Pohara Marae Development Strategy
. EMERGENCE . Yamen Jawish Aynnezele Lomboy Knher Santos Sally Shi Georgina Dean
Contents Client
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Project Outline Vision Waikato Region Pohara Marae Analysis Slope Aspect Hydrology Landcover Land Use Capability Arable Land Sites Economy Benefit and Effects of Hydro Station Infrastructure Cultural Significance
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Strategy Plan
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Exclusion Map
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Case Study Zoning Plan Bee Farm & The function and current situation for Tuna Tourism & Agriculture References
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Client Ngati Koroki Kahukura/ Pohara Marae The ambition of Ngati Koroki Kahukura and in specific Pohara Marae as client urge this project .The cornerstone of Ngati Koroki Kahukura. The central hub of living. This is where they protect and sustain for future generations. They value the idea of sustaining and evolving the river system so that they can regain what their ancestors enjoyed which were the eels and the tuna. Two key components which they hold dear to their hearts.
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In order to comprehend our client’s need, EMERGENCE will implement the development of the nearby stream so that they can restore the missing link of tuna and eels that was enjoyed by their ancestors. By accomplishing this Ngati Koroki Kahukura will reunite and honour the ones before them and will balance the ecosystem around them.
Project Outline The aim of this assessment is to explore possible opportunities for a broad scale development strategy that acknowledges the people of Pohara Marae, their cultural values, and their relation to the Waikato River. The area is situated near Mount Maungatautari in the southern part of the Waikato region. The development will address the deteriorating ecological landscape near Pohara Marae by revegetation programs and the restoration of the natural water bodies that flow within the vicinity Marae.
The development project will also implement economic and cultural strategies that will enhance and manage the significant landscape towards mana whenua. In order for this development to progress, certain cultural, economic and ecological values must be taken into consideration. The unity of these factors will establish the foundations for a rational design strategy.
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Ko Maungatautari te Maunga, Ko Tainui te Waka, Ko Waikato te Awa, Ko Raukawa te Iwi, Ko Pohara te Marae, Ko Ngati Koroki Kahukura te Hapu
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Vision Knowing that Ngati Koroki Kahukura’s ancestral land is essential to their physical, spiritual, social and economic well-being. The vision of EMERGENCE is to produce an ecologically resilient and culturally reactive strategy that is reliable with Ngati Koroki Kahukura’s idea of restoring, protecting and enhancing its connection to the land, river and streams.
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Waikato Region The Waikato is the fourth largest region in New Zealand. It stretches from the Bombay Hills and Port Waikato in the north down to the Kaimai Ranges and Mt Ruapehu in the south, and from Mokau on the west coast across to the Coromandel Peninsula in the east. The region has around 30% of New Zealand’s wetlands and many more wetlands that have been drained to produce farmland. The region also consists of valleys and coastal lands separated by ranges. The Thames valley is divided from the Waikato basin by greywacke hills running north through the Hapūakohe and Hūnua ranges. The Hakarimata and Taupiri ranges produce a boundary among the middle and lower reaches of the Waikato River. The name Waikato originated through the voyage of the Tainui canoe, which had travelled from Polynesia. Arriving just off the mouth of the river, the crew remarked upon the kato (the pull of the river current in the sea) and afterwards the name Waikato (wai meaning water) was given to the river. The Waikato River is the most important river in the region. The Waikato River and its region have been populated for at least the past 700 to 800 years. The river provided physical and spiritual sustenance for large populations of Maori living along its catchment, and laid a foundation for Maori cultural, social and economic progress. Overall The Waikato Region contains the longest river in New Zealand (the Waikato River), the largest lake (Lake Taupō), internationally significant wetlands, the country’s most important geothermal systems, extensive native and exotic forests, and Tongariro National Park.
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Pohara Marae Pohara Marae is the main focus of our site and our strategy. Pohara Marae is situated in the central of the Waikato region. It is 30 minutes away from the bustling Hamilton city. The landscape is mostly covered with rain feed croplands. Waikato River can be found in the eastern side of Pohara Marae where they used to gather delicacies such as eels and tuna.
Before the name Pohara was given it was previously known as Kenana. Kaumatua Wina Taute has interpreted the name Pōhara to mean ‘to be humble’ and the name of the wharenui “Rangiātea” which was opened in November 1966 by Te Arikinui Te Atairangikaahu, as coming from a house that stood at Tāne, an earlier settlement at Maungatautari, which is their ancestral mountain. Their lands and waters are the essence of their identity and these will be reinforced by our strategy.
