SKYSCRAPER THESIS by Udit Patel

Skyscraper Ahmedabad Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture By Patel Udit Jayantilal B.Arch. Year-V, Semester-X (2020-2021)

Institute of Architecture Faculty of Architecture Design and Planning Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana

Guide Ar. Bharadwaj Trivedi Assistant Professor IOA, FADP - GUNI, Kherva

Name of Student Patel Udit Jayantilal 16212911014

skyscraper Skyscraper Ahmedabad Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture By Patel Udit Jayantilal B.Arch. Year-V, Semester-X (2020-2021)

Institute of Architecture Faculty of Architecture Design and Planning Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana

Guide Ar. Bharadwaj Trivedi Assistant Professor IOA, FADP - GUNI, Kherva

Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

Name of Student Patel Udit Jayantilal 16212911014

skyscraper

CERTIFICATE Bachelor of Architecture Institute of Architecture Faculty of Architecture Design and Planning Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana

As a pre requisite to the degree of Bachelor of Architecture, this thesis hereby is certified as creditable work on the acclaimed subject carried out successfully and presented in qualitative and quantitative manner for its acceptance. It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed, or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and has fulfilled the requirements laid down by the Thesis Committee.

Internal Guide Ar. Bharadwaj Trivedi Assistant Professor Ioa, Fadp – Guni, Kherva

Name of Student Patel Udit jayantilal 16212911014

Institute Coordinator 1. Ar. Hemant Patel 2. Ar. Vibhav Suthar

Ar. Hemant Patel Principal Institute of Architecture

Dean Institute of Architecture Faculty of Architecture Design and Planning

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skyscraper Declaration I hereby declare that the work incorporated in this thesis entitled “Skyscraper, Ahmedabad” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture (Semester-X) is the outcome of original study undertaken by me and it has not been submitted earlier to any other University or Institution for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

Name of Student: Patel Udit Jayantilal Enrollment Number: 16212911014

Disclaimer: The comments and opinions in this paper are of the authors and not of the Institute of Architecture, FADP- Ganpat University.

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III

skyscraper DEDICATION This thesis is heartly dedicated to my beloved parents, who have been my constant source of inspiration and support system throughout this journey and in every phase of my life, making me the person I am today. Thank You for all the unconditional love and guidance you have given me and your moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support. To all my family members, faculties, mentors, friends, and classmates who advised,guided,and encouragedme throughout the completion of this study. I also dedicate this thesis to the Almighty God. Thank you for the health, strength, power of the mind, skills, and protection you have showered on me. All of this we offer to you. Thank you for everything.

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skyscraper ACKNOWLEDGMENT I first thank lord almighty, whose graceful blessings enabled me to complete this thesis project for the fulfillment of my B. Arch degree course. 'GURU' is one who removes darkness by holding the torch and then guides the disciple through the path leading to the search for knowledge. Like the disciple, I remain forever indebted to him. Fructification of my work on the Thesis presented here would not have been possible but for the guidance, inspiration, and constant encouragement of Ar. Bhardwaj Trivedi, Assistant Professor, IOA-FADP, Ganpat University, kindly accepted to be my guide despite his several commitments and callings of duty. It has been a gratifying experience for me to work under his valuable guidance. I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to the college, especially to our Co-coordinators, Ar. Hemant Patel, our Principal, and Prof. Ar. Vibhav Suthar for rendering their valuable guidance, support, encouragement, and advice to make my efforts and the project successful. I want to thank all other faculty members and my classmates in the Architecture Department for their help and guidance. I am particularly grateful to my parents for inspiring, encouraging, and facilitating my Thesis pursuit of this magnitude. This has provided me a great motivational thrust.

(Udit Patel)

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skyscraper Table Of Contents Chapter-1 �� 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION �� 2 1.1.1 About Skyscraper �� 2

1.2 Need Of The Project �� 2 1.3 Aim �� 2 1.4 Objective �� 2 1.5 Scope �� 3 1.6 Limitation �� 3 1.7 Methodology �� 3

Chapter-2 �� 4 2.1 Why high Density Development [ E.G. Skyscraper] �� 5 Increased in world? �� 5 2.2 The scenario of high-density development in the major cities of World �� 7 2.2.1 Shanghai �� 7 2.2.2 Tokyo �� 8 2.2.3 Manhattan, New York �� 9 2.2.4 Singapore �� 10

2.3 Country and Development policy �� 11 2.4 Ahmedabad city growth of urban sprawl �� 12 2.5 Area and Population ratio in different city �� 13

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skyscraper Chapter-3 �� 14 3.1 Major Road Network of West - Ahmedabad �� 15 3.2 Identifying the major road which can possibly cater high-density development �� 16 3.2.1 Sardar Patel Ring Road �� 17 3.2.2 S.G Highway �� 18 3.2.3 132 Ft. Ring Road �� 20 3.2.4 CBD New Ashram Road �� 22

Chapter-4 �� 24 4.1 Identifying site location �� 25 4.1.1 Applying the new bylaws to the road touch land parcel �� 25

4.1.2 Pre - Policy Application Built mass Scenario �� 26 4.1.2 Post - Policy Application Built mass Scenario �� 26 4.2 Site Location �� 27 4.3 Site Built vs Open �� 28 4.3.1 Site Photograph �� 29 4.4 Site plan �� 30 4.5 Site Climate ( Ahmedabad) �� 31

Chapter-5 �� 32 5.1 Case Study �� 33 5.1.1 Core �� 33 5.1.2 Type Of Core �� 33

5.2 Case study-1 One World Trade center �� 34 5.2.1 One World Trade center �� 34 5.2.2 One World Trade center Evolution �� 35

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skyscraper 5.2.2 Tower Evolution. �� 35 5.2.3 Form �� 36 5.2.4 Stacking Chart �� 38 5.2.5 Lift Diagram �� 38 5.2.6 facade �� 39 5.2.7 Curtain Wall �� 40 5.2.8 Structure �� 41 5.2.9 Floor system �� 44 5.2.10 Foundation Design �� 45 5.2.11 Materials �� 45 5.2.12 The Spire �� 46 5.2.13 Life safety �� 47

5.3 Case study - 2 Shanghai Tower �� 48 5.3.1 Shanghai Tower �� 48 5.3.2 Problems in Shanghai �� 49 5.3.3 Solution �� 49 5.3.4 Site Layout Plan �� 49 5.3.5 Concept of Twisting �� 50 5.3.6 Double Skin Building �� 51 5.3.7 Green strategies �� 51 5.3.8.1 Curtain wall system- B �� 53 5.3.8.2 Curtain wall system-A �� 54 5.3.8.2 Curtain wall system-A �� 57 5.3.9 Structural system �� 58 5.3.9.1 Components of structural system �� 59 5.3.9.2 Foundation �� 59 5.3.9.3 Floor system �� 59

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skyscraper 5.3.9.4 Core wall inner tube system �� 59 5.3.9.5 Outer mega frame system �� 61 5.3.9.6 Composite super columns �� 61 5.3.9.7 Zone wise segregation �� 62 5.3.10 ELEVATORS �� 63 5.3.11 Idea of moving scaffold �� 63

5.4 Case study - 3 Burj Khalifa, Dubai �� 64 5.4.1 Burj Khalifa, Dubai �� 64 5.4.2 Program �� 65 5.4.3 Form and Concept �� 66 5.4.4 Structural System �� 67 5.4.5 Structural System �� 67 5.4.6 Core Structural System �� 69 5.4.7 Foundation Structure �� 70 5.4.8 Curtain-Wall Detail �� 71 5.4.9 The Doka climbing from �� 72 5.4.10 Fire safety system �� 73

Chapter-6 �� 74 6.1 Case study comparison �� 75 6.1.2 Curtain wall comparison �� 75 6.1.2 Core comparison �� 76 6.1.3 Programmatic case study �� 76 6.1.3.1 Case study Program �� 77

Chapter-7 �� 78 7.1 Program [ Average space %] �� 79 Program �� 79

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skyscraper 7.2 Vertical Zoning �� 79 Total area �� 79 Floor count �� 79

7.3 Design Program �� 80 7.3.1 Core program �� 80 7.3.2 Office program �� 80 7.3.3 Hotel program �� 81 7.3.4 Residential program �� 82

