NEWS BULLETIN – AUG 2016 by TINEPAL

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cfn]v ck/]zgÚ dfkm{t\ Ps ;g;gLk"0f{ v'nf;f u¥of] . o'lge;{n d]l8sn sn]hsf k|zf;g k|dv ' w|j' kf}8n ] n] s'/fsfgLsf qmddf cl8of] /]s8{df lrtjg d]l8sn sn]hsf ;~rfnsn] sf]6f lgwf{/0fs} qmddf k6s– k6s u/L ^) s/f]8 ?k}ofF vr{ ul/;s]sf] :jLsf/]sf lyP . pgn] :jLsf/]sf 5g\, …lsi6sf] ! ;o #% l;6 agfpg 8]9 s/f]8 v'jfOof] .Ú^ gLltut txd} rnv]n @)&) c;f/–;fpgdf g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf] lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg eof] . h;n] ^ z}®of a/fa/ Ps ljBfyL{ sf]6fsf] cg'kftnfO{ kl/dfh{g ul/lbP/ % z}®ofsf] cg'kftdf emfl/lbof] . Ps}k6s b'O{ d]l8sn sn]hdf k9fpg gkfOg] Joj:yf klg ;f]xL qmddf kl/dfh{g eof] . ;+zf]lwt

;+zf]lwt dfkb08cg';f/ cltly k|fWofkssf ¿kdf Pshgfn] g} b'O{ 7fpFdf k9fpg kfpg] ePsf 5g\ . ef/tdf Pp6f k|fWofks b'O{lt/ e]l6P d]l8sn sfplG;nn] & jif{ lgnDag ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . dfkb08cg';f/ cltly k|fWofkssf ¿kdf Pshgfn] g} b'O{ 7fpFdf k9fpg kfpg] ePsf 5g\ . ef/tdf Pp6f k|fWofks b'Ol{ t/ e]l6P d]l8sn sfplG;nn] & jif{ lgnDag ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . d]l8sn sfplG;nn] kl/dfh{g u/]sf] Joj:yfn] lghL d]l8sn sn]hx?nfO{ lgs} ;xh agfOlbof] . Ps t, sd a]8 / k"jf{wf/d} pgLx?n] kof{Kt l;6 kfpg] eP . bf];f| ,] kfFr–b; jif{cl3;Dd d]l8sn cWofks– k|fWofksx¿ sd x'bF f klg cfjZos gePsf] …lelhl6ª k|fk] m];/Úsf] Joj:yf ul/lbof], h;n] ubf{ Pshgf k|fWofksnfO{ @–# j6f d]l8sn sn]hn] klg cfkm\gf] hgzlQm eg]/ bfaL ug]{ / To;sf cfwf/df l;6 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] eP . g]kfndf d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] k"jf{wf/ cefjsf] k|dv ' sf/0fdWo] cWofksx?sf] cefj klg Ps xf] . lghL d]l8sn sn]h ;~rfnsx?sf] ToxL ;d:of 6fg{ sfplG;nn] gLltut txd} ;Daf]wg ul/lbof] .

t/, cfO{;Lo"sf] ;+Vof eg] a9fOPsf] 5 . b}lgs % xhf/eGbf a9L ?k}ofF z'Ns lng kfpg] ePsfn] d]l8sn sn]hx¿n] rfx]cg';f/ cfO{;Lo"sf] sf]6f a9fOPsf] ph'/L clVtof/df 5 . la/fdL cr]t cj:yfdf x'g] ePsfn] d]l8sn ljBfyL{sf] k|of]ufTds sIffsf nflu cfO{;Lo"sf la/fdL pko'Qm x'bF g} g\ . t/, sn]hsf] cfDbfgL x'g] ePsfn] sfplG;nn] cfO{;Lo"df ;+Vof ylklbof] . d]l8sn sn]hx?nfO{ ;DaGwgdfq} lbg;Sg] sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfkm\g} kbflwsf/Lx?n] rnfvLk"0f{ 9+un] ;+zf]wg ul/lbP . …lj:tfl/t sfo{qmdÚsf] gfddf b]jbx / lj/f6 d]l8sn sn]hn] PdaLaLP; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . …lj:tfl/t sfo{qmd eg]sf] ljZjljBfnon] g} sn]hdf cfkm\g} ;+nUgtfdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ xf]Ú sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnon] gLltut txd} u/]sf] clgoldttfaf/] ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf k"j{ /lhi6«f/ >Lk|;fb kl08t eG5g\, …s]on " ] rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;DaGwg lbg lj:tfl/t sfo{qmdsf] gfddf cfj/0f nufPsf] 5, Tof] 3'dfO{– lkm/fO{ lbPsf] ;DaGwg g} xf] .Ú utjif{bl] v PdaLaLP; sfo{qmdsf nflu clwstd\ #% nfv ?k}ofF tf]Sg] egL ;/sf/n] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . t/, lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yf -cfO{cf]Pd_n] To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog x'g lbPg . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]us} sltko kbflwsf/Lsf] bafadf clwstd\ z'Nssf] gLlt c;kmn eof] . clVtof/s} of]nufotsf ljleGg bafa y]Ug g;s]kl5 afWo eP/ cfO{cf]Pd l8g /fs]z >Ljf:tjn] /fhLgfdf lbP . clwstd\ z'Ns tf]Sg] gLlt c;kmn x'Fbf sDtLdf klg Pp6f ljBfyL{nfO{ % nfv ?k}ofF cltl/Qm ef/ k/]sf] 5 . cb[Zo?kdf c;kmn kfl/Psf] of] 36gfdf % ;o ljBfyL{sf] dfq} lx;fa lgsfNbf d]l8sn sn]h ;~rfnsx?n] @% s/f]8 ?k}ofF cltl/Qm cfh{g u/] . g]kfndf d]l8sn sn]hsf ;~rfnsx? klg gLlt– lgdf{0f txdf olt;Dd xfjL ePsf 5g\ ls pgLx?n] cfkm"cg'sn " sf] gLlt, dfkb08 / lgod agfpg s/f]8f}+ vr{ u5{g\ . d]l8sn sfplG;nsf] lgodfjnL ;+zf]wgsf] vr{ h'6fpg sn]h ;~rfnsx?n] w'lnv]nsf] l/;f]6d{ f e]nf g} u/]sf lyP . To;sf] s]xL dlxgfkl5 tTsflng r'gfjL ;/sf/n] dGqLkl/ifb\af6} lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg ul/lbPsf] lyof] .&

^= x]g'{xf];\, http://cijnepal.org.np/2015-08-30-11-27-29 &= o'lge;{n d]l8sn sn]hsf k|zf;g k|d'v w|'j kf}8]nn] dGqfno / sfplG;nsf clwsf/Lx?nfO{ …k};f k]n]/}Ú cg's"nsf] lg0f{o u/fpg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . lj:t[tdf x]g'{xf];\, http://cijnepal.org.np/2015-08-30-11-27-29/

