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Cairo University Credit Hours System AET Program
Social Design and Community Development (ARCN335) -Community Development Project in Shubra Elkheima-
Presented By: Ahmad Khalil (1154425) Mariam Mohsen (1164054) Mohamed Abdelhamid (1148227) Monica Roshdy (1154097) Nadine Tarek (1164019) Toqa Hassan (1164311) Yomna Barakat (1164059) Presented To: Dr. Heba Khalil Eng. Nesma Fathy Eng. Yasmine Mahmoud Saad Submission Date: 22.12.2019
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Acknowledgements We wish to express our sincere appreciation to our supervisor, Dr. Heba Khalil, who has been very reachable, and supportive, both academically and personally, during final submissions time. We also wish to thank our teaching assistants, Eng. Nesma Fathy, and Eng. Yasmine Mahmoud Saad, for always being supportive, and providing us with the needed help.
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Table of Contents Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... vii 1.
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1
2.
Aim ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
3.
Objectives.............................................................................................................................................. 1
4.
Methodology......................................................................................................................................... 1
5.
Area Profile ........................................................................................................................................... 2 5.2. Street Identification ........................................................................................................................... 3 5.3. Zone of Study ..................................................................................................................................... 3
6.
Date Collection ...................................................................................................................................... 3 6.1. Available resources ............................................................................................................................ 3 6.2. Site Surveying & Observations ........................................................................................................... 4
7.
Data Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 6 7.1. Stakeholder Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 6 7.2. Residents’ Needs and Priorities ......................................................................................................... 7
8.
Vision..................................................................................................................................................... 7
9.
Strategy ................................................................................................................................................. 8
10.
Proposal ............................................................................................................................................ 8
11.
Estimated Cost ................................................................................................................................ 13
12.
Project Identification Sheet ............................................................................................................ 15
13.
Maintenance Plan ........................................................................................................................... 19
14.
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 20
15.
References ...................................................................................................................................... 21
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Abstract This report is discussing the community development of Shubra El Kheima District, through studying the city’s resources, collecting people’s needs, assessing the current situation and generating alternatives that would suit the urban life they lead.
The rural pockets within the urban cities, usually face the same challenges in terms of infrastructure and inadequate life standards shown in the accumulation of solid wastes and the agglomeration of the inhabitants which leads to unhealthy lifestyles. Our study was designed to investigate all needed aspects of Shubra El Kheima in order to come up with interventions that can be easily accepted by the locals and maintained without outer involvement.
It was observed that the majority of the people can pinpoint easily the global needs of shelter, water, electricity and health. Thus, they managed to complain about road network, water and electricity shortage and hospitals inadequacy. However, they omitted the importance of mental health and sense of community that is slowly fading from their city. Due to the absence of places where they can communicate, comfortably engage in trading or even have a breather through playing and enjoying their time.
Thus, we have found that alongside the usual interventions of traditional solutions such as multiple-storey garage, median adjustment and building a recycling plant. It’d be best if we can create a communal, leisure activity that would use the money gained from the usual solutions and recycle it into communal and social activities enhancing people’s experience in Shubra El Kheima.
Along the research the methodology will be presented with the research tools used and the different stages of data collection, analysis and interventions generation. The study area will be analyzed through observations, lists of resources, area profile, and activity mapping. Then the problems of the inhabitants will be discussed and arranged according to people’s priorities and our vision will be displayed in response to the problems and the solutions will be presented in hope to overcome the faced problems. Finally, the conclusion with the research’s results is conducted.