Chapter-8 �� 83 8.1 Concept �� 84 8.1.1 Option -1 Ellipse shape �� 84 8.1.2 Option -2 Square shape �� 84 8.1.3 Option -3 Circle shape �� 84

8.2 Measuring Drag efficiency �� 85 8.3 Further development of option -1 �� 85 8.3.1 Further development of option -1 �� 86 8.3.2 Core and floor Layout option 1 �� 88 8.3.3 Core and floor Layout option 2 (Final output) �� 88 8.4 Duct stacking �� 90 8.5 Lift stacking �� 91 8.6 Pile foundation structure �� 92 8.7 Basement parking Layout G -1 �� 94 8.8 Basement parking Layout G -2 , G-3, G-4, G-5, G-6 �� 96 8.9 Site Layout �� 98 8.10 Site View ��100 8.11 Ground Floor Layout ��102 8.12 First Floor Layout (Retail) ��104

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skyscraper 8.13 First Floor Layout (Retail) ��106 8.14 Office Views ��108 8.15 5th TO 23th Office floor layout ��109 8.16 5th TO 23th Office floor Section ��111 8.17 Office Views ��112 8.18 26th Floor plan ��113 8.19 27th TO 43th Hotel Floor Layout ��115 8.20 27th TO 43th Hotel Section ��117 8.21 Hotel Views ��118 8.22 27th TO 43th Hotel Floor Layout ��119 8.23 43th TO 62th Residential Floor Layout ��121 8.24 43th TO 62th Residential Floor Layout ��123 8.25 Residential Views ��124 8.26 Residential Views ��125 8.27 Roof plan ��126 8.28 Curtain wall Detail ��127 8.29 Fire safety ��129 8.30 Sections ��130 8.31 Section A ��132 8.32 Elevation ��133 8.33 Views ��135 8.33 Views ��136

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skyscraper List Of Figurers

Fig.1.Design Methodology

Fig.2. Lujiazui Financial District (LFD). �� 7 Fig.3. Tokyo �� 8 Fig.4. New Investment �� 9 Fig.5. Manhattan Financial District. �� 9 Fig.6. Singapore Financial District. �� 10 Fig.7. Fsi vs Country �� 11 Fig.8. Population Growth �� 12 Fig.9. Area vs year �� 12 Fig.10. Major road of Ahmadabad �� 15 Fig.11. Main Road �� 16 Fig.12 Sardar Patel Ring Road �� 17 Fig.13 Sardar Patel Ring Road Plan & Section �� 17 Fig.14. S.G Highway �� 18 Fig.15. S.G Highway Road Plan & section �� 19 Fig.16. S.G Highway �� 19 Fig.17. 132 Ft. Ring Road �� 20 Fig.18. 132 Ft. Ring Road Plan& Section �� 21 Fig.19. 132 Ft. Ring Road �� 21 Fig.20. CBD New Ashram Road �� 22 Fig.21. CBD New Ashram Road plan & section �� 23 Fig.22. CBD New Ashram Road �� 23 Fig.23. Applying the new bylaws �� 25 Fig.24. Built Mass Pre- Scenario �� 26 Fig.25. Built Mass Post Scenario �� 26 Fig.26. Site Location �� 27 Fig.27. Site Open Vs Built �� 28 Fig.28. Site Location �� 28 Fig.29. Site Photograph �� 29 Fig.30. Site Plan �� 30

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skyscraper Fig.31. Site Model and Wind flow �� 31 Fig.32. Type of core �� 33 Fig.33. Site Layout �� 34 Fig.34. Tower Evolution �� 35 Fig.35. Tower Form �� 36 Fig.36. Tower interior & Exterior Form �� 36 Fig.37. Tower Floor plan �� 37 Fig.38. Tower Floor plan pattern �� 37 Fig.39. Tower Stacking Chart �� 38 Fig.40. Tower lift diagram �� 38 Fig.41. Tower facade �� 39 Fig.42. Tower curtain wall �� 40 Fig.43. Core �� 41 Fig.44. Structure detail �� 42 Fig.45. Floor Structure detail �� 43 Fig.46. Steel Structure detail �� 43 Fig.47. Flooring detail �� 44 Fig.48. Flooring Structure detail �� 44 Fig.49. Core Structure detail �� 45 Fig.50. Materials detail �� 45 Fig.51. Spire detail �� 46 Fig.52. Stairwell �� 47 Fig.53. Site layout Shanghai Tower �� 48 Fig.54. Shanghai Tower �� 49 Fig.55. Shanghai Tower Ground Atrium �� 49 Fig.56. Shanghai Tower Ground floor plan �� 49 Fig.57.Concept Of Twisting �� 50 Fig.58.Double Skin Building �� 51 Fig.59. Triangular exterior Space �� 52 Fig.60. Outer skin �� 52 Fig.61.Curtain Wall system- B Detail �� 53

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skyscraper Fig.62. Profile control points division �� 54 Fig.63. Curtain Wall A: Control points interaction between subsequent floors �� 54 Fig.64 . Curtain Wall A: The layout of two adjacent floors �� 54 Fig.65. Curtain Wall Systems B and A �� 55 Fig.66.Staggered Scheme �� 56 Fig.67.Horizontal Shingled scheme with glass fin �� 56 Fig.68.Smooth: Scheme rotational bushing detail �� 56 Fig.69. Light Pollution study model �� 57 Fig.70. “Staggered” and “smooth” schemes �� 57 Fig.71. “Staggered”and“smooth”schemes comparison �� 57 Fig.72. Outer skin Structure �� 58 Fig.73. Structure System �� 58 Fig.74. Core Wall inner tube system �� 59 Fig.75. Shanghai Tower structure plan �� 60 Fig.76. Shanghai Tower structure Outer mega frame system �� 61 Fig.77. Shanghai Tower structure Composite super columns �� 61 Fig.78. Shanghai Tower structure Zone wise segregation �� 62 Fig.79. Shanghai Tower Zone wise segregation �� 62 Fig.80. Shanghai Tower Zone wise Elevators �� 63 Fig.81. Shanghai Tower Idea of moving scaffold �� 63 Fig.82. Burj Khalifa �� 64 Fig.83. Burj Khalifa Program �� 65 Fig.84.Burj Khalifa Form and Concept �� 66 Fig.85. Burj Khalifa Structural System �� 67 Fig.86. Burj Khalifa buttressed core Structural System �� 67 Fig.87. Burj Khalifa buttressed core Structural System �� 68 Fig.88.Burj Khalifa Core Structural System �� 69 Fig.89. Burj Khalifa Cathodic Protection System �� 70 Fig.90. Burj Khalifa Pile Foundation Plan �� 70 Fig.91. Burj Khalifa Pile Foundation �� 70 Fig.92. Burj Khalifa Curtain-Wall Detail Section �� 71

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skyscraper Fig.93. Burj Khalifa Curtain-Wall Detail Plan �� 71 Fig.94. Burj Khalifa Curtain-Wall �� 71 Fig.95. Burj Khalifa Doka climbing from �� 72 Fig.96. Burj Khalifa Doka climbing from Photos �� 72 Fig.97. Burj Khalifa Fire safety system �� 73 Fig.98. Case Study comparison �� 75 Fig.99. Case Study Core comparison �� 76 Fig.100. Case Study Program comparison �� 77 Fig.101. Vertical Zoning �� 79 Fig.102. Concept Option �� 84 Fig.103. Measuring Drag efficiency Of Different shape �� 85 Fig.104. Site Development �� 85 Fig.105. Final Ground Floor Plate – 3974 sq m, core -672 sq m �� 88 Fig.106. Duct CC �� 90 Fig.108. Main Duct - AA �� 90 Fig.107. 1 Residential plan, 2 Hotel Plan, 3 core Plan �� 90 Fig.109. Main Duct - BB �� 90 Fig.110. Lift Stacking �� 91 Fig.111. Tow pile group �� 92 Fig.112. Pile foundation Plan �� 92 Fig.113. Core and Flat slab structure �� 93 Fig.114. Four Pile group �� 92 Fig.115. Pile foundation Section �� 93 Fig.116. View From over-brig �� 101 Fig.117. Office out side view �� 108 Fig.118. Office Bird-eye view �� 108 Fig.119. 5th TO 23th Office floor Section �� 111 Fig.120. Office inside view �� 112 Fig.121. Office inside view �� 112 Fig.122. 27th TO 43th Hotel Section �� 117 Fig.123. Hotel inside view �� 118

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skyscraper Fig.124. Hotel inside view �� 118 Fig.125. 43th TO 62th Residential Floor Layout �� 123 Fig.126. Residential inside view �� 124 Fig.127. Residential inside view �� 124 Fig.128. Residential inside view �� 125 Fig.129. Residential inside view �� 125 Fig.130. Roof Plan �� 126 Fig.131. Bird eye view �� 126 Fig.132. Curtain wall Detail �� 127 Fig.133. Curtain wall Blown-up Detail �� 128 Fig.134. Egress diagram �� 129 Fig.135. Section �� 129 Fig.136. Mechanical floor Plan �� 129 Fig.137. Section BB �� 130 Fig.138. Section CC �� 131 Fig.139. Section �� 132 Fig.140. Ground floor Plan �� 132 Fig.141. All side Elevations �� 133 Fig.142. Views From Ground �� 135 Fig.143. Views From Road �� 135

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skyscraper

Chapter-1

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skyscraper 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 About Skyscraper Skyscrapers are a result of the belief that only sky is the limit of ambitions. The skyscrapers are a wonder of modern innovative construction methods and they demonstrate the power of technology and human capability. They give a strange sort of thrill and feeling of power. Looking down at the world from a high rise apartment house gives us an indefinable pleasure.