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ANALYSIS
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Slope Pohara Marae is nestled on the slope of Maungatautari. Pohara Marae is located on land which has slopes that range between 3 degrees and 5 degrees, the slopes around the Marae are mostly under 15 degrees which is suitable for crop farming, future development and bee farming. We consider doing revegetation around the stream and river banks which has a slope that range from 16 to 22 degrees and parts where there’s erosion.
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Pohara Marae Lake, Pond or River 0 - 8 Degrees 8-15 Degrees
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>15 Degrees
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Scale 1:80,000
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Aspect This map indicate the sites aspect highlighting the areas grouped as North/East and South/West aspect. Pohara Marae is situated approximately 186 meters above sea level receiving an abundant amount of northerly sunlight indicated in red. This allows us to pin point preferable locations for future development which are sun oriented within the area.
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Pohara Marae Lake, Pond or River North and East South and West
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Hydrology The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand and its catchment covers 14,260 square km. It starts in the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu, connecting the Tongariro River system and draining into Lake Taupo. It drains Lake Taupo, New Zealand’s largest lake, creates the Huka Falls and then flows northwest, through the Waikato Plains. It then drains into the Tasman Sea south of Auckland, at Port Waikato. The river’s main tributary is the Waipa River, which joins the Waikato at Ngaruawahia, 21 kilometres north of the city. There are eight dams and nine hydroelectric power stations on the river. Karapiro and Arapuni hydroelectric dams are the closest to Pohara Marae. Recognizing the network of the streams through the site allows us to comprehend the effect of our strategy upon this essential element. Pohara Marae is surrounded by a dense network of water ways fed by the Waikato River. The Waikato River and the streams are the mauri (life force) of a better landscape, as well as its people. Therefore it is important to our strategy from a cultural view. Wildlife species and riparian plants along the river and streams are important part of the hapu life and also an important part of our upcoming strategy.
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Pohara Marae
Lake, Pond or River
Pokaiwhenua Catchment
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Waikato Catchment
Puniu Catchment
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Mangaohoi Catchment
Waipa Catchment
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Mangapiko Catchment
Waitete Catchment
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Owairaka Catchment
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Landcover Originally the Waikato region was full dense bush however over time a lot of the bush has been taken over by farm land and pasture which has done a large amount to change the land along with the species throughout the region. Lack of trees have created large amounts of erosion but one of the main courses of erosion is the agriculture. Barren grass land has meant the a lot of the mountains and hills have eroded. There are small amounts of bush in the region that are protected and constantly getting tidy by the Waikato regional council that have been encouraging plants and trees to grow. Originally the land was covered in dense Conifer (kahikatea or Totara) mainly on the flat and gently slopping areas towards the river. There is now 10% less original vegetation half of which is old growth and the other is regrowth. The regeneration project are planting Macrocarpa which is found in the forest areas and also attracts large amounts of bird life to the area. The low land areas are covered by Kahikatea and small leafed shurbs, the rolling hill country is full of Rimu-Tawa, Kohekohe, Nikau where the steep land has growth of Rimu-tawa and Tanekaha. The low land areas in the Waikato tend to be conifer forests and wetlands most of which these areas are full of large amounts of Kahikatea and Pukatea. The wetland areas contain kiekie, supple jack and Gahnia Xanthocarpa these tend to grow well on wetter soils. In the drier soils there tends to be a large amount of small leaves planting and understory plants such as Kaikmako and Turepo which are lower growing shrubs, the understory growth being Totara and Matai Rimu which is more abundant to the land and soil types. Our stratergy is to replant the eroded areas using native bush that will bring back the native enviroment for the hapu.
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Pohara Marae
Exotic Forest
Road
Herbaceous Freshwater Vegetation
Lake, Pond or River
High Producing Exotic Grassland
Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods
Indigenous Forest
Built-up Area (settlement)
Manuka and/or Kanuka
Deciduous Hardwoods
Surface Mine or Dump
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Land Use Capabilities Through our Land Use Capability analysis we have been able to identify the limitations currently throughout our site. The soils have been categorized into four types, the best suited for agriculture and non-arable land, with this information we can work towards our strategy. The land around Pohara Marae is surrounded mostly by highly arable land.