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List of Figures Figure 1: Zones of Shubra Elkheima.............................................................................................................. 2 Figure 2:Specific study zone in Shubra Elkheima. ......................................................................................... 3 Figure 3: NGOs of Shubra Elkheima. ............................................................................................................. 3 Figure 4: Section showing the street dimension at a given point................................................................. 4 Figure 5: Section showing the street dimension at a given point................................................................. 4 Figure 6: Section showing the street dimension at a given point................................................................. 5 Figure 7: Land use of Oraby Street, Shubra Elkheima. ................................................................................. 5 Figure 8: Fast food cart seen during the night. ............................................................................................. 5 Figure 9:Coffee shop extending on the premises of the sidewalk................................................................ 6 Figure 10: Stakeholder analysis for the project. ........................................................................................... 6 Figure 11: Chart showing the percentages of male and female interviewees. ............................................ 7 Figure 12: Chart showing the employment state of the different female interviewees. ............................. 7 Figure 13: Proposed plan in scale 1:2000 ..................................................................................................... 9 Figure 14: Proposed section in scale 1:2000............................................................................................... 10 Figure 15: Blowup for a section showing the area with sheds designated for social activities.................. 11 Figure 16: Blowup for a section showing the area with sheds designated for social activities.................. 11 Figure 17: Blowup for a section showing the area designated for social activities. ................................... 11 Figure 18: Blow up for a section in the kids area in the median. ............................................................... 12 Figure 19:Blow up for a section in the kids area in the median. ................................................................ 12 Figure 20: Blow up for a section in the courts area. ................................................................................... 12
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List of Tables Table 1: Estimated flooring cost. ................................................................................................................ 13 Table 2: Estimated cost for the different units of used elements. ............................................................. 14
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1. Introduction The research is discussing the topic of communities in rural cities of Egypt. Most problems of these areas are due to inadequate infrastructure, solid waste accumulation and agglomeration. Although the aforementioned problems can be easily defined by the inhabitants and the visitors. The social problems aspect usually goes by unnoticed, which creates an even bigger problem in peri-urban societies. Our project takes place in Shubra El Kheima where all the aforementioned inadequacies take place. To create urban solutions for the city’s problems, one must watch closely the local’s assets, needs and behaviors and manage to use them in an efficient way to create interventions. Otherwise, all the interventions will cease to exist, if they didn't respond to people’s needs or if people’s behavior didn’t match it. Thus, through this research we will explore the area of Shubra El Kheima and analyse both its resources and inhabitants, in hope to produce alternatives of intervention that would benefit them if applied.
2. Aim The aim of the project is to create a better living environment for the people of Shubra el Kheima, through interventions which address the infrastructure of the district, in addition to other secondary issues, which are usually not given the same scope of attention, but indeed are also important, such as leisure and social ties of the community. Consequently, higher levels of the Maslow Triangle will be addressed, in addition to the lower ones, whilst paying attention and respecting the culture and behavioral patterns of the place.
3. Objectives • • • •
Enhance the performance of the infrastructure of the district Provide a solution for the dominant issue of the district – the accumulation of garbage, in a way that would consider it a potential, rather than a constraint. Allocate spaces for leisure, for the different age groups of the area. Efficient and effective design and usage of the available spaces and street dimensions.
4. Methodology The process was iterative, researches were made, alongside interviews and observations to analyze the state of the area, the needs assessments followed, which allowed alternatives to be produced to enhance the standards of living in Shubra El Kheima. People’s opinions were documented, which iterated the process to come up with new alternatives that are more suited to their way of lives. 1. Research tools: An abundance of research tools were used to make sure most of the aspects were covered. The aforementioned research tools include: Site visits,
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2.
3.
4.
5.
interviews, transect walks, desk research, resource interviews and readings of documented materials of previous community development projects. Data Collection: In the Data collection phase the information was gathered from inhabitants, research papers about the area, scholars who have worked on the same area and governmental documents. Data Analysis: The data was analyzed in various ways, such as: Stakeholder analysis, Activity mapping, need priority charts. Which explores the different aspects of the city, the users and the stakeholders. Alternative Interventions: After analyzing the data several alternatives were come up with concerning the infrastructure, the social life, the economy and the solid waste management. Chosen Interventions: The alternatives were rated by the inhabitants and the professional supervising scholars in order to come up with the best solutions. Such as a leisure space use in the median of the street, multi-storey parking facility, recycling plant and communal services distributed along the aforementioned solutions.
5. Area Profile The study area of this project is Oraby Street in Shubra El Kheima, and specifically the green zone of blocks 15 and 16 (please refer to figure #1). The district was primarily inhabited by workers in surrounding factories, until the expansion of urban life towards north making it a rural pocket within the urban city, so it has both characteristics. As stated in the Participatory need assessment by the GIZ “ The GDP per capita of the governorate is below national average, people in this study voiced their frustration from lack of jobs and high unemployment. Women contribute to workforce as per 2008 is 19% which is low compared to other governorates” 5.1. Shubra El Kheima Zones The study area is divided into 5 zones as shown in (figure 1). Mogama’ El Madares (zone 1) is urban and the inhabitants are teachers and government employees. Industrial area in street 135 and Abu bakr street (zone 2) has manufacturers and warehouses. (zones 3 & 5) are of residential nature. (zones 4 & 6) are peri urban. Zones 4, 5, and 6 overlook Ahmed Oraby St. which is known for its issues of
Figure 1: Zones of Shubra Elkheima.
