Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP) Site Inventory Mapping

Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project [WRAP]

Scope of Work Task 7.2a: Site Inventory

Mapping and diagramming of select site conditions and hazards at watershed/ahupua’a scale (ridge to reef), Waikīkī context scale (including areas immediately mauka of Ala Wai Canal and Kapiolani Park context) and Waikīkī Special District scale.

Island Scale

Ridge to Reef Scale

Context Scale

Waikīkī Special District Scale

SITE INVENTORY

Island Scale

Historic Land Division - Moku

Regional Planning Areas

Oʻahu Context

Ridge To Reef Scale

Historic Land Division - Ahupuaʻa

Ala Wai Watershed

State Senate Districts (2023)

State House Districts (2023)

Honolulu City Council Districts (2023)

Neighborhood Boards

Moisture Zones

State of Hawaiʻi Land Use Districts and Critical Habitat

Context Scale

Site Context

Shoreline Conditions (1897)

Shoreline Conditions (1933)

Shoreline Conditions (2017)

Special District Boundaries

Transportation and Circulation

Stormwater Infrastructure

Wastewater Infrastructure

Large Landowners

Contour Map

Geologic Conditions

Habitat

Tsunami Evacuation Zone

FEMA Flood Risk Zones

Context Scale (Continued)

3.2-ft Sea Level Rise Exposure Area (SLR-XA)

4-ft Passive Sea Level Rise (NOAA)

6-ft Passive Sea Level Rise (NOAA)

Waikīkī Special District Scale

Waikīkī Special District Boundary

Figure Ground Map

Building Age

Building Age (Table)

Transportation and Circulation

Green Space

Census Tracts and Population

Census Data (Table)

Large Landowners

Public Services

Hotels, Resorts, and Hospitality Buildings

Hotels, Resorts, and Hospitality Buildings (Table)

Stormwater Infrastructure

Wastewater Infrastructure

Board of Water Supply and Hawaiian Electric Facilities

Building Height Limits

Special District Zoning Precincts and Special Management Areas

LUO Zoning

3.2-ft Sea Level Rise Exposure Area (SLR-XA)

4-ft Passive Sea Level Rise (NOAA)

6-ft Passive Sea Level Rise (NOAA)

Waikīkī Shoreline Interventions (from South Shore Project Report)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

Adapted from Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) sea-level rise data (December, 2023)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

Adapted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sea-level rise data (December, 2023)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

Adapted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sea-level rise data (December, 2023)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

Adapted from City and County of Honolulu’s Real Property Assessment TMK parcel data (December, 2023)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

WAIKĪKĪ SPECIAL DISTRICT BUILDING AGE

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

HOTELS

260270340000

260270370000

260270490000

260270500000

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

Adapted from Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS) sea-level rise data (December, 2023)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

Adapted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sea-level rise data (December, 2023)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

Adapted from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sea-level rise data (December, 2023)

Waikīkī Resilience & SLR Adaptation Project (WRAP)

PROJECT AREA INVENTORY: Waikīkī Shoreline Interventions

Waikīkī Shoreline Interventions (from South Shore Project Report)

Vocabulary List

Hardened structure parallel to the shore seaward of the land/water interface.

Removal of sand and coral from the beach or nearshore environment to create a patch to deeper water or create a path of consistent depth.

Removal of coral from the beach or near-shore environment.

Hardened structure perpendicular to the shore extending seaward and landward of the land/water interface.

Hardened structures perpendicular to the shore on either side of a coastal inlet extending seaward and landward of the land/water interface; usually longer than groins.

Beach compartments containing the complete cycle of sedimentation including sources, transport paths, sinks.

Shift of built environment boundary landward or seaward.

Depositing sand on the beach.

Removal of sand from the beach or near-shore environment.

Hardened structure parallel to the shore at the land/ water interface also called bulkheads, revetments, retaining walls.

Block/dissipate wave action. Sand accumulates between breakwater and

Improve navigation; improve beach or near-shore sand quality for comfort of beach-goers.

Improve navigation; improve near-shore swimming/ wading.

