ/bftfdWo]sf sl/a b'O{ ltxfO{ -%(=# k|ltzt_ n] gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=af6 ePsf] ;fj{hlgs

;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L gePsf] jf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd g} cfof]hgf gePsf] atfPsf lyP . u'0ffTds cWoogdf eg] cWoog ul/Psf] lhNnfdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] kfOof] . t/, To;af/] ;]jfu|fxL eg] a]va/ lyP . hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ x]t'n] ul/g] o:tf sfo{qmd cf}krfl/stfdf dfq ;Lldt x'g' uDeL/ ljifo xf] . u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf Ps lhNnfsf ;~rf/sdL{n] eg] lhNnf ljsf;n] jflif{s¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug{ /]l8of]sf nflu ah]6 lbG5 . xfdLn] lh=lj=;=n] eg]adf]lhd sfo{qmd ul/lbG5f}+ . /]l8of]af6 To:tf sfo{qmd x'g' cfk}mFdf /fd|f] ljifo eP klg To;sf] lg/Gt/tf cfjZos 5 . %=!=$ u'gf;f]sf nflu cf}krfl/s Joj:yf u'gf;f tyf ph'/Lsf] ;Daf]wgsf k|ydtM ;"rgf clwsf/L, ph'/L afs;, ph'/L btf{ lstfa jf cGo o:t} dfWodsf] h?/L kb{5 . lrq !* n] uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=df u'gf;f tyf ph'/L ;Daf]wgsf nflu o:tf cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfaf/] 5g\ ls 5}gg\ jf pQ/bftfsf] hfgsf/Ldf 5 ls 5}g egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lrq !( sf] tYofª\sn] ph'/L tyf u'gf;f ;Daf]wgsf nflu uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=df ;"rgf clwsf/L, ph'/L afs;, ph'/L btf{ lstfa jf cGo o:t} dfWodaf/] pQ/bftf hfgsf/ gePsf] b]vfpF5 -$@=^ k|ltzt_ . Ps ltxfO{n] -#^=! k|ltzt_ eg] tL lgsfox¿df ph'/L tyf u'gf;f ;Daf]wgsf nflu cf}krfl/s lgsfo /x]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . u'0ffTds cWoogdf eg] tL ph'/Lsf cf}krfl/s lgsfo gfd dfqsf] ePsf] kfOof] . Ps pQ/bftfn] ph'/L afs; b]vfpFb} eg] o:tf] afs; gv'n]sf] w]/} eof] . sd{rf/LnfO{ o; ljifodf hfgsf/LdfUbf pgLx¿n] klxn]–klxn] vf]lnGYof],

lrq !*= gu/kflnfsf÷lhlj;sf] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd -;ª\ofÖ @!!)_

lrq !(= ph'/Lsf nflu cgf}krfl/s lgsfosf] :yfkgf -;ª\VofÖ @!^&_

ph'/L slxNo} k/]g . To;}n] clxn] ph'/L afs; vf]Ng] 5f]l8of] . o;af6 o:tf ph'/L ug]{ ;fwgsf] k|efjsfl/tfdfly g} k|Zg p7]sf] 5 . u'0ffTds cWoogs} qmddf cWoog 6f]nLn] Ps lhNnfsf] !) j6f sfof{nosf] ph'/Lk]l6sf cjnf]sg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ lhNnf k|zf;gafx]ssf ;a} sfof{nodf ph'/Lk]l6sf l/Qf] b]lvof] . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;f]Wbf pgLx¿n] jif{df Psk6s d'r'Nsf p7fP/ ph'/L k]l6sf vf]Ng] / gofF tfNrf nufpg] u/]sf] atfP . To;}u/L cjnf]sgs} qmddf ph'/Lk]l6sf ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf g/x]sf] klg b]lvof] . To;}n] ph'/Lk]l6sf ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf /fVg cfjZos 5 . %=!=% :yfgLo lgsfodf ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;= vf;u/L ljsf;sf c8\8fsf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . oxfF ;]jfu|fxLsf] w]/} cfp– hfp x'g] ub{5 . o:tf lgsfodf ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yfn] hgtfsf u'gf;f tyf ;d:ofx¿ / rflxPsf] ;"rgf kfpg dbt ub{5 . lrq @) n] ;j]{If0fsf qmddf pQ/bftfn] ;"rgf clwsf/L lgo'lQmaf/] hfgsf/L eP–gePsf] af/]df cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

