project 2
hauora an
exploration
through
a
landscapes
well-being
Jill Koh (1 4 6 2 9 8 8 ) LAND6 2 2 5 . S tu d i o 5
contents 3 4 - 5 6 7 - 9 10 - 13
revision: strategies site analysis For Stream Restoration Identifying Potential Land Uses
14
strategies & design
15
Zoning Plan
16 - 17
Master Plan
18 - 22
design palette
23
2
vision, project outline & client
reference
client
vision &
Our client is Ngāti Korokī Kahukura who have been guarding their sanctuary, Pohara Marae, for the return of their families, tribes as well as visitors from elsewhere in a role of guardianship. They value two types of relationship: a relationship they appreciate and remember to have been sustained from their ancestors who have suffered and sacrificed for the next generations; a relationship from maunga to awa for that not only their home is located in between, but for that their lives have been spiritually supported and substantially sustained by having been in between. They aspire to revitalize ‘the stream’ at their position in relationship between their maunga and awa; as a key to restore the ecosystem services and supplies that will enable the tangata whenua to sustain the source of their ongoing daily needs and to eventually lead to more fruitful guardianship.
p ōh a r a m a r ae - poverty - remembering our sacrificed ancestors - relationship, reliance on each other - use but not abuse, in an appreciating way - humble - in need of courage and confidence - “Don’t live above, live with your men.”
- courtyard - the open area in front of the wharenui, where formal greetings take place. Often include complex of buildings around the marae. - a home, a sanctuary for tribes
project outline Our vision is to assist the Ngāti Korokī Kahukura people, in creating a sustainable landscape with the means to protect, restore and enhance their own landscape narrative. With the main aim to design for an ecological and cultural restroation of the sacred puna (spring) at Pohara Marae, the processes are organized in priorities as follows: 1. stream vitalization for ecological restoration 2. land use that takes the maximum advantages of the economic value of the existing land conditions, while retaining the health of the first flows of the streams 3. use of opportunities out of 1 & 2 for the well-being of Maori culture through interaction with other cultures The current land uses and the strategies recommended for land use in project one are to be reviewed, through assessments of the site via metrics of analysis: landscape structure/pattern, land suitability and landscape character. The re-designed landscape will be materialized with local organics from Maungatautari that will flow “for decomposition” back into the stream, to Waikato River. Considering metabolic processes of landscape modification, the re-designed land uses will significantly adopt “humble” ways of living as the tangata whenua of Pohara Marae pursue after, while responding to the needs for restoring ecological, economic and cultural relationships.
3
revision: strategies
from project one
Areas for native vegetation restoration - staged native plantings along valleys and gullies allowing regrowth along stream edges, as filtration of waterways and habitation for avian and other aquatic species - to increase the biodiversity within the landscape by bridging between fragmented ecosystems - that withstand less nutrient-rich soils
Potential land uses for economic growth: - short-rotation crops in larger flat alluvial plains due to softer soils - seasonal crops - stock grazing
Tracks established for growth of tourism market
- strategic placement needed to consider mitigating pollution effects in waterways + the current cover of fertile soils to be prevented from acidic soils and rock types entering - required management of farming runoff - to be diversified for more stable income sources
4
reviewing strategies in the area of study Due to the highly-elevated land forms created by the local cliff at Pohara Marae site, our selected study area is defined limitedly at the macro-scale from Project One, as zoned with potential land uses for only native vegetation and stock grazing. These strategies were developed by investigating only the slope and arable soil types of the existing land at a macro scale: - flat to rolling slopes (0 - 15 degrees) + arable soil types (level 1 - 4) for stock grazing areas - strongly undulating to steep slopes (16 - 20+ degrees) + non- to low arable soil types (level 5 - 8) + buffers around the edges of the stream courses for native vegetation restoration The selected study area needs to be further and more elaborately investigated for stream restoration in priority and then for more diversified and appropriate land uses for economic and cultural growth.