Creates outlets for long-shore current to turn seaward relieving littoral cell of sand; destroys habitat.

Interrupt and trap long-shore flow of sand (capture and retain sand). Updrift accretion; downdrift erosion.

Prevent sand from accumulating in a navigable channel; prevent river mouths from meandering naturally.

Natural cycle; seasonal.

Increase (landward shift) or decrease (seaward shift) beach width (or vegetation width) by adjusting sand-built environment interface (or vegetation-built environment interface).

Widen, restore, or create beach.

Harvest sand for wetlands fill or beach nourishment; improve navigation.

Protect structures by stopping the natural movement of water and sand (protect shoreline property).

Updrift accretion; downdrift erosion.

Seven littoral cells defined on Waikīkī beach: Fort DeRussy, Halekulani, Royal Hawaiian, Kūhiō, Kapi‘olani, Queens, Kaimana.

Landward shift increases beach (or vegetation buffer) width at the expense of buildable land; seaward shift increases the buildable land at the expense of beach (or vegetation buffer) width.

Requires sand grain of near-equal size to that of the natural beach; costly, temporary solution.

Depletes sand, which is already subject to natural erosive forces.

Reflected waves transport sand offshore; flanking erosion - reduce reflection by sloping or by creating pockets/grooves.

Built Intervention Inventory (Waikīkī)

Kūhiō

Kaimana

Kapi‘olani

Royal Hawaiian

Kapi‘olani

Fort DeRussy

Royal Hawaiian

Fort DeRussy

Halekulani

Fort DeRussy

Fort

Kaimana

Kapi‘olani

Fort DeRussy

Kapi‘olani

Halekulani

Ala Wai

Royal Hawaiian

Kūhiō

Royal

Ala

Royal

Kaimana

Royal Hawaiian

Fort DeRussy

Royal Hawaiian

Ala Moana

Fort DeRussy

Halekulani

Royal Hawaiian

Ala Moana

Ala Wai

Seawall

Coral Dredging

Channel

Coral Dredging

Sand Mining

Seawall

Groin

Seawall

Coral Dredging Channel

Seawall

Coral Dredging

Sand Fill

Seawall

Groin

Seawall

Groins

Coral Dredging

Sand Fill

Seawall

Coral Dredging Channel

Coral Dredging Seawall Groin

Sand Fill

Groin

Groins

Coral Dredging

Channel

Groin

Sand Fill

Groin

Sand Fill

Coral Dredging

390’ retaining wall to protect Waikīkī Road (Kalākaua Avenue) near entrance to Kapi‘olani Park.

James B. Castle home

867’ retaining wall to protect Waikīkī Road (Kalākaua Avenue).

230’ Mānoa Hotel

Honolulu Seaside Hotel seawall encroached upon beach, future site of Royal Hawaiian.

Coral removed from offshore Kapi‘olani Park public baths.

Coral dredged, sand mined to create channel to get dredge to Fort DeRussy site wetlands filled.

Concrete wall built between Mānoa Hotel and Outrigger Canoe Club.

Barrier built to trap littoral sand; seawall built to retain sand.

Created a channel to transport a 69-ton artillery piece.

Created a channel to transport a 69-ton artillery piece; channel connects Fort DeRussy to Halekulani Channel.

290’ seawall Wilder’s property near Fort DeRussy.

Seawall constructed after beach eroded Fort Derussy to future Sheraton Hotel site.

430’ seawall Gray’s beach (Ewa) and 225’ long seawall (Diamond Head).

Coral/sand dredged to fill old duck ponds 134, 642 cyds.

Seawall extended 1150’, landward fill 26, 343 cyds.

208’ seawall Kaimana Beach.

210’ seawall in front of current Elks Club.

70’ concrete stormdrain (box culvert).

Seawalls constructed along Kapi‘olani Park.

Experimentation with groins, sand bags and wood planks.

Completion of the Ala Wai Canal; ceased fluvial sediment from ‘Āpuakehau and Kuekaunahi Streams.