;j]{If0fdf ;+nUg cfwfeGbf a9L -%%=$ k|ltzt_ pQ/bftfn] uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=df ;"rgf clwsf/L 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] s'g} hfgsf/L gePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -lrq @)_ . u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf cWoog ul/Psf] Ps lhNnfdf ;"rgf clwsf/L jf ;DalGwt JolQm sfof{no hUuf kf;;DaGwL sfddf Jo:t x'Fbf s]xL ;]jfu|fxL sfof{no;DaGwL ;"rgf sxfF kfOG5 eGb} ;f]Wb}lyP . ;"rgf clwsf/L Jo:t / sf]7fleq cToGt} eL8 ePsf sf/0f tL clwsf/L;Dd k'Ug] l:ylt lyPg . c6];–d6]; eL8 . ;/sf/L clwsf/Lsf] 6]an cl3 b]lvPsf ljrf}lnofx¿ eGb} lyP, ;/ of] kmfOn ldNof], ;/n] ;fOg u/]dfq k'U5 . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] hgtfsf] afSnf] pkl:ylt x'g] sfof{nodf ;"rgf clwsf/Laf6 ;"rgf lng g} d'l:snsf] cj:yf 5 . o;}u/L, Ps csf]{ lhNnfdf ;"rgf clwsf/L;Fu s'/fsfgL ul/Psf] lyof] . ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf]df ;"rgf lng slQsf] cfpF5g\ eGg] k|Zgdf pgn] eg]– kqsf/x¿ cfpF5g\ . t/, pgLx¿nfO{ clxn] e"sDksf] ;dfrf/n] g} EofOgEofO 5 . oxfF vf;} sf]xL cfpFb}gg\ . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] ljrf/df ;"rgf lng cfpg] eg]sf] kqsf/dfq x'g\ .

lrq @)= ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf -;ª\VofÖ @!!$_

lrq @!= ljsf; ultljlwaf/] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6 -;ª\VofÖ @!@!_

hgtf ;"rgf dfUg gcfpg' ;fdfGo ljifo ePsf] pgLx¿sf] a'emfO{ 5 . To;f] t ;f]xL sfof{nosf k|d'vn] ;d]t kqsf/ cfpFbf / sfof{nosf] lj1fkgnufotsf s'/f k|sfzgsf nfludfq ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] e"ldsf x'g] atfP . To;}n] ;/sf/L sfof{nosf ;"rgf clwsf/LnfO{ ;"rgf clwsf/Lsf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/af/] k|lzlIft ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

lyP . tYofª\sdf lgs} ;Gt'i6, ;Gt'i6, clnslt ;Gt'i6 -!=* k|ltzt, @%=& k|ltzt, $@=( k|ltzt_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf], uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=af6 k|jfx ePsf] ;]jfaf6 k"0f{¿kdf ;Gt'i6 geP klg pQ/bftfdf lrQ a'emfO/x]sf] b]vfpF5 . tfklg pQ/bftfx¿sf] -@(=^ k|ltzt_ :yfgLo lgosfsf] ;]jfdf c;Gt'li6 x'g'n] o;tkm{ tTsfn sbd rfNg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

%=!=^ :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;]jfk|jfxsf] ;Gt'li6af/]

^=! ;fd'bflos ljBfno

lrq @! n] uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=af6 k|fKt ;]jfk|jfxsf] ;Gt'li6af/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf] vf; p2]Zo eg]s} ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ l56f]–5l/tf] ;]jf lbO{ ;Gt'li6 lbg' xf] . oxfF ;]jfu|fxLn] lgs} ;Gt'i6, ;Gt'i6, clnslt ;Gt'i6, c;Gt'i6 / lgs} c;Gt'i6sf] ;ª\s]tdfkm{t\ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .

u'0f:t/Lo lzIff ;dfh kl/jt{gsf nflu klxnf] s8Lsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;sf nflu ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] k"jf{wf/, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, r':t Joj:yfkg, cleefjssf] ;xeflutf, lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ pkl:ylt dxÎjk"0f{ 5 .

lrq @! df pQ/bftfsf] Pp6f dxÎjk"0f{ lx:;f -$@=( k|ltzt_ n] uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf÷lh=lj=;=af6 k|jfx ePsf] ;]jfaf6 s]xL xb;Dd ;Gt'i6 ePsf] atfPsf

oL ljifox¿ o; cWoogdf p7fOPsf lyP . ljBfnodf lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ cg'kl:ylt lgs} dxÎjk"0f{ kIf xf] . lrq @@ n] ;j]{If0f

^=!=! ljBfnodf lzIfssf] pkl:ylt

lrq @@= ljBfnodf lzIfssf] pkl:ylt -;ª\VofÖ !$%%_

ul/Psf lhNnfsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf lzIfssf] pkl:ytaf/] pQ/bftfsf] ljrf/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . ;j]{If0fdf pQ/bftfn] lzIfsx¿ lg/Gt/ pkl:yt, k|foM pkl:yt, 7Ls} pkl:yt, k|foM cg'kl:yt, ;w}F cg'kl:yt u/L kfFr efudf cfkm\gf] pQ/ k|:t't ug{ elgPsf] lyof] . lrq @@ df pQ/bftfsf] 7"nf] lx:;f -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ n] ljBfnodf lzIfssf] pkl:ylt /xg] u/]sf] atfPsf lyP . t/, clxn] klg s]xL ljBfnodf