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cfn]v lg/Lx sfplG;n, z+sf:kb kbflwsf/L d]l8sn sn]hsf] l;6 lgwf{/0fb]lv lgoldt lg/LIf0f / lgod kfngf u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s lgsfo g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n xf] . t/, /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm ug]{ sfplG;nsf] cWoIf ;DalGwt /fhgLlts bnk|lt akmfbf/ x'G5 eg] lgjf{rgaf6 lgo'Qm x'g] s]xL kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|rf/–k|;f/ vr{nufotsf aGbf]a:t d]l8sn sn]hx?n] ul/lbG5g\ . sfplG;ndf lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/Lx?n] sn]h lg/LIf0fsf qmddf ug]{ …cfh{gÚn] cfkm\gf]bl] v lgo'lQmdf ;xof]u ug]{ kIfsf] ;d]t cfjZostf k"/f u5{g\ . To;}n] xf]nf, sfplG;ndf latfO;s]sfdWo] ;Lldt kbflwsf/Ldfq} ljjfbaf6 d'Qm 5g\ . k|fWofks ljdns'df/ l;Gxf g]tT[ jsf] 6f]nLn] @)&) r}tdf s]xL d]l8sn sn]h, ljZjljBfno / sfplG;nsf] e"ldsfdfly cWoog u/]sf] lyof] . d]l8sn sfplG;nsf kbflwsf/Lx?n] af/Daf/ Pp6} sn]h bf]xf]¥ofP/ cg'udg ug]{ / cfk}mn F ] tof/ kf/]sf] k|ltj]bg cfk}mF ;+nUg af]8n { ] kfl/t u/]sf 36gfqmdx? ljZn]if0f ub}{ cWoogn] yk 5fglagsf] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] lyof] . pQm 6f]nLsf] cWoogcg';f/, sfplG;nsf kbflwsf/Ln] x:tfIf/ljgf g} k|ltj]bg a'emfpg], e"m6f] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf sf/0f sn]hx?df jf:tljs?kdf km\ofsN6Lx? g/x]sf], sltkodf km\ofsN6Lx?sf] k|df0fLs/0f gu/]sf], dfkb08eGbf sdsf d]l8sn sn]hx?nfO{ klg l;kmfl/; u/]sf] e]l6Psf] lyof] . g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf cl3Nnf] sfo{sfnsf clwsf+z kbflwsf/Ldfly u}/sfg"gL cfh{gsf] cleof]udf clVtof/df 5fglag rln/x]sf] 5 . s]xL kbflwsf/Lx?sf] 5fglag …tfd]nLsf] lg0f{oÚ eO{ gf6sLo?kdf lsgf/f nflu;s]sf] 5 . / tLdWo]s} sltko lrlsT;s eg] clVtof/sf] lj16f]nLsf] ?kdf ;xefuL eO{ d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] lg/LIf0fdf hfg] u/]sf 5g\ .* slt;Dd eg] sfplG;nn] d]l8sn sn]hx?sf nflu ug]{ l;6 lgwf{/0fsf] d:of}bf g} aflx/} to x'g] ljj/0f b'O{ jif{cl3 ;fj{hlgs ePsf] lyof] .( pQm dfOGo"6 5nkmnljgf g} cg'df]bg ePkl5 sfplG;nsf

tTsflng ;b:o Pj+ clwjQmf Hof]lt aflgofn] …gf]6 ckm l8;]G6Ú dfkm{t\ c;xdlt hgfPsf lyP . o;sf] ;}4flGts kIf s] xf] eg] sfplG;ndf lgjf{lrt x'g] clwsf+z kbflwsf/L zkycl3 g} lglZrt :jfy{sf ;fy lgo'lQm lnPsf x'G5g\ / sfo{sfne/ To;s} nflu lqmofzLn eO/xG5g\ . g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf s]xL kbflwsf/L rogsf nflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf d]l8sn sn]h ;~rfnsx?n] 7"nf] vr{ u5{g\ . ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf qmddf e]l6g] s]xL ;|ft] x?sf] cfs8fcg';f/, %) nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf x'g] sltkosf] r'gfjL vr{ ;fdfGo xf] . lgjf{rgkl5 ltg} kbflwsf/Lx?n] k|fof]hs d]l8sn sn]hs} kIfdf pgLx?nfO{ kmfObf x'gu] /L lg0f{o ul/lbG5g\ . l;Gxf g]tT[ jsf] cWoogsf] lgrf]8 x]g{] xf] eg] sfplG;nsf s]xL kbflwsf/Lx?n] s]xL d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] kIfdf v'ndv'nf nljª ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . …Pp6} JolQm ^÷& k6s pxL d]l8sn sn]hsf] lg/LIf0fdf hfg'sf] cy{ c? s] x'g;S5 <Ú d]l8sn sn]h ;'wf/sf nflu ;+3if{/t 8f= uf]ljGb s];L eG5g\ . k|fl1s If]qd} k|xf/, v:sFbf] u'0f:t/ gjnk/f;Lsf] b]jbx d]l8sn sn]hx?sf] ;DaGwg :jfy{df bafa y]Ug g;s]kl5 sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf tTsflng pks'nkltn] /fhLgfdf lbP . @)&) d+l;/df ;DaGwg bafa y]Ug g;s]/ g} lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg -cfO{cf]Pd_sf l8g k|sfz ;fodLn] /fhLgfdf lbP . To;sf] s]xL dlxgfcl3 g} ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lx?n] /fhgLlts:t/af6 ;DaGwg bafa v]lk/x]sf lyP . slt;Dd eg] tTsflng lzIffdGqL dfwj kf}8n ] n] ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmdd} …;/sf/L cg'bfgdf rn]sfn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] ;DaGwg lbGg eGg gx'gÚ] egL cleJolQm lbPsf lyP .!) lrlsT;f lzIffsf] :gftsf]Q/ tx -kf]i6 u|Øfh'P;g_ sf] k|jz ] k/LIff tof/L eO/x]sf] sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnodf PsfPs clVtof/sf] 6f]nL k'Uof] .!! sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf /lhi6«f/ ef]nf yfkfn] 6f]nLn] k|jz ] k/LIffdf x:tIf]k u/L cfk}mF k|Zgkq lgdf{0f u/]sf]

*= lgnd0fL pkfWofo, zzL zdf{ / ;'jf]w clwsf/Ldfly clVtof/n] 5fglag u/]sf] lyof] . sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfno k|s/0fdf tLg}hgf lj1 6f]nLdf ;xefuL lyP . (= @)&! c;f]h !, sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ . !)= @)&) ;fpg ^, sflGtk'/ b}lgs . !!= @)&# h]7 !$, gful/s b}lgs . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

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cfn]v :jLsf/] . …pxfFx?sf] lj1 6f]nLnfO{ xfdLn] :jLsf/ u/]kl5 ;Fufnf]af6 pxfFx?n] k|Zgkq agfpg'eof] / hfFr lng'eof]Ú yfkfn] eg], …:Soflgª u/]/ g} sfkL hfFlrPsf] xf] eg] l/hN6 lgsfNbf klg clVtof/sf] lj1 6f]nLsf Pshgf ;b:o ;+nUg x'gx' G' Yof] .Ú!@ clVtof/sf] 6f]nLdf sfplG;nsf k"j{ /lhi6«f/ tyf d]l8sn ;Nnfxsf/ 8f= gLnd0fL pkfWofo, g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf ;b:o tyf lzIff ;ldlt ;+of]hs 8f= ;'ke| ft >]i7, lsi6 d]l8sn sn]hsf 8f= Clifs]zgf/fo0f >]i7, k|x/L c:ktfnsf 8f= ;/f]h >]i7 tyf cfO{cf]Pdsf k"j{ l8g 8f= zzL zdf{, sfplG;n k"j{ ;b:o ;'af]w clwsf/L lyP . oLdWo] s]xL clVtof/sf] 5fglagdf k/]/ gf6sLo?kdf kmfOn …tfd]nLdf /flvPsfÚ JolQm klg 5g\ . pQm k/LIff k|lqmofdf Pzf]l;Pg l8gsf] ?kdf efujt g]kfnn] klg x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP / pgs} k'q k|jz ]