5
site analysis
6
1. for stream restoration LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE - reading the arrangement and relation between parts of complex
LANDSCAPE PATTERN - reading the sequence, repeated Q. Where can the stream be restored in terms of landscape structure / pattern, i.e. existing from? reading from maps of: - aerial view - contour - hydrology
7
LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
- finding out matching appropriate conditions for particular use
Q. By looking at the environmental conditions of the stream flow, what strategies are needed to restore the stream flows? Information sourced from: New Zealand River Environment Classification User Guide 2010
#. Site Information WW/L/SS/P/LO/HG length 2564 order 1
#. Strategies by responding to the information + specificity of the site:
#. Ingredients
Climate: Warm Wet - Submit annual temperature more than 12C; - Submit annual effective precipitation* 500 - 1500mm [rain or hail that falls to the ground] Geology - Submit Soft sedimentary (siltstone, mudstone, limestone) - Low infiltration resulting in increased floods and Submit low base flow* (primary source of running water during dry weather; not runoff; results from seepage of water from ground into channel slowly over time) - Submit high natural phosphorus* concentration because of relatively soft parent material suspended sediment concentrations tend to be high
- Soft sedimentary ground allowing less seepage / rainwater to be collected to flow. Water harvesting methods needed.
+ substrates tend to be relatively Submit fine (silts and mud) Land cover: Pastoral - Flood peaks higher and recede faster - Low flows more extreme relative to catchments with natural land cover - Nutrient concentrations high relative to natural land cover - Submit erosion rates high - Resulting in low water clarity and fine substrates (silts and mud) Flow order: Low Order: 1 - Headwater stream; - Submit little upstream storage - Fluxes of water and water borne constituent (like sediment) move rapidly Valley landform: High Gradient - Submit steep channels with high water velocities - Submit coarse substrates relative to lower gradient valley land form
8
- To infill the pastoral land covers along the stream courses with native riparian vegetation - Riparian zones may be narrow as sufficient foliage to shade the stream channel is all that is required. - Riparian vegetation species to adapt the coarse rocky ground type in highly-sloped areas
Logs, boulders + any large structure across a channel = weirs* [low dams built across a river] / sills [rock ledge] - helps anchor the stream bank to create a pool habitat that support plankton (floating organisms) and larger aquatic life like frogs and fish species - reduces velocity, less erosion of stream bed - controls bed erosion / collects and retains gravel Riparian plants with certain grass, grains or clovers - Kanuka, kowhai, Pittosporum species, totara on dry banks - for ground grazed for livestock, kanuka on dry ground and manuka on wet or dry at 1.5 metre spacings to provide a quick cover - Wet stream banks: Cabbage tree, manuka, toetoe, mingimingi. karamu, flax, Carex secta, Carex virgata, kahikatea. - Shady stream banks: Mahoe, mapou, wineberry, pate, ribbonwood, pigeonwood, pukatea, rimu, tree ferns. (Ground ferns should establish themselves naturally in damp places.)
LANDSCAPE CHARACTER ANALYSIS
- identifying strengths or any original qualities that can be distinctive from other sites Q. What kind of landscape character will the restored water course(s) add to the advantages of the existing site? - activating into larger stream - stream based zoning available for water-based land uses with water as vital source in proximity - dramatic waterfall landscapes - potential to restore ecological habitat at the creation of a pond / wetland in intersections
9
2. identifying potential land uses for economic growth LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE
- reading the arrangement and relation between parts of complex
LANDSCAPE PATTERN
- reading the sequence, repeated Q. Based on areas zoned by the identified water courses, what does the pattern of land covers illustrate to determine its suitability for potential land uses - stock grazing / cropland / any other recreational purpose? reading from maps of: - aerial view - archaeology - infrastructure - roads - land use capabilities - vegetation 2012 - shelter belts - walkways
10
LANDSCAPE FORM Q. What does land form illustrate, to determine its suitability for potential land uses stock grazing / cropland / any other recreational purpose? reading from maps of: - aspect - contour - hydrology - slope
4 - 15 째
20 째 +
0-3째
11
LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS - finding out whether matching appropriate conditions for particular use Q. What does soil type suitability illustrate, to determine its suitability for potential land uses - stock grazing / cropland / any other recreational purpose? reading from maps of: - arable land - hydrology
12
Readings from Maps of Analysis - Landscape Structure / Pattern, Landscape Form, Land Suitability
zone A.