^=!=@ ljBfnodf lzIfssf] ;dfg Jojxf/ o; ;j]{If0fdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIfsn] ug]{ Jojxf/ ;fdfGotof ;dfg eP gePsf]af/] klg cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . o;cGtu{ut ;w}+ ;dfg Jojxf/ u5{g\, k|foM ;dfg Jojxf/ u5{g\, 7Ls} Jojxf/ u5{g\ / k|foM c;dfg ePsf] u/L kfFr efux¿df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;;DaGwL pQ/x¿nfO{ lrq @# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

lrq @#= lzIfsx?n] ljBfyL{nfO{ ug]{ ;dfg Jojxf/ -;ª\VofÖ !$%#_

lzIfssf] cg'kl:ylt r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] tYofª\sn] b]vfPsf] 5 -&=# k|ltzt_ . u'0ffTds cWoogsf] qmddf ljBfnox¿df cem} klg s]xL lzIfs cg'kl:yt /xg] u/]sf] atfOof] . Ps lzIfsn] eg], æxfdL;Fu k9fpg] Ps lzIfsnfO{ kf6L{sf]] sfddf lxF8\b}df km';{b 5}g .Æ o;af6 s]xL lzIfssf] lgoldttfdf k|Zg p7]sf] b]lvG5 . ufpFdf lzIfssf] e"ldsf /fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{stf{, ;dfh;]jL, Gofobftf, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwnufot ljleGg e"ldsf ePsf sf/0f pgLx¿n] ljBfnonfO{ lbg'kg]{ hlt ;do lbg g;s]sf] b]lvof] . cWoogs} qmddf Pshgf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfn] eg], ælhNnf lzIff sfof{no / lzIfssf] k|ToIf ;Dks{ x'g] tyf ljBfnosf] ;a} ;|f]tx¿af/] ;w}+ s]–s;f] eGg d'l:sn / Jofjxfl/s gx'g] x'Fbf xfdLnfO{ ;/x¿n] h] eGg'x'G5 ;a} 7Ls h:tf] nfU5 . pxfFx¿ k9]–n]v]sf] dflg;nfO{ xfdLn] s;/L k|Zg ug{ ;S5f}+ / < pxfFx¿ g} ufpFsf] ;j]{;jf{ ePsfn] ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt x'Fbf k|Zg ul/xfNg ufx|f] 5 .Æ

lrq @# n] b]vfP cg';f/ s]xL pQ/bftfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] ljBfnodf lzIfsx?af6 ;dfg Jojxf/ -%=@ k|ltzt_ kfPsf 5}gg\ . @%=! k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] ljBfnodf lzIfx?sf] Jojxf/ 7Ls}dfq pNn]v ug'{ o;;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . pQ/bftfsf] Ps rf}yfO{ lx:;f t lzIfssf] Jojxf/ 7Ls} ePsf] / of] ;'wf/ x'g cfjZos 7fGb5g\ . ^=!=# ljBfnodf lgoldt¿kdf k/LIffkmn k|sfzg g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf ;dod} k/LIffkmn k|sfzg gx'g] ljifodf klg u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu Pp6f r'gf}tLsf] ljifo /x]sf] 5 . ;dod} k/LIffkmn k|sflzt gx'Fbf cleefjs / ljBfyL{ b'j}df lg/fzf a9fPsf] ;fj{hlgs ePsf] lyof] . To;} ljifonfO{ cfwf/dfGb} o; ;j]{If0fdf pQ/bftfnfO{ cfkm\gf] pQ/x¿ ljBfnodf ;dod} k/LIffkmn k|sflzt eP gePsf] eg/ tLg efudf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ /fVg elgPsf] lyof] . o;;DaGwL ljZn]if0f lrq @# df /flvPsf] 5 .

lrq @$= ;dod} k/LIffkmnsf] k|sfzg -;ª\VofÖ !$$(_

lrq @$ cg';f/ ^&=# k|ltzt ljBfyL{n] ljBfnodf ;dod} k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pQ/bftfsf] dxÎjk"0f{ lx:;fn] k/LIffkmn ;dodf k|sflzt gePsf] -!# k|ltzt_ / slxn]sflxFdfq ePsf] -!(=& k|ltzt_ 7fg]sf]n] o;;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

5 jf yfx ePg eGg] ;d"xdf pQ/ lbg pQ/bftfnfO{ elgPsf] lyof] . o;;DaGwL ljZn]if0f lrq @$ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

^=!=$ ;dod} kf7\ok':tssf] pknAwtf

^=!=^ ljBfnodf cleefjs e]nf

/fHon] ljBfno tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] 3f]if0ff u/sf] 5 . To;}nfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg ;/sf/n] g} ;xh¿kdf kf7\ok':tssf] Joj:yfkg ub}{cfPsf] 5 . t/ ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfn] k|To]s jif{ sIff ;'? x'g'k"j{ ljBfyL{sf] xftdf kf7\ok':ts gkfPsf] u'gf;f] ub}{cfPsf 5g\ . To;}nfO{ cfwf/dfGb} o; c+zdf kf7\ok':tssf] pknAwtfaf/] ;j]{If0f ePsf] lyof] h;df kf7\ok':tssf] pknAwtf 5, 5}g, slxn]sFlxF

ljBfnodf cleefjsx¿sf] lg/Gt/sf] ;xeflutfn] z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/sf nflu dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . ljBfnodf cleefjs e]nfn] lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{ tLg} kIfnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . o;af/] pQ/bftfn]] ljBfnodf e]nf eP–gePsf]af/] o; c+zdf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{ elPsf] lyof] .

lrq @% sf cg';f/ pQ/bftfsf] -$*=% k|ltzt_ ljBfnon] ;dod} k':ts glbPsf] jf slxn]sflxFdfq lbg] u/]sf] atfpF5g\ .