Completion of the Ala Wai Canal; ceased fluvial sediment from ‘Āpuakehau Stream.

Completion of the Ala Wai Canal; ceased fluvial sediment from Kuekaunahi Stream.

Construction of the Royal Hawaiian Hotel; new seawall shoreward of old seawall.

Kewalo Basin entrance channel.

Experimentation with groins, sand bags and wood planks.

Construction of the Memorial Natatorium; 375’ seawall extended 200’ onto reef.

Concrete wall built between Moana Hotel and Outrigger Canoe Club (1910) removed.

Sand fill Fort DeRussy.

Royal Hawaiian groin 170’.

Eleven groins.

Ala Moana Beach shore-parallel navigation channel Kewalo Basin to Ala Wai Canal.

Moana

Ala Moana Beach shore-parallel navigation channel Kewalo Basin to Ala Wai Canal.

Moana

YWCA 110’ (east of Fort DeRussy stormdrain).

Sand pumped from reef flat through pipeline to Halekulani Hotel beach.

Royal Hawaiian groin extended to 368’ (also heightened).

Coral and sand fill placed landward of seawall along the shore-parallel channel.

Ala Wai Yacht Harbor constructed.

Kūhiō

Ala Moana

Kapi‘olani

Kūhiō

Ala Wai

Royal Hawaiian

Kūhiō

Breakwater

Coral Dredging

Sand Fill

Groin

Coral Dredging

Channel

Sand Fill

Groin

Seawall

Sand Fill

Coral Dredging

Channel

Vegetation Shift

Groin

Breakwater

Coral Dredging

Submerged (-1’) offshore breakwater, beach construction 210 m; 4000 cyds coral dredged; 7000 cyds sand fill.

Sandbag groin constructed to retain sand fill western end of Kuhio Beach.

Kewalo Basin enlarged; entrance channel dredged.

Beach construction sand fill +38,000 sqm (110,000 cyds).

Kapahulu stormdrain 355’ long, 19’ wide, +8.5’ MLLW; beach construction sand fill +38,000 sqm (110,000 cyds).

425’ constructed southeasterly from Kapahulu stormdrain.

Kapahulu stormdrain 355’ long, 19’ wide, +8.5’ MLLW; beach construction sand fill +38,000 sqm (110,000 cyds).

Ala Wai entrance navigation channel dredged.

Seaward shift of the vegetation line.

Installation of T-head groin, south basin.

Above surface (+3’) offshore breakwater 730’, T-head groin,

sqm.

Above

Kapi‘olani

Kūhiō

Ala Moana

Kaimana

Sand Fill

Coral Dredging

Sand Fill

Coral Dredging Channel

Seawall

Breakwater

Sand Fill

Coral Dredging

Kūhiō

Fort DeRussy

Fort DeRussy Kaimana

Groin Jetty Groin

Kūhiō Sand Fill Groin Groin Groin

Promenade Shift

(+3’)

sqm. Above surface (+3’) offshore breakwater 730’, T-head groin, coral dredging -9,174 sqm, sand fill +3,440 sqm. Coral rubble dredged (490,000 cyds) to fill old navigation channel; sand fill (54,000 cyds) to create beach.

Coral rubble dredged (490,000 cyds) to fill old navigation channel; sand fill (54,000 cyds) to create beach.

Duke Kahanamoku Beach and lagoon constructed on flat reef; 150’ wide, 7’ deep swim channel, groins to hold sand on east and west ends.

Duke Kahanamoku Beach basin 5-8’ below MLLW channel dredges through reef to deep water.

Construction of Queens groin (storm drain 360’ long) and uniform beach from natatorium to Queens.

32,000-35,000 cyds.

Shore-parallel swimming basin dredged.

Duke Kahanamoku Beach basin deepened to 12’ below MLLW.

Sand fill +14,335 sqm (18,757 cyds).

Magic Island constructed on 30 acres of reef flat; two beaches: “inner” and “outer”.

Magic Island; narrow channel parallel to NW side of peninsula through reef.