1.2 Need Of The Project • The inevitable result of growing population and intensifying urbanization, Highrise building have become more prevalent in many cities, replacing vast areas of vernacular houses and commercial area. • Ahmedabad as a city is going under a tremendous load of population increase, new investment and there the city is expanding in recent years in a way. High-rise development in the city like Ahmedabad restrict the horizontal growth to conserve land which is an important resources.

1.3 Aim • The study of relevant skyscraper within the context of Ahmedabad. And to propose one.

1.4 Objective • We will find the areas within the city of Ahmedabad which can cater for high-density development to cater for the future population. • Study of the growth pattern city of Ahmedabad. • Study of population density and it’s forecast for the city of Ahmedabad to identify the are within the city which can cater high-density development for the future population growth. • And as a design, a skyscraper in a land parcel within that identified location according to the policy that we propose. • Accessible public space and recreational opportunities are particularly important. To provide multiple functions with a soothing environment. • Accessible for public space and recreational opportunities is particularly important. To provide multiple functions with soothing environment.

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skyscraper 1.5 Scope • Skyscraper with cutting-edge technology and futuristic approach to hinge the needs of the city in future. • They provide the opportunity to control urban sprawl with their relatively small foot print. • Skyscrapers are thus material and energy intensive buildings, but skyscrapers can have long lifespans, for example the empire state building in new York city, united states completed in 1931 and remains in active use.

1.6 Limitation • The main focus for the design of skyscrapers would be on facade, core services, structure and floor plates. • Present GDCR does not allow this kind of high-density development within the city of Ahmedabad but for academic proposal, we are altering the bylaws.

1.7 Methodology

Fig.1. : Design methodology

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skyscraper

Chapter-2

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skyscraper 2.1 Why high Density Development [ E.G. Skyscraper] Increased in world? Urban Population Increase:

The exponential increase in urban population worldwide in conjunction with wealth accumulation.

Demographic Change:

Demographic shifts demonstrate that many “millennial” prefer living in urban centers that offer cultural amenities, a vibrant social life, and mass transit. They prefer a carfree lifestyle, enabled by having a workplace, services, and amenities near home.

Global Competition And Globalization:

The widespread trend of constructing tall buildings reflects the increasing impact that global competition has on developing the world’s major cities. Global cities are competing for the title of the tallest building in the world to announce the stature of their growing global economies. Urban cores are undergoing urban renaissance and revitalization, and tall buildings in areas undergoing redevelopment provide an opportunity for economic growth. Properties in urban cores are expensive, and therefore buildings grow upward. Cheaper land keeps premises closer to the ground. Tall buildings are not an attractive option for small towns where land is inexpensive. Dense arrangements help preserve a variety of open spaces—a core goal of sustainability. Sustainability aims at protecting different types of land to accommodate various activities. International investors view tall and super tall buildings as excellent investments because they involve placing a tremendous amount of capital in one place. In these skyscrapers, international owners can choose to rent their residential units, live there temporarily or permanently, or leave them vacant. Developers, architects, engineers, and real tors, among others, support building tall because of the higher return on investment (ROI). In common practice, architects and engineers charge fees based on the square footage of tall buildings compared to that of low rise buildings.

Urban Regeneration:

Land Price Increase:

Land Preservation:

International Finance:

Profit and Greed:

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skyscraper Emerging Technologies:

The evolution of tall buildings has precipitated significant advancements in engineering and technology, and vice versa; scientific advancements have supported building tall. Higher quality tall buildings have encouraged research in building service systems, computer sciences, facade engineering, glazing, daylight and heat control, structural framing systems, ceiling systems, lighting, ventilation, exit strategies, water recycling systems, and more.

Climate Change and Energy Conservation:

In the context of tall buildings, the issue of climate change and energy conservation varies based on cases and scale. At the building level (micro-scale), in many cases, high-rises consume more energy (embodied and operational) than lowrises of equivalent square footage. High-rise developments have advantages over low-rise ones for reducing travel distances and infrastructure spread.

Infrastructure and Transportation:

High-rise buildings bring impacts at strategic and local levels. The vast people load of a high building, particularly at peak times, may overload the cities infrastructure-its public transport, roads and utilities.

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skyscraper 2.2 The scenario of high-density development in the major cities of World 2.2.1 Shanghai • As a major global city, Shanghai has been among the most active cities in constructing tall buildings. Overall, in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, Shanghai adds 156 skyscrapers to the 69 skyscrapers it built previously. • China doesn’t have a long of land available. • Most of the cities are already full of residential buildings. • Land inside the city limit very expensive. • The centerpiece of the Pudong is the Lujiazui Financial District (LFD). • Set on the opposite riverbank to the historic Bund, the focus of the LFD is the three super-tall towers: the Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai World Financial Centre and the Shanghai Tower.

Fig.2. Lujiazui Financial District (LFD).

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skyscraper 2.2.2 Tokyo • Tokyo is by far the world’s most populous metropolis, with a population in the range of 33 to 35 million people, according to the CTBUH (2009) is also the third tallest city in the world in terms of its buildings’ accumulative height. • At the end of 2011, a total of 116 buildings over 150m tall stood in central Tokyo, with more than 550 buildings in excess of 100m located in the metropolitan area. • The building of high-rise structures in Tokyo was aimed at addressing various problems that arose from the high population concentration, as economic development with the end of the postwar chaos triggered a massive influx of people from rural areas. • High-rise buildings were necessary for effective utilization of limited land. • Earthquakes are a regular occurrence here. Due to this danger, Tokyo has always had a height limit for buildings.

Fig.3. Tokyo

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skyscraper 2.2.3 Manhattan, New York • Major development around the liberty street because of the Manhattan Financial District. • The Financial District has a number of tourist attractions. • New development units planned or on the market in Midtown East total $4.6 billion, suggesting that it will soon be the highest grossing section of Manhattan in new apartment sales.

Fig.4. New Investment

Fig.5. Manhattan Financial District. Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 2.2.4 Singapore • As Singapore is land-scarce country, most of our buildings are high-rises. In fact, there are over 8,600 high-rises, and 80 skyscrapers in the CBD area alone. • The majority of the tallest buildings in Singapore share the same maximum height of 280m. • The reason is because they are built in an area (around Raffles Place and Marina Centre) that intersects with a flight path to Paya Lebar Airbase. The height limit is put in place so that aircraft don’t collide into them.

Fig.6. Singapore Financial District.

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skyscraper 2.3 Country and Development policy • Among many other things, cities are also defined by their skyscrapers, or the lack of them. While New York, Singapore, and Hong Kong are well-known for their skyscrapers, London, Berlin, and Paris are not. • Hong Kong has 126 skyscrapers, which are taller than 600 ft • Singapore has about 25 skyscrapers of similar heights • San Francisco, a city with an area of 121 sq km, has 51 skyscrapers, which are 400 ft or taller • UK capital London and French capital Paris have only eight buildings each that are 600 ft or taller. • German capital Berlin has only one building taller than 600 ft.

Fig.7. Fsi vs Country

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skyscraper 2.4 Ahmedabad city growth of urban sprawl

Year:1955

Year:2000

Year:2012

Year:2017

• Between the year 2012 and 2017, the area of the city of Ahmedabad increased by 18,600 hectares.