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garbage piles. According to the conducted interviews, the problem of garbage accumulation is due to inhabitants’ refusal to dispose garbage in front of their houses. Thus, disposal takes place in the main street instead. 5.2. Street Identification The study area consists of 3 streets, which are: Ahmed Oraby Street, the main street with its different activities of furniture trade, food, retail, and cafes. El Manial street, with its known market and two schools and finally, El Wehda street with its shops, supermarkets and cafeterias.
Figure 2:Specific study zone in Shubra Elkheima.
5.3. Zone of Study The study zone is equivalent to zone 5. It’s the middle part of Ahmed Oraby street with buildings looking over from both sides (please refer to figure #2). It’s a zone of very high potential despite having a myriad of problems. It has most of the vacant lands on the street and a median that could be used better than its current state. Thus, it was decided that this 1.5 km of the street would be the best area for us, from which we can spread our radial effect of hopeful interventions.
6. Date Collection 6.1. Available resources 6.1.1. Human resources: • • • •
Youth of the area, specifically the unemployed youth. NGOs volunteering force. Retired residents. Merchants of the area and business-men in general
6.1.2. Financial resources: • •
Vacant lands in the area NGOs and CBOs e.g.: شبرا الخيمةجمعية المستقبل للتمويل األصغر شبرا الخيمة- جمعية تنمية المجتمع المحلي أبو العال كساب
• •
Markets of the area Stores of the area
Figure 3: NGOs of Shubra Elkheima.
6.1.3. Natural Resources: • •
Rooftops allocated for animal breeding, e.g.: sheep, goats, hens..etc Animals available in area, e.g.: Donkeys.
6.1.4. Manmade Resources: 3
• •
Waste and garbage of the area to be exploited Abandoned belongings. E.g.: long parker cars.
6.2. Site Surveying & Observations Sheds are used over buildings’ roofs as a solution for excessive heat gain. As for steel structures, they are found extending from one side of the street to the other; usually in front of mosques to give them extra prayer spaces. Due to the absence of electricity in the street, several light features are added by locals or by shop owners. Telecommunication towers are present above apartment buildings. Kiosks extending out of the apartment into the street’s right of way. Exhaust pipes from barbecuing and grilling shops are found many times, which make for a chaotic appearance on building facades. 6.3. Site Dimensioning Street width changes significantly from 18m to 60m where cars park in the street property and garbage accumulates. This is due to poor urban planning of the area; illegal building additions and informal presence of street separators.
Figure 4: Section showing the street dimension at a given point.
Figure 5: Section showing the street dimension at a given point.
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Figure 6: Section showing the street dimension at a given point.
6.4. Land Uses The land uses found in the area were mainly mixed use, in addition to the religious buildings.
Figure 7: Land use of Oraby Street, Shubra Elkheima.
6.5. Activity Mapping Through the conducted visits, at different times of the day, it has been concluded that many activities take place in the vibrant street of Ahmed Oraby, including ones that take place only during the day, or only during the night. Some of which are: Coffee shops extending their territoriality and occupying the sidewalk, as well as fast food carts, which can be seen late in the night, to serve as one of the very few means of
Figure 8: Fast food cart seen during the night.
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leisure in the area. Regarding the activities that take place only during the day, these include: Carts serving food for breakfast (falalfel and beans, typically). Usually, these carts have a group of people gathered around them during the day, and then are left during the night with fabric covering them.
7. Data Analysis The data which was compiled from the field research was analyzed in several ways, according to the suitability of each way of analysis, in order to gain more insight from this data.
Figure 9:Coffee shop extending on the premises of the sidewalk.
7.1. Stakeholder Analysis
Figure 10: Stakeholder analysis for the project.
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7.2. Residents’ Needs and Priorities A sample of residents from Shubra Elkheima area have been interviewed, in order to collect information regarding their preferred priorities when developing their area. As for the female interviewees, their priorities came as follows: • 50% illustrated that safety and security was their prime issue. • 25% illustrated that the deteriorated road network was their most prominent issue. • 25% illustrated that the absence of places for leisure and kids activities was their prime issue.