Magic Island; seawall on Diamond Head side to prevent fill from washing into Ala Wai entrance channel.

Magic Island; rubble mound seaward of outer beach; protects beach and provides swim basin.

Outrigger Canoe Club 1,660 cyds coral fill, 6,000 cyds sand fill placed on beach

Outrigger Canoe Club to Kapua Entrance, 4.5’ deep.

Outrigger Canoe Club constructed in front of Colony Surf Apartment Building; 190’, 10’ wide, +3.7-8.1’ high.

Bagged concrete groin extended (Ewa).

75’ rubble mound spur jetty built perpendicular to stone seawall at Ala Wai entrance channel.

Concrete stormdrain (box culvert) extended to 150’.

Screened, crushed coral fill (82,000 cyds), construction of rubble mound groin next to storm drain.

Concrete stormdrain (box culvert) extended to 418’.

Rubblemound groin on Fort DeRussy side of stormdrain 160’ seaward from beach +7’ above MLLW. Elks Club.

Seaward shift of promenade.

Kūhiō

Fort DeRussy

Ala Moana

Kapi‘olani

Royal Hawaiian

Fort DeRussy

Kapi‘olani

Kūhiō

Kapi‘olani

Kūhiō

Kaimana

Royal Hawaiian Royal Hawaiian

Groin

Sand Fill Seawall

Breakwater

Groin

Sand Fill

Groin improvement, sand fill +9,174 sqm (82,500 cyds).

Retaining wall (seawall; 1890-1900) protecting Kalākaua Avenue removed.

Breakwater extention, groin improvement, sand fill +7,263 sqm (9,500cyds).

Sand fill +.6 m (2’) layer.

30,000 cyds.

Vegetation Shift

Sand Fill

Vegetation Shift

Sand Fill

Vegetation Shift

Promenade Shift

Seawall

Sand Fill

Fill

Landward shift of vegetation line.

Landward shift of vegetation line, demolition of Waikīkī Beach Center.

Removal of coral fragments, sand fill +382 sqm, beach grading.

Seaward shift of the vegetation line.

Beach area enlarged by 3,981 sft.

Sand fill +1,066 sqm (1,400 cyds).

Seaward shift of the vegetation line sidewalk/landscape.

Seaward shift of promenade, seawall construction on former beach.

Sand moved from west end to east end.

Sand Fill 10,000 cyds.

8,115

Natural Events Inventory (Waikīkī)

Tsunami (Source: Chile)

Tsunami

Severe wave action

Tsunami (Source: Aleutian Islands)

Tsunami (Source: Kamchatka)

Tsunami (Source: Aleutian Islands)

Hurricane Dot

Tsunami (Source: Chile)

Tsunami (Source: Alaska)

Iwa

Hurricane Iniki

Tsunami (Source: Chile)

Tsunami (Source: Japan)

Littoral Cell Research Data Sources:

Beachpedia.org

Shoreline Structures. http://www.beachapedia.org/Shoreline_Structures (Last Modified: 23 September 2015).

Wiegel

Waikiki Beach, Oahu, Hawaii: History of its transformation from natural to an urban shore (2007).

Fletcher

Royal Hawaiian Beach: Replenishment, Monitoring, and History of Engineering (2013).

Miller, Fletcher

Waikīkī: Historical Analysis of an Engineered Shoreline (2003).

MAP DATA SOURCES

All online data linked below accessed in December 2023

CULTURAL

Ahupuaʻa

https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::ahupuaa Moku https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cccddcec38bf4e0ea5516b17d6b104cf_3

TOPOGRAPHY

Oʻahu Contour - 5ft https://honolulu-cchnl.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/cchnl::elevation-5ft

Oʻahu Contour - 20ft, 40ft https://honolulu-cchnl.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/cchnl::elevation-1

Statewide Contour - 100ft https://planning.hawaii.gov/gis/download-gis-data-expanded

ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOLOGIC

Coastline

https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::coastline

Geology https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/state.php?state=HI

Coral Reefs https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::coral-reefs

Benthic Habitat https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::benthic-habitat USGS Soil survey https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/

