Hauora

Hauora an exploration through a landscapes well-being

B onnie L ou Yi G lenn R idley Jill Koh Nick S latter y Tr ina Gaston

contents 2 3

vision & project outline client site location

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Waipa, South Waikato

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Our Maunga - Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari

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Our Awa - Waikato River

site analysis

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Soil / Rock Types

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Land Use Capabilities

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Slope

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Aspect

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Hydrology

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Infrastructure

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Archaeology

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Existing Land Uses / Covers

strategies 15-16

Concept: Hauora - Health

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Sub-strategy A. Arable Land Use Capabilities + Vegetation

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Sub-strategy B. Ecology + Hydrology Sub-strategy C. Land Use + Hydrology

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Final Strategy. Potential Land Uses

reference

vision & project outline Our vision is to assist the Ngāti Korokī Kahukura people, in creating a sustainable landscape with the means to protect, restore and enhance their own landscape narrative. A landscape that reflects the intimate relationship that tangata whenua have with the land. Creating an intergenerational landscape that will promote a strong relationship between the community and environment, a relationship that will perpetuate the value of the land and resources.

The proecess will involve education and suggestion of strategies for change so that the Ngāti Korokī Kahukura are able to rebuild their landscape, tucked away at the foothills of their Maunga. In particular, 2000+ plants for vegetation, site manoeuvrability and identity, protection of significant sites, fish and avian species is required. Yet first, an understanding of the local context is key.

Brief introduction of the factors affecting the local context give meaning to the site and the connectivity of each. The understanding of location and place gives reference to the history and stories that have been passed down through generations. This will able us to achieve our aims and strategies.

In particular, landscape uses, vegetation, economy and culture, give us a clear strategy for the site and desires of Ngāti Korokī Kahukura. Heavy emphasis is placed on cultural well-being as mentioned by Hauora and a constant for understanding the people who will use the site. A definitive strategy allows less room for generalisation or assumptions that could be invasive to the Hapu restoration process.

W h a t u n ga r o n g a r o t e t a n g a t a t o i t ū t e w h e n u a

As man disappears from sight, the land remains

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client HISTORY

Our client is Ngāti Korokī Kahukura who have been guarding their sanctuary, Pohara Marae, for the return of their families, tribes as well as visitors from elsewhere in a role of guardianship.

1920s, Piupiu Te Wherowhero built a home for her followers. Called Kēnana, either named for Rua Kēnana, the Tuhoe prophet, or after Mount Canaan in the bible.

They value two types of relationship: a relationship they appreciate and remember to have been sustained from their ancestors who have suffered and sacrificed for the next generations; a relationship from maunga to awa for that not only their home is located in between, but for that their lives have been spiritually supported and substantially sustained by having been in between.

They aspire to revitalize ‘the stream’ at their position in relationship between their maunga and awa; as a key to restore the ecosystem services and supplies that will enable the tangata whenua to sustain the source of their ongoing daily needs and to eventually lead to more fruitful guardianship.

Moved the settlement higher up the hill, where the land was in a poor condition at the time.

“He teitei rawa tērā ingoa mo koutou, kei kore koutou e kaha ki te hapai i roto i te wā, me noho koutou i roto i te Pōharatanga / You may not be able to uphold the name in time to come, it is better that you remain in poverty” - Te Rata Changed name from Kēnana to Pōhara, interpreted to mean ‘to be humble’.

1966, The wharenui, Rangiātea, opened as coming from a house that stood at Tāne, an earlier settlement at Maungatautari, the ancestral mountain.

pōhara marae - poverty - remembering our sacrificed ancestors - relationship, reliance on each other - use but not abuse, in an appreciating way

- courtyard - the open area in front of the wharenui, where formal greetings take place. Often include complex of buildings around the marae.

- a home, a sanctuary for tribes

- humble - in need of courage and confidence - “Don’t live above, live with your men.”

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2013, The marae reservation encompasses papakāing with 15 residential homes.

“Our people are Ngāti Korokī Kahukura.

Our lands and waters are the essence of our identity. We must preserve our mana whenua, our homelands.

