U A S K

ANSWERED BY DR. RICHARD LUTCHMAN

What are hiccups?

Hiccups, also known as singultus, are involuntary spasms or contractions of the diaphragm muscle, which is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays a crucial role in breathing. The diaphragm contracts and moves downward during inhalation, allowing the lungs to expand and draw in air, and relaxes during exhalation, allowing the lungs to deflate and expel air.

Hiccups occur when the diaphragm contracts suddenly and involuntarily, causing the vocal cords to close briefly, resulting in the "hic" sound. Hiccups can be brief and resolved on their own, or they can persist for longer durations and become chronic. Hiccups can vary in frequency, intensity, and duration and can sometimes be accompanied by other symptoms, such as discomfort or pain in the chest or abdomen.

There are many potential causes of hiccups, although in many cases, the exact cause is unknown. Common triggers of hiccups include eating or drinking too quickly, swallowing air, consuming carbonated beverages, sudden changes in stomach temperature, excitement or stress, and some medical conditions or medications that affect the diaphragm or the nerves that control it. In most cases, hiccups are harmless and resolve on their own without medical intervention. However, persistent or chronic hiccups may warrant medical evaluation and treatment, especially if they interfere with daily activities or quality of life.

How long does alcohol stay in your system?

The time it takes for alcohol to leave your system depends on several factors, including the amount and type of alcohol consumed, age, weight, gender, overall health, and individual metabolism. Alcohol is primarily metabolized by the liver, and it is eventually eliminated from the body through urine, sweat, and breath. Generally, alcohol can stay in your system for several hours to several days.

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Chronic back pain? Not interested in wearing a back brace? Keep reading because this is for you!

Throughout the Caribbean, chronic back pain is one of the most common medical problems in adults. Clinically, chronic back pain is a type of persistent pain that affects the lower or upper back, which typically lasts for three months or more and can be caused by a variety of factors, including a previous injury or trauma, poor posture, age-related wear and tear on the spine, or underlying medical conditions such as arthritis or herniated discs.

DO I HAVE CHRONIC BACK PAIN?

Here are the symptoms:

• A dull, aching pain in the lower or upper back that persists for several months or more

• Stiffness or limited mobility in the back, making it difficult to move or perform daily activities

• Shooting pain or tingling sensations that radiate down the legs, also known as sciatica

• Fatigue or difficulty sleeping due to the constant pain and discomfort

WHO EXPERIENCES BACK PAIN?

Chronic back pain can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, although it is more common among adults and seniors. These factors contribute to the risk of chronic back pain:

1. AGE - As people age, the spinal discs in the back can degenerate or wear down, leading to chronic back pain.

2. OCCUPATION - Jobs that involve heavy lifting, bending, or prolonged sitting or standing can increase the risk of developing chronic back pain.

3. GENETICS - Some individuals may be predisposed to chronic back pain due to inherited conditions or structural abnormalities in the spine.

4. OBESITY - Being overweight or obese can put additional stress on the back, increasing the risk of developing chronic back pain.

5. POOR POSTURE - Maintaining poor posture over time can lead to chronic back pain, as it can strain the muscles and ligaments in the back.

6. PREVIOUS INJURY - Individuals with a previous back injury or trauma may be more likely to experience chronic back pain.

7. UNDERLYING MEDICAL CONDITIONS - Certain conditions, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, or herniated discs, can cause chronic back pain.

There are three types of back pain, and these include:

• Acute back pain occurs suddenly and lasts between a few days to a couple of weeks

• Subacute back pain occurs over time and lasts 4-12 weeks

• Chronic back pain occurs slowly and lasts more than 12 weeks, and can happen daily

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of chronic back pain usually involves a comprehensive medical evaluation that includes a review of the patient's medical history, a physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Here are some of the steps involved in diagnosing chronic back pain:

1. MEDICAL HISTORY

The doctor will ask the patient questions about their symptoms, including the location, severity, and duration of their pain. They may also inquire about previous injuries or medical conditions contributing to the pain.

2. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

The doctor will perform a physical examination, including checking the patient's posture, range of motion, reflexes, and muscle strength. They may also palpate the back to identify any areas of tenderness or swelling.

3. IMAGING TESTS

Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans may be ordered to identify structural abnormalities or back injuries.

4. LABORATORY TESTS

Blood tests may be ordered to rule out underlying medical conditions, such as infection or inflammation, contributing to the pain.

5. NERVE TESTS

Electromyography (EMG) or nerve conduction studies may be ordered to assess the functioning of the nerves in the back.

6. DIAGNOSTIC INJECTIONS

In some cases, the doctor may recommend diagnostic injections to help identify the source of the pain. For example, a diagnostic nerve block can help determine if the pain originates from a specific nerve in the back.

As intimidating as it might sound, there are ways to prevent and even treat chronic back pain. Your medical professional may recommend medication, physical therapy, chiropractic care, acupuncture, injections, surgery, or lifestyle modifications to treat your diagnosis. However, practicing proper posture, staying active, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can go a long way in effectively preventing your back pain.