lrq @%= kf7\ok':tssf] ;dod} pknAwtf -;ª\VofÖ !$$@_

lrq @^= ljBfnodf cleefjssf] e]nf -;ª\VofÖ !$%#_

lrq @^ df pQ/bftfsf] dxÎjk"0f{ lx:;f -^&=# k|ltzt_ n] ljBfnodf cleefjs e]nf ;~rfng x'g] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\\ . t/, afFsL pQ/bftf -#@=& k|ltzt_ cleefjs e]nf gePsf] jf cfk"mnfO{ yfxf gePsf] atfpF5g\ . o;af6 ljBfnodf cleefjssf] ;xeflutfdf k|ZglrGx p7]sf] 5 . u'0ffTds cWoogsf qmddf Ps cleefjsn] eg] æljBfnodf cleefjs e]nf eP klg Tof] k|wfgfWofks / lzIfssf] lg0f{osf] ;]/f]km]/f]df 3'D5 . xfdLnfO{ e]nf eg]/ af]nfOG5 . ToxfF ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwnfO{ /fv]/ ;ldlt agfOG5 .Æ pgn] xfF:b} eg] ækf]xf]/ k/f/ klg o:t} ePsf] lyof] . xfdL hfG5f}+ . pkl:ylt k'l:tsfdf klg x:tfIf/ u5f}{, of] t xfd|f] lgoldt rngh:t} e};Sof] . gofF Joj:yfkg cfPkl5 klg ljBfnodf vf;} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g .Æ o;n] :ki6¿kdf ljBfnodf cleefjsnfO{ pkl:yltsf nfludfq af]nfOG5 . cem} klg 6f7faf7fsf] xftdf g} ljBfnosf] g]t[Tj ;Lldt ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo hgtfn] g t k|Zg p7fpg] cj:yf g pgLx¿n] jf:tljs ;xeflutf hgfpg ;s]sf 5g\ . ^=!=& ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gsf] ;"rgf k|jfx

o; c+zdf pQ/bftfn] cfkm\gf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . pQ/bftfnfO{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gsf] ;"rgf /x]sf] jf g/x]sf] eg]/ ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . lrq @& cg';f/ pNn]vgLo ;+VVofdf pQ/bftf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gsf] ;"rgf gkfPsf] pNn]v u/]sf lyP -#)=! k|ltzt_ . &=! ;'emfj o; efudf cfpFbf lbgdf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t–b'?:t / kf/bzL{ ug{sf nflu pQ/bftfsf] dtnfO{ lnOPsf] lyof] . e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] tTjx¿ To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ dxÎjk"0f{ sbd, gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf, cflb zLif{sdf dt lnOPsf] lyof] . &=!=! e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] tTj pQ/bftfnfO{ /fHok|zf;g, /fhgLlt, /fhgLlts OR5fzlQmsf] sdL, gful/s ;r]tgfsf] sdL, a]/f]huf/L, ul/aL tyf clzIff, dxFuL / cGo ljifodWo] e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] tTjx¿ 5'6\ofpg elgPsf] lyof] . o; ljj/0fnfO{ lrq @& df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gsf] ;"rgf k|jfxaf/]

lrq @&= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gaf/] ;"rgf -;ª\VofÖ !$%!_

lrq @*= e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg]tTjx? -;ª\VofÖ @!&)_

lrq @* df pQ/bftfn] e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] d'Vo tTjsf ¿kdf /fhgLlt÷/fhgLlts bnnfO{ lhDd]jf/ kIfsf ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -#&=$ k|ltzt_ . o;}u/L pQ/bftfn] e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] tTjsf ¿kdf sd{rf/LtGq /x]sf] -@(=! k|ltzt_ atfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L, gful/s ;r]tgfsf] sdL eP/ e|i6frf/ a9]sf] eGg] klg pNn]vgLo -!^=@ k|ltzt_ 5. &=!=@ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu kxn lrq @( n] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu ug{ ;lsg] kxnaf/] hfgsf/L lbG5 . h;df pQ/bftfsf] pQ/nfO{ sfg"gL sf/afxL, gful/s ;r]tgf, k|zf;sLo lhDd]jf/L, lg/LIf0f / cGo u/L ^ efudf /fVg elPsf] lyof] .

lrq @( df pQ/bftfn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu sfg"gL sf/afxLnfO{ g} dxÎjk"0f{ sbdsf ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -$) k|ltzt_ . o;}u/L, gful/s ;r]tgf;d]t e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu dxÎjk"0f{ /x]sf] egL pQ/bftfn] cfkm\gf] dt JoQm u/]sf 5g\ -#&=* k|ltzt_ . u'0ffTds cWoog ul/Psf] Ps lhNnfsf ofbj y/sf JolQmn] eg] e|i6frf/, ;'zf;g /fd|f] x'g b]z xfFSg] ;Ifd / lg:jfy{ x'g cfjZos /x]sf] atfP . pgn] eg], æhf] b]z xfFS5, p;n] g} lgod / sfg"g pNnª\3g u5{, cfk"mcg's"n k|zf;g / ljsf; rnfpF5 . To;}n] klxnf /fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf /fd|f] x'g'k¥of] . clg ;a}nfO{ /fd|f] ug]{ OR5fzlQm x'g'k¥of] lg . ha;Dd /fhgLlt z'4 x'Fb}g, xfdLn] h:tf] lgod–sfg"g NofP klg To;sf] sfof{Gjogdf