Our long term mission is to maintain our mana whenua in accordance with the tongikura of King Tawhiao: Kia mau ki te whenua, hei papakāinga mo ake tonu / Keep the land, a home forever”

site location waipa district, waikato region Pohara Marae address is 1036 Oreipunga Rd, Pukeatua which is located in the Waipa District in the Waikato region of the North Island, New Zealand. It is located between the cities of Hamilton to the north, Rotorua to the east, Taupo to the south and king country to the west . Pohara ‘s closest township is Arapuni which is 2km south east across the Waikato River. Arapuni is a rural town with a population of just over 2,000 residents.

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our maunga: sanctuary mountain maungatautari “Maunga” mountain “Tautari” upright rock Interpreted as “a suspended mountain”, as it peaked above the fog, which blanketed the waikato region.

Culture & History

Ecology & Economy

• Tainui tribes, involving our client iwi Ngāti Korokī, have been the settlers on the lower slopes of Maungatautari since the 16th century after the first inhabitation by the Ngati Kahupungapunga. Ngāti Korokī still remain one of the tangatawhenua, “people of the land”, to the present day.

• Land use change:

• Maungatautari has long been visited by explorers, missionaries and traders since the European settlement in 19th century.

• Maungatautari is a great symbolic significance for Maori and pakeha who live under the influence of the mana of the mountain, having been celebrated in waiata: “Waiata Aroha mo Petera Pukutua” Behold the mist suspended high up yonder, On the peak of (Maunga)Tautari, which causes me to weep

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- Maori cultivations and bush have been cleared from the lower slopes, taken by farms with pasture with the increase of ownership by pakeha since the early 20th century. Sheep and beef farming predominated until the dairy industry established after the First World War (1918).

• Change on infrastructure: - Old Maori foot tracks have been upgraded to accommodate horse drawn vehicles and

later motor vehicles.

• Change in ecological status: - Early introduction of rabbits and possum in the 1950s greatly affected the ecological welfare of the mountain.

- The Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust was formed in 2002 to restore forest from having been logged and to reintroduce species; enclosing 3,400 ha with a 47km predator-proof fence; preserving and visualizing “New Zealand the way it used to be” with flourishing flora and fauna.

- Native habitat for rare birds like kiwi, kākā, takahē, hihi (stitchbirds)

• Tourist attractions: - Walking trails among native trees; 16m high canopy viewing platform; guided night walks under cover of darkness; confrence and attraction centre in future development plans, on the western sie of mountain.

our awa:

“ We are mo u nta i n s.

M o u nt a i n s a re u s.

M au n ga a re o u r a n cesto rs.

S o i s o u r Wa i k ato R i ver.”

waikato river

“Waikato” flowing water

Hydrology • Many tributaries feed into this longest river (220 miles long) in New Zealand.

• It begins at Tongariro National Park, more specifically, Mt Ruapheu. It meanders through the volcanic plateau through the towns of Cambridge, Hamilton and Nagarawhahia. It then travels north towards meremere then travels west to Port Waikato.

• Used to be an important access route for the Maoris and early European settlers. Many ancestors where buried in the river, which has caused a number of challenegs for the local tribes.

• Hydro-electricity Main source of hydro-electricity in the North Island of New Zealand, many dams having been constructed along the upper regions between Karapiro and Lake Taupo.

• Tourist attraction + recreational activities: - Offers great kayaking, boating and trout fishing spots.

-Lake karipiro holds triathalon, kayaking, and rowing world championships.z - Cycling trails – Wakiato River Trails (100km) exhibiting from native forest to hydro dams, suspension bridges and exhilarating downhills for mountain bikers along its banks.

Pohara Marae in proximity to Karapiro and Arapuni sections of the Waikato River Trails.

- Boardwalks - Arapuni suspension bridge in Arapuni section of the river.

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site analysis

soil/rock types • Soils in the area vary depending on the morphology of the surorunding land. A lot of erosion has taken place, moslty due to Waikato River. This has caused deposotion of smaller particels in lower elevations. Higher elevations have a large composition of lava flow and harder rock types such as grewacke, yet still have a blanket of fertile land (softer soils). This is mostly due to the lahar depsotis from Taupo, caused by Mt Taupo eruption.