Fig.8. Population Growth

Fig.9. Area vs year

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skyscraper 2.5 Area and Population ratio in different city Shanghai

New York

Singapore

Area: 6340 km2 Population: 24.30 million Area pp.: 260.9 sq m.

Area: 783.8 km2 Population: 8.42 million Area pp.: 93.08 sq m.

Area: 728 km2 Population: 5.7 million Area pp.: 127.71 sq m.

Tokyo

Mumbai

Ahmedabad

Area: 2194 km2 Population: 38 million Area pp.: 56 sq m.

Area: 603.4 km2 Population:20.18 million Area pp.: 29.8 sq m.

Area: 464 km2 Population: 7.29 million Area pp.: 63.64 sq m.

• Ahmedabad has less area per person than Shanghai, New York, Singapore altogether.

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skyscraper

Chapter-3

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skyscraper 3.1 Major Road Network of West - Ahmedabad

Fig.10. Major road of Ahmedabad

CBD New Ashram Road 30 m wide C.G. Road 120 ft Road 132 ft. Road S.G Highway 60 m wide S.P. Ring Road 60 m wide Old city Area Secondary road network connecting old city 30 Mt. wide New prepose road

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skyscraper 3.2 Identifying the major road which can possibly cater high-density development

Fig.11. Main Road

S.P. Ring Road S.G Highway CBD New Ashram Road 132 Ft. Ring Road

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skyscraper 3.2.1 Sardar Patel Ring Road • The Sardar Patel Ring Road is a 76 km long ring road encircling the city of Ahmedabad. It is a toll road built by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA). • It meets the Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway at one point and crosses the Sabarmati River and the Mumbai-Delhi National Highway twice. • The AUDA demarcated a region of 1 km along the road as a residential affordable housing zone in an attempt to improve affordable housing.

S.P. Ring road 60 Mt wide S.G. Highway 60 Mt. wide Secondary road towards internal city

Fig.12 Sardar Patel Ring Road

Fig.13 Sardar Patel Ring Road Plan & Section Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 3.2.2 S.G Highway • The highway was primarily built as a mean to bypass the traffic from the City of Ahmedabad. But the lower land prices lead to a boom in the real estate and retail industry. • Presently, the prices of land within the neighborhood of the highway are more comparable to those in the downtown areas. • S.G. Highway road width of 60m which make its suitable to have high-density development. • The highway is dotted with (AMTS) bus stops that connect the road with the city’s interior.

S.G. Highway 60 Mt. wide Secondary road towards internal city NEW ashram road 30 Mt. wide

Fig.14. S.G Highway Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper

Fig.15. S.G Highway Road Plan & section

Fig.16. S.G Highway

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skyscraper 3.2.3 132 Ft. Ring Road •132 Feet Ring Road is a popular locality situated in Ahmedabad. •It is proper public transport connectivity through BRTS. • Road width quiet enough to cater for the main city traffic which is 132 ft. •Smooth flow of traffic because of the series of the flyover.

132 Ft. Ring road S.G. Highway 60 Mt. wide Secondary road towards internal city 3o Mt wide

Fig.17. 132 Ft. Ring Road Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper

Fig.18. 132 Ft. Ring Road Plan& Section

Fig.19. 132 Ft. Ring Road

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skyscraper 3.2.4 CBD New Ashram Road • The Sabarmati offers geographical centrality for the city’s economic growth but right now this area is a land scar. • West-side of Sabarmati later became part of the city center as the city kept growing. • It has been historically and the business district itself was a major business house, old and new Reserve Bank, Time of India building, major commercial activity has been located on this road. • Recently because of Sabarmati riverfront development, the land price has raised quite well now to bring out the full potential of this area. • This area has been designated as CBD, with a new set of by-laws which includes building regulations as well as F.S.I available. It would further promote high-density development in this area. • Fortunately, a metro is being built, which will make it possible for the city center to access labor from across the city.

NEW ashram road 30 Mt. wide River front road 16 Mt. wide Secondary road towards old city 20 Mt. wide Metro route CBD area Ahmedabad

Fig.20. CBD New Ashram Road Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper

Fig.21. CBD New Ashram Road plan & section

Fig.22. CBD New Ashram Road

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skyscraper

Chapter-4

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skyscraper 4.1 Identifying site location • Inside S.G. Highway right now land scarcity is much. Open land in this area less available. Rather than looking at it there, we may concentrate on the belt between the S.G. Highway and S.P. Ring road. • We may change the policy for 132 ft ring road and also it may attract huge redevelopment shortly but for the sake of our case study, we will propose either at S.G. Highway or S.P. Ring road or any connecting S.G. Highway and S.P. Ring road. • There is already densely built fabrics around CBD new ashram road and 132 ft ring road. • At the S.G. Highway and S.P. Ring road, there are so many potential empty lands parcels and right now the areas are under development if This area is high-density development.

4.1.1 Applying the new bylaws to the road touch land parcel • Right now the city major expansion is on the west side. Major roads on the west side of the city are S.P. RING ROAD and S.G. HIGHWAY. • S.P. RING ROAD and S.G. HIGHWAY that has an Ample amount of vacant land on connecting roads. • That's why it has the possibility of high rise development in near future. Land parcel area is a minimum of 4000sqm. Proposed FSI = 20 Building Hight = 300 m

Fig.23. Applying the new bylaws

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skyscraper 4.1.2 Pre -Policy Application Built Mass Scenario S.P. Ring Road

• • • •

S.G Highway

Fig.24. Built Mass Pre-Scenario

Residential zone = 2 FSI = 1.8 Building Hight = 70 m As per Pre -Scenario by-laws, we can accommodate 2,75,000 in this area.

4.1.3 Post -Policy Application Built Mass Scenario

• • • • •

Fig.25. Built Mass Post Scenario

Applying the new bylaws to the road touch land parcel Land parcel area is a minimum of 4000sq m. Proposed FSI = 20 Building Hight = 300 m As per Post -Scenario by-laws, we can accommodate 6,54,720 in this area. 26

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skyscraper 4.2 Site Location

• Site location near S.G. Highway because the prices of land within the neighborhood of the highway are more comparable to those in the downtown areas. • A road width of 60m can cater to this type of structure. • The site is located at the intersection of two main roads namely S.G. Highway, Sindhu Bhawan Marg having a higher density development area in the vicinity. • Applying new building bylaws and creating an example for skyscrapers.

Site

Fig.26. Site Location Sindhu bhavan Marg 30 m wide S.G. highway 60 m wide S.P. Ring Road

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skyscraper 4.3 Site Built vs Open

Fig.27. Site Open Vs Built

Fig.28. Site Location

Sindhu bhavan Marg 30 m wide S.G. highway 60 m wide Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 4.3.1 Site Photograph

Fig.29. Site Photograph

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skyscraper 4.4 Site plan • • • • • • • • •

Site location- Ahmedabad( S.G. Highway) Total site area – 13,903 sq m Propose Fsi – 20 Total Built up – 2,78,000 sq m Built Footprint – 3974 sq m Total floor – 75 Building Hight – 300 m Margin : 15 m Ground Coverage : 40%.

S.G. highway

153 M

92 M

Sindhu Bhavan Marg

Fig.30. Site Plan

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skyscraper 4.5 Site Climate ( Ahmedabad) • • • • • • • • •

Climate – Hot & Dry Temp.- 43 c to 9 c Rain fall – 0.31 cm Wind speed – 8 km/H Ground floor Hight - 4.65 m Typical floor Hight – 3.5 m Mechanical floor Hight – 4.65m Mechanical floor – every 30 floors Central core ratio - 60:40

Fig.31. Site Model and Wind flow

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skyscraper

Chapter-5

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skyscraper 5.1 Case Study 5.1.1 Core • The core of a multi-stores building that integrates functions and service needs for established occupants. Such area normally composed of toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitor closet, utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and stair. • The core is also known as the facade envelope is a spatial element for a load-bearing high rise building system.

5.1.2 Type Of Core • • • •

Central core Split core End core Atrium core

Fig.32. Type of core

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skyscraper 5.2 Case study-1 One World Trade center 5.2.1 One World Trade center • The freedom tower site is very important being as it is the site of ground zero. It is where the proud twin towers once stood and fell. • The actual site is located in downtown Manhattan near battery park. • It is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, west side highway to the west, liberty street to the south, and church street to the east. • The Twin tower is the obvious predecessor to the freedom Tower, reflecting American economic strength and power.

