Project 2: Pohara Marae (The Central Hub of Living)Ebook

POHARA MARAE

Developing Strategy

AYNNEZELE LOMBOY STUDIO 6225 BACHELOR OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Ko Maungatautari te Maunga, Ko Tainui te Waka, Ko Waikato te Awa, Ko Raukawa te Iwi, Ko Pohara te Marae, Ko Ngati Koroki Kahukura te Hapu

Contents Client Project Outline Vision Context Site Characteristics

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Slope Aspect Land Use Capabilities Drainage Pattern

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

LadCover Infrastructure Cultural Significance Wider Landscape Connections Group Strategy Case Study: Riparian Enhancement Case Study: Bank Restoration: The Heathcote River Strategy Design principles Master Plan Zoning Plan Structure Planting PLan Circulation Plan Water Management Plan Perspectives Cross Section Reference

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19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 33

Client Ngati Koroki Kahukura/ Pohara Marae The ambition of Ngati Koroki Kahukura and in specific Pohara Marae as client support this project. This is where they protect and sustain for future generations.

They treasure the idea of sustaining and evolving the river system so that they can recover what their ancestors relished which were the eels. The design will include the development of the nearby stream so that they can restore the missing link of eels. By achieving this Ngati Koroki Kahukura will reunite and honour the ones before them and will also balance the ecosystem around them.

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Project Outline The aim of the second project is to design an ecological and cultural restoration of the sacred puna (spring) at Pohara Marae, and the stream which links the puna to the tupuna awa (The Waikato River). The Master Plan should include revegetation, provide connections to Pohara Marae and a possible extension of the papakainga.

With the group strategies established in project 1 the design should follow on the same integrities.

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Vision Knowing that Ngati Koroki Kahukura’s ancestral land is essential to their physical, spiritual, social and economic well-being. The design must produce an ecologically and culturally resilient that is reliable with Ngati Koroki Kahukura’s intention of restoring, protecting and enhancing its connection to the land, river and streams.

Observing important sites and cultural landmark around the wider cultural landscape is important for the design.

The Cultural resilience lets the Whanau (Family) at Pohara Marae to move into the future without disremembering the legacy and history of their ancestors.

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Context Pohara Marae is located in the central of the Waikato region. The Waikato is the fourth largest region in New Zealand. The region has around 30% of New Zealand’s wetlands and numerous wetlands that have been drained to produce farmland. The region also consists of valleys and coastal lands separated by ranges. The marae is 30 minutes away from the bustling Hamilton city and the landscape is mostly covered with rain feed croplands. To the east side of Pohara Marae is the Waikato River, this is where they used to collect delicacies such as eels.

Pohara Marae

Pohara, Waikato, New Zealand Maungatautari

Pohara Marae

Putaruru

Waikato River

Lichheld

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Landscape Character OfCharacter Site Pohara Marae is positioned within the agriculture and rural landscape characterised by cultivated farmlands and dairy farms. The elements around Pohara Marae are the cliffs associated with its native plants and the different kind of vegetation, like alongside the gully which associate generally with a mixture of native and exotic planting, amongst these elements there were open spaces. The combination of the open spaces and its relatively defined landscape as it got compartments such as the gully, water course area and the backdrop makes it different from other rural landscape. The site is culturally, ecologically, agriculturally and socially important to the Ngati Koroki Kahukura.

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Slope

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200

200

160

20 5

16 155 5

22 0

13 0

2 21 10 5

195

The marae sits on the elevation of 145m. The contours portrayed in this map are at 5 metres interval, easily showing that directly behind the marae is a drop off 5m height difference to a small stream.

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205

15 0

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0 21

125

13 5

Pohara Marae is located on land which has slopes of 3 degrees. The slopes around the Marae are mostly below 15 degrees which is suitable for crop farming and future development such as papakainga. Revegetation will take place around the stream and river banks which has a slope that ranges from 12 to 22 degrees and parts where there’s erosion.