d]l8sn sn]hx? / To;sf] lgodgsf/L lgsfo sfplG;ndf dgdf}hL9+un] x:tIf]k ul//x]sf] clVtof/n] uDeL/ e|i6frf/sf k|df0f e]l6Fbf klg d'2f bfo/ gu/]sf bh{gf}+ pbfx/0f 5g\ . k/LIffdf ;j{ky| d ePsf lyP . ;f]xL x:tIf]ksf] ljjfbdf ljZjljBfnosf] k|fl1s JolQmTj df}g /x]sf] eGb} l;g]6 ;b:o s]bf/eQm dfy]dfn] /fhLgfdf lbP . o:t}, 36gf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg -cfO{cf]Pd_ df klg bf]xf]l/of] .!# ;Gb]xfTds e"ldsfdf clVtof/ ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmn] ug]{ clgoldttf / e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf] 5fglag ug]{ ;+jw} flgs bfloTj ePsf] lgsfo xf], clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u . cfof]un] e|i6frf/hGo lqmofsnfksf k|df0f e]6d] f ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug'k{ 5{ . t/, d]l8sn sn]hx? / To;sf] lgodgsf/L lgsfo sfplG;ndf dgdf}hL9+un] x:tIf]k ul//x]sf]

clVtof/n] uDeL/ e|i6frf/sf k|df0f e]l6Fbf klg d'2f bfo/ gu/]sf bh{gf}+ pbfx/0f 5g\ . k"jf{wf/ljgf g} ;DaGwg lbPsf], rnv]n u/]sf] / sfplG;nsf kbflwsf/L;Fusf] ldn]dtf]df cTolws sf]6f kfPsf] 36gfdf tof/ ePsf] 5fglag k|ltj]bg kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm x'gc ' l3 g} clVtof/df btf{ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;nsf kbflwsf/Ldfly u}/sfg"gL ;DklQ cfh{gsf] cleof]udf rn]sf 5fglagdWo] b'O{ kmfOn tfd]nLdf k'us ] f 5g\ eg] afFsLdfly s'g} lg0f{o x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . clVtof/n] of] cjlwdf b'Oj{ 6f d'2fdfq} ljz]if cbfntdf btf{ u/fPsf] lyof] . b]jbx d]l8sn sn]hnfO{ ;DaGwg lbPsf] d'2fdf ljz]if cbfntn] cf/f]lktx?nfO{ ;kmfO lbO;s]sf] 5 eg] u08sL d]l8sn sn]hsf] l;6 lgwf{/0fsf] qmddf clgoldttf ePsf] bfaL;lxtsf] d'2f ljz]if cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg 5 . b'jd} f clVtof/n] …z"GoÚ ljuf] dfu–bfaL u/]sf] lyof] .!$ o'lge;{nsf k|zf;g k|dv ' n] ;d]t b'O{ d]l8sn sn]hsf ;~rfnsdfly clVtof/sf s]xL kbflwsf/L c;Gt'i6 /x]sf] v'nf;f u/]sf lyP .!% k|fWofkssf gfddf gSsnL lrlsT;s -v8]afaf_ pEofOPsf] 36gfdf klg 5fglag ePg . olt;Dd ls, g]kfn k|x/Ln] g} d]l8sn sn]h ;~rfngsf] tof/Lsf qmddf hgzlQm b]vfpg ef/tsf] k6gfaf6 v8]afaf NofPsf lyP .!^ kmhL{ sfd / u}/sfg"gL lqmofsnfk /f]Sg'kg]{ bfloTj ePsf] /fHosf] ;'/Iff lgsfo g} o;/L cfkm\gf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf]!& Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu lgodljk/Ltsf] af6f] cjnDag u/]sf] lyof] . of] 36gf ;txdf cfPkl5 eg] k|x/Lsf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifn] d]l8sn sn]h ;~rfng ug]{ tof/Laf6 xft lemSof] . b'O; { lxt c? bh{geGbf a9L d]l8sn sn]hsf] lg/LIf0fdf sfplG;nsf k"j{ / tTsflng kbflwsf/Lx? ;+nUg e]l6Psf lyP . ;|ft] sf cg';f/, b'O{ jif{cl3 g} clVtof/n] d]l8sn sn]h;Fusf] sfo{qmd cg'dlt / ;DaGwg k|lqmofdf sf7df8f}+ / lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt;Dds} 5fglag u/]sf] lyof] . sflGtk'/nfO{ k|fKt sfuhftdf sf7df8f}+ ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt /fds07 dfsfh' / lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt

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cWoog gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff, ;j]{If0f k|ZgfjnL tyf ljZn]if0fh:tf ljlw ckgfOPsf lyP . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ df pNn]v ePsf ;a} k|b]zsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L !$ lhNnf -Onfd, ;'g;/L, df]/ª, pbok'/, wg'iff, l;Gw'nL, sf7df8f}+, wflbª, lrtjg, sf:sL, ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, ;v]{t, s}nfnL_ sf ;]jf k|bfos :jf:Yo ;+:yf -(*_ / ;]jfu|fxL @ (% ;d]t #(# ;j]{If0f k|ZgfjnLdf k|fKt k|ltlqmof (Response) sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf k|d'v kIfx¿ :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] tof/ kf/]sf] @)^(÷&) b]lv @)&!÷&@ ;Ddsf] cfly{s ljj/0fdf lgMz'Ns cf}iflwsf nflu ePsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hg / vr{sf] l:ylt x]bf{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg @)^(÷&) df ePsf] &( s/f]8 ^% nfvaf6 a9]/ @)&!÷&@ df ?= *@ s/f]8 *) nfv k'u] klg vr{ @)^(÷&) df ?= &^ s/f]8 %$ nfv ePsf]df @)&!÷&@ df ?= #( nfv @* xhf/ dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}, ;j]{If0fdf k/]sf !$ lhNnf c:ktfn–lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{nox¿dWo] ^ lhNnf -pbok'/, wflbª, wg'iff, df]/ª, s}nfnL tyf ?kGb]xL_ n] dfq lgMz'Ns cf}iflwsf] nflu ePsf] ah]6 ljlgof]hg, lgsf;f / vr{sf] ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf 5g\ . oL lhNnfx¿af6 k|fKt ljj/0fnfO{ x]bf{ oL tLg} jif{df ah]6 l:y/ /x]sf] jf a9]sf] b]lvG5 eg] vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf klg p:t} /x]sf] b]lvof] . cf}iflw vl/b ;DaGwdf dGqfnon] æaf]nkq s]Gb|df, vl/b lhNnfdf (Central Bidding Local Purchasing - CBLP) sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf, @)^^ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)^^÷^& sf] ah]6 jQmJodf ælgMz'Ns¿kdf ljt/0f ub}{cfPsf cf}iflwx¿ ;dod} la/fdLnfO{ pknAw u/fpgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 Psd'i6 7]Ssf k|0ffnLaf6 vl/b ;Demf}tf u/L lhNnf:t/df g} cfk"lt{ x'g] / TolxFaf6} /sd e'QmfgL ug]{ k|lqmof ;'¿ ul/g]5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePcg';f/ of] sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] . of] Joj:yfcg';f/ s]Gb|Lo:t/af6 OsfO{ b/ sfod ul/G5 / lhNnfn] cfkm"nfO{ ljlgof]lht ah]6af6 ;f]xL OsfO{ b/df cfk"lt{ ul/Psf cf}iflwsf] e'QmfgL ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLdf lhNnfl:yt :jf:Yo ;+:yfnfO{ :jLs[t ah]6dWo] !) k|ltzt If]qLo :jf:Yo lgb]{zgfno;Fu lhNnfdf lgMz'Ns cTofjZos cf}iflw pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfk"lt{ ug{ df}Hbft (Buffer Stock) /fVg vr{ ul/G5 . To:t}, @) k|ltzt ah]6 s]Gb|af6