• In particular, Undifferentiated- clays, sands, silts and tephra lay in the flood plain alluviums at edges and surrounding the meandering Waikato River. This provides soft soil types and conditions for vegetation to grow well as the water is easly drained. It was meantioned by the iwi that there is little flooding in the area, except for when the dam was blocked (Clement, Fuller, & Holt, 2012; Derbyshire, Dijkstra, & Smalley, 1995).

• On site visit it was clear there was a larger amount of fertile soil due the ‘touch’. A number of areas had soft, gritty-like textured rock faces which had been exposed. On some of the larger hills it was clear that some of the rock layers had water movement that carved out deep valleys.

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land use capabilities • In the Waikato region, the soils of smaller sediemtns hold magnesium, calcium and potassium due to volcanic activity NZ (Derbyshire, Dijkstra, & Smalley, 1995; Soils, 2011). This makes good production for dairy farming and seasonal crop rotation as seen by 1-4 Arable land on map.

Steeper slopes, have low-non arable land due to the smaller amount of nutrients, and slightly higher acidic levels in the soils. Yet within this area, the soil is still quite fertile and ative/exotic vegetation growth, Deer, beef, sheep farming has taken place or has the potential too. The angle of the slope has more of an effect on the protein produced in the muscles, of a number of these farming types (expect vegetation). Dairy farming does not require steeper slopes, yet some rolling relief is suggested (Dairy NZ, 2015). • For Pohara marae, the land is highly arable due to the accident path of Waikato river deposits and alluviums, clearly seen on the map in redbrown. Similar to the marae, other settlements such as have settled on the higher side of arable land surrounded by less populated, fertile land.

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slope • From rolling relief to gullies to steep terrain and channeling valleys, Pohara context seems to have a variety of slope angles, This creates oppurtiy for a number of different activites or asthetics. Around the river there is much rolling relief with the occanisonal gully or cliff, as we sore by the Surround cliffs at the marae. However, due to some of the lahar and lava despoits from manugatauturi , the context has some larger

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aspect • Identifying a north- East aspect of the site vacinity becomes important when looking at revegetation and which species will thrive in a northerly asepct, along with morning and evening suns (Clement, Fuller, & Holt, 2012). This is a indication of the prevailing winds (westerly) as to whether these will have an impact on the site or not. Complemented by slope we can see the Southern-westerly winds will come into effect for the site.

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hydrology • Over the recent period 2010 - 2014, the part of Waikato River that is in proximity to Pohara Marae has been at the 50% excellent and 40% satisfactory level of water quality for supporting aquatic life; and not excellent but 85% satisfactory for contact recreation like swimming. The part examined is the middle point of Waikato River- which is discovered at the excellent water quality in Taupo in the upper Waikato River, flowing down to Tuakau Bridge of where the water quality gets worse as the land use gets more intensive.

• The key catchment area around the marae is Waitete Stream which subsequently feeds into Waikato River catchment.

• Hydrological problems advised during the site visit: - spring that has dried up - placement of spillways caused flow changes of the streams, and concerned farmers with the resultant erosion problems - smelly rocks caused by bones flown out from caves on river banks when dams were built

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infrastructure • Pohara Marae is about 15.2km (15min by a vehicle) distant from the State Highways.

• The networks of roads that are developed directly along the streamlines need to be considered for any impact of stormwater pollution on stream health.

• The closest town to the Marae is Arapuni, a small village with a population of around 2,190 usual residents (in accordance to 2013 Census map) that is home to a hydro electric power station and dam. Arapuni is renowned for tourism opportunities with access for fishing from the Arapuni Dam Bridge, recreational activities like water-skiing, boating and fishing from Jones’ Landing and a tramping and cycling experience from the Waikato River Trails.

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archaeology • The circles on the map of monotones represent the historical landscape that has been ‘preserved’ for at least 500 years after the settlement of Maori tribes around the lower slopes of Mt Maungatautari. Pā and Maori kainga on the north and east of Maungatautari are survived by the Ngati Koriki-Kahukura marae of Maungatautari and Pohara.

• Pohara Marae is located in between Mt Maungatautari and Waikato River, among with clusters of Pā’s.

• Most of the archaeological sites (60-70%) are Pā, Maori village or defensive settlement on foot hills. This reflects how Maori ancestors have wisely used the advantages of the dynamic contour allied with a frost free environment that had been suitable for growing the Polynesian crop of kumara and taro.