Figure 11: Chart showing the percentages of male and female interviewees.
Figure 12: Chart showing the employment state of the different female interviewees.
As for the male interviewees, their priorities came as follows: • 16.68% illustrated that the accumulation of solid waste was their prime issue. • 66.66% illustrated that the deteriorated road network was their most prominent issue. • 16.66% illustrated that the absence of places for leisure was their prime issue. Based on the aforementioned percentages, the residents’ needs have been ranked by points, where each needs gains a point when mentioned by a resident as his top priority. It has been concluded that the order of residents’ needs according to importance, is best demonstrated as follows: 1. Road Network (8 points) 2. Solid Waste (7 points) 3. Leisure Places (3 points) 4. Safety and Security (2 points)
8. Vision Promote a more friendly urban community, with enhanced walkability, and better safety and security through revitalization and rehabilitation of the public realm (Ahmed Oraby street), and therefore allowing people to come together as a community.
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9. Strategy Through working on the street’s main problems, we will try to enhance: Imageability, accessibility, continuity & flexibility feelings, in order to make for a better experience living in the area.
10.
Proposal
The median of Oraby Street is found to have great potential in terms of dimensions, and location. This project aims to enhance the overall performance of Oraby’s Street, through developing the area’s median, and allocating it for economic, and leisure activities that would benefit the area’s residents. In addition, two land parcels will be allocated as parking space, and a recycling plant for the area residents. This project aims for better allocation of resources, in which case are the median and 2 land parcels, to serve the residents’ needs The median will be elevated at least 15 cm, and divided into 3 main parts: Playing courts (14x25m), local market (14x150m), and a social/recreational (14x200m) area where seatings, public toilets, will be installed, and food kiosks will be available.
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Figure 13: Proposed plan in scale 1:2000
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Figure 14: Proposed section in scale 1:2000
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Figure 15: Blowup for a section showing the area with sheds designated for social activities.
Figure 16: Blowup for a section showing the area with sheds designated for social activities.
Figure 17: Blowup for a section showing the area designated for social activities.
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Figure 18: Blow up for a section in the kids area in the median.
Figure 20:Blow up for a section in the kids area in the median.
Figure 19: Blow up for a section in the courts area.
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11.
Estimated Cost
Table 1: Estimated flooring cost.
Space Name
Flooring Type
Playground 1/2 Playground 2/2 Football Court 1/2 Football Court 2/2 Seating Area Drawing Area Games Area
Grass Grass Grass
450 450 249.6
Total Cost of Unit 10 4500 10 4500 10 2496
Grass
249.6
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2496
83.09 215.49 208.22
160 160 3.2
13294.4 34478.4 666.304
215.07 215.07 215.07 208 208 101.53 474.67 474.67 474.67 424
160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 2.5
34411.2 34411.2 34411.2 33280 33280 16244.8 75947.2 75947.2 75947.2 23320 499631.104
Benches Area Benches Area Benches Area Shaded Area Shaded Area Shaded Area Benches Area Benches Area Benches Area Asphalt Road*22 Total Cost
Interlock Interlock Interlock Rubber Interlock Interlock Interlock Interlock Interlock Interlock Interlock Interlock Interlock Asphalt
Area (M^2)
Cost Per M^2
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Table 2: Estimated cost for the different units of used elements.
Unit Type Trees Recycle Bins Street Lamps Flower Box Child's Playground Football Courts Bars Tables Chairs Bean Bags Ping-Pong Tables Pool Tables Foosball Tables Kiosks Benches
No. Of Units 186 98 92 286 2 4 4 16 16 2 2 3 9 21
Cost Per Unit Total Cost Of Unit 80 14880 200 19600 950 87400 175 50050 32000 64000 3200 12800 350 1400 150 2400 96 1536 1136 2272 2240 4480 3500 10500 40000 360000 2640 55440 Total Cost: 686758
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12.