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Pohara Marae Highly Arable Land (1-3) Arable Land (4) Low Arable Land (5-6) Non-Arable Land (7-8)
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Lake, Pond or River Town
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Arable Land Sites 1. Land with virtually no limitations for arable use and suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry 1s 1 1s 1+7e10
2. Land with slight limitations for arable use and suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry 2e 3; 2e 3+2w 3 2s 1; 2s 1+3s 1; 2s 2 2w 2; 2w 3
3. Land with moderate limitations for arable use, but suitable for cultivated crops, pasture or forestry 3e 1+2s 1
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3e 1+2w 3 3e 1; 3e 4 3e 4+4e 4 3s 1 3s 1+7e10 3w 1
4. Land with moderate limitations for arable use, but suitable for occasional cropping, pasture or forestry 4e 1; 4e 2
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5-8. Non-arable land with limitations to use under perennial vegetation such as pasture or forest
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LUC subclass modifier (e) erosion susceptibility, deposition or the effects of past erosion damage first limits production (w) soil wetness resulting from poor drainage or a high water table, or from frequent overflow from streams or coastal waters first limits production (s) soil physical or chemical properties in the rooting zone such as shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production
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Economy Waikato is New Zealand’s fourth-largest regional economy power house, which is most known for the production of certain minerals including coal, aggregates, gold and limestone. It is also a major player in livestock, dairy farming and forestry industry occupying 83% of the regions productive land. The region is also capable of producing energy from natural resources such as coal, biomass, geothermal, wind and wave
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Stone Residential Areas Lake, Pond or River
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Dairy and livestock: The region generates $4.7 billion dollars annually on dairy farming alone, providing more than 42,000 full-time jobs for residents which in turn strengthens the economic structure of the Waikato region. The processing of sheep, beef and deer contribute $2.1 billion in annual sales, providing more than 30,000 full-time jobs. Forestry and logging: The forest and logging industry, predominantly located in the Taupo, South Waikato and Rotorua regions generate sales of around $500 million, employing more than 6000 full-time skilled workers. A combination of road and railways are used to transport forest products to their designated destinations. Coal resources: The Waikato region is exceedingly rich in coal, making up a quarter of New Zealand’s recoverable coal reserves. The region contains an estimated of 2 billion tonnes of the natural resources deep in the ground. The region contains 14 operational coalfields extending from Maramarua in the north to Mokau in the south. Tourism: Tourism is another key component for the Waikato economy, with the Waitomo caves as the third most visited tourist attraction in New Zealand. Places like the Coromandel Peninsula, west coast and Taupo contain a number of diverse activities for tourists, increasing the economic gain of the Waikato region.
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Benefits and Effects of Hydro Station
Benefits The introduction of hydro stations to the Waikato region have significantly contributed to the development of the Waikato and national economies. Newly implemented road networks provided access to the Waikato River and throughout the region. Town planners developed towns and laid infrastructure networks which surrounded the dams and power stations. Property values of houses that were built adjacent to the newly formed lakes increased as a result of lake views. They support local fisheries and recreational amenities including an international rowing facility. The dams also help regulate the volume of water that enters the Waikato catchments which restricts the possibility of flooding throughout the region.
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Effects The changes in that arose from the construction of hydro dams in the region have significantly impacted the relationship of iwi with the river. The of the 8 hydro dams along the Waikato have immensely effected the regions natural state, drowning important cultural and geothermal sites, altered local fisheries, changed the river’s ecology, hydrology, sedimentology, morphology, water clarity and quality, temperature regime, and recreational uses. The dam has created a barrier preventing certain marine species from manoeuvring upstream by 15-25 km. This restriction can greatly affect the natural mating cycle that may result in a declining population.
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Infrastructure Transport: The Waikato region is a network hub, containing 16% of the national state highway (1,740km) and 329km of active rail routes in the region. It also accounts for a quarter of the total national freight movement throughout New Zealand, an estimate of 51 million tonnes of goods. Electricity: The Waikato region is New Zealand’s electricity power house, generating more electricity than any other region in New Zealand. An estimate of 75% of the generated electricity is exported to regions throughout New Zealand, predominantly Auckland. Almost 60% of produced electricity comes from renewable resources such as hydro, geothermal, wind and marine energy. The 8 dams and 9 power stations produce 4,200 gigawatts per hour to New Zealand’s electricity requirement, representing about 13% of the national electricity supply making the region a significant importance to New Zealand’s electricity demand.
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Lake, Pond or River
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Powerlines Railway Roads
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Cultural Significance This map displays all the cultural significant sites that are located within the vicinity of Pohara Marae. These sites include historic Pa settlements, Maori horticulture and kumara pits which are viewed as significant sites towards the mana whenua linking them to their ancestral heritage.
