CONTEXT
CONTENTS Waikato River
CONTENTS CONTEXT PROPOSED STRATEGY TOPOGRAPHY HYDROLOGY VEGETATION LAND USE CAPABILITY ORGANIC FARMING MASTER PLAN PAPAKAINGA HOUSE PRESPECTIVE REFERENCE
1 2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16 17 18 19-20
Waikato River flows fr om Mt Ruapehu, thr ough Taupo into the W aikato and on to r each the sea at Port W aikato. Generations of Ngāti Kokokī Kahukura have resided alongside the river developing tikanga and a profound respect for their awa and the life within. In addition to eels, food species that were once abundant include whitebait, inanga, catfish, trout, river cod, freshwater crayfish, mullet, fresh water pipi and mussels, water fowls of all kinds and watercress. Ngāti Kokokī Kahukura also accessed the waterways to prepare the traditional fermented delicacy, kānga wai. The Waikato River was the principal highway of trade for Ngāti Kokokī Kahukura. In addition to its role as part of the waka culture and transportation network, the river provided many resources including flax for weaving. Its flood plains and river valleys provided large areas of arable soils.
Maungatautari
When Tainui canoe landed in Aotearoa, the high preist, Rakataura, named Maungatautari from the first site of the mountain peak suspended above the clouds. Mana whenua, mana kaitiaki, mana whakahaere has always been paramount to Ngāti Kokokī Kahukura in regards to Maungatautari. Native species including birds, insects have been gifted by other Iwi to the mountain Ngāti Kokokī Kahukura aspire to see Maungatautari and its surrounding environs restored to full health-as it was in the times of their tupuna. “Our kaumatua have talked about restoring the dawn chorus to our sacred maunga.” (2015 Karaitiana Tamatea) Pohara Marae Pohara Marae is a reservation and is located in Auckland, New Zealand. The estimate terrain elevation above seal level is 186 metres. Pohara Marae is situated in the central of Waikato region. It takes 30 minuites away to the hamiltion city.
PROPOSED STRATEGY Aim of the project To design an ecological and cultural restoration of the sacred puna (spring) at Pohara Marae, and the stream which connects the puna to the tupuna awa (the Waikato River).The master plan should include revegetation, provide connections to Pohara marae and optionally suggest a possible extension of the papakﾄ（nga. Aim for high quality cultural, ecological and social outcomes.This strategy will be supported by project one.
Protection and Enhancement strategies Restoration of waterways To propose ways to uplift the mauri of waterways and create access to the streams. Native forest regeneration Look at the ways of connecting the Waikato River to Maungatautari with native forest and patches. Organic farming Look at the ways of implementing these systems and the benefits of this. Papakainga development To make changes to the pa according to what whanau needs are.
TOPOGRAPHY Slope
The undulating terrain of Waikato country is said to be caused by several eruptions from lake Taupo. A large portion of Waikato’s terrain is rolling pasture with relatively flat ridge lines. Maungatautari varies in slope from gentle rolling hills at its base to sheer gradients near the peaks and in the vales. NgÄ ti KokokÄŤ Kahukura Marae is situated about 5 km from the base of Maungatautari. The Waikato river meanders through the landscape -the majority of the land adjacent to the river is relatively flat. Steep terrain in some areas of the Waikato along with low lying flood plains and high rainfall causes recurrent flooding. Damming in the area contributes further to the risk of flooding. The map on the lift shows the slope situation of the site.
Contour
It is clearly to see the the landscape changed at the west site where the cliffs are, and also can see the change along the river bank. The three images show the existing landscape, existing vegetation and native fencing surrounding the site.
HYDROLOGY
HYDROLOGY The Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand, running for 425 kilometres (264 mi) through the North Island. It rises in the eastern slopes of Mount Ruapehu, joining the Tongariro River system and emptying into Lake Taupo, New Zealand’s largest lake. It drains Taupo at the lake’s northeastern edge, creates the Huka Falls, and then flows northwest, through the Waikato Plains. It empties into the Tasman Sea south of Auckland, at Port Waikato. It gives its name to the Waikato Region that surrounds the Waikato Plains. The present course of the river was largely formed about 17,000 years ago. Contributing factors were climate warming, forest being reestablished in the river headwaters and the deepening, rather than widening, of the existing river channel. The channel was gradually eroded as far up river as Pairere, leaving the old Hinuera channel high and dry.[2] The remains of the old river path can be clearly seen at Hinuera where the cliffs mark the ancient river edges. The river’s main tributary is the Waipa River, which has its confluence with the Waikato at Ngaruawahia. The name Waikato comes from the Māori language and translates as flowing water. The Waikato River has spiritual meaning for various local Māori tribes, including the large Tainui, who regard it as a source of their mana, or pride. The widely respected marae of Turangawaewae is close to its banks at Ngaruawahia. Waitete River is one of the order of Waikato River. The map shows the catchment of Waitete River which goes through the site.
VEGETATION Ngﾄ》i Kokokﾄｫ Kahukura identify the importance of ngahere native forest. The land provided a breading ground for native flora and fauna and was seen as many things; wananga, kapata kai, rongoa, (food cupboard, learning centres, the medicine cabinet, schools and spiritual domain.) Development and agricultural industrialisation have had extreme adverse effects resulting in the majority of land becoming pasture. With little or no forest shelter protecting the land and waterways, erosion and flooding have increased with adverse effects on soil and water quality. There are 24 species of freshwater wetland plants and animals threatened within the region due to draining of wetland areas for farming. Change in extent of freshwater wetlands potentially changes the diversity and compromises the support system for native wetland plants and animals. The adverse effects of nutrient enrichment from farm run-off and leaching, urban storm water discharges and pollution from industrial agriculture are identified as problems. Additionally, land drainage, animal grazing and exotoc plants contribute to the degradation of surviving wetlands. This map shows the vegetation situation of the site.
LAND USE CAPABILITY Over the last 150 years people have made great changes to this land – forests have been cleared and wetlands drained. In the Waikato, pastoral farming (58%) and exotic forestry (12%) are the main productive land uses. Also native forests and wetlands cover 28 percent of the Waikato region. Since 1840, about three quarters of the native vegetation has been converted to farms and exotic forests. (“Waikato regional council”, n.d.) In addition, soil is a non-renewable resource. It takes thousands of years for rocks to weather into soils, and hundreds of years for rich organic matter to build up. Local residents welfare depends, to a large extent, on the soil and climate. Entire civilisations can rise and fall depending on their soil quality. This means that making the best use of the land and soils is very important for local residents well being and survival. To use the land wisely we have to understand soil. (“Waikato regional council”, n.d.) This map shows the land use capability.
ORGANIC FARMING Case study Tuaropaki
Pastoral farming The Tuaropaki Trust is a Maori trust located south of Lake Taupo. Pastoral