lrq @(= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu dxÎjk"0f{ sbd -;ª\VofÖ @!^^_

lrq #)= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf -;ª\VofÖ @!^)_

hlxn] klg ;d:of ef]lu/fV5f}+ .Æ To;}n] /fhgLltsf] 5fFofdf x'g] e|i6frf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg /fhgLlts bn / tLgsf tNnf] tx;Dd /fhgLltdf nfu] jfkt\ nfe lng] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g x'g cfjZos 5 . JolQmut / bnut :jfy{ / nf]eaf6 dfly p7] e|i6frf/ sd x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . &=!=# e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf lrq #) df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQ/bftfsf] ljj/0f gful/s ;r]tgf, lg/LIf0f, ;fd'lxs bafa, jsfntnufotsf ljifodf cfkm\gf] dt /fVg elgPsf] lyof] . lrq #) df pQ/bftfn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu gful/s ;dfhaf6 x'g] gful/s ;r]tgf sfo{qmd dxÎjk"0f{ x'g] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -#*=& k|ltzt_ . o;}u/L, gful/s ;dfhsf] tkm{af6 x'g] ;fd"lxs bafan] klg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -#% k|ltzt_ .

&=!=$ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'wf/df ul/Psf ;Defljt kxn o; c+zdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'wf/sf nflu x'g'kg]{ ;Defljt sbdsf af/]df pQ/bftfsf] pQ/nfO{ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 -lrq #!_ . pQ/bftfnfO{ ;'wf/sf nflu ul/g] k|of;x¿ ;'ljwf a9fP/, Ifdtf lj:tf/ u/]/, b08–;hfo a9fP/, l8lh6n ;]jf k|0ffnL / cGo s]xL eP pNn]v ug{ egL ljrf/ /fVg elgPsf] lyof] . pQ/bftfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'wf/sf nflu b08–;hfo g} pko'Qm ;Defljt kxn x'g ;Sg] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -@( k|ltzt_ . o;}u/L, ;'ljwf lj:tf/nfO{ ;d]t pQ/bftfn] dxÎj lbPsf 5g\ -@&=* k|ltzt_ . csf]{ dxÎjk"0f{ kIfsf ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'wf/sf nflu Ifdtfj[l4nfO{ ;d]t dxÎj lbPsf 5g\, pQ/bftfn] -@#=! k|ltzt_ .

lrq #!= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'wf/sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ sbd -;ª\VofÖ @!^@_

kl/R5]bM # lgisif{ tyf l;kmfl/; o; ;j]{If0f gf} lhNnfsf !@ j6f ;/sf/L sfof{nox? -dfnkf]t sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, ;/sf/L c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo s]Gb|, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no, gfkL sfof{no, gu/kflnsf÷uf=lj=;=÷lh=lj=;=, ljB't\ k|flws/0f, vfg]kfgL sfof{no, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, /fhZj tyf s/ sfof{no, lhNnf lzIff sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no_ df ePsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;DaGwL pQ/bftfsf] cg'ej / cjwf/0ff cWoog ul/Psf] lyof] . cWoogsf qmddf @@)% pQ/bftfsf] 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o; cWoogn] b]vfP cg';f/pQ/bftfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;DaGwL hfgsf/L cToGt} sd dfqfdf eP klg a9]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] pQ/bftfx?sf] dgf]an clnslt a9]sf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 . tfklg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ePsf] ;/sf/L k|of;df eg] cem} klg k|efjsf/L u[xsfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . cWoogn] pQ/bftfn] ck]Iff u/] cg';f/sf] ;]jf kfpg cem} klg g;s]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;/sf/L dfq x}g u}/;/sf/L If]qn] klg cem} w]/} sfd ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cWoogsf] qmddf ;]jfu|fxLn] ljB't\, gu/kflnsf, c:ktfn / dfnkf]t sfof{nodf a9L ;]jf lnPsf] b]lvof] . hxfF a9L ;]jf lnOPsf] lyof] ToxfF g} a9L ;d:of k/]sf] b]lvof] . vf;u/L ;]jfu|fxL cem} klg 3';, yk /sd ltg{, l9nfO{, dWo:ystf{af6 b'Jo{jxf/, gftfjfbaf6 kLl8t lyP . cWoog ul/Psf !@ j6f ;/sf/L sfof{nodWo] ;]jfu|fxLx? dfnkf]t, c:ktfn÷:jf:Yo s]Gb|df a9L ;+Vofdf kLl8t lyP . dfnkf]t sfof{no ;a}eGbf a9L 3'; n]gb]g x'g] sfof{nosf] ?kdf o; cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;}u/L cfkm\gf] sfd l56f]–5l/tf]?kdf ;DkGg ug{ ;]jfu|fxLn] tf]lsPsf] eGbf a9L /sd ltg]{ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . pQ/bftfsf] ;r]ttf a9]/ clnslt eP klg cTdljZjf; a9\g' :jefljs b]lvG5 . o;af6 cfl3Nnf] cWoogeGbf o; cWoogdf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;Gt'li6 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;du|df ;]jfu|fxL ;Gt'i6 5}gg\ / o; lbzfdf w]/} sfd ug{ h?/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfon] ;]jfdf clnslt dfq klg ;'wf/ u/] To;sf] c;/ ;]jfu|fxLsf] 24