• The heritage sites that are notable for tourist attraction, like Arapuni Dam and Suspension Bridge, are found on the eastern side of Waikato River.

• Tracks for walking, hiking and cycling have been developed across Maunga and along Awa, paying visits to some of the archaeological and heritage sites.

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existing land uses / covers • The most common land cover is grasslands, expected to be intensively managed for grazing in dairy production; and can be cultivated. With the overall rolling contours surrounding Mt Maungatautari, the open grassed fields are prone to erosion.

• The isolated patches of vegetation illustrate the significant need of connectiviy for sustaining ecological habitats and diversity.

• Mt Maungatautari is identified as a significantly-large source of New Zealand flora and fauna.

• Some portions of the site, including within the boundary of the Marae, are already established with manuka and kanuka / which could be one of the key native species in our planting materials with medicinal effects.

Ko te Kai too Ronga; Ko te Ronga to Kai Let your food be your medicine, and medicine be your food.

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strategies concept

hauora - health

Ko au te whenua, te whenua ko au I am the land and the land is me

Hauora is a health concept implemented in schools to promote all aspects of health. The concept is based on a Whare, all four walls of a whare represent all four dimensions of hauora, since they influence and support the other and do not function in isolation.

The four dimensions are: • Taha tinana: Physical well-being • Taha hinengaro: Mental and emotional well-being • Taha whanau: Social well-being • Taha wairua: Spiritual well-being

We have used this as a base of our conceptual idea and strategy plan but have adapted it to be more specific to Papatuanuku, the land, the mother of all things, who nourishes all life. She is the foundation, she is the physical and spiritual basis of life, her well-being is important.

• taha tinana (physical): Economic well-being The resources the land has to offer at its broadest sense

• taha hinengaro (mental & emotional): Hydrological well-being Hydrological since rivers run as fluid as thoughts

• taha whanau (social): Ecological well-being Ecology - the relationship living things have with its surroundings

• taha wairua (spiritual): Cultural well-being The places that hold the essence of the land

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This diagram represents our interpretation of sustainable landscape and how the four aspects of it interact. Economic, ecology and hydrology overlap but culture is what drives a manmade sustainable landscape holding the three together.

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sub-strategy a.

arable land use capabilities + vegetation Fragmented vegetation exists throughout the site, mostly created through european settlers clearing the surrounding landscape. Large amounts of native vegetation was either burnt off for pasture or used as wood production. The aim is to replensih the vegetaion in areas to provide a stable and balanced income between land use and vegetation regrowth.

Opportunities: • Selecting the correct location for short-rotation crops, seasonal crops and stock grazing is essential for utilising the best positions towards re-vegetation of the surrounding landscape. The need for farming production to consume the entire landscape would threaten the chance of native vegetation becoming established throughout selected sites; therefore a compromising approach is needed to establish a balance between ecology and economic gain.

• Planting of native species within selected positions amongst the ‘arable land’ is less likely to be effected by production; this also creates the opportunity to increase the biodiversity within the landscape. Native species are able to withstand less nutrient rich soils; however, regrowth of Pines for example, will increase potassium and phosphate in the soils. This allows undergrowth and a heircahy of native planting to occur, similar to that seen in the local maunga.

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sub-strategy b.

sub-strategy c.

Hydrologly can act as a transport, further influencing the re-vegetation of an area once the source has been established.

Due to the impact of hydrological flow in the area the land has become imprinted with meandering rivers, lake bowls and gentle - steep gullies. This creates and removes oppurtunites for land useage around the context.

Water is a vital connection to the local Iwi and how land use can be applied throughout the landscape.

ecology + hydrology Opportunities: • Introduction of staged native plantings along valleys and gullies allowing regrowth along stream edges. Seeds and pollen can travel down waterways, creating a source for re-vegetation further afield, aiding in filtration of waterways in a number of areas. This also creates a bridge between fragmented ecosystems that exist in the surrounding environment.

• Riperian planting filtrates waterways, allowing fish species to thrive or be introduced.

• Planting near waterways provides a natural pathway to the site, creating a link between Maunga and Marae. Farming is less likely to occur on or near a streams buffer zone and therefore provide a green passgae for Avian species to travel.

land use + hydrology

Opportunities: • Short rotational crops to be repeated further in larger flat alluvial plains due to the softer soils. This allows for the Hapu to retain a stable income and link to the waterways. This can be clearly seen by the historical water movements of the Waikato river flowing through the site.