Fig.33. Site Layout

Architect : David childs Firm : [SOM] Constructed : 2014 Height : 541 m Floor count : 104 FLOOR AREA : 3,25,279 sq f Lifts/elevators : 73

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skyscraper 5.2.2 One World Trade center Evolution

1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

2002 Studio Denial Libeskind’s original proposal 2003 Studio Denial Libeskind’s Adaption of the proposal AUG 2003 David Childs Adaption of Denial Libeskind’s original proposal DEC 2003 David Childs And Libeskind collaboration JUNE 2005 Redesign in response to security concerns Fig.34. Tower Evolution

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skyscraper 5.2.3 Form • In this view, you can see the unique geometry of this structure, • The base is a square shape whit slightly shaved corners and the from transforms on each floor, ultimately creating a parallelogram. • The spire is what makes this tower the goal height of 1776 feet. • • • •

Square base - 200’ x 200’ - square Top - 150’x150’ Rotated - 45* Base - 20 stories, shear & curtain wall above - steel metal moment frame

Fig.35. Tower Form

Fig.36. Tower interior & Exterior Form

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skyscraper

Fig.37. Tower Floor plan

• The floor plate having a square base And tapering as it rises to the Octagonal plan at half of the Base plan.

Fig.38. Tower Floor plan pattern

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skyscraper 5.2.4 Stacking Chart • The tower is comprised of mostly office space. • The lobby is a large double-height space. • Up until floor 20 is mechanical floors since the exterior walls are thick concrete for security and terror threats. • Floors 20 through 90 are all office space only broken up by a sky lobby on floors 65 and 66. • There is then upper mechanical floors from floor 90 to 100. • On floor 100 there is the One World Trade Centre Observatory which is the only space in the tower open to the public for an entry fee.

5.2.5 Lift Diagram

Fig.39. Tower Stacking Chart

• Total 45 elevators in the tower. • There are 3 freight elevators. • 2 dedicated for the One World Trade Centre Observatory. • 10 elevators - floors 20 to 37. • 5 elevators - floors 37 to 45. • 5 elevators - floors 42 to 50. • 5 elevators - floors 50 to 65. • There are 5 express elevators to the express lobby, 5elevators served floors 65 to 75 that originate on floor 65. • 5 elevators served floors 75 to 90 that also originate from the sky lobby.

Fig.40. Tower lift diagram Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.2.6 facade • The one World tread Centre facade is bracken up into 2 sections. The first section is at the base, which includes the first 20 stories. • More than 4,000 laminated glass fins and stainless steel slats form the face of the podium, accommodating mechanical ventilation and breaking down the mass of the building’s base.

Fig.41. Tower facade

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skyscraper 5.2.7 Curtain Wall The second section of the facade is made of 4m by 1.2m modular up platforms. These we assembled using mega frames of trapezoidal shape which each incorporate a custom macho-shape track guide into the back of the mullions and tapers off at 3.72 degrees. Because of the need for maximum security, the anchorage was designed for blast resistance by using a system of high strength anchors and reinforces glass. Considering wind loads, the curtain wall contains a variety of thicknesses ranging from 1-%” to1 27/32”.

Fig.42. Tower curtain wall

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skyscraper 5.2.8 Structure The freedom tower utilizes a hybrid structure that includes a concrete shear wall core that is shown above with the red box. A steel frame around the perimeter of the building where you see the grid of it in the diagram above. These added members add rigidity to the building and are actually structurally redundant.

Fig.43. Core Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper

Fig.44. Structure detail

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Fig.45. Floor Structure detail

• The efficiency of the structure is due to the use of a hybrid system of high strength concrete core and structural steel moment frame at the perimeter of the tower. • The tower’s structural design is planned around a massive, redundant steel moment frame which consists of beams and columns that are connected by welding and bolting.

Fig.46. Steel Structure detail

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skyscraper 5.2.9 Floor system The floor system within the concrete core is a formed casting-place concrete beam and flat slab system, while the floor area outside the core is concrete on a composite metal deck supported on steel beams and connected via shear connectors.

Fig.47. Flooring detail

Fig.48. Flooring Structure detail

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skyscraper 5.2.10 Foundation Design • Spread and strip footings with bearing capacities of 60 tons per square foot. • Excavated deeper into the rock to have a higher bearing capacity. • Rock anchor ties 80 feet into the ground to resist the overturning effect from wind loads. • To safeguard the building against the threat of vehicle-delivered explosives, the lower portion of the fortified base features 28-inch-thick concrete walls.

5.2.11 Materials

Fig.49. Core Structure detail

• Concrete core steel frame • Prismatic glass around structural podium • Curtain wall glass for the tower

Fig.50. Materials detail Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.2.12 The Spire • At the building’s apex, a 441-foot-tall spire—comprising three circular communication platform rings and a needle-like mast—is mounted atop a reinforced concrete mat that is directly supported by the tower’s concrete core. • The 408-foot (124 m) sculpted mast contains the broadcasting antenna secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support ring, which contains additional broadcasting and maintenance equipment.

Fig.51. Spire detail

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skyscraper 5.2.13 Life safety 14,000 psi steel-reinforced concrete core enclosing all life safety equipment and paths of egress Extra-wile pressurized and protected egress stairs Emergency generator backup for life safety and critical system Steel moment frame Alternative structure load paths Interconnected leading directly to the street 24/7 electronic access, campus-wide integrated switch plan

Fig.52. Stairwell

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skyscraper 5.3 Case study - 2 Shanghai Tower 5.3.1 Shanghai Tower •

Location within the heart of the city’s riverside financial district, Shanghai Tower joins the Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center as the city’s three tallest buildings

• • This rapid development and construction of the Shanghai Tower fit the cultural narrative of skyscrapers in America as it highlights china’s aspirations of becoming a major economical center. • • Currently, China burns 47% of the world’s coal and its highly polluted air kills 4,000 people a day. • • The rise in environmental issues surrounding the country’s economical growth has lead to new demands in green, high-efficiency architecture that could mitigate cities carbon footprints.

Fig.53. Site layout Shanghai Tower

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skyscraper Location : shanghai, china Architect : jun xia. Engineer : thornton tomasetti cosentini associates Construction year : 2008-2014 Type : office, hotel, museum parking garage, retail Height Architectural height : 632m Structural height : 580m. No. Of story : 128(including 5 underground floors) Total floor area : 3,80,000sq.m

5.3.2 Problems in Shanghai • • • •

Pollution Traffic Space(due to population) Temperature

5.3.3 Solution • Created green space inside the building to reduce pollution • Minimizing ground coverage, achieving height. • Control temperature by using dual skin. Fig.54. Shanghai Tower

5.3.4 Site Layout Plan

• The base of shanghai Tower was designed to greet both locals and tourists with a warm welcome from any direction. • Aside from the office and lobby, the ground floor acts as the lobby for entire city. • The tubular extension from the building opens up the ground floor so that the core is not overly emphasized.

Fig.55. Shanghai Tower Ground Atrium

Fig.56. Shanghai Tower Ground floor plan

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skyscraper 5.3.5 Concept of Twisting • Every tall building has wind problems so he built the thing with a different twist option. • The twisted building has more wind reduction compare to the square building. (Reduce 24% of the wind load) • The tower is designed in the form of 9 cylindrical buildings which are stacked one over the other. • The outer layer twist through 120 degrees as it rises. • Comfortable minimum angle for people inside. • It is aerodynamic, so good for design. • The building has twin layers of transparent facades.

Fig.57.Concept Of Twisting Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.3.6 Double Skin Building • • • •

Whit the double skin, the building will function as a thermos bottle. Harvest and use daylight. Reduce artificial lighting to a minimum. Increase the insulation of the building interior. Reduce energy consumption and energy costs.

5.3.7 Green strategies • Daylighting: the glass sin admits maximum daylight,reducing the need for electrical lighting. • Landscaping: one-third of the site is green space, whit extensive landscaping that cools the site. • Wind turbines: exterior lighting for the tower will be powered by 270 wind-driven generators. • Shanghai Tower sustainable strategies will reduce the building’s carbon footprint by 34k metric tons per year.

Fig.58.Double Skin Building

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skyscraper Shanghai Tower inner layer has a triangular exterior layer that constantly shapes the building facade from all directions.

