Tevita Vea Final- Project 2

Michael Macfarlane Dexell Aita Logan Autagavaia Jhoana Katharina Phoebe Tao Tevita Vea

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TEVITA VEA ID: 1416839 BLA YEAR 3

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CONTENTS CONTENTS

Rejuvenating a Place of Belonging The Client & Brief Map Analysis & Rationale Elevation Slope Hydro Flow & Accumulation LUC (Land-Use Capabilites) Arable Land Land Cover Archaeology Case Study 1 Case Study 2 Group Strategy Masterplan Papakainga Development Circulation Recreational Growth Re-vegetation Riparian Planting Boardwalk X-Sections Perspectives References

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REJUVENATING A PLACE OF BELONGING Pohara Marae and its surrounding landscape defines who they are as a character. Playing their part in a society where restoration is not yet accomplished. It is up to us, Landscape Architects to give their identity back by restoring and preserving the Awa which flows through the area.

“Kia mau ki te whenua, hei papakainga mo ake tonu”, - “Keep the land, a home forever.”

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THE CLIENT & BRIEF Ngati Koroki Kahuhura have given us a vision of what they would like to see in the future, one of them being the revitalisation of their sacred puna (spring). In doing that, it would bring back the tuna giving them easy access to food. This vision is withheld due to the settlement of dairy farming and the erosion of the river bank along with poor native/ riparian planting around the area. This effects the water quality giving the puna no use.

The aim of the brief is to design an ecological and cultural restoration of the sacred puna (spring), and the stream which connects to the tupuna awa (the Waikato River). Also revegetation and suggestions of a possible extension of the papakainga.

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MAP ANALYSYS & RATIONALE Several constraints and opportunities were identified through the use of GIS. Strategic decision making were made easily once the data such as vegetated areas, buildings and river/ stream lines had been located. For example slope analysis and flow accumulation showed the positioning of the dairy farming and vegetated farmlands surrounding Pohara.

Also the analysis of cultural and historical items within the maps help strengthen the design process. For example the indigenous forest, maunga and reserves located give us a better understanding of what should be functioning around the area.

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ELEVATION

“Kia mau ki te whenua, hei papakainga mo ake tonu” This map shows Pohara Marae that is situated on a low level. It is also elevated toward Maungtautari.

-“Keep the land, a Home forever” vision

The of [San]tuary is to assist Ngati koroki kahukura of Pohara Marae in enhancing the essence of identity, with our key concentrations on preservation of Awa, and their homelands, “Kia mau ki te whenua, hei papakainga mo ake tonu”, - “Keep the land, a home forever.”

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context

SLOPE HYDRO

A slope of 25 degree plus surrounds Pohara Marae around the North-west area as shown in this map.

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The surrounding landscape of Pohara, is rich in soil content which contains fertile volcanic ash. Rolling hills and mountains can be seen from miles away in any direction.

It is easily identified by cultivated farmland, dairy pasture and the Waikato River. The area is more populated by cattle grazing the plains than by people living in the area. Native forests still exist in the area, but due to intensive farming, the construction of damns and further development in the region, they are becoming smaller and smaller with each passing year.

HYDRO

Pohara Marae has a puna/ stream that flows right through to the Waikato River.

Maungatautari ecological district is located in the Waikato basin. It is the hilly countryside surrounded by the lowland townships of Cambridge, Morrinsville, Tirau and Matamata. The formation of the land and vegetation has been greatly influenced by fault planes, volcanic activity, and the constant changing of the Waikato River system.

Each of these areas have many different factors that influence the range of plant species and associations that naturally occur such as soil types, slope, drainage and rainfall patterns.

The Waikato region is located south of Auckland in the North Island, it has valleys and coastal lands separated by ranges. The Waikato is the most important river in the region.

The region contains around 30% of New Zealand’s total wetlands. Many of these wetlands have been drained to create farmland.

Most of Waikato’s native forests have been cleared for farming, but some remain in forest parks and on mountain ranges. Native birds are especially common in wetlands and near the coast. Endangered animals in the region include the black mudfish, Hochstetter’s frog, and the threatened Te Aroha stag beetle.

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waikato river

FLOW & ACCUMULATION

This map shows the directional flow of the puna/ stream descending from the elevated surface area and accumulating in the low land area.

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LUC The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, it streches for 425 km and is the only river in New Zealand that flows from south to north. The Waikato River starts from Lake Taupo and slows out to the sea LAND-USE CAPABILITIES at Puuaha o Waikato, and passes through, Huka Falls, Cambridge, Hamilton, Ngaruawahia and Huntly. The Waikato region generates more power than any other region in New Zealand, because of its eight hydroelectric dams. The areas near the Waikato River is highly fertile farm land, due to the agricultural development in the area, the runoff from these farms are leached into groundwater and into the Waikato River.

In this map there are large amounts of high producing grasslands around Pohara. This showing there can be an increase in capable production and re-vegetation in this area.