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Pohara Marae Roads Stream

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Contours 140

0-4 Degrees 4-10 Degrees 120

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130

11 0

115 125

14 5

18 5

170

10- 15 Degrees

25- 55 Degrees Scale 1:5000

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15- 25 Degrees

Aspect This map analyses the sites aspect highlighting the areas grouped as North/East and South/ West aspect. Pohara Marae is positioned approximately 186 meters above sea level. This allows us to identify appropriate location for future development which are sun oriented within the area. Like the papakainga development is essential to face North or North-West to make the most of the advantage of all day sun and maybe revegetation will apply on the north/east aspect to receive the morning sun.

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Land Use Capabilities

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6e 1

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Land Use capability is a study of the soil. The soils have been classified into four types, the best suited for agriculture to non-arable land. With this information we can work towards establishing the key areas for dairy farming, development and revegetation. The land around Pohara Marae is surrounded typically by Highly arable land.

2- Land with slight limitations for arable use and suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry 3- Land with moderate limitations for arable use, but suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry 6- Non-arable land with moderate limitations for use under perennial vegetation such as pasture or forest 7- Non-arable land with severe limitations to use under perennial vegeta-

7e 1

tion such as pasture or forest e- erosion susceptibility, deposition or the effects of past erosion damage first limits production s- soil physical or chemical properties in the rooting zone such as shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is

# 2s 1

difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production

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Pohara Marae Roads Stream Contours Highly Arable Land (2) Arable Land (3) Low Arable Land (6)

1s 1+7e10 3s 1+7e10

Scale 1:5000

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Non-Arable Land (7)

Drainage Pattern The site is found within the Waitete Catchment.

This map analyses the flow Accumulation which is the measurement of the amount of water it accumulated in overland flow across a surface.

Dark blue areas shows the parts with a high flow accumulation (major overland flow path), light blue areas shows the parts with low flow accumulation (low overland flow path).

This information helps classify where riparian planting would be needed, it also shows where to avoid development to stop house flooding therefore it opens opportunity for planting in those areas.

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Landcover Landcover shows what the land is currently used for. The overall area is open, agriculture and productive grassland with exotic and native forest.

Where conceivable a riparian buffer of 20m should be planted surrounding each side of the stream to act like a sponge by controlling flood flows and forming ecological corridor. Scattered trees helps as feeding place for native bird.

Riparian planting will improve the water flows and water quality of the stream. The vegetation and the soil, it grows on act like a kidney and filter pollutants which is important to agriculture landscape as the runoff hold a lot of stream pollutants. It also benefits greater ecological quality and biodiversity in both the water (aquatic) and land (terrestrial) environments.

Proposed Re-vegetation

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Infrastructure

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The majority surrounding Pohara Marae are roads and powerlines. The extension of rural roads links to some small country towns like Tirau (top right of this map) and Putaruru (right side of this map) to farms, rural schools and the marae. The closest town to the Marae is Arapuni, the ability to move in, out and around the marae and what effect those network have on the people and landscape are major considerations.

Pohara Marae is about 15.2 km distant from the State highways.

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Pohara Marae Railways Roads Powerlines Lake, Pond or River SH1 SH27

Scale 1:100,000

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Cultural Significance This map shows all the cultural significant sites that are located within the district of Pohara Marae. These sites include historic PÄ settlements, Maori horticulture and kumara pits which are viewed as significant sites concerning the mana whenua linking them to their ancestral heritage. Establishing and acknowledging the connections between the marae, land and its people is essential. Pohara Marae is situated between Mt Maungatautari and Waikato River among with gathered PÄ .

These sites include waahi tapu (sacred place), urupaa (burial place), historic access points and river crossings, kaainga (homes), pÄ (traditional settlements), gardens and named river features. These sites are of cultural significance to the iwi and their loss or deterioration has adverse effects on the spiritual and cultural connection with the Waikato River. The Iwi view Hydro-power systems as the foremost one cause of the loss or damage of their historic sites within the bounds of the Waikato River catchment. The stories and experiences that people have when cooperating with these significant places are vital component to their cultural mechanism and connection with their ancestors.