• Strategic placement of buildings and the stabilisation of stream or river banks will mitigate the effects of pollutants entering the waterways. This also prevents acidic soils and rock types coming to the surface, as it’s currently covered with fertile soils.

• Placement and management of farming runoff kept to a minimum to migate any effects to waterways.

• Allow the waterways to provide a food source for fish species such as Lond fin Tuna.

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final strategy.

potential land uses The final strategy is a composition of a thorough analysis of the surrounding landscape with slope, aspect, arable land, soil type, hydrology, vegetation and cultural sites taken into account to provide the best position for rotational crops, seasonal crops, grazing stock and re-vegetation across the landscape. This strategy provides a balance between continuous economic growth and the establishment of a more complex eco-system within the surrounding landscape. • A more diversified use of the landscape from stock grazing allows for other types of income to be established within the Marae, providing more stable revenue. This also allows other members of the Hapu to become more involved within the daily operations of the Marae, labour intensive jobs such as harvesting of crops and the re-vegetation of the landscape will allow everyone to play their part. • This type of recommended land use will also allow the Marae to form a stronger relationship with the landscape, forming an overall healthier eco-system that benefits all.

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reference LITERATURE RESEARCH Clement, A., Fuller, I., & Holt, K. (2012). 145.121 Introdction to Geogrpahy. Retrived from massey.ac.nz Dairy NZ.(2015).Waipa sustainable milk plans. Retrieved from http://www.dairynz. co.nz/environment/in-your-region/waikato-environmental-policy/waipa-sustainable-milk-plans/.

Derbyshire, E., Dijkstra, T., & Smalley, I. (1995). Genesis an Properties of Collapsible Soils. Louborough, UK: Springer Science +Business media Dordrect.

Hamilton and Waikato Tourism. (2016). Natural habitat. Retrieved from http:// www.hamiltonwaikato.com/experiences/natural-habitat/ Hamilton and Waikato Tourism. (2016). Waikato river trails. Retrieved from http:// www.hamiltonwaikato.com/experiences/cycling/waikato-river-trails/ marae. (2016). In Online Māori Dictionary. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=marae NZ Soils. (2011). Soils data resources. Retreived from http://www.nzsoils.org.nz/ PageFiles/233/SoilsOfNZ%20By%20Region.pdf pōhara. (2016). In Online Māori Dictionary. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/5709 Pōhara Marae Committee. (2013). Submission to the Māori Affairs Select Committee on Raukawa Claims Settlement Bill. Retrieved from http://www.parliament.nz/ resource/mi-nz/50SCMA_EVI_00DBHOH_BILL12285_1_A357579/10a50e93521a7b6430cf20c3585a41cfd15fb3ec Schofield, J. (1966). Waikato River. In A. McLintock (Ed.), Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/waikato-river Scott, J. (n.d.). History of Maungatautari. Received from http://www.maungatrust. org/files/6648/History%20of%20Maungatautari.pdf South Waikato District Council. (2014). Arapuni. Retrieved from http://www. southwaikato.govt.nz/our-district/living-here/Pages/Arapuni.aspx Statistics NZ. (2013). 2013 Census map. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz/ StatsMaps/Home/People%20and%20households/2013-census-quickstats-about-aplace-map.aspx Swarbrick, N. (2015, June 3). Waikato places - Kakepuku to Maungatautari: Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/ waikato-places/page-11

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Te Kete Ipurangi. (n.d.) Well-being, hauora. Retrieved from http://health.tki.org. nz/Teaching-in-HPE/Health-and-PE-in-the-NZC/Health-and-PE-in-the-NZC-1999/ Underlying-concepts/Well-being-hauora Waikato Regional Council. (2014). Narrows Bridge. Retrieved from http://www. waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Waikato-River/map/Narrows-bridge/ Woodward Ltda. (2016, April 6). Maori proverbs. Retrieved from http://www.maori.cl/Proverbs.htm

ADDITIONAL GIS DATA RESOURCES Land Information New Zealand. (2015). NZ Walking and Biking Tracks. Retrieved from https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/2100-nz-walking-and-biking-tracks/