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ARABLE LAND

Majority of the land surrounding Pohara Marae is highly arable. Whereas the non arable land is surrounding the cliff areas.

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LANDCOVER

Located in this map are Indigenous/ Exotic forest that are planted close to Pohara Marae.

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ARCHAEOLOGY

Located near Pohara Marae are 4 Pa sites which may show a connection of their past that is sacred to the people of the land.

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CASE STUDY 1 Healthy Streams = A Healthy Harbour (Raglan, New Zealand) A riparian planting at Raglan was designed to improve water quality, which buffers both the stream and a wetland area.

Riparian planting can influence the health of waterways and how they function.

Over the last 10 to 15 years, there has been a surge in stream-restoration projects by a range of agencies, community groups, and rural landowners. These projects are strongly focused on re-establishing or enhancing riparian vegetation. In rural areas, the main objective of planting riparian buffer strips tends to be improving water quality. In urban areas, riparian planting projects also seek many social and cultural benefits including aesthetics, recreation, and flood control.

In the past many Waikato settlements would have cattle grazing and drinking from the stream banks. Today, a great number of streams on farmlands are securely fenced off from livestock by two-wire electric fences and the riparian planting is tall, lush and providing shade for the stream, and providing a good habitat for native birds and fishes.

A local farmer, Fred Lichtwark, says that 20 years ago Whaingaroa Harbour in Ragland, was in a terrible state - the harbour was bursting with thick smelly sediment, dead animal carcasses would wash up on the shore, and the fishing was horrific. Now, he says, the water flowing into the head of the harbour is clean and silt-free, the mud and animal carcasses have disappeared, and the fishing has improved remarkably. Even better, the protected streams are now full of native fish, and his whitebait catching is much more successful.

A lot of landowners who have taken part in the project say ‘being green’ has made great economic sense, both for them as individuals and for the wider community. Farmers say the can farm more intensively on less land and make more money. Everyone in the area has benefited from a cleaner harbour, which has attracted growing numbers of visitors and is boosting the local economy.

This is one of the many cases where we can see that using riparian planting is more beneficial to the community than leaving the rivers and wetlands in the state they are in now. By using riparian planting, we can restore the Waikato River and its sub-streams to what they once were.

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CASE STUDY 2

Healthy Report for Regions Rivers (Taranaki, New Zealand)

“The health of our rivers and streams is highly valued and is vital to the well-being livelihood and lifestyle of everyone in the Taranaki region.”

The Taranaki Regional Council (TRC)has established the Sustainable Dairying: Water Accord and Riparian management programmes as directed by the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2014 after amending Section 5A of the Regional Fresh Water Plan for Taranaki.

In the 2014 update on Taranaki waterways it is said that the ecological health, physical and chemical state of the rivers and streams are the best yet in 18 years of monitoring.

The huge investments in improvements are estimated to cost the TRC around $80milllion on plants, fencing and contractors since the project began, this to be completed within the decade. The rate of this riparian work is increasing and as of 2014 farmers had completed 3,558km of new fencing and an estimate of 1,766km of new riparian planting.

“Streamside fencing prevents stock from fouling streams, while vegetation filters run-off, reduces nutrients entering waterways, provides shad, reduces water temperature and enhances biodiversity.”

Initially skeptical over the Taranaki large-scale and voluntary riparian (streamside) management programme, the Gwerders (Joe and Karen) however showed that they were fully on board with thinking and priorities inevitably changed in the last three decades that they’ve been on the land. They’re now on board and wanting to meet riparian target for Taranaki for themselves and the quality of the water (TRC, 2013).

They have programmed their total fencing and planting over five years and are now in the third year of implementation. The Taranaki Council providing the support through not only 500,000-plus plants but also through contractors to help with the planting, where the Gwerders are able to complete the fencing.

Taranaki’s waterways are better than some other comparable waterways, but the Council is committed to continued improvement. “In general, the poorest water quality in New Zealand is found in lowland urban catchments. Quality is better in lowland rural catchments, and the bet quality is found in upland forested catchments.

Taranaki is consistent with the national pattern”.

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GROUP STRATEGY

(San)ctuary Group have looked into a problem that is currently being evaluated. This being the Waikato River with its highly contaminated waters that have come from the erosion of the river banks along with the runoff of settlementation from the dairy farming round the river.

Hydro dams are located along the river which generates elctricity to feed other regions around New Zealand.

Our initial idea was to strengthen the plantation across the riverbank using the riparian planting system. This would decrease the problems that the river is facing.

With the lack of planting around the Waikato River, issues have occured in the area such as the papakainga not having access to their puna/ stream due to contamination. Also the tuna/ fishery not flowing through the stream as they did generations ago.

It is up to us Landscape Architects to find a solution for the people which would be to strengthen the riparian planting along the Waikato River. This will allow us to further our plantation development along the puna/ streams giving the papakainga accesibility to their water.

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MASTERPLAN

This design focuses on the Papakainga and what their values and proposed ideas are.