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Wider Landscape Connection

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Pohara Marae is situated within a rich cultural, archaeology and ecological landscape which was widely settled by Maori in the past. Evidence of this was exposed through remnants of previous Pā Sites which has access to food, water, and waka transport. Maungatautari is an ecological mountain north-west of the marae, it is surrounded by the world’s longest pest-proof fence and it is also the home of the native endangered fauna.

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Direction to cultural sites of significance

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Group Strategy Prepared by EMERGENCE Group: We have chosen to focus our strategy on the Economy of the site along side with it’s culturally and ecologically landscape. For the life force of the Hapu and the Marae to develop, process needs to be establish to create a cycle of agriculture, ecology and commerce to earn benefit for the families. Our strategy has intended to regrow native New Zealand planting as these tie back to the Mana whenua roots, this re-vegetation will also have other uses which Maori have been using throughout the generations. The darker green colour shown in this map will be used in our strategy for re-vegetation, this is because we are aiming to reduce the pollution that is coming from the farms and the farming runoff going into the Waikato River. This will also stabilise the river banks, increasing the overall health of the landscape. The area around Pohara Marae would be best suited for the introduction of bees. The bees would help restore the essence of the Waikato region by balancing and improving its ecosystem.

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Case Study

(Below) Location- Southland

1: Riparian Enhancement A case study provided by Chris and Lynsey Stratford shows that both cleaner water and protection of the lake margin will provide a much better roosting, breeding habitat and having plants creates shelter for animals and facilitated pasture growth. The South Coast Dairy partnership began converting a sheep/ beef farm into a dairy farm near Curio Bay in 2009. Chris & Lynsey Stratford manage the property situated 1 km from a beautiful, rugged coast where surfers often enjoy the company of endangered Hector’s dolphins. Before the Stratfords took over the management, the stock freely accessed the riparian areas which causes poor water quality, so they put in a dedicated water supply system for the stock, fenced off streams and their side of a 30-ha lake that borders their farm. 20m lake margin was then created, which allowed sufficient room for plants that would prevent erosion and leftover nutrients going into the lake.

Introduced Benefits: No stock lost in swampy areas.

Preventing soil erosion.

The stream Increased shelter for stock, pasture growth facilitated, and people.

Water quality improved.

Protected habitats for birdlife (e.g. paradise ducks).

The trees creating shade in riparian areas and improving habitat for native fish.

(Below) A large lake margin fenced off and planted to improve water quality and provide habitat for wildlife

This case study demonstrates an important part of Pohara Marae because it stabilizes the land in many ways, such as it protects systems from livestock. It acts as a deterrent from any cattle that could destroy or pollute its waterways. Filters the water, Riparian plants help clean the water running through the property and it prevents erosion, it minimizes erosion problems, especially if native trees are planted, and it helps strengthen the land.

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2: Bank Restoration: The Heathcote River The Heathcote is the lesser recognized of the two larger Christchurch Rivers, the Avon which flows through the city centre is the focus of the City’s image. The Heathcote flows along the foot of the loess-covered Port Hills, from which it receives stormwater run-off (which often carries sediment), and passes through suburbs such as Beckenham, Opawa, Woolston and Ferrymead. These include both industrial and residential areas, and influence the visual and ecological characteristics of the riverbanks. Following the installation of an industrial sewer, the Heathcote River’s water quality is improving, although the stormwater run-off remains. In the lower reaches (Opawa to the sea) the banks are now characterised by: •gentle to steep slopes •width ranging from 2 m to 10 m, but generally at the narrow end of the range.

•introduced grass cover, intensively mown and managed.

•willows (predominantly Salix babylonica) and other northern hemisphere deciduous trees.

•compacted soils and rubble forming stopbanks for much of the length.

•river paralleled by roads on both banks, as well as underground services.