Triangular exterior Space • The building contains a double skin facade that creates nine atrium sky gardens, cylindrical building stacked one atop the other, that could be used as plazas and reunions. Both skin facades are transparently establishing a connection between the building‘s interior and Shanghai's urban fabric. Fig.59.

Fig.60. Outer skin Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.3.8.1 Curtain wall system- B • Gensler’s team proposed a building design that employs a curtain wall system designed as a symbiosis of two glazed walls—an exterior curtain wall (Curtain Wall A) and an interior curtain wall (Curtain Wall B)—with a tapering atrium in between.

Fig.61.Curtain Wall system- B Detail

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skyscraper

5.3.8.2 Curtain wall system-A The default profile is divided along the curves into 144 control points; this 144-point division resulted in 144 panels. The largest distance between control points was about 2.25 meters (~7’-4”) at Zone 1 (first floor) and about 1.25 meters (~4’-2”) at Zone 9.

Fig.62. Profile control points division

Fig.63. Curtain Wall A: Control points interaction between subsequent floors

Fig.64 . Curtain Wall A: The layout of two adjacent floors

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skyscraper

Fig.65. Curtain Wall Systems B and A

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skyscraper • The default profile divided the curves into 144 control points; this 144-point division resulted in 144 panels. The most significant distance between control points was about 2.25 meters (~7’-4”) at Zone 1 (first floor) and about 1.25 meters (~4’-2”) at Zone 9.

Fig.66.Staggered Scheme

Fig.67.Horizontal Shingled scheme with glass fin

Fig.68.Smooth: Scheme rotational bushing detail

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skyscraper 5.3.8.2 Curtain wall system-A

• The light pollution category was the most impactful variable in the overall exterior wall concept design and glass selection. In China’s urban districts, light pollution is considered a harmful impact of glass reflectance on surrounding residential, civic, or public buildings or institutions. The ratio of glass on the structure cannot be more than 70%, and the glass has to have reflectance that does not exceed 15%. • Shanghai Tower’s Exterior Curtain Wall A glass ratio is very high, at about 87% (including spandrels area), and the Interior Curtain Wall B has a glass ratio of about 60%. • Two final schemes—“staggered” and “smooth”—were selected for testing in a threekilometer radius of the surrounding neighborhood.

Fig.69. Light Pollution study model

Fig.70. “Staggered” and “smooth” schemes

• Simply put, glass perpendicular to the ground reflects less than glass angled to the sun. The largest angle on the tower was about 9°. The glass selected for the exterior will have minimal visible light reflectance of about 12%.

Fig.71. “Staggered”and“smooth”schemes comparison

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skyscraper • To carry the transparent glass skin load, an innovative curtain wall has been designed, which will be suspended from the mechanical floors and stabilized by a system of hoop rings and struts.

Fig.72. Outer skin Structure

5.3.9 Structural system

Fig.73. Structure System

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skyscraper 5.3.9.1 Components of structural system • • • • •

Core wall inner tube system Outer mega frame system Super column Floor system Foundation system adopted for the tower

5.3.9.2 Foundation • Pile foundation

• The tower is supported on 831 reinforced concrete bore piles sunk deep into the ground. • At its concrete core is 30x30 sq. m. This interacts with the 4 super columns. The core acts in concert with an outrigger and super column system, with double-belt trusses that support the base of each of the nine vertical neighborhoods.

5.3.9.3 Floor system • The floors are designed as a composite deck with profiled steel sheets as the permanent bottom form-work for the reinforced concrete slab.

5.3.9.4 Core wall inner tube system • At the bottom of the building, the core wall inner tube consists of 9 cells which form a 30m x 30m square. This shape goes up to zone four levels. • It even reduces to the rectangle of 3 cells for the uppermost part of the tube.

Fig.74. Core Wall inner tube system

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skyscraper

Fig.75. Shanghai Tower structure plan Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.3.9.5 Outer mega frame system • 8 super column along with 4 corner columns • Radial trusses • Box belt trusses 2 story high

Fig.76. Shanghai Tower structure Outer mega frame system

5.3.9.6 Composite super columns There are four paired super columns – two at each end of each orthonormal axis.

Fig.77. Shanghai Tower structure Composite super columns Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.3.9.7 Zone wise segregation

Fig.78. Shanghai Tower structure Zone wise segregation

Fig.79. Shanghai Tower Zone wise segregation Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.3.10 ELEVATORS

Fig.80. Shanghai Tower Zone wise Elevators

5.3.11 Idea of moving scaffold • Moving scaffolding was designed so men can walk easily. • Without this platform curtain, a wall support system could not be built.

Fig.81. Shanghai Tower Idea of moving scaffold Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.4 Case study - 3 Burj Khalifa, Dubai 5.4.1 Burj Khalifa, Dubai •

• This rapid development and construction of the Shanghai Tower fit the cultural narrative of skyscrapers in America as it highlights china’s aspirations of becoming a major economical center. • Currently, China burns 47% of the world’s coal and its highly polluted air kills 4,000 people a day. • The rise in environmental issues surrounding the country’s economical growth has lead to new demands in green, high-efficiency architecture that could mitigate cities carbon footprints.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Official Name: Burj Khalifa Bin Zayed Also Known As: Burj Dubai Built: 2004-2010 Cost: $1.5 Billion in USD Designed By: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Structural engineer : William F. Baker Main contractor: Samsung C&T Developer: Emaar Properties Type: Skyscraper Total Stories:163 Elevators: 57 , speed:10m/sec Maximum Height: 2,717 Feet / 828 Meters Total area: 4,000,000 sq.m Floor area: 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 ft2) Location: No. 1, Burj Dubai Boulevar Dubai, United Arab

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Fig.82. Burj Khalifa

skyscraper 5.4.2 Program • • • • • • • •

Podium :06 floor Privet RE. :32 floor Residential :27 floor Hotel :32 floor Office :39 floor Floor count – 163 above ground, 154 usable floors 9 maintenance levels, 2 below ground parking levels

Fig.83. Burj Khalifa Program service elevator boutique office observatory elevator luxury residential local elevator luxury residential Shute residential local elevators residential shuts hotel resident local elevators hotel local elevators

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skyscraper 5.4.3 Form and Concept • The initial concept for the design of the Burj Khalifa originated from the Hymenocallis flower and spiral minarets that are an essential part of Islamic architecture. • The form was designed based on how to address the effect of the wind on the structure. • The wind force increases as the height of the building increases.

Fig.84.Burj Khalifa Form and Concept

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skyscraper 5.4.4 Structural System • Unlike many super-Highrise buildings with deep floor plates, the Y-shape floor plans of Burj Khalifa maximize views and provide tenants with plenty of natural light. With a setback at every seventh floor, the modular Y-shaped building was part of the original design concept that allowed Skidmore Owings and Merrill to win the invited design competition. • The tower superstructure of Burj Khalifa is designed as an all reinforced concrete building with high-performance concrete from the foundation level to level 156 and is topped with a structural steel braced frame from level 156 to the highest point of the tower.

5.4.5 Structural System

Fig.85. Burj Khalifa Structural System

• The central structural system for this mega-structure has been named a “buttressed core.” This new structural system allows for a dramatic increase in height. • The structural system consists of a three-winged structure anchored to a solid hexagonal central core; each wing is buttressed to the other to provide a highly stable system. • The central core provides the torsional resistance for the building, while the wings provide the shear resistance and increase the moment of inertia.

Fig.86. Burj Khalifa buttressed core Structural System Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper • One outer bay is removed from one of the wings at every seventh level as the tower spirals up. • The Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential and hotel usage, with the wings allowing maximum outward views and inward natural light.

Fig.87. Burj Khalifa buttressed core Structural System

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skyscraper 5.4.6 Core Structural System • Within the wings, corridor walls extend from the hexagonal core to almost the end of the wing and end on thick walls named hammerhead walls. • With the addition of flat plate floor construction and perimeter columns.

Fig.88.Burj Khalifa Core Structural System

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skyscraper 5.4.7 Foundation Structure • The reinforced concrete raft that is 3.7 meters thick and made of High-Performance Self Compacting Concrete. • Cathodic Protection System that creates a barrier to keep “eroding chemicals” from groundwater affecting the concrete. • 12500 cubic meters poured in four pours for raft foundation.192 piles that are 47 meters in length. • 1.5 meters in diameter (piles) and placed 3.75 meters apart from center-to-center.