;Gt'li6df kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; cWoogn] clxn] klg ;]jfu|fxL h]–h;f] eP klg ph'/L ul/xfNg pT;'s gePsf] b]vfpF5 . ph'/ ul/xfNg]n] klg ;/f]sf/jfnf ;fy} cGo lgsfodf ph'/L u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'df w]/}h;f] pQ/bftf cfkm\gf] ph'/Lsf] ;'g'jfO{ gePsf] 7fG5g\ . w]/}nfO{ t sxfF s;/L ph'/L ug]{ klg yfxf 5}g . tfklg w]/} pQ/bftfx? Eljiodf ph'/L ug{ rfxG5g\ . o;sf nflu ;]jfu|fxLdf cem} w]/} ;r]tgf / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 . o; cWoogn] :yfgLo ;/sf/ / lzIff If]qdf ljz]if cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ljifosf] cWoogdf w]/} ;]jfu|fxL cem} klg lh=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsf] ;"rgfaf6 6f9f ePsf] kfOof] . ah]6af/]sf] v'nf 5nkmndf cem} w]/} ;]jfu|fxL ;xefuL x'g g;Sg', ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] yfxf gkfpg'af6n] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 o; ;DaGwdf cem} w]/} sfd ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . :yfgLo lgsfodf u'gf;f] ug'{kg]{af/] cem} w]/} ;]jfu|fxL cjut 5}gg\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] cWoogsf] qmddf pQ/bftfx?n] s]xL lzIfsx? Dfq ljBfnodf clgoldt atfPsf 5g\ . pQ/bftfx?dWo] sltkon] lzIfsx?af6 cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ gePsf] kfpg', ljBfnon] ;dodf k/LIffkmn k|sfzg u/]sf] gkfpg', k7\ok':ts ;dodf pknAw gx'g', cleefjs e]nfaf/] hfgsf/L gx'g', ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7gaf/] hfgsf/L gx'g' cflbaf6 lzIffIf]qdf cem} ;'wf/ cfjZos /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; cWoogn] e|i6frf/ 36fpg /fhgLlts bn tyf sd{rf/LtGq w]/} lhDd]jf/ eP/ sfd ug'{kg]{ pQ/bftfsf] 7DofO 5 . To;}u/L gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf a9fpg klg pQ/bftfn] ;'emfPsf 5g\ . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ o; cWoogn] gful/sx? r]tgfsf] :t/ qmdzM a9\b} u/]sf] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lngsf nflu cTdljZjf; a9\b} uPsf] b]vfpF5 . tfklg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|ltsf] gful/ssf] ;Gt'li6 a9fpg /fhgLlts bn, sd{rf/LtGqnufot ;Dk"0f{ If]qaf6 cfkm\gf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L bL sf6{/ ;]G6/ -@))@_= P;]; 6' ODkmd]{;gM c ls 6' 8]df]qm];L= l/6«fOeM

https://www.cartercenter.

org/documents/1272.pdf

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ -@)!%_= s/K;g k;]{K;g OG8]S;, @)!%= aln{gM l/6«fOeM

https://www.iaca.

int/images/news/2016/Corruption_Perceptions_Index_2015_report.pdf

a]s/, P;=, Ou/, kL=Pr=, / l;8n, 6L -@))*_= s/K;g Olkl8ldS;= l:6/lnª Osf]gf]ldS; l8Ss;g k]k/ @))*–)(. l/6«fOeM https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/508/1/SEDP-2008-09-Becker-Egger-Seidel.pdf e§/fO{, kL= ;L= -@))(_= æsfpG6l/ª s/K;gM Unf]aNnL c/ nf]sNnL<Æ g]lKnh hg{n ckm klAns P8ldlgi6«];g, PS;PS;cfO{eL -!_, *(–(* . /fj;km\6 -@))$_= :ofDkn ;fOh SofNs'n]6/=l/6«fOeM

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html

;]G6/ km/ bL :68L ckm 8]df]qm];L -@)!)_= PShfldgª ln+s;\ lj6'ljg cu{gfOH8 qmfOD; P08 8]df]qm];L= l/6«fOeM http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/doc_centre/crime/docs/study_on_links_between_organised_crime_and_ corruption_en.pdf

lSn6uf8{, cf/= / d]lSng–Paf]/, cf/= -@)))_= s/K6 l;l6hM P k|flS6sn ufO8 6' So'/ P08 lk|e]G;g= Soflnkmf]lg{of M OlG6Ro'6 km/ sG6]Dkf]/f]/L :6l8h k|]; .

k|ZgfjnL qmd ;+VofM ldltM

;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx ;j]{If0f, @)!^ cGtjf{tf{sf] k|ZgfjnL tn ;f]lwPsf ;a} ;"rgf cg';Gwfgsf nflu dfq k|of]u x'g] 5g\ . tkfO{sf] kl/ro / ;+sng ul/Psf] s'g} tYof+s tkfOFsf] kl/ro vf]lng] u/L sf]xL;fd' klg k|:t't ul/g] 5}g . of] cGtjf{tf{ @% b]lv #) ldg]6 hltsf] x'g]5 . olb tkfOF ;xdt x'g'x'G5 eg] tn x:tfIf/ ug'{ xf]nf .