Solution: 1. Restore the river to its “pre-Cut” flow regime (recognising that this might not lead to the same overall state due to changes in soil conditions). This is being done by building a set of gates across the top of the Cut; water will flow down through the Loop under normal conditions, while the gates can be opened during floods.

2. Use emergency bank works to protect the banks until the new flow regime operates.

3. Develop more permanent, vegetation-based bank treatments as the new regime becomes established.

4. Plant predominantly native species in the lower, more saline reaches of the river (where it flows through commercial and industrial areas) and restore deciduous trees over native ground covers in the upper reaches.

This case study shows that using bank restoration will improve in-stream habitat, improve and protect water quality, and help to mitigate flood risks and improve the visual quality of river and stream corridors. It also minimize erosion and protect nearby infrastructure and property.

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Strategy Economic Sustainability: This involves the development of a healthy economy that supports and sustains the hapu and the environment on the long term. To be sustainable, this projects will not only provide environmental and social benefits, but also offer economic value, and this will be achieved by receiving income from bee farming, crop farming, orchard and dairy farming and papakainga.

Ecological Restoration : To renew and restore degraded, damaged or destroyed ecosystems and habitats around Pohara Marae, this will improve the biodiversity conservation, human livelihoods, and ecosystem productivity. The restoration of the stream will regain what their ancestors enjoyed which were the eels or tuna. Ecological restoration will also inherent capacity to provide people of Pohara Marae with the opportunity not only to repair ecological damage, but also to improve the human condition.

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enhances economic productivity and living aordability

Productivity

Pohara Marae Sustainable Fosters Environmental resposibility

Livable Cultivates healthy, cohesive and inclusive community

design principles • Permanent exclusion of stock by fencing is the obvious management approach. Other options include temporary fencing, bridging of farm raceways, and provision of off-stream water and shade.

• The natural environment will be restored and protected

• Care for and protect natural areas and a practical guide to restoration of forest and wetlands.

• Restoration of instream ecological values and improvement of water quality

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• Mana whenua important sites and cultural landmark are recognize

Native plants grow best

• Great understanding of vegetation and planting • Weeding around plants may be necessary to avoid competition and stress.

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B1

A1

A2

B2

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Scale : 1:4000

master plan This design focuses on the Economy and ecological restoration of Pohara Marae. The Marae becomes the destination, the central hub of living.

This Hub consist of Pohara Marae, Wharekai, community gardens, bee farm, Rain Garden, Orchards, Crop Farm as well as an open active space. This design also enable Pohara Marae to grow for the future and be healthy for all life.

Due to the restoration of the stream, riparian planting and revegetation will take place near the stream. The Bee farm/hive is placed in a corner where it can cultivate natural habitats for native pollinators, it is also an easy access to collect honey.

As visitors or residents travel up the main road to the carpark, they are greeted with one of the main aspect of the landscape which are the cliffs aswell as the view of the Marae at the other side.

The carpark is placed before the Marae and the pathway that’s linked with it leads the people in front of the marae so that a formal welcoming can initiate. There is a path network that link all home to the open space.

Existing Building Stream/Puna

Re-Vegetation

Riparian Planting

Economy

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zoning plan

This Zoning Plan is broken up into 3 parts which are Dairy Farming in Light green, Economy benefits in Dark red and Revegetation + Riparian Planting in a dark green textured colour.

Dairy is the economic driver for the commonwealth’s number one industry, agriculture. Dairy farms also provide other benefits such as • For Animal Health: Healthy, well-contented cows provide high quality milk.

• For Food Safety: All milk, regardless of where it comes from or what is on the label, is extremely nutritious, safe and high-quality.

• For the Environment: Dairy producers take good care of the environment, providing wide open spaces in the form of farmland and recycling water and nutrients to conserve resources on their farm.