Project Identification Sheet
Participatory Infrastructure Project (PIP) Qalyubeya Governorate Projects Date: 22.12.2019
جدول التعريف بالمشروع البيانات األساسية اسم -1 شبرا الخيمة المنطقة 2. Development Sector: Public spaces قطاع -2 الفراغات العامة التطوير 3. Affected Cross-cutting Social ties, and sense القضايا-3 ،العالقات االجتماعية Issues of belonging. القطاعية .والشعور باالنتماء )(البينية 4. Project Name: Development of مشروع تطوير شارع اسم -4 Oraby Street عرابي بحي شبرا المشروع الخيمة 5. Specific Location Oraby Street, ,موقع شارع أحمد عرابي -5 Shoubra Elkheima شبرا الخيمة المشروع Project Description وصف المشروع 7. Objectives: Better allocation of resources, in which حسن استخدام الجزيرة case are the median الوسطى الواقعة بشارع األهداف-7 and 2 land parcels, to أحمد عرابي بحي شبرا serve the residents’ .الخيمة needs. 8. Short Description: This project aims to enhance the overall يهدف هذا المشروع إلى performance of تحسين األداء العام Oraby’s Street, ،لشارع أحمد عرابي through developing من خالل تطوير the area’s median, الوسطى الجزيرة and allocating it for ،بالشارع الواقعة economic, and وتخصيصها لألنشطة leisure activities that وصف االقتصادية والترفيهية-8 would benefit the التي ستفيد سكان مختصر area’s residents. In باإلضافة إلى.المنطقة addition, two land سيتم تخصيص،ذلك parcels will be األولى,قطعتين أرض allocated as parking لوقوف كمساحة space, and a والثانية ,السيارات recycling plant for the كمحطة إلعادة التدوير area residents. .لسكان المنطقة Project Identification Sheet Basic Data 1. Area Name: Shubra El Kheima
9. Expected Results / Better ability of نتائج قدرة أفضل للسكان على -9 Outcomes: residents to enjoy ، االستمتاع بمنطقتهم متوقعة 15
their area, with less sewage problems, more security and social ties, less parking problems.
مع وجود مشاكل أقل ،الصحي للصرف المزيد من العالقات تحسن على,الموطدة األمني المستوى وتقليل،واالجتماعي وقوف مشاكل .السيارات
10. Project Stakeholders: Owner: Qalyubeya Governorate Operator: The district authority Users / Beneficiaries: Shoubra El-Kheima Residents Entities Engaged in the Project Handing Over: Contracting companies chosen through tender Other(s): Donor: GIZ, co-financed by EU 11. Technical Specs / Sewage system will Components: undergo development/ maintenance. Street median will be elevated at least 15 cm, and divided into 3 main parts: Playing courts (14x25m), local market (14x150m), and a social/recreational (14x200m) area where seatings, public toilets, will be installed, and food kiosks will be available.
محافظة
12. Potential Availability Opportunities/Synergies: parcels.
.توفر قطع األراضي الفرص-12 الجزيرة توافرالمحتملة مع عدم،الوسطى
of
land
:المالك القليوبية الحي:المشغل / المستخدمون سكان حي:المستفيدون شبرا الخيمة أصحاب-10 الكيانات المشاركة في المصلحة في :تنفيذ وتسليم المشروع المشروع المقاوالت شركات المختارة من خالل المناقصة الجهةGIZ :آخرون بتمويل مشترك،المانحة من االتحاد األوروبي سيخضع نظام الصرف / الصحي للتطوير سيتم رفع.الصيانة الوسطى الجزيرة سم15 بالشارع إلى وسيتم، على األقل أجزاء3 تقسيمها إلى 14( مالعب:رئيسية والسوق،) م25 × 150 × 14( المحلي / ومنطقة اجتماعية،)م 200 × 14( ترفيهية م) حيث سيتم وضع ،للجلوس مقاعد ،عامة ومراحيض وايضا أكشاك طعام .ستكون متاحة
-11 المواصفات الفنية
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Availability of the median area, with very few to zero illegal selling activities taking place in the median. 13. Potential Lack of proper Risks/Considerations: maintenance for the project, which will, in turn, lead to the deterioration of the different elements of the project, and it will no longer be used. 14. Estimated Cost Construction: Breakdown: Total: One million and two hundred thousand (1,200,000) EGP 15. Estimated Timeline: One year
وجود أنشطة بيع غير . قانونية بها
عدم وجود صيانة مما، مناسبة للمشروع المخاطر سيؤدي بدوره إلى-13 العناصر االعتبارات تدهور/ ، المختلفة للمشروع المحتملة ولن يتم استخدامه بعد .اآلن اعمال اإلنشاء تفاصيل-14 مليون :اإلجمالي التكلفة ألف ومائتي التقديرية ) جنيه1,200,000( مدة سنة واحدة
15 المشروع المقدرة
Implementation of the Project / Activity النشاط/ تنفيذ المشروع 16. Project Qalyubeya Governorate صاحب -16 محافظة القليوبية Owner: المشروع 17. Roles of the Qalyubeya Governorate: الجهة:محافظة القليوبية Stakeholders: governmental stakeholder الحكومية والمالكة للمشروع and owner of the project المستخدم و المستفيد:أدوار السكان -17 Residents: User and أصحاب المصلحة األول من المشروع benefitting party المؤسسة األلمانية للتعاون GIZ: Funding agency الجهة المانحة:الدولي 18. Specific Beneficiaries