............................ ............................

ldlt x:tfIf/

lhNnf ================================================================================= g=kf= =============================================================================================================== j8f g+= =================================

v08 sM cGtjf{tf{ lbg] JolQm;DaGwL gfd tyf kmf]g g+= -P]lR5s_

lnË

pd]/

lzIff

sf]8M lnËM k'?ifÖ !, dlxnfÖ @ lzIffM k"/f u/]sf] sIff jf tx n]Vg'xf];\ =============================================================================================== k]zfM s[lifÖ !Ù ;]jfÖ @Ù Jofkf/ Ö #Ù >d Ö $Ù a]/f]huf/ Ö %Ù cGoÖ ^ k|sf/M 3/d"nLÖ !Ù cGo ;b:oÖ @

k]zf

k|sf/

v08 vM ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff sf]8 v != tkfOFsf] lhNnfdf ljut @ jif{df e|i6frf/sf] w]/} a9]sf] 5Ö !, yf]/} a9]sf] 5Ö @, p:t} cj:yfdf s:tf] km/s b]Vg'x'G5 < 5Ö #, yf]/} 36]sf] 5Ö $, w]/} 36]sf] 5Ö % v @= tkfOFsf] lhNnfdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] dfqfnfO{ )—!))df tkfOF slt cª\s lbg'x'G5 < -)Ö clwstd\ e|i6frf/ / !))Ö :jR5 ============================================================================= lgs} k|efjsf/LÖ !, k|efjsf/LÖ @, clnslt v #= tkfOFnfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf ;/sf/n] lnPsf k|efjsf/LÖ #, ck|efjsf/LÖ $, lgs} sbdx? sltsf] k|efjsf/L ePh:tf] nfU5 < ck|efjsf/LÖ % v $= tkfO{+nfO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf u}/–;/sf/L lgs} k|efjsf/LÖ !, k|efjsf/LÖ @, clnslt ;+:yfx?n] lnPsf sbdx? sltsf] k|efjsf/L k|efjsf/LÖ #, ck|efjsf/LÖ $, lgs} ePh:tf] nfU5 < ck|efjsf/LÖ % v %= tkfOFsf] ljrf/df s] ;/sf/L lgsfox?n] ;j{;fwf/0fn] rfx]h:tf] ;Gtf]ifhgs ;]jf lbPsf 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, slxn]sflxFÖ # 5g\ < v08 uM ;fj{hlgs ;]jf;DaGwL cg'ej u != ljut ! jif{leq tkfOF jf tkfOFsf] kl/jf/sf] sf]xL ;b:on] lgDg ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ;]jfu|x0f u/]sf] eP ;f] cg'ejaf/] atfpg'xf];\ . ;]jf lbg] lnPsf] s]xL ;d:of sfof{no ;]jf ef]u]sf] < dfnkf]t sfof{no gfkL sfof{no lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;/sf/L c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo s]Gb| lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no oftfoft Joj:yf sfof{no g=kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;= ljB't\ k|flws/0f vfg]kfgL sfof{no lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no /fh:j tyf s/ sfof{no lhNnf lzIff sfof{no lhNNff jg sfof{no

ef]u]sf] ;d:ofsf k|sf/

;/sf/L b:t'/eGbf yk /sd ;]jfk|lt lt/]sf] eP ;f]sf] sf/0f ;Gt'i6tfsf] tx

u ! sf nflu sf]8 -;ª\s]t _ ;]jf lnPsf] < ;d:of ef]u]sf] <

5Ö !, 5}gÖ @ 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @ 3';–yk /sdÖ !, l9nfO{Ö @, nfk/afxLÖ #, Eff]u]sf ;d:of / e|i6frf/sf k|sf/ bnfn dWo:tstf{åf/f b'Jo{jxf/Ö $, gftfjfbÖ %, cGoÖ ^ sfd l56f] ;SgÖ !, pkxf/sf] ?kdfÖ @, lbg afWo agfPsf]Ö #, egf{ kfpgÖ $, ;/sf/L b:t'/eGbf yk /sd lt/]sf] eP ;f]sf] sf/0f < lgMz'Ns kf7\ok':ts kfpgÖ %, 5fqj[lQ;lxtsf] sfo{qmddf egf{ x'gÖ ^, jflif{s v]ns'bsf] gfddfÖ&, cGoÖ * lgs} ;Gt'i6Ö !, ;Gt'i6Ö @, clnslt ;Gt'i6Ö #, ;Gt'i6tfsf] :t/ c;Gt'i6Ö $, lgs} c;Gt'i6Ö % sf]8 u @= ljut ! jif{leq cfk"mn] b]v]sf] s'g} e|i6frf/L sfo{lj?4 ph'/L ug'{ePsf] 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @ -5}g eg] u %= df hfg'xf];\_ 5 < lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noÖ !, ;DalGwt lgsfoÖ @, u #= 5 eg], s'g ;+:yfdf ph'/L ug'{ePsf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uÖ #, x]nf] ;/sf/Ö $, 5 < /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|Ö %, 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn jf ;Da4 ;+:yfx?Ö ^, cGoÖ & u $= tkfO{sf] ph'/Lsf] kl/0ffd s] /x\of] < sf/afxL eof]Ö !, s]xL ePgÖ @, k|lqmofdf 5Ö # sxfF ph'/L ug]{ hfgsf/L gePsf]Ö !, u %= u @ df 5}g df 7Ls ug'{ePsf] eP ph'/L ug'{ lg/y{s nfu]sf]Ö @, To;sf] sf] sf/0f < ph'/L ubf{ eljiodf c;lhnf] x'g] 8/Ö #, cGoÖ $ u ^= eljiodf ph'/L btf{ ug'{x'g]5 < 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, yfxf ePgÖ #