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A number of significant sites to the five river iwi have been damaged or destroyed over the past 100 years in a range of ways. These sites include waahi tapu (sacred place), urupaa (burial place), historic access points and river crossings, kaainga (homes), paa (traditional settlements), gardens and named river features. These sites are of cultural significance to the iwi and their loss or deterioration has adverse effects on the spiritual and cultural connection with the Waikato River. Iwi view Hydro-power systems as the leading cause of the loss or damage of their historic sites within the limits of the Waikato River catchment. The stories and experiences that people have when interacting with these significant places are an integral component to their cultural mechanism and connection with their ancestors.
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Industrial Flour milling
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STRATEGY PLAN
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Exclusion Map The exclusion map is composed of 3 vital components that escalate towards our final strategy for Pohara Marae. The bottom map represents the Elevation of the surrounding area with the Waikato River flowing through. The second map displays the existing exotic and indigenous vegetation that can be found within the area. The third map depicts the arable land, the land which is best suited for farming and cropping within the area. The final map represents our zoning and strategy map, where we intend to revegetate steep slopes, reintroduce native birds by providing habitable forest patches and increase the economical income for the Marae by means of commercial enterprise.
Strategy
Arable Land and river
Vegetation and river
Elevation, Pohara Marae and river
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Case Study A case study provided by Ross Little demonstrates the importance of bees in stabilising and maintaining the surrounding ecosystem. Ross little and his family have introduced beehives on their farm in North Canterbury to facilitate clover pollution and increase the overall health of the landscape. Ross has planted shelterbelts with a mixture of native plants that provide necessary nectar and pollen for bees.
Bees are currently under heavy threat, a combination of agrochemicals, malnutrition and diseases are leading to the decline of bee numbers. Bees in New Zealand are threatened by varroa, a rapid spreading infectious mite that can cause entire bee colonies to dissipate if left untreated. Without bees, seed banks will disappear and cease to become a barrier, therefore resulting in an increase in nitrogen fertilisers entering water bodies.
Introduced benefits:
Pollens provide bees with protein which are vital to their continued survival and overall health. Some unwanted weeds such as gross and broom administer sufficient pollens for bees, so when these weeds are plucked from the soil, we are depriving bees from a viable amount of nutrition needed to function.
Maintaining viable clover seed for the regeneration of hill pasture and eroding river banks. The reduction of nitrogen levels that seep into the soil and river. Honey production improved through extended flowering season. An increase of trees provides more shade and shelter for grazing stock. Trees also provide habitats for birds and insects.
This case study demonstrates a possible means of implementing bee colonies to restore and revive the natural character of Pohara Marae and its landscape.
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Our Zoning plan covers the areas ideal for commercial use. Farmlands are the most suitable commercial activity to be implemented for our area. Our chosen site is the most arable land for farming. This is because the soil is fertile and easily manipulated for vegetation. Waikato’s steep slope prevent any possible activities as the soil is drastically eroded and the implementation of farming projects would be too difficult to maintain. Our strategy has aimed to regrow native New Zealand planting as these tie back to the Mana whenua roots, this re-vegetation will also have other uses which Maori have been using throughout the generations. The arable land which is closest to the Waikato River is going to be used in our strategy for re-vegetation, this is because we are aiming to reduce the pollution that is coming from the farms and the farming runoff going into the Waikato River. This will also stabilise the river banks, increasing the overall health of the landscape. The area around Pohara Marae would be best suited for the introduction of bees. The bees would help restore the essence of the Waikato region by balancing and improving its ecosystem. Due to the large scale commercial use it will be easy to move the surrounding hive and place them into the farmlands. This will allow the bees to maintain the environment rather than having to use sprays on the crops and also the pasture.
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Bee Farm One of the biggest problems the world is facing at the moment that would have a huge impact on the planet is the disappearing of bees. Our strategy is to inform the mana whenua about the importance of bees. Bring bees onto the Marae will bring emergence of benefits to the future of their farms especially crops to the site. By doing this the bees will generate income and food to the marae, it is important to the Mana whenua that they have food to help for their survival. Bee’s populations however are decreasing around the world, introducing bees to the area will require a lot of work especially maintaining the hive itself. Without the bees we would be living on only rice, wheat and corn. Bees are an essential part of a plants life, as they are what keep the crops good.
They pollinate apples, broccoli, carrots, onions, sunflowers, tomatoes, beans potatoes and many more. However, bees are struggling to stay alive with genetically modified crops. This can be changed by following a practice where organic growth of plants and vegetables are followed. Organic vegetation will benefit the land by creating more natural crops. A cycle would emerge from this process where bees and vegetation would both benefit one another. Having bees in Pohara Marae will become essential and hugely beneficial for the crops and the farms. A colony of Bees can begin with a maximum of 10 and will be scattered to nearby crops. The bees would then work on the vegetation around them. Pollinating and maintaining its ecosystem around it.