HYDROLOGY AND OCEANIC

Streams

https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::streams Watersheds (CWRM) https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::watersheds Watersheds (DAR) https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::watersheds-dar-version Ocean depth https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::ocean-depth

BIOLOGIC AND ECOLOGIC

Areas of Critical Habitat https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::oahu-critical-habitat-elepaio Wetlands https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::wetlands

ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL BOUNDARIES

Parks https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::parks

Neighborhood Boards https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::neighborhood-boards-

HI State Senate Districts https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::hawaii-state-senate-districts-2022

HI State House Districts https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::hawaii-state-house-districts-2022

Honolulu City Council Districts https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::honolulu-county-council-districts

CENSUS

Census Tracts (2020) https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::2020-census-tracts

Detailed Tract Information https://data.census.gov

HAZARDS AND CLIMATE

Moisture Zones

https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::moisture-zones

Extreme Tsunami Evac. Zones https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::extreme-tsunami-evacuation-zones

Tsunami Evacuation Zones https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::tsunami-evacuation-zones

Hawaii Brightfields https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::hawaii-brightfields-initiative-data/explore

Flood Lines https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::flood-elevation-lines

Flood Zones https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::flood-zones

3.2-ft SLR-XA

https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::slr-exposure-area-3-2-ft-scenario

Passive SLR (NOAA) https://coast.noaa.gov/slrdata/

CADASTRAL AND LAND DESCRIPTIONS

State Land Use Districts https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::state-land-use-districts

Development Plan Areas https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::development-plan-areas Special Management Areas https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::special-management-areas-sma Sustainable Communities https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::sustainable-communities-plan-areas Government Land Ownership https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::government-land-ownership-detailed State Owned Land https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::state-owned-land

City Leased Land https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::city-leased-land

Special District Zoning https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::zoning-special-district

Zoning - LUO https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::zoning-land-use-ordinance/about?layer=0

Special District Bldg Heights https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::zoning-map-height-limit TMK Boundaries https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::parcels-tax

FACILITIES AND STRUCTURES

Building footprints https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::building-footprints-cch Police Stations https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::police-stations-1

Public Schools https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::public-schools-1

Hotels https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::hotels

Private Schools https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::private-schools

UTILITIES NETWORKS

On-site Sewage https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::on-site-sewage-disposal-systems-oahu

Sewer - Manhole https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::sewer-manhole-1

Sewer - Pump Station https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::sewer-pump-station

Sewer - Main https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::sewer-mains

Cables https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::cables-submarine

Dumping Areas https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::marine-dumping-areas

Wastewater Treatment Plant https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/HiStateGIS::wastewater-treatment-plants

Stormwater - Structures https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::storm-water-structure

Stormwater - Conduits https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::storm-water-conduit

TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION

Right of Way

https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::right-of-way Bridges https://planning.hawaii.gov/gis/download-gis-data-expanded Transit Station (Rail) https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::rail-transit-station-points Bus Routes https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::bus-routes Bus Stops https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::bus-stops-1 Major Streets https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::major-streets

Proposed Bike Facilities https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::proposed-bike-facilities

Existing Bike Facilities https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::existing-bike-facilities Street names https://geoportal.hawaii.gov/datasets/cchnl::street-names

HISTORIC MAPS

1897 Honolulu (Monsarrat) https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/51952660-ad20-40a7-bcd6-c19b7e1af8d4 1901 Honolulu (Monsarrat) https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/6fa4ba14-2234-4d33-b63f-0e94f2bc0f4f 1933 Honolulu Quadrangle https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/6a5e6449-f4e7-45c6-af44-8849237716fd 2017 US Topo - Honolulu https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/topoview/viewer/#13/21.2891/-157.8596

SHORELINE CONDITIONS

South Shore Project Report https://www.uhcdc.manoa.hawaii.edu/work/south-shore-promenade

BUILDING AGE

TMK Tax Records https://qpublic.schneidercorp.com/Application.aspx?App=HonoluluCountyHI&PageType=Search

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