zone C.
zone E.
zone G.
- multi- purpose / empty spot
- about half north proportions, too steep for flat land use activities - non-arable land with severe limits for perennial vegetation like pasture / forestry - mainly due to erosion
- merging edge, open to neighbouring zones - emerging tracks in intersection by the side - relatively less environmentally-sensitive land use suitable
- in full sunlight exposure
- front of the Marae - gathering point for visitors - surrounded by forestry (exotic & indigeneous) and shelter belts, welcoming and sense of being ‘in’ - land with slight limit for arable use, suitable for crops, pasture, forestry - slight limit: shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production - high producing grass land - expected high management with lawn mowing, fertiliser application and irrigation - grazing / keeping livestock (cows) + roading and parking for visitors - needs drainage control from impacting water course - gently undulating, zone B. - down the shortcut of cliffs, the shortchut which could be access track for management of stream and riparian vegetation - linking point of stream and residents - non-arable land with severe limits for perennial vegetation like pasture / forestry - mainly due to erosion - relatively cool, not very advantaged with north-eastern aspect sunlight exposure - moderately steep - not for flat land use
- rest southern portions, gently undulating towards streams - in between two main stream courses / sources - suitable for water use activities but also to be sensitive in protective from polluting water courses - land with slight limit for arable use, suitable for crops, pasture, forestry - slight limit: shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production - surrounded by cliffs, forestry buffer and shelter belt - expected to be quiet & neat sense of place - protective from winds but relatively shadowy and cool
- bridge seems existing with zone d. - gently undulating slopes - entirely exposed to north-eastern sunlight, good warmth for agricultural use - land with slight limit for arable use, suitable for crops, pasture, forestry - slight limit: shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production - pasture land / bridging to livestock grazing areas - if kept, watercourse needs to be protected zone F. - by Oreipunga Rd, 2 lanes with relatively more bypassing vehicles
zone D.
- b. stormwater buffering rain garden
- vaster - relatively larger area exposed of sunlight than zone c. - land with slight limit for arable use, suitable for crops, pasture, forestry - slight limit: shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production
- pasture land / bridging to livestock grazing areas - if kept, watercourse needs to be protected
- would need welling / dam to protect land from damping of runoff from cliff, dependent on conditions needed for land use - gently undulating towards streams - pasture land / bridging to livestock grazing areas - if kept, watercourse needs to be protected
- gently undulating slopes - assumed, the tunneling point that channels into the stream
- a. south-eastern edges part with slight limit for arable use only. otherwise, non-arable lands, mainly due to erosion - b. western half proportion moderately limited as arable land, with main erosion problem; other part non-arable - c. western edges by the paving moderately limited as arable land; rest parts severely limited use for pasture / forestry, due to erosion susceptibility, deposition or the effects of past erosion damage - zone that is not in proximity to the watercourse - land use will not directly impact the water course pollution, rainwater runs off cliff but dense buffering vegetation will hopefully offset the impact - also means need massive piping for any water use - land use requiring safety and limited for various use due to highly elevated / sloped contour toward the ridges - some archaeological PAs dangerous to access - dynamic land contour / form - for tracking / cycling potential courses , visitor attractive - sceneries - highly productive grasslands - potential areas for grazing livestock - but difficulty to access the site / manage (in control) and transport livestock throughout the highly-elevated site
- a. excellent site entirely advantaged with north-eastern sunlight exposure - land with no / slight limit for arable use, suitable for crops, pasture, forestry - slight limit: shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), salinity, or toxicity first limits production
13
strategies & design
14
zoning plan
15
master plan
16
# . Pe rs p e ct ive v iewe d f ro m t h e cliff
17
design palette #1. Stream Restoration
A. Stream Runoff
#. Application to the site of study,
B. Permeable Stone Dam / Bridge
“in the wilderness waters will have burst out, and torrents in the desert plain.” Indeed, “the heat-parched ground will have become as a reedy pool, and the thirsty ground as springs of water.” —Revelation 11:18; Isaiah 35:6, 7.