These opportunites being functional, aswell as economical and recreational in the community they reside in. I have broken my design into the ideas as catergories.

Functional: Constraints within the site tell me what areas are possible to use or need more focus on. For example finding out what area is sloped, defining where the new housing should be built and constructing an accessibilty through the site.

Economical: With a large amount of arable land around Pohara Marae I have placed orchards, cropping and dairy farming in sections of the area. This would boost their economy also provided its people food for a healthy living.

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Recreational: Due to a lack of activities within the area. I placed a basketball court and playground next to the wharenui. This is focused on the younger generation of the community giving them a joyful feeling while creating memories of the place they call home.

TALL PLANTING /TREES HIGH FORESTRY ORANGE ORCHARD

PAPAKAINGA DEVELOPMENT PEAR ORCHARD

APPLE ORCHARD KUMARA CROP KUMARA PIT

VEGETABLE CROP

SWEET POTATO CROP PUNA/ STREAM RIPARIAN PLANTING BRIDGE EXISTING BUILDING PROPOSED BUILDING BOUNDARY LINE FENCING BASKETBALL COURT

I have left the existing houses as they were PLAYGROUND WALKWAY because it is already well placed as a community. As depicted I have added a few more houses around the recreational area, to encourage the theme of community further. Also I’ve situated them around the stream so they are closer to the water source.

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CIRCULATION

Due to a lack of accessibility in the area of Pohara Marae I have designed a road that connects the housing in the area.

In addition to this, I have added a carpark to the Marae to the left of the entrance close to the designated sleeping areas allowing for tourists/ guests to have access to their cars.

I have created a walkway around the sectioned areas of vegetation and around the edge of the river so that it presents a relaxed connection to nature when walking around it.

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RECREATIONAL

Because there were no functional areas for activities for the children and youth in the area, I chose to place a basketball court and playground behind the wharenui. This will bring enjoyment and fun to the people residing in the complex during the down time.

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GROWTH

As shown I have proposed for there to be sections of orchards, these growing a variety of fruit to then be picked and either sold for a profit or for feeding the people.

The coloured areas of vegetables such as kumara or potato are placed in the areas where there is arable land. Kamokamo, kale, spinach, asparagus crops would be found closest to the housing around the south-west area. There are kumara pits used for storage will be reinstated for use to incorporate the past with the present educating the future generations. This is located in the north-western area close to the cliff.

The other idea proposed was to encourage dairy farming in some of the high producing grassland surrounding the Marae.

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RE-VEGETATION

I have focused my re-vegetation primarily near the puna/ stream to strengthen its condition that will help purify the water. I used a number of indigeonus trees such as Kauri, Rimu, Kahikatea in the low non arable lands. Also forming a barrier of forestry along the cliff side to give a enclosure feeling of the papakainga.

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RIPARIAN PLANTING

Linking back to our group strategy I decided to create a strong riparian planting system along the puna/ stream with a 10m buffer. This will over time resolve the erosion from the riverbank and from other settlements. The plants I have used contribute to eachothers growth along the stream.

Plants: Purei Pukio Toe Toe Manuka Kapuka Mahoe Tikowa Kahikatea

FLOOD PLAIN AND BACKSWAMP

WET SLOPE AND LEVEE

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OFTEN SUBMERGED

OFTEN SUBMERGED

WET SLOPE AND LEVEE

FLOOD PLAIN AND BACKSWAMP

BOARDWALK Boardwalks is an idea I have formulated in my design to create a feeling of inter-connection through the people and whenua. Being able to flow through the site with the accessiblity to water, orchards and the forestry.

We would be able to connnect through watching the tuna/ fish swim to and from the Waikato River.

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X-SECTIONS

X-SECTION A @ 1:500

X-SECTION B @ 1:750

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X-SECTION C @ 1:750

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PERSPECTIVES

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THE HUMBLE BEGINNING OF POHARA MARAE

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REFERENCES

Ballance, A. (2015). Healthy streams - healthy harbour. Retrieved from: (http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/201775799/healthy-streams-healthyharbour MacLeod, D. (2014). Healthy report for region’s rivers. Taranaki Regional Council. Article retrieved from: http://www.trc.govt.nz/healthy-report-for-region-s-rivers/ Riparian Management. (2016). Retrieved from: http://www.trc.govt.nz/riparian-management/ Riparian Plans: Sustainable Land Management Programme. (2014). Retrieved from: http://trc.govt.nz/assets/taranaki/environment/land/pdfs/41_riparian_plans.pdf Taranaki Regional Council. (2013). North Taranaki farmers recent converts committed to streamside work. Case study retrieved from: http://www.trc.govt.nz/riparian-case-studies/ Photo References Examples of Riparian planting. (2011). Retrieved from: http://www.livingwatersboi.org.nz/photo-gallery-riparian-restoration-bay-of-islands/54-examples-of-riparian-planting.html Fenemor, A. (2008). Catchment Connections. (4). Retrieved from: http://icm.landcareresearch.co.nz/about/newsletter/issue4.asp

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