:yfgLo ;/sf/ -g==kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;=_ sf nflu ljz]if k|Zgx? -;]jf lnPsf] v08df_ sf]8 u &= s] g=kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;= cGtu{tsf ljleGg ljsf; sfo{x? 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, slxn]sflxFÖ af/] ;"rgf k|jfx ul/G5 < #, yfxf ePgÖ $ u *= s] g=kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;=sf] ah]6af/] v'nf d~rdf 5nkmn 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, ul/G5 < slxn]sflx+FÖ #, yfxf ePgÖ $ u (= s] g=kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;=åf/f ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/G5 <

5Ö !, 5}gÖ @,

u !)= s] g=kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;=df ph'/L ug{sf nflu cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g < -h:t} ph'/L lng] ljz]if clwsf/L, ph'/L afs;, ph'/L btf{ lstfa_ u !! s] g=kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;=df sf]xL vf; ;"rgf clwsf/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 <

5Ö !, 5}gÖ @,

yfxf ePgÖ # yfxf ePgÖ # 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, yfxf ePgÖ # lgs} ;Gt'i6Ö !,

u !@= g=kf= ÷ uf=lj=;= ÷ lh=lj=;=sf ljsf; sfo{qmdx?af6 slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <

;Gt'i6Ö @, clnslt ;Gt'i6Ö #, c;Gt'i6Ö $, lgs} c;Gt'i6Ö %

;fd'bflos ljBfnosf nflu ljz]if k|Zgx? -olb ;/sf/L ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfx? eP, o; v08sf nflu ljBfyL{x?sf] /fo cfjZos /xG5_ sf]8 u !#= s] lzIfsx?n] lgoldt ?kdf sIff lng'x'G5 < u !$= s] lzIfsx?n] ;a} ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{'x'G5 < u !%= s] k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd lgwf{l/t ;dodf g} ;fj{hlgs x'g] u5{ < u !^= s] ljBfyL{x?n] kf7\ok':ts ;dodf g} kfpF5g\ < u !&= s] ljBfnoaf6 s'g} cleefjs e]nf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/G5 < u !*= s] tkfO{+nfO{ ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ePsf] hfgsf/L 5 <

;w}+ lgoldtÖ !, w]/}h;f] lgoldtÖ @, 7Ls}Ö #, w]/}h;f] clgoldtÖ $, ;w} clgoldtÖ % ;w} ;dfg ug]{ Ö !, w]/}h;f] ;dfg ug]{Ö @, 7Ls}Ö #, w]/} h;f] ;dfg gug]{Ö $, ;w} ;dfg gug]{Ö % 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, slxn]sflx+FÖ # 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, slxn]sflx+FÖ #, yfxf ePgÖ $ 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @, yfxf ePg Ö # 5Ö !, 5}gÖ @

v08 3M ;'emfj -Pp6}dfq pQ/ dfGo x'G5_ /fHo k|zf;gÖ !, /fhgLlt÷/fhgLlts bnÖ @, /fhgLlts OR5f zlQmsf] sdLÖ #, gful/s ;r]tgfsf] sdLÖ $, a]/f]huf/LÖ %, ul/aL tyf clzIffÖ ^, dxFuLÖ&, cGo =============Ö * sfg"gL sf/afxLÖ !, gful/s ;r]tgfÖ @, k|zf;sLo 3 @= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf nflu s] kxn lhDd]jf/LÖ #, lg/LIf0fÖ $, /fhgLlts OR5f zlQmÖ%, ug{ ;a}eGbf h?/L xf]nf < cGo =============Ö ^ 3 #= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fdf gful/s gful/s ;r]tgfÖ !, lg/LIf0fÖ @, ;fd"lxs bafa lbg'Ö #, ;dfhsf] s:tf] e"ldsf /xG5 < gLlt tyf jsfntÖ $, cGo =============Ö % 3 $= ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'wf/sf nflu s] ;'ljwf lj:tf/Ö !, Ifdtf a[l4Ö @, b08;hfoÖ #, l8lh6n kxn ug{ h?/L xf]nf < ;]jf k|0ffnLÖ $, cGo =============Ö % 3 != e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] d'Vo sf/s s] xf]nf <

WfGojfb

===============================================================================

lg/LIfssf] gfd / b:tvt

tYof+s ;+snssf] gfd / b:tvt