• For Our Good Health: fortunate to have an abundant supply of fresh, wholesome dairy foods

Dairy Farming Economy Re-evegetation + Riparian Planting

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Scale : 1:4000

Structure planting plan

Rain Garden Shelterbelt Trees Riparian Planting Orchards Community garden Re-vegetation

Riparian Plants: Flax Cabbage Tree Toetoe Oioi

Scale : 1:4000

Revegetation around the slope and parts where there’s erosion helps preserve the stability of the edges.

Riparian Planting: Border the stream 20 m buffer on each stream (10m in each side) these allow for indigenous vegetation succession and should result in a relatively low-maintenance riparian zone. The riparian planting will help the potential for sustainability, natural succession, and low maintenance through weed control and fertilizer run offs. Planting diversity of plants is encouraged.

Shelterbelt Trees: Having Shelterbelt trees situated in near the main road and near the stream acts as a noise buffer from traffic and gives shades. It also protects stock from the effects of cold driving rain.

A good compromise is to use deciduous to create the more open upper wind porosity, while using a native evergreen to provide stock shelter in the lower third. Single row shelter 1.2 to 1.5m apart. Multiple rows and timber belts 1.8 to 2.5m.

Rain Garden: This consists of raingarden plants such as Phormium that can endure a large amount of water. Rain Garden is used for carpark and road run offs and filters heavy metal.

Orchards: This consists of different kind of fruit trees such as apples and pears to feed the residents/hapu and possibly expanded to produce.

Crop Farming: This contains of crops such as corn to feed the resident/hapu and possibly expanded to produce.

Community Garden: This includes fruits and vegetables, if it’s well maintained this can feed the whole papakainga and also helps the resident to save some money.

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circulation plan

Road: The layout of the road covers a single site entrance from which shared roads heading to the papakainga or the Cliff.

Added roads throughout the houses for easy access and extra parking/space beside the houses Permeable paving would be good for the roads to reduce runoffs.

The road is equally 5m for double lane.

Roads Pathways

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Scale : 1:4000

Pathways: Added pathways throughout the site and easy access through the marae Pathways throughout the stream allows the hapu to access the stream/puna Pathways throughout the hills allows the hapu to enjoy the views.

Pathways are 2m wide for pedestrian and cyclist.

Permeable paving for the path is suggested that is compacted for better grip down slopes.

water management plan Storm water The roads and carpark are sloped to channel run off water towards the rain garden, it is then filtered. The road material would be permeable paving to reduce run offs.

Stormwater ow path Rain Garden Stream

Downpipe

waste water from home enters sewege system

Scale : 1:4000

Stormwater from rooftops and gutters enter stormwater drainage system

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perspectives

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View 1

Western Perspective

Eastern Perspective

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cross section

Ripiraian Planting + Re-evegetation Stream

Existing Building

Pathway

A1

A2 Scale 1:500

Stream

Ripiraian Planting + Re-evegetation Marae

Existing Building

Rain Garden

B1

B2 Scale 1:1000

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Reference Auckland Council. (n.d). Riparian Zone Management. Retrieved from http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/technicalpublications/ TP148%20Riparian%20zone%20management%20strategy%20guideline%20planting%20guide%20Planting%20guide%20-%202001.pdf Fukuda,Y. (2012). Benefits of BIODIVERSITY for farmers. Retrieved from http://www.landcare.org.nz/files/file/746/Biodiversity Lindsay,J. (n.d). TALES OF THE RIVERBANK. Retrieved from http://nationalparks.co.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/aqua9.pdf Roussou, T. (Director). (2015). Vanishing of the Bees. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-JjQH_HUHQ Socio-economic value. (2016). Retrieved from http://irrigationnz.co.nz/about-us/irrigation-facts/economic-value/ Waikato Regional Council. (n.d.). Trends in Waikato River water quality. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Waikato-River/Trends-in-water-quality/ All Maps produced by Aynnezele Lomboy All Pohara Landscape photograph by Aynnezele Lomboy and Khner Santos

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THE CENTRAL HUB OF LIVING

EMERGENCE