Fig.89. Burj Khalifa Cathodic Protection System

Fig.90. Burj Khalifa Pile Foundation Plan

Fig.91. Burj Khalifa Pile Foundation

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skyscraper 5.4.8 Curtain-Wall Detail

Fig.92. Burj Khalifa Curtain-Wall Detail Section

Fig.93. Burj Khalifa Curtain-Wall Detail Plan

1. Aluminum vertical mullion 2. Clear reflective insulating vision glass 3. Stainless-steel vertical fin 4. Horizontal spandrels panel 5. Concrete slab

Fig.94. Burj Khalifa Curtain-Wall Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 5.4.9 The Doka climbing from

Fig.95. Burj Khalifa Doka climbing from

Fig.96. Burj Khalifa Doka climbing from Photos

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skyscraper 5.4.10 Fire safety system

• The design of Burj Khalifa undertook with particular attention to the fire safety and evacuation speed. • The capacity of concrete surrounds of total stairwells besides building service and fireman's elevator has been so effective that it can easily bear 5,500 kg. • That is why it is known for being the tallest service elevator in the world. • Pressurized and air-conditioned refuge areas are designed on almost every 25 floors of this tower to ensure better safety as occupants cannot walk down to 160 floors in one go.

Fig.97. Burj Khalifa Fire safety system Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper

Chapter-6

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skyscraper 6.1 Case study comparison One world trade center

Shanghai tower

Burj Khalifa

Built foot print - 3716 sq m Built foot print - 9295 sq m Built foot print - 7018 sq m • The similarity in all the 3 case study is that the floor area decreases as we go upward.

6.1.2 Curtain wall comparison

Fig.98. Case Study comparison

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skyscraper 6.1.2 Core comparison One world trade center

Shanghai tower

Burj Khalifa

Fig.99. Case Study Core comparison

6.1.3 Programmatic case study One world trade center

Podium Privet RE. Residential Hotel Office Observation d.

:20 floor :0 floor :0 floor :0 floor :70 floor :03 floor

Shanghai tower

Podium Privet RE. Residential Hotel Office Observation d.

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:06 floor :32 floor :27 floor :32 floor :39 floor :03 floor

Burj Khalifa

Conference Office Residential Hotel Observation d.

:05 floor :60 floor :00 floor :31 floor :03 floor

skyscraper 6.1.3.1 Case study Program 1. One world trade center

2. Shanghai tower

3. Burj Khalifa

Fig.100. Case Study Program comparison

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skyscraper

Chapter-7

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skyscraper 7.1 Program [ Average space %] • • • • •

Podium Residential Hotel Office Observation Deck

• • • • • • •

Site location- Ahmedabad( S.G. Highway) Total site area – 13,903 sq m Propose Fsi – 20 Total Built up – 2,78,000 sq m Built Footprint – 3974 sq m Total floor – 75 Building Hight – 300 m

• • • • •

10.3% 14.1% 18.1% 54.6% 2.85%

Program

Podium Residential Hotel Office Observation Deck

Total area

Floor count

24,720 sq m 33,840 sq m 81,680 sq m 1,31,040 sq m 6,720 sq m

08 floor 11 floor 21 floor 43 floor 02 floor

7.2 Vertical Zoning Observation Deck

Hotel

Residential

Office

Podium

Fig.101. Vertical Zoning

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skyscraper 7.3 Design Program 7.3.1 Core program

Spaces 1. Staircase (a) Pressurized Staircase (b) Fire Staircase 2. Elevators (a) Service or Goods Elevators (b) Fire Elevators (c) Floor wise Passenger Elevators (1) Express Elevators (High Speed) (2) Local Elevators (Regular Speed) 3. Toilet Blocks 4. Service Ducts (a) Electrical Ducts (b) L.V.S. Ducts (c) Drainage Ducts (d) H.V.A.C. Ducts (e) Mechanical Room and Ducts (f ) M.v duct 5. Passages 6. Telecom room 7. Electrical room 8. A.H.U.

7.3.2 Office program

Unit

1 Unit Area

2 1 21 3 2 5

26 sq m 14 sq m 6.9 sq m (18-20 people) 10 sq m ( 5x 2 sq m) 5.7 sq m (2.2x2.6) 6.9 sq m (18-20 people)

2 7

37 sq m 10 sq m ( 5x 2 sq m)

151 sq m

2 2 1

3 mt wide 8 sq m 20 sq m 10 Sq m

Spaces NO. of Units NO. of Users 1. Reception Desk = lounge Area 1 50 2. Conference room Office Reception 1 10 Privet office 15 15 12 P. Conference rooms 1 12 10 P. Conference rooms 1 10 08 P. Conference rooms 1 8 06 P. Conference rooms 2 6 04 P. Conference rooms 2 4 3. Working desk 30 120 4. Av Room 1 25 5. Chairman office 1 1 6. Office cleaning room 1 1 7. Lunch area 1 50 8. Storage room 1 2 9. Printing room 1 2

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Total area(sq m) 25 282 10 70 46 40 30 50 36 1000 50 10 8 100 20 20

skyscraper 7.3.3 Hotel program

Spaces 1. Entrance Main Entrance Luggage Loading/Unloading Vestibule 2. Reception Area Grand Lobby Front Desk/Information Cashier Luggage Storage 3. Lounging Area Lounge/atrium Smoking Room Live Entertainment 4. Dining Main Dining Hall Buffet Serving Area Specialty Restaurant Outdoor Café Service Entrance Circulation 5. Function Halls Banquet Hall Seminar Hall Meeting Rooms Private Dining Storage Chairs & Tables Audio-visual Equipment/Decors 6. Guest Rooms Standard Rooms (single/double) De Luxe Rooms (single/double) Family De Luxe Rooms Bridal Suite Spaces Executive Suite Residence Suite Presidential Suite 7. Front Office Front Office Manager Customer Service Director Housekeeping Manager Front Office Supervisor Telephone Operator Reservations Supervisor

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Units NO. of Users

Total area(sq m)

100 20 50

2 1 1

100 32 32

400 4 2 10

1 1 1 1

260 8 4 15

30 20 2

1 1 1

45 13 8

100 15 40 20 5 100

1 1 1 1 1 1

180 10 80 36 9 65

100 100 20 12

1 1 4 2

400 180 144 43

12 10

2 1

43 20

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

80 81 80 1 5 2 1

2160 2511 3200 2080 240 136 86

1 1 1 3 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

5 5 5 7 3 3

skyscraper 8 Hotel Administration Office Waiting Area/Reception General Manager's Office Assistant Manager Executive Secretary 9 Food & Beverage Main Kitchen Auxiliary Kitchen Specialty Kitchen Quality Check/Service Station Dish-washing Station Kitchenware & Utensils Storage Pantry 10Laundry and Dry Cleaning Service Laundry Service Supervisor Receiving/Releasing Area Clothing Storage Laundry & Drying Room Ironing Station 11Hotel Security & Surveillance Security Services Office Head Security Officer Monitoring Room (CCTV) Security Personnel Assembly/Lounge

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50 20 1 7

1 1 1 1

5 3 2 1 5 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 3 3

1 1 1 1 1

3 1 2 20

1 1 1 1 Total area(sq m)

125 20 9.3 7 500 270 5 5 10 15 15 30 5 5 5 7 7 35.5 7.5 5 10 13 142,017

skyscraper 7.3.4 Residential program Spaces VESTIBULE CLOSET TOILET BEDROOM 1 LIVING ROOM / DINING STUDY KITCHEN STORE OUTDOOR KITCHEN KITCHEN YARD BEDROOM 2 DRESS & TOILET BEDROOM 3 TOILET BEDROOM 4 DRESS & TOILET PUJA SERVANT ROOM TOILET INDOOR GAMES AREA WAITING AREA RECEPTION STORE ROOM GYM

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Unit 2.4 x 2.8 1.2 x 2.8 2.4 x 1.3 4.5 x 3.5 7.5 x7.3 2.6 x 5.4 3.2 X 5.2 2.7 X1.6 1.8 X 2.7 1.8 X 1.8 4.5 X3.6 2.6 X1.8 5.1 X3.9 1.8 X 3.9 3.6 X5.1 3X2 1.2 X 1.9 1.7 X 2.8 1.8 X 1.2 Total area _ _ _ _ _ Total area

1 Unit Area 6.7 sq m 3.36 sq m 3.28 sq m 15.8 sq m 51.1 sq m 14.0 sq m 16.6 sq m 4.3 sq m 4.88 sq m 3.34 sq m 16.2 sq m 4.68 sq m 20.19 sq m 7.12 sq m 18.90 sq m 6.0 sq m 2.28 sq m 4.92 sq m 2.31 sq m 205.96 sq m 700 sq m 600 sq m 50 sq m 50 sq m 700 sq m 2100 sq m

skyscraper

Chapter-8

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skyscraper 8.1 Concept 8.1.1 Option -1 Ellipse shape

8.1.2 Option -2 Square shape

8.1.3 Option -3 Circle shape

Fig.102. Concept Option

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skyscraper 8.2 Measuring Drag efficiency

Fig.103. Measuring Drag efficiency Of Different shape

8.3 Further development of option -1

Fig.104. Site Development

• Consider the wind flow and North I rotating shape 25° to cut the East and west sun.