#. Stage 1.
Challenge: - To be site-specific “our” ground is not as suffering from drought as the site of the case studied. So the challenge is to “collect” water, after slowing down the runoff / seepage of stream water back into the porous ground.
Ancient technique with the beauty of simplicity: NAULAS: Stone walls built across a stream to dam the water. Shady trees planted at the sides cut down evaporation, and medicinal plants thrown into the small reservoirs purify the water. #. Case-study - Creating permeable rock lines Adopted since 1970s, by resource-poor farmers in Bukina Faso, Africa, who suffered from hardships in drought and resultant land degradation. Such techniques have been effective even in years with low and erratic rainfall, as well as being simple and requiring low costs, no much level of skill and minimal maintenance; that has gained popularity across the neighbour countries of Mali and Niger.
Adoption of technique: - 25 - 30cm height stones - Larger ones facing the collection area; smaller cobblestones on the other side where water permeates through and runs off in slower pace Effects: - Runoff water slows down - Allows deposition of rich sediments behind the rocks, resulting less erosion but more water for crops.
18
Site-specific strategies: - To create low dams across gently- / sloping valleys - at where the existing / potential briging locations are; using permeable rocks for micro-catchment areas of spring flows. - To be of the size and location that are less interrupting the biodiversity corridors - Also, healing effects in middle points of gullies - The dams will also be natural bridges, encouraging walkers on bare feet- as the cultural means of Maori customs.
- Then, to collect the certain amount of water for irrigation #. stage 2. (further details to be stuided in Project 3). - To save water by using sources of free spring. For example,
Plant Palette of local species of the ecological district of Mt Maungatautari C. Riparian Plants
+ steep
- mixture of small trees & shrubs - provides habitats for organisms to dwell and move along the creek - shades and lowers water temperature in summer and retains dissolved oxygen to level of supporting aquatic life - provides protection with canopy from effects of storm and urban pollution; by keeping nutrients out of water by recycling excess nitrogen and reducing soil erosion with roots embedded
+ rolling
dry areas
relatively flat wetlands
- depressions / wet
gully fern
D. Rain Garden
pukatea kahikatea pate parataniwha mamaku wheki
- native species that withstand prolonged periods of ponding and drought
nikau putaputaweta
Exposed
- not woody vegetation (scrub and trees) near inflow - understorey of shrubs and herbaceous species - particularly aesthetically appealing
sedges cutty grass / gahnia pauciflora sedge - giant / gahnia xanthocarpa sedge / pukio / carex secta sedge / purei / carex virgata
manuka kanuka totara fuchsia kowhai titoki lowland ribbonwood / manatu flax native sedges / carex secta carex vigata matai rimu totara toetoe mingimingi karamu cabbage trees manuka sedges - pukio mahoe mapou wineberry pate pigeonwood
herb flax / harakeke / phormium tenax on steep
grass toetoe / cortaderia fulvida lily swamp astelia / astelia grandis
- Shady, sheltered - among existing plants steep
: tree fern mamaku / black ponga / cyanthea medullaris ponga / silver fern / cyathea dealbata wheki / rough treen fern / dicksonia squarrosa
relative flat
fern fern - kiokio / blechnum novae-zelandiae wheki ponga / dicksonia fibrosa herb turutu / blueberry / dianella nigra
19
#2. Land Use - Economic & Organic A. Bedded for organic crop farming
Non-chem i cal agri cul t ural pract i ce,