Geographic Location of Beneficiaries: Shoubra El Kheima Direct Beneficial Group: Area residents, especially women and the unemployed, because of the opportunities that will be generated due to the local markets. Also, youth (males and females) will benefit from
الجغرافي الموقع شبرا الخيمة:للمستفيدين :المجموعة المستفيدة المباشرة المستفيدين سكان حي شبرا الخيمة عامة-18 وشارع أحمد عرابي خاصة المحددين :عدد المستفيدين المباشرين قرابة المليوني شخص (اليوم )السابع
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the areas allocated for leisure. No. of Direct Beneficiaries: Approximately 2M People 19. Potential Civil Asfour Crystal, Abou ElSociety Partners: Ela Kassab Society for Community Development Operation and Maintenance (O&M) 20. Lead O&M Society of Local Stakeholder: Community Development – Aboul Ela Kassab (post project implementation) 21. Existing O&M The government Modalities: represented by the district authority. 22.Summary of Maintenance of greenery, O&M collecting of garbage, and Requirements: periodic cleaning based on the need of each used material. 23. O&M KPIs: Post project implementation, there will be an online platform, which the residents can file a complaint at any time regarding the mishandling of the project.
شركاء
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جمعية,كريستال عصفور المجتمع المدني تنمية المجتمع ابو العال كساب
المحتملين أعمال التشغيل والصيانة
المسؤول جمعية تنمية المجتمع المحلي-20 الرئيسي عن أبو العال كساب (بعد تطبيق )التشغيل والصيانة المشروع طرق -21 التشغيل والصيانة الحكومة متمثلة في الحي الحالية صيانة المساحات الخضراء موجز -22 وجمع القمامة والتنظيف متطلبات التشغيل الدوري بناء على حاجة كل والصيانة .المواد المستخدمة سيكون، بعد تنفيذ المشروع ، مؤشرات هناك منصة على اإلنترنت-23 التشغيل والتي يمكن للمقيمين تقديم آداء شكوى في أي وقت فيما يتعلق والصيانة .بسوء إدارة المشروع
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13.
Maintenance Plan
1. Designated recycling plant is going to be the main contributor to the cleanliness and well-maintaining of the image of the median. 2. The land parcel which is going to house the shelter for the homeless and the car parking, will also be generating income from the car parking, which will be the main funding source for the homeless shelter. 3. Food booths and kiosks are going to be provided by the district authority, made locally at the area’s carpentry workshops, and rented. Therefore, these will be a source of generated income, which can fund the maintenance of the project. 4. The median consists of 2 types of activity areas: An area housing courts and bounded by a mesh fence, and another that is for the kids where swings will be available, and no fence is bounding it. The idea of self-maintenance here lies in the possibility of renting the fenced courts, and then allocating the income for maintaining the rest of the median. 5. Recycling plant is going to provide urban furniture for the area made from recycled plastic.
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14.
Conclusion
Shubra Elkheima is a densely populated area, which suffers from many problems, including but are not limited to: Adequacy of road network, sanitation and health, and leisure and entertainment of the area residents. Wherever there is an effort to implement a community development project, it is crucial to emphasize on the importance of community participation in the development process, because it orients the exerted efforts towards the collective good of the community, and creates awareness among beneficiaries and stakeholders. When the community participates, there is an increase of transparency and accountability. Moreover, community participation gives the citizen a chance to decide on projects of their own interest and suiting their priorities.
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15. • •
References
Shubra Elkheima, Site visit, Shubra Elkheima, Qalyubiya, Egypt, October 18, 2019 CID Consulting. (2015). Participatory Needs Assessment Qalyubeya report 2015. Cairo, Egypt: CID Consulting
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