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8.3.1 Further development of option -1 Option - A

Option - D

Form

skyscraper Option - B

Option - C

Option - D

Core

Floors

Glass Facade

Further development of option - A

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skyscraper 8.3.2 Core and floor Layout option 1

Podium

Office

Hotel

Residential

Hotel

Observation D.

Hotel

Residential

Hotel

Observation D.

8.3.3 Core and floor Layout option 2 (Final output)

Podium

Office

Fig.105. Final Ground Floor Plate – 3974 sq m, core -672 sq m Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

Option - 1

Option - 2 90

skyscraper 8.4 Duct stacking

A Fig.106. Duct CC

Fig.107. 1 Residential plan, 2 Hotel Plan, 3 core Plan Observatory deck Residential floors Hotel floors Office floors Retail floors Mechanical floors Core

Fig.108. Main Duct - AA

Fig.109. Main Duct - BB

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skyscraper 8.5 Lift stacking

Hotel floors & Goods lift

Residential floors

Observatory deck Residential floors Hotel floors Office floors Retail floors Mechanical floors Core

office floors & Goods lift

Retail floors & observatory

Fig.110. Lift Stacking Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

skyscraper 8.6 Pile foundation structure

150 x 150 mm Steel section

1500 mm dia Column

300 mm thk. Core wall 250 mm thk. Slab

Fig.111. Tow pile group

Fig.112. Pile foundation Plan

Fig.113. Core and Flat slab structure

Visitor Retail office Hotel Residential Staff & workers

25m 50m

Fig.114. Four Pile group Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

Fig.115. Pile foundation Section

skyscraper 8.7 Basement parking Layout G -1

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skyscraper 8.8 Basement parking Layout G -2 , G-3, G-4, G-5, G-6

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skyscraper 8.9 Site Layout

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100

skyscraper 8.10 Site View

Fig.116. View From over-brig

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102

skyscraper 8.11 Ground Floor Layout

Floor plate – 3974 sq m , core – 672 sq m

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104

skyscraper 8.12 First Floor Layout (Retail)

Floor plate – 3974 sq m , core – 672 sq m

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106

skyscraper 8.13 First Floor Layout (Retail)

Floor plate – 3974 sq m , core – 672 sq m

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108

skyscraper 8.14 Office Views

Fig.117. Office out side view

Fig.118. Office Bird-eye view

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109

skyscraper 8.15 5th TO 23th Office floor layout

Floor plate – 3974 sq m , core – 672 sq m

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111

skyscraper 8.16 5th TO 23th Office floor Section

Office floors Mechanical floors Core

Fig.119. 5th TO 23th Office floor Section

Office Typical Plan Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

112

skyscraper 8.17 Office Views

Fig.120. Office inside view

Fig.121. Office inside view

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113

skyscraper 8.18 26th Floor plan

Floor plate – 3200 sq m, core - 672 sq m

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115

skyscraper 8.19 27th TO 43th Hotel Floor Layout

Floor plate – 2900 sq m, core - 672 sq m

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117

skyscraper 8.20 27th TO 43th Hotel Section

Hotel floors Mechanical floors Hotel Duct Core

Fig.122. 27th TO 43th Hotel Section

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118

skyscraper 8.21 Hotel Views

Fig.123. Hotel inside view

Fig.124. Hotel inside view

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119

skyscraper 8.22 27th TO 43th Hotel Floor Layout

Floor plate – 2900 sq m, core - 672 sq m

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121

skyscraper 8.23 43th TO 62th Residential Floor Layout

Floor plate – 2453 sq m, core - 672 sq m

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123

skyscraper 8.24 43th TO 62th Residential Floor Layout

Residential floors Mechanical floors Residential Duct Core

Fig.125. 43th TO 62th Residential Floor Layout

Residential Typical Plan Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

124

skyscraper 8.25 Residential Views

Fig.126. Residential inside view

Fig.127. Residential inside view

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125

skyscraper 8.26 Residential Views

Fig.128. Residential inside view

Fig.129. Residential inside view

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126

skyscraper 8.27 Roof plan

Fig.130. Roof Plan

Fig.131. Bird eye view

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127

skyscraper 8.28 Curtain wall Detail

Fig.133. Curtain wall Blown-up Detail

Fig.132. Curtain wall Detail Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

129

skyscraper 8.29 Fire safety

• Mechanical floors are provided at intervals of 20 floors, and some of the services are combined. This tower ensures better safety as occupants can’t walk down to 75 floors in one go. • All staircase is Pressurized and covered to reinforced concrete wall. • Safety features will include 300 mm thick reinforced concrete core walls and 150 mm thick stairwells, elevator shafts, walls and risers, and sprinkler systems, a dedicated set. • The pressurized staircase provides access from the ground floor to the 75th floor. It is direct access to all the four main roads for immediate evacuation in case of emergency.

Observatory deck Residential floors Hotel floors Office floors Retail floors Mechanical floors

Fig.134. Egress diagram

Core

Fig.135. Section

Refuge areas

Fig.136. Mechanical floor Plan Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

Mechanical floors

130

skyscraper 8.30 Sections

Fig.137. Section BB Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

Fig.138. Section CC

132

skyscraper 8.31 Section A Observatory deck

300 M

Residential floors Hotel floors Office floors

253 M

Retail floors Mechanical floors Core

173 M

300 M

116 M

27 M

Fig.139. Section

B C Fig.140. Ground floor Plan Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

133

skyscraper 8.32 Elevation

South Elevation

West Elevation

North Elevation

East Elevation

Fig.141. All side Elevations Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

135

skyscraper 8.33 Views

Fig.142. Views From Ground

Fig.143. Views From Road Udit Patel | B. Arch 2016-2021 | 16212911014

136

skyscraper

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137

skyscraper 8.33 Views

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138

skyscraper BIBLIOGRAPHY • Giants in the sky: why are skyscrapers important? (Latham- australia.Com) Skyscraper – Wikipedia • Kheir al- kodmany ,tall buildings and the city improving the understanding of placemaking, imageability, and tourism • The mediated city conference architecture MPs;

Ravensbourne; Woodbury

university • Https://www.Google.Com/search? • City realty Manhattan new development report •

Why the more development in network is only Manhattan financial district? – Bing

• Ahmedabad population 2021 (demographics, maps, graphs) (world populationreview. Com)

Rural to urban transition tale of Thaltej | CEPT - portfolio

• Design Guidelines in American Cities • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkhej%E2%80%93Gandhinagar_Highway • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Ring_Road • http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/anichols/courses/applied-architectural-structures/ projects-631/Files/OneWorldTradeCenter.pdf • Anatomy of A Skyscraper, Volume 1A • Anatomy of A Skyscraper, Volume 1B • Fundamentals of Air Conditioning & Ventilation Systems & HVAC System for High Rise BuildingsBy: VARUN S SHAH – PARTNER APEX CONSULTANTS & ENGINEERS VADODARA • Fundamentals Of Parking Design In High Rise Building , Faculty Of Architecture,SCET

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139

SKYSCRAPER THESIS

Articles inside

Fig.53. Site layout Shanghai Tower

Fig.58.Double Skin Building

Fig.33. Site Layout

Fig.32. Type of core

Fig.26. Site Location

Fig.10. Major road of Ahmadabad

Fig.1.Design Methodology

Fig.20. CBD New Ashram Road

Fig.3. Tokyo

Fig.6. Singapore Financial District

Fig.23. Applying the new bylaws