the movement toward a system of food production based on biology instead of chemistry “regenerative” / “sustainable” / “low-input” / “organic” #. Purpose: To achieve the same results as with the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, while maintaining the purity and availability of renewable resources, in particular, of soil and water that will eventually result in cost drop and profit rise #. Involvers: shared farming, communal activities #. Rotation schemes: 1. Crop rotation: - alternating the species of crop on a land each year Effect: prevent pests from getting used to the type of plant that is being cultivated; also promotes soil fertility
“Before Europeans arrived in New Zealand, Māori grew crop plants that the first Polynesian settlers brought from tropical Polynesia. European explorers observed that Māori had neat gardens, about 0.5–5 hectares in size, on sunny, north-facing slopes. These gardens were communally owned and worked.” #. Polynesian crops: - kūmara (sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas) - taro (Colocasia esulenta) - hue (bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria) - aute (paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera) was grown for its fibre, which was made into tapa cloth. It seems to have been grown only in warm northern locations, and by the 1840s no longer grew in New Zealand. - uwhi (yam, Dioscorea species) #. Maori & European crops: - potatoes - corn - cabbages - tobacco - carrots - turnips - squash - swedes
20
2. Intercropping: - planting a variety of plant species on the same field - planting catnip between rows of vegetables - planting marigolds among crps to attract pollinating insects and repelling harmful insects - increasing the types of vegetables, plants, and fruits that are grown, makes each crop less susceptible to pests - ‘Three Sisters’: pole beans – cone – pumpkins / squash - effect: pole beans replace nitrogen the corn consumes while using cornstalks for support; corn shades squash / pumpkins whose prickly vines smother weeds and deter animal predators from feasting on corn and beans Effect: increases the distance between plants of the same species, making it harder for pests to target their main crop; “Pests and diseases thrive in monocultures because there is an abundance of food and few or no natural enemies to check their growth,” explains sustainable agriculture expert Jules Pretty in State of the World 2011: Innovations that Nourish the Planet. “In the end, pesticide resistance inevitably develops within populations and spreads rapidly unless farmers are able to use new products right away,” he notes. 4. Using pests to fight pests: - integrating predatory insects into a farm, such as ladybugs or predatory mites Effect: help kill off pests. 5. Organic pesticides: Effect: not only healthier for people and the environment but they allow farmers and producers to make the most out of their resources by turning agricultural outputs into natural pesticides.
B. Multipurpose shed for crop & tool storage; housed with irrigation systems; traditional style of outdoor kitchen for harvested crop handling #. Case-study - Integration of ancient Maori culture in a modern style of exchange / Tamaki Maori Village in Rotorua Tamaki Maori Village has been almost 30 years of tourist attraction by taking the Maori culture outside the city limits where created a pre-European Maori village at a 15 minute south distance from Rotorua. It thrived with natural forest environment restored, and offers to both local and international visitors an insight into the Maori culture; through such events as: Evening Experience offering ceremonial rituals, powerful cultural performances & hangi feasting + sleeping experience in a whare moe (sleeping house) following the tradition reserved for when one tribe visited another tribe. It is notable that they have fully-refurbished / renovated interiors in a more modern and convenient style while providing unique experience to visitors by retaining the outdoors in organics and the customs that arouse the Maori tradition and even sense of primary lifestyle.