The function and current situation for Tuna The Waikato River supports New Zealand’s largest tuna fishery, but the decrease in both the quantity and quality of the tuna has been highlighted as a major concern by iwi. Tuna restoration was desired throughout the river, not only to provide a commercial income but also to provide a ready source of tuna for cultural events, funeral and because the presence of a healthy tuna population in the river signifies a healthy river. Now, a substantial decline in tuna taken for family group, sub-tribe and personal use, which was also highlighted in an earlier survey carried out in the Ngati Maniapoto rohe.
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To u r i s m Kaitiakitanga and manaakitanga are two values which are central to the strategy of tourism. Kaitiakitanga means guardianship, care and protection. It provides the basis for managing the natural, cultural and built environment for current and future generations. Manaakitanga signifies a mutual responsibility upon a host and a humble invitation towards a visitor. Applying these values to our strategy signifies our unified approach towards a more beneficial outcome. The tourism sector has managed to protect and maintain New Zealand’s threatened ecosystems, protecting marine mammals, native bird species and forest regeneration.
Agriculture
One of the main sources of income in the Waikato is farming. Farming and cropping are an immensely significant industry for the region as it is one of the main sources of income. Our strategy is to increase and expand the site with new ways to go about farming, that hopefully will decrease erosion and also decrease the pollution to the Waikato River along with its catchments. We aim to achieve revegetating along the river banks which will act as a natural barrier, collecting and preventing unwanted contaminants from entering the water systems. Replanting in the area will not only help with erosion but will also help the animals in the hotter and dryer periods by providing more shaded areas.
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Tourism provides Maori with vital opportunities to develop, honour and display their unique culture which sets New Zealand apart from the rest of the world. Maori culture acts as a lens which demonstrates the interactions within communities and the surrounding landscape, which deepens the experience tourists have.
References Fukuda,Y. (2012). Benefits of BIODIVERSITY for farmers. Retrieved from http://www.landcare.org.nz/files/file/746/Biodiversity He kai kei aku ringa. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/infrastructure-growth/maori-economic-development/documents-image-library/hkkar-six-monthly-report-december2014.pdf Hydro Dams. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoriver.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/23-Hydrodams.pdf Leaman, A., & Smallman, E. (2013). Waikato River in ‘serious decline’. Retrieved from http://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/9020416/Waikato-River-in-serious-decline Morgan, J. (Director). (2012). How to harvest and process bee pollen for consumption and sale at farmers markets. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGfSfsAbiJM New Zealand Tourism Strategy. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.tianz.org.nz/content/library/FINAL_NZTS2015_HR.pdf Roussou, T. (Director). (2015). Vanishing of the Bees. [Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-JjQH_HUHQ Significant Sites. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.waikatoriver.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/26-Significant-Sites.pdf Socio-economic value. (2016). Retrieved from http://irrigationnz.co.nz/about-us/irrigation-facts/economic-value/ The Economic Value of Irrigation In New Zealand. (2004). Retrieved from http://ecan.govt.nz/publications/Reports/cwms-tech-rpt-3b-Economic-value-of-Irrigation-Apr-04-final.pdf The health of the he health of the Waikato River and catchment Waikato River and catchment. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/419/gecreport.pdf Tourism New Zealand Three Year Marketing Strategy. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.tourismnewzealand.com/media/1543/tourism-new-zealand-3-year-marketing-strategy-fy14-fy16.pdf Waikato Regional Council. (n.d.). Waikato Regional Council’s Strategic direction. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/19184/Strategic%20direction%202013%20to%20 16.pdf Waikato Regional Council. (n.d.). Trends in Waikato River water quality. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Waikato-River/ Trends-in-water-quality/ Waikato Regional Council. (n.d.). Waikato River water quality monitoring map. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Waikato-River/map/ Waikato Regional Council. (n.d.). Let’s Talk Water. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/40487/Lets%20talk%20water%20document.pdf Waikato Regional Council. (n.d.). Biodiversity publications. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Services/Publications/Biodiversity/ Waikato Regional Council. (2015). Waterway Management. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/30016/factsheets/CNM%20factsheet%20waterway%20management_2. pdf Waikato regional economic profile. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/23558/TR201237.pdf Waikato Regional Energy Forum. (n.d.). Waikato Regional Energy Strategy. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/13327/Waikato%20regional%20energy%20strategy.pdf All Maps Produced by Yamen Jawish, Aynnezele Lomboy, Knher Santos, Sally Shi & Georgina Dean All Pohara Marae Landscape Photograph by Knher Santos & Aynnezele Lomboy
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.EMERGENCE.