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6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] sfo{;ldltn] u/]sf] lqmofsnfk / k|oTg ;sf/fTds /x]sf] wf/0ff ;b:ox?n] JoSt ug{e' of] . pxfFx?n] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] kxn / x:tIf]kn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf leGg klxrfg agfpg cfjZos /x]sf] klg cf}N+ ofpg'eof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng u/]sf lqmofsnfk ;fGble{s /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . t/, e|i6frf/lj?4sf] sfo{zn } L / lqmofsnfk ;zSt agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf klg cf}N+ ofpg'eof] . o;sf cltl/St b]zdf a9]sf] e|i6frf/ / df}nfpFb} uPsf] b08xLgtf tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug{k' 5{ eGg]df ;a}sf] Psdt /x]sf] lyof] . ;b:o e]nfsf] cGTodf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] pkl:yt ;b:ox?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf wGojfb 1fkg ug{e' of] . pxfFn] ;b:ox?n] JoSt u/]sf /fo–;'emfanfO{ Wofg lbg] k|ltj4tf klg JoSt ug{e' of] .9

;fpy–;fpy PS;r]Gh sfo{qmd 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fli6«o RofK6/x? 6LcfO{ a+unfb]z, 6LcfO{ OlG8of / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k|ltlglw ;Ddlnt Ps ;dLIff e]nf @( h'g @)!^ df sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . e]nfdf ;fpy–;fpy PS;r]~h sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf, l;lsPsf kf7x?, / o;sf :yfoL kl/0ffdx?sf af/]df 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .

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;xefuL u/fpg ;Sg] 5g\ . sfo{qmddf ;xefuL o'jf Ps csf]{ b]zdf kfFr dlxgf a;L 6LcfO{sf] :yfgLo RofK6/nfO{ ;3fpg] 5g\ . e]nfsf qmddf Pkms] o'y k|ltlglwx?n] sfo{qmdsf] ck]lIft glthf, ah]6 / cGo cfjZos ;/;fdfgsf af/]df klg 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .9

k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] cfa4 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ nlIft u/L k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u¥of] . @)&# h]7 !^ b]lv !* ut];Dd xf]6n Pnf] Kofuf]8fdf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf gf} lhNnfsf cfa4 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . k|lzIf0f g]kfndf ;bfrf/ k|j4{g kl/of]hgfcGtu{tsf] lqmofsnfk xf] . k|:t't sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] ug{'ePsf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] ;qdf ;xefuLx?nfO{ 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] tof/ u/]sf] ;dsIfL k|lzIf0f ;|f]t k'l:tsfsf cfwf/df lkP/ Ph's];gsf ;DaGwdf k|lzIf0f lbOPsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf afXo k|lzIfssf ?kdf ljZj/d0f Gof}kfg], ;'/]z k|wfgn] k|lzIf0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmd g}lts /

gful/s lzIffsf] dxTj tyf ;'zf;g;Fu o;sf] ;DaGwaf/] s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] . k|lzIfsx?n] k|lzIf0fsf qmddf l;sfOPsf l;k :yfgLo txdf k|efjsf/L tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] hfgsf/L lbP . sfo{qmdsf] bf];|f] ;qdf aLPgcfO{Pgsf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ pkof]uL hfgsf/L ;Dk|]if0f u/L Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] lyof] . ;xefuLx?nfO{ aLPgcfOPg sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf / k|ltj]bg n]vgaf/] klg k|lzIf0f lbOPsf] lyof] . cfa4 ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;"rgf ;+sng;DaGwL 1fg / n]vg snfaf/] l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt u/] . o;}qmddf cg';Gwfgstf{ 8f= k|sfzrGb| e§/fO{n] k|lzIffyL{x?nfO{ ;j]{If0f;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+sng, cWoog ljlw / cGo ;Da4 ljifoj:t'sf af/]df Pp6f ;qsf] ;xhLs/0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] .9

xfog a}7s 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] Xo'dflg6]l/og P8 OG6]lu|6L g]6js{ ldl6ª 6sL{sf] O:tfga'ndf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o'Pg Xo'dl] g6]l/og ;ld6 eO/x]sf a]nf ;DkGg ;f] a}7sdf 6LcfO{sf /fli6«o RofK6/ / Pzf]l;P6\;sf !% ;b:osf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;f] a}7s @)&# h]7 !@–!# ut] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

/ ;]gu] nsf k|ltlglwx?n] cfkm\gf] b]zdf ;~rfng ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx?af/] cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/]sf lyP . tL b]zdf PG6L k|m8 x6nfOg, kf]:6 sGkm\lnS6 l/sG:6«S;g, sDo'lg6L a]:8 df]lg6l/ª, /]km\oh ' L qmfOl;; h:tf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] pgLx?n] atfP .

;f] a}7sdf ckmuflg:tfg, ;f]dflnof, lugL, n]agfgdf x'Fb} u/]sf dfgjLo ;xfotf ;DaGwL $ j6f ;fGble{s cWoogx?af/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . To; cj;/df 6LcfO{n] ;~rfng u/]sf] dfgjLo kl/of]hgf lqmP6sf] ;g\ @)!^ sf] jflif{s sfo{qmdaf/]df k'glj{rf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]xLqmddf If]qLo txdf ;~rfng ul/g] If]qLo ultljlwx?sf] ;Defjgfsf] ;d]t vf]hL ul/Psf] lyof] . 6LcfO{sf /fli6«o RofK6/x? kfls:tfg, g]kfn, Kofn]:6fOg, ckmuflg:tfg, hf]8g{ , n]jgg

pSt sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cflzif yfkf ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfdf ;bfrf/ sfo{qmdsf af/]df k|f/lDes hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . a}7s dfgjLo ;xfotf;DaGwL efjL sfo{qmd, 6LcfO{ RofK6/sf kxn;DaGwL tYof+s, If]qLo e]nf, ;xof]u /sd b'?kof]u;DaGwL cWoog / cg'udgh:tf ljifodf yk sfo{ ug]{ ;xdlt ub}{ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .9 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

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tYof+s ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] . tL sfof{nox?df e"ld;'wf/ tyf dfnkf]t, gfkL sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no, k|x/L sfof{no, oftfoft sfof{no, gu/kflnsf, ljB't\, lhNnf l;~rfO sfof{no, s[lif sfof{no, lhNnf jg sfof{no, s/ / eG;f/ sfof{no cflb x'g\ . ;j]{If0fn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] :t/f]Gglt ug{'kg]{, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtkm{ pGd'v x'g'kg]{h:tf tYox? phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .9

afun'ª lhNnf ;Dd]ng 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu c;n l5d]sL afun'ªn] zflGt, k|ult, hjfkmb]xL / :yfloTj, ;bfrf/df cfwfl/t ;dfh k|j4{gdf xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy lhNnf ;Dd]ng ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd @)&# h]7 @ ut] afun'ªdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] . ;Dd]ngdf ;/sf/L lgsfo, lghLIf]q, Jofkf/, gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/dfWod, sfg"g Joj;foL, k|x/L, /fhgLlts bn, z}lIfs If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ %) hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;xefuLx?n] c~rn tyf lhNnf:t/df lzIff / ;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ s'/f cf}+NofPsf lyP .

JolStsf clwsf/, :jtGqtf / lhDd]jf/L k|efljt ePsf] atfP . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o 8f= lrGtfdl0f of]uLn] lzIff / ;bfrf/sf af/]df cfkm\gf ljrf/ /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf cg';f/ ;bfrf/df cfwfl/t lzIff tyf lzIff k|0ffnLn] dfq xfd|f] ;dfh ;an / Goflos x'g] ljrf/ JoSt ug{'eof] . lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?n] ;'zf;g k|j4{g / gful/s d}qL k|zf;gk|lt k|ltj4tf hgfP . To:t}, klZrdf~rn If]qLo k|zf;sn] gful/snfO{ cfkm\gf] u'gf;f] !!!! df btf{ ug{ cfu|x sfo{qmdsf ;xefuLn] afun'ª lhNnfsf] ug{'eof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfsf af/]df rrf{ u/]sf lyP . yfkfn] ;Dd]ngsf] ;kmntfk|lt ;Gt'li6 JoSt To:t}, pgLx?n] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] cfa4 ;+:yfdfkm{t ug{'eof] . pxfFn] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL / ;bfrf/o'St e|i6frf/lj?4 afun'ª lhNnfdf ;~rfng u/]sf lzIffdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ klg atfpg'eof] . ;Dd]ngsf] lqmofsnfksf] ;/fxgf u/]sf lyP . ;xefuLx?n] cGTodf gf} a'Fb] afun'ª 3f]if0ff–kq ;fj{hlgs lzIff If]qdf ePsf] /fhgLlts/0fn] lzIff k|0ffnL, ul/of] .9

;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] cf1f ;f]zn sG;g{ eStk'/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf ljifos cGt/lqmof ;DkGg u¥of] . cGtlqm{of eStk'/ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] ;efsIfdf @)&# a}zfv #! ut] ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;b:o 8f= cg';o' f hf]zLn] ;bfrf/ k|j4{gdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf ljifos sfo{kq k|:t't ug{e' Psf] lyof] . 8f= hf]zLn] ;g\ @))^ b]lv !%;Dd

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dsjfgk'/df ;bfrf/ k|j4{g cleofg ;bfrf/ Pj+ ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ Wo]o lnO{ dsjfgk'/sf gful/sx? ;lDdlnt e]nf x]6f}8fdf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . e]nf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf ;b:o Pj+ jl/i7 clwjStf >L s[i0fk|;fb e08f/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . ;f] e]nf @)&# h]7 @! ut] ck/fXg k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k|f+u0fdf /x]sf] g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;P;gsf] ;efsIffdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . e]nfdf gful/s cu'jfx?, g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;P;g x]6f}8fsf cWoIf, sfg"g Joj;foLx?, ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?, ;~rf/sdL{x?;d]t #) hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . e]nfdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf ;b:o s[i0fk|;fb e08f/Ln] :yfgLo gful/ssf] ;lqmotf lagf sxLF klg e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofg ;kmn gePsf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{'eof] . pxfFn] ;dfhdf hfg]– a'em]sf dflg; cl3 g;g]{ xf] eg] ;dfh emg\ k5fl8 kg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf ;a}hgfn] uDeL/tfk"j{s dgg\ ub}{ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] cleofgnfO{ ;fy lbg

cfu|x ug{'eof] . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf ;~rf/ clws[t 6L Pg l3ld/]n] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] cleofgsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . pxfFn] ljZjJofkL ?kdf 6LcfO{sf] ;'?jftb]lv g]kfndf o;sf] :yfkgf;Ddsf] hfgsf/L lbg' ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] b]zleq rnfPsf cleofgsf af/]df klg pxfFn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . e|i6frf/lj?4 va/bf/L ug{' x/]s gful/ssf] st{Jo ePsfn] r'knfu]/ ga:g cfu|x ub}{ :yfgLo gful/ssf] cf:yf af]s]sf] ;d"xn] ;~rfng u/]sf] cleofg ;kmn ePsf] x'Fbf To;tkm{ cu|;/ x'g ;xefuL ;a}nfO{ pxfFn] cfu|x ug{'eof] . sfo{qmddf g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;P;g x]6f}8fsf cWoIf clwjStf uf]kfnk|;fb cfrfo{, gful/s cu'jfx? clwjStf lzj sf]O/fnf, cfgGb/fd kf]v/]nn] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFx?n] 6LcfO{ g]kfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cleofgdf ;+:yfut tj/n] ;3fpg] k|ltj4tf JoSt ug{'eof] .9

/f}tx6 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] lqmPl6e u|'k ckm g]kfn;Fusf] ;xsfo{df ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no /f}tx6sf] k|f+u0fdf @)&# a}zfv @$ ut] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] . sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo p2]Zo gful/ssf] u'gf;f] ;Da4 lgsfosf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;'gfpg], ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglwnfO{ hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / lhDd]jf/ agfpg bafa lbg], ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;bfrf/ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{, gful/s / :yfgLo lgsfoaLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;'ljwfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] cflb /x]sf lyP . sfo{qmddf d'Vo cltlysf ?kdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf e/taxfb'/ yfkf /xg'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zoaf/] aLPgcfOPgkl/of]hgfsf ;+of]hs df]xg a'9fyf]sLn] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf /f}tx6 lhNnfdf /x]sf ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf qmddf gful/sx?nfO{ cfkm\gf ;d:of /fVg elgPsf] lyof] . gful/sx?n] y'k|} ;d:ofx? ;'g'jfO{ gePsf]] eGb} cfkm\gf u'gf;fx?

/fv]sf lyP . tL k|Zgx? ;Da4 sfof{nosf k|d'vx?n] hjfkm lbPsf lyP . sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf qmddf emfn] /f}tx6 lhNnfdf /x]sf clwsf+z ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] sfd– sf/afxLk|lt gful/s ;Gt'i6 gePsf] hfgsf/L ljleGg ;~rf/dfWodn] ;fj{hlgs ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] . ljz]ifu/L gful/s;Fu k|ToIf;DaGw /fVg] sfof{nox? dfnkf]t, gfkL, e"ld;'wf/, lhNnf k|zf;g, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, lhNnf :jf:Yob]lv lnP/ gu/kflnsf / uflj; sfof{nox?;Ddsf] ;]jf ;'ljwfk|lt klg gful/ssf] c;Gt'li6x? /x]sf] 5 eGg'eof] . log} ;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ u/L lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:yltdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;afx]s lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no / lhNnf c:ktfn uf}/nfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL / gfu/l/sd}qL agfpg] ljz]if Wo]o /fvL ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf qmddf :yfgLo gful/sn] p7fPsf ;d:ofx? lgDgfg';f/sf lyP . k|x/Ln] u'gf;f] g;'g]sf], lgj]bg btf{ ug{ gdfg]sf], 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

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k|zf;lgs / lrlsT;f;]jfsf] cj:yfn] gful/s kLl8t x'Fb}cfPsf 5g\ . b/jGbLcg';f/sf] lrlsT;s gx'g', /fHon] lgMz'Ns lbg] eg]sf] cf}iflw ;j{;wf/0fn] kfpg g;Sg', c:ktfndf bnfndfkm{t ;]jf k|jfx ul/g', ePsf sd{rf/L klg sfof{no ;dodf ga:g'h:tf ;d:ofx? ljBdfg 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3 /f}tx6sf k"j{ cWoIf k|]drGb| emfn] ;~rfng ug'{ePsf] lyof] .9

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fu ;bfrf/ k|j4{g 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldlt l;/fxfsf] ;xsfo{df Ps cGtlqm{of ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx?;Fu ;bfrf/ k|j4{g ljifodf s]lGb|t pSt cGtlqm{of @)&# ;fpg # ut] l;/fxfsf] l/dlemd xf]6ndf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] . sfo{qmddf l;/fxf lhNnfsf ;xfos k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L k'?iff]Qd l3ld/] / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf dxf;lrj >L d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . cGtlqm{of ;fd'bflos ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf /fhs'df/ emfsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ePsf]

lyof] . cWoIf emfn] :jfut dGtJosf qmddf lhNnfdf e|i6frf/la?4 bafa l;h{gf ug]{ Wo]on] cGt/lqmof cfof]hgf ul/Psf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . 6L=cfO{ g]kfnsf dxf;lrj d's'Gbaxfb'/ k|wfgn] ;bfrf/ zAbsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . cfhsf] ;dodf e|i6frf/ eGg] lalQs} ;a}n] a'em\5g\, t/ ;bfrf/ eg]sf] a'em\g clns sl7gfO{ dx;'; ub{5g\ . e|i6frf/Lx?sf] ;+u7g lgs} g} alnof] /x]sf] / To;sf] t'ngfdf ;bfrf/Lx? ;+ul7t x'g afFsL /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .9

xfd|f] cfXjfg tkfO{+n] st} e|i6frf/, cgfjZos x}/fgL jf l9nf;':tLsf] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf] 5 < 5 eg] xfd|f] lgMz'Ns gDa/ !^^)–)!–@@@!! df ;Dks{ ug{'xf];\. xfdL tkfO{+nfO{ dbt ug{ tof/ 5f}+ .

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k|d'v cfo'St af:sf]6fn] ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|of]u ug{ / u/fpg u};;x?sf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo /x]sf] eGb} ;"rgfsf] xssf af/]df u|fdL0f:t/sf gful/snfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] ;"rgf clwsf/Lx?nfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbg] sfo{qmd / gful/sx?nfO{ ;"rgfsf] xs;Dd kx'Fr k'¥ofpg

sfo{qmddf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfdf sfo{/t k|ltlglwx?n] ;"rgfsf] xs sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf af/]df lh1f;f /fv]sf lyP . cfkm" sfo{/t ;+:yfaf6 ;"rgf ljgf emGem6 k|jfx ug]{ / ;"rgf dfu ug{ gful/snfO{ r]tgf km}nfpg ;xof]u ug]{ k|ltj4tf klg pgLx?n] JoSt u/]sf lyP .9

To;}u/L, u};; dxf;+3sf If]qLo cWoIf lvd axfb'/ zfxLn] ;+:yfn] ug]{ sfo{qmdx?df ;"rgfsf] xs hf]8\g ;a} u};;sdL{x?nfO{ cg'/f]w ug{'eof] . pxfFn] u};;x?n] ;"rgfsf] xssf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf] eP klg To;nfO{ cfd gful/sn] dx;'; ug]{ u/L a9fpFb} n}hfg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

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x'/f8]s g]kfn bf]nvfsf cWoIf xf]d kf7s, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs rGb| s6'jfn / sfo{qmd clws[t z]/axfb'/ e'h]nn] tflnd ;xhLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] . tflnddf ;xefuL ;xhstf{ dfkm{t ljBfno:t/df e|i6frf/lj?4 ;r]tgf cleofg ;~rfng x'g] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . tflnddf k'zktL sGof dlGb/ dflj rl/sf]6, dx]Gb|f]bo pRr dflj df6L, l;tfkfOnf pRr dflj hkm] / sfnLgfu pRr dflj ;'gvfgLsf ljBfyL{x? ;xefuL ePsf lyP .9

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t];|f] rflxF ;+;f/ stf uO/x]sf] 5 < g]t[Tjn] To;sf] hfgsf/L /fVg ;Sg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . g]t[Tjn] ;a} af}l4s s'/f hfGg'k5{ eGg] 5}g . To;sf af/]df ljz]if1x? af]nfP/ hfgsf/L lng ;lsPnf . t/ g]kfn jf xfd|f] ;dfh sxfF 5 < Tof] kQf] nufpg ;Sg] Ifdtf eg] x'g}k5{ . ToxL u/] eof] eGg] efjgf 5 . o;n] zf;s / zfl;t -gful/s_ aLrsf] lnlvt jf clnlvt h] cg'aGw 5 To;n] sfd ul//x]sf] 5}g . lnlvt / clnlvt cg'aGwdf d'VotM rf/ s'/f x'G5g\ . zf;s jf /fHon] s] eG5 eg] ltdL dnfO{ lx+;fsf] c:qdf Psflwsf/ b]pm, sfg"g agfpg] clwsf/ b]pm, d}n] agfPsf] sfg"g ltdL kfngf u/, d}n] tf]s]sf] s/ lt/ . o;afkt d ltd|f] ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf u5{' . JolStsf], ;DklQsf], ;Ddfgsf], d ltd|f] cl:tTj / klxrfgsf] Uof/]G6L u5{', d ltdLnfO{ Go"gtd ;'ljwf k'of{pF5' . d ltdLnfO{ a[xt\ klxrfg lbG5', cK7\of/f] k/]sf] a]nf dbt u5{', h'g sfd gful/stf jf /fxbfgLn] u5{ . t/ g]kfndf s] eOlbof] eg] gful/ssf ?kdf ;se/ xfdL ;a} u5f}+ . xfdL s/ lt5f}{+, sfg"g dfG5f}+, lx+;fdf Psflw/ lbg dfg]sf 5f}+, sfg"g agfpg] Psflwsf/ lbPsf 5f}+ . t/ zf;gn] cfkm"n] k|Tofe"t ug{'kg]{ y'k|} s'/f ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . oxfF Ps csf{dfly 7"nf] cljZjf; 5 . of] cljZjf;

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cGtjf{tf{ /fhgLlts bnsf] pGglt ug]{ k|lt:kwf{Tds vfsf xf];\ . tL vfsfx?sf] ;dGjoaf6 /fi6«n] Pp6f lbzf xfl;n u/f];\ . d /fhgLlts bnsf] dflg; gePsfn] dnfO eGg ;lhnf] 5 . /fhgLlt ug]{ jf bnsf dflg;x?nfO{ yfxf 5 . t/ ;+:sf/ k':tf}+ kl5 cfPsf] xf] . Tof] s;}n] n]v n]lvlbFb}df jf efif0f ul/lbFb}df x/fpFb}g . ;':t/L kl/jt{g x'g] xf] . o;nfO{ g]t[Tj lbg] vfnsf] jftfj/0f xfdLn] agfpFb} hfg'k5{ . clxn] b'ef{Uo s] eOlbof] eg] g]t[Tj klg cfGbf]ngsf] dgl:yltdf /x]s}x?sf] xftdf 5 . Tof] r'gf}tLk"0f{ cj:yf xf] . To:tf] 5 eGb}df lg/fz x'g'kg]{ l:ylt eg] 5}g . xfdL sxfF ;bfrf/ k|j4{g x'g ;s]g lsg < ;bfrf/ pbfx/0faf6 l;Sg] xf] . ;+:s[tsf] Pp6f Znf]sn] eg]sf] 5– >]i7 JolStx? htf hfG5g\ Tof] g} ;xL af6f] xf] . cyf{t\ ;dfhsf] ;e|fGtn] ;bfrf/sf] af6f] lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf] . ljleGg sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] ;d:of hflt Joj:yfsf] h8tf, efUojfb, ;fdflhs kl/l:ylt, cy{/fhgLlt xf] . o;n] ubf{ xfdLsxfF ;fx|} ;fgf] ;e|fGt ;d"x 5 . of] ;e|fGt ;d"x g} ;bfrf/L eOlbPg . lxGb" ;dfhdf t s'g} a]nf ;fw' ;Gtx? lyP . ltgLx? ;bfrf/L x'Gy] . /fHo e|i6frf/L eof] eg] ;fw';Gtn] ltgnfO{ af6f]df NofpFy] . oBlk ;w}+ ltgLx?sf] s'/f dflgFb}gYof] . dxfef/tdf ljb'/n] eg]sf s'/f b'of]{wgn] dfg]gg\ . To:t} /fdnfO{ jgjf; k7fpg] a]nfdf u'? jlzi7sf] s'/f ;'g]gg\ . /fd argsf k5fl8 g} nfu] . ckjfb xf] ;fdfGotof g}ltsjfg, 5'6\6} ;e|fGt x'GYof] . xfdLsxfF Tof] vf]Hg klg ufx|f] eof] . dw]zdf af6fdf 9'+uf kfOFb}gYof] . e]l6of] eg] ;Dxfn]/ /fVg'x} elgGYof] . lsgeg] slxn]sflxF lsl/of vfg sfd nfU5 elgGYof] . 9'+ufnfO{ ?ks jf k|tLssf ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] xf] . Tof] af]Nb}g / af]Nof] eg] ;fFrf] dfq af]N5 eGg] lyof] . To:tf] 9'+uf vf]Hg klg ufx|f] ePsf] ;dfh agfPsf 5f}+ xfdLn] . o;n] ubf{ af6f] s;n] b]vfpg] eGg] ePsf] 5 . ;a}af6 ljZjf; x/fPsf] 5 . xfd|f] ljZjljBfno 1fgsf] s]Gb| x'g'kg]{ xf] . ;a}eGbf ;:tf] /fhgLlt ToxL x'G5 . c:ktfn :jf:Yo kfpg] 7fpF x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ ToxL c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 . kljq :yn dlGb/ x'g'kg]{ ToxfF nfOgdf sf]xL a:g

dfGb}g, df/fdf/ u5{g\ . xfd|f :jfdLhLx? /fh;L 7f6n] a:5g\ . ;fj{hlgs hUuf ldR5g\ . b/af/eGbf 7"nf cf>d agfpF5g\ . ljZjf; x/fPsf] cj:yf 5 . km]l/klg hf]8 s]df lbG5' eg] cfTdfnf]rgf ub}{ cfkm}+nfO{ k|To]s JolStn] o;nfO{ ;'wfg{ s] ug{ ;S5' eg]/ ;f]Wg'k5{ . s;}n] l;sfOb]nf / To;sf k5fl8 nfuf}+nf eg]/ x'Fb}g . l;sfpg]x? dWo] Ps yl/ aGb's lnP/ h+un k;]s} x'g\ lg . !) jif{ latfP t/ Tof] t gx'g] /x]5 . d d]/f tkm{af6 o;df ;'wf/ ug{ s] ug{ ;S5' eg]/ cfkm}+nfO{ ;f]Wg'k5{ . h'glbg o;f] ug{ yflnG5 ToxL lbgb]lv ;bfrf/ k|j4{g x'g ;'? x'G5 .

ha ;dfhn] oL x]/ of] lxFl8/x]sf] dflg; ;bfrf/L xf] eGg yfN5 ToxL lbgb]lv ;bfrf/ k|j4{g x'g yfN5 . o;n] df}sf t kfPsf] xf] lg t/ s:tf] a]js'km /x]5 df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fpg ;s]g eG5g\– clxn] . xfdLsxfF To:tf] ;+:sf/ JofKt ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] dflg;nfO{ ;bfrf/L aGg]tkm{ k|]l/t ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf} lg < xfdL h] klg sfg"g agfP/ lgoGq0f ug]{ dgl:yltaf6 uof} t/ xfd|f] kl/jf/ / ;dfh ;bfrf/L k|j[lQsf sf/0fn] ;+oldt / lgolGqt ePsf] xf] . sfg"g lgoGq0fd'vL x'G5 . To;sf] pn+3g ul/of] eg] ;hfo x'G5, To;sf/0f sfg"g agfpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ xf]Og . /fHon] Ogfd lbG5 To;n] k|f]T;flxt u5{ . Tof] ef}lts xf] To;sf/0f Tof] 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og . ha ;dfhn] oL x]/ of] lxFl8/x]sf] dflg; ;bfrf/L xf] eGg yfN5 ToxL lbgb]lv ;bfrf/ k|j4{g x'g yfN5 . o;n] df}sf t kfPsf] xf] lg t/ s:tf] a]js'km /x]5 df}sfsf] kmfObf p7fpg ;s]g eG5g\– clxn] . xfdLsxfF To:tf] ;+:sf/ JofKt ePsf] 5 . of] kl/jt{g /ftf/ft x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu w]/} k|oTg ug{'k5{ . s;}n] tof/L k|f?k lbP/ x'Fb}g . ;a}n] cfcfkm\gf] 7fpFaf6 ;s]hlt, hfg]hlt ub}{ hfg'k5{ .9

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Reconstruction and Politics àà Bhadra Sharma

As political wrangling and bureaucratic red tape delays much-needed housing reconstruction thousands of victims have rebuilt their houses own

Frustrated with the delay in getting government announced housing reconstruction aid Bishworam Koju began to rebuild his quakedestroyed house on his own in November. He sold a piece of his land, took loan from a local saving and credit cooperative group and poured his saving for purpose of rebuilding the house, which was destroyed by powerful April 25 earthquake, last year. Koju, a local from Jelan in the district of Bhaktapur, was giving finishing touch to the house and interior decorations while tens of thousands of earthquake victims were braving to take shelter under tent in rain. His family members were ferrying bedding sets to new home after spending almost a year in three rented rooms. Mr. Koju’s family, which was taking shelter in three rented rooms, has already left two after the house was erected and they plan to leave the remaining one shortly after the housing reconstruction completes fully. The powerful earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.8 in April, last year reduced Mr. Koju’s five-storey house to dust and killed Mr. Koju’s 76-year-old mother. He was bereaved by the loss of the properties at that time but planned to build damaged house on his own with the government’s delay to expedite housing reconstruction when things returned to normalcy gradually. Having difficulties to live initially under temporary shelter, later in a rented rooms and losing hope

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of getting the government aid Koju family started reconstruction on their own. “Initially, it was difficult to live under the temporary shelter. Later we shifted to a rented room and it was more difficult to pay monthly rent and adjust there,” says Koju. This led Mr. Koju to seek Rs 2 million as loan from a local saving and credit cooperative group, sell his land and invest his saving to rebuild the quake-damaged house. Like Koju over a dozen villagers in Jelan are rebuilding their houses. Most interviewed villagers said they could not wait longer fully relying on government. Worried whether they had to spend difficult time under temporary shelter or rented houses for years few villagers had started the housing reconstruction in their own. “Nothing has been done from the government side. Only talk. So, I started building house on my own,” says Buddi Narayan Bekoju, another local of Jelan in the district of Bhaktapur. The first floor was already constructed. And second floor was being reconstructed. A local engineer helped the family to design a two-room house following request from Bekoju’s son. Among three sons Bekoju’s oldest son himself is a trusted mason in village while another works as driver. The younger son, Ramesh, (27) who is also mason by profession, was reconstructing the house together with 18-years old sister Rabina. “We have no adequate money to purchase new bricks that is why we are using

cfn]v recycled bricks coming out from the damaged house,” says the 62-year old Bekoju. Most of locals who think they can afford reconstruction on their own by adopting all possible measures have began to reconstruct their permanent shelters on their own. They had taken loan from locally available banks, finance institutions; cooperatives groups. Their own family members are working to rebuild their damaged houses. “We have no money to pay for workers and masons. So, my own family members are working over day and night to rebuilt. This will reduce our construction cost,” says the 42-year- old Rameshwori Bohaju, who was working in housing reconstruction site with her two school going sons in the scorching sun. Her sons, Rujal (21) and Prajwal (16), were helping her. Rujal, who is currently studying Bachelor in Hotel Management and Prajwal, a Travel Tourism student returned to reconstruction work after spending winter and rainy season under temporary shelter constructed in Lewalivi of the district. “It’s been more than a year I am feeling really disturbed to continue my study, because it’s noisy and disturbing all the time,” says Rujal. The Bohaju family is taking shelter in Liwalivi, where 62 earthquake-affected households are living under the temporary shelters. Bohaju had taken Rs 100,000 as loan from local Bhaktapur Saving and Credit Cooperative by depositing land that is being used to reconstruct quake damaged houses. The family hopes to construct one storey house and leave temporary shelter soon. These are few examples of people rising from suffering. A large number of earthquake-affected households are living with a lot of difficulties in temporary shelters, hoping to get government announced money to rebuild quake-damaged houses. The government survey shows thousands of people have already reconstructed their houses on personnel initiatives with the government’s delay to release self-promise money to the earthquake victims. Out of 770,000 households said to be rendered homeless in last years’ catastrophic earthquakes more than 31000 households from 11-worst quake hit districts have reconstructed houses on their personal efforts, according to Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). “Some people have already reconstructed houses on

their own. The number of such houses is expected to rise once all the details from the remaining three districts in Kathmandu valley are updated,” says Rudra Suwal, Deputy Director General for the CBS, the sate-own statics agency responsible for data collection, analysis and distribution. The CBS is collecting details on damages of houses and infrastructures in the aftermath of earthquake in the earthquake affected districts following discrepancies about numbers of earthquake victims. Initially, the numbers of earthquake-affected private households was supposed over half a million but it increased to 770,000 when the government announced to various relief schemes for households rendered homeless. The government has announced to provide Rs 200,000 to each household rendered homeless and subsidized bank loan up to Rs 2.5 million. The details provide by the CBS shows the most houses were reconstructed in Gorkha, the epicentre of the earthquake followed by Sindhupalchwok,

Out of 770,000 households said to be rendered homeless in last years’ catastrophic earthquakes more than 31000 households from 11-worst quake hit districts have reconstructed houses on their personal efforts, according to Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).

where highest number of people (3532 persons) were killed in the earthquake. “Few households who were able to rebuild houses on their own have already constructed the houses. Since house matters the people the most to survive others are also rebuilding houses,” says Narayan Prasad Bhatta, chief district officer in the district of Gorkha. CDO Bhatta informed over 300 out of 1,400 quake destroyed houses were reconstructed in Barpak, the epicentre of the April earthquake, alone. Nearly 9,000 people died and over 22,000 injured in earthquakes leaving tens of thousands of people homeless. While the people are facing severe difficulties in rain the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA), the government body responsible for post-earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation, is widely criticized for the delay in housing reconstruction. The 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

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cfn]v bickering over whom to appoint chief executive officer of the reconstruction body took more than eight months after the devastating earthquake. The Sushil Koirala-led government had appointed Govind Raj Pokharel as chief executive officer of the Authority who was never endorsed by the parliament. When new government was elected in October and the new Prime Minister, K.P. Sharma, he replaced Pokharel with Sushil Gyewali. Senior leaders engaged in political consultation with the Madhes protests began against a new constitution was adopted in September despite some reservation from the Madhes-centric political forces. Nearly five month long unofficial blockade on Nepal crippled life and earthquake affected victims deprived of getting construction materials. There was no fuel to supply housing reconstruction materials to remote parts of the country. The protest by the Madhes-centric parties is now postponed for the time being following the government addressed some of their amendment through an amendment to new charter. However, the bureaucratic red tape, absence of elected people’s representatives in local bodies, lack of adequate staffers required for the authority and agreement made with the donors have made the reconstruction works more sluggish and complex. For example, reconstruction body’s agreement with donors supporting to Nepal’s reconstruction of having a detailed damaged assessment on houses and infrastructures in the quake affected districts further delayed reconstruction process. The assessment, which began in January has just completed in 11 worst quake-affected districts. And the survey has just begun in Kathmandu valley where large numbers of houses were destroyed in the earthquake. This lead the tens of thousands of earthquake victims to take shelter under temporary shelter in extreme cold and rainy season and billions of budgets pledged by the international community and the government is sitting idle for a year. The international donors have pledged to provide $4.4 billion for rebuilding quake-destroyed villages and government has also billion in its annual budgetary program. Out of total pledged money the government has signed bilateral agreement for 1.92 billion till mid-July. Despite adequate fund pledged for the earthquake survivors little is progressed in delivering. As a part

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of piloting project the government has distributed first instalment of housing grant. By mid-July as many as 2, 50000 households have signed aid agreement with the local bodies to receive Rs 50,000 as the first instalment of government announced housing reconstruction grant while over 35000 households received the first tranches, according to the Authority. Following parliamentary obstruction from the main opposition Nepali Congress demanding to expedite reconstruction aid KP Oli government had agreed to revise aid distributing procedures but nothing has been progressed to this effect at the political level when senior leaders of major political parties engaged in forming new coalition. Since the Authority delays, the detailed damaged assessment in three worst hit districts (Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur) poor earthquake victims are facing extreme difficulties to survive. “When will the government give me money to rebuild my house,” questions Chhatra Bahadur Gainju, a local in Bhaktapur district, showing up government provided earthquake victim identity card. Sitting in front of partially damaged house, Gainju was repeatedly asking to this scriber so that he could rebuild his one-storey building at the earliest. “It would be great if the government provides money to rebuild my house and continue my business,” says Gainju who has been selling Juju Dhaun, a traditional curd, over a decade. Now his business has been stopped due to the damage in his house. NRA officials, however, say there is no chance of releasing the fund immediately for victims like Gainju arguing that the detailed damaged assessment needs to go before providing the aid. “The aid agreement will begin only after the assessment completes. Villagers can get aid in phases after signing the agreement,” says Authority’s Spokesperson Ram Prasad Thapaliya. Thapaliya said the Authority is planning to begin aid agreement in Kathmandu valley only after completing the works in 11 districts where the detailed damaged agreement has completed. “Housing reconstruction will be distributed in Kathmandu only when the assessment completes,” he says.9 (Mr. Sharma is a journalist)

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