21
#3. Land Use - Recreational & Scenic A. Bog / Rock Garden with native plants B. Buffer - Safety zone with low management pasture native species - low producing grassland species that are able to grow in conditions of lower plant vigour and biomass or soil fertility on steep hill - species of the adequate height that will not bar the visitors from the sceneries given on top of the cliff while providing a sense of safety from falling #. Species: browntop / agrostis capillaris sweet vernal / anthoxanthum odoratum short tussock species hard tussock / festuca novaezelandiae blue tussock / poa colensoi silver tussock / poa cita marram grass chinochloa species low growing where carpet grass / chinochloa australis is dominant or reach upto 1.5m height herbs celmisia species
22
reference P 8.
P 20.
(n.d.). What is wetland restoration? Retrieved from https://www. msnucleus.org/watersheds/what_is_restoration.htm
Nourishing the planet. (2012). Five ways to get rid of pests without using chemicals. Retrieved from http://blogs.worldwatch.org/ nourishingtheplanet/five-ways-to-get-rid-of-pests-without-usingchemicals/
Snelder, T., Biggs, B., & Weatherhead, M. (2004). New Zealand River Environment Classification User Guide. Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry for the Environment. P 18. Awake. (2016). Rainwater Harvesting—Ancient and Modern. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved from http:// wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102005248#h=1 Humanity Development Library 2.0. (n.d.). Irrigation reference manual: 3.4.5 Design end construction. Retrieved from http://www.nzdl. org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-home---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-800&cl=CL2.14.6&d=HASH5653c08b1d2b731918158f.4.4.5&x=1 Rodgers, J. (Producer), & Critchley, W. (Director). (2013). Adaptation Technology: No. 1 Stone Lines [Video]. Retrieved from http://www. planetforward.org/idea/using-stones-to-collect-water-and-slowfloods
P. 19 (2010). Index of /sfeature_galleries/manuka. Retrieved from http:// nzplantpics.com/sfeature_galleries/manuka/ (n.d.). Swamp Astelia. Retrieved from http://ketenewplymouth.peoplesnetworknz.info/image_files/0000/0008/4858/Astelia_nervosa_ Silver_form.JPG Dave’s Garden. (2013). Native Begonia, New Zealand Begonia, Parataniwha. Retrieved from http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/ showimage/354051/#b Davidwallphoto.com. (n.d.). Ferns (Kiokio).. Retrieved from http:// www.davidwallphoto.com/detail/7516-Ferns-Kiokio-Blechnum-novae_zelandiae,-near-Manapouri,-Fiordland,-South-Island,-New-Zealand.html
Schneider, K. (1987). Farming Without Chemicals: Age-Old Technologies Becoming State of Art. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/23/us/farming-without-chemicals-age-old-technologies-becoming-state-of-art.html?pagewanted=all Te Ara. (2012). Maori gardens. Retrieved from http://www.teara. govt.nz/en/artwork/18854/maori-gardens Te Ara. (2012). Story: Ngā tupu mai i Hawaiki – plants from Polynesia. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/nga-tupu-mai-ihawaiki-plants-from-polynesia/page-1 Te Ara. (2012). Story: Gardens. Retrieved from http://www.teara. govt.nz/en/gardens/page-1 The Old Farmer’s Almanac. (2016). Companion Planting. Retrieved from http://www.almanac.com/blog/gardening-blog/companion-planting P 21. Tamaki Maori Village. (n.d.). Image Gallery. Retrieved from http:// www.tamakimaorivillage.co.nz/tamaki-maori-village-evening-experience-gallery P 22. Auckland Council. (n.d.). Rain Garden Construction Site. Retrieved from http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environmentwaste/stormwater/Documents/raingardenconstructionguide.pdf Thompson, S., Grüner, I., & Gapare, N. (2003). New Zealand Land Cover Database Version 2: Illustrated Guide to Target Classes. Ministry for the Environment.
Environment Waikato Regional Council. (2005). What to plant in Maungatautari ecological district. Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Biodiversity/Planting-guides/What-to-plant-in-Maungatautari-ecological-district/ Green Machine. (n.d.). Carex Virgata. Retrieved from https://greenmachine.nz/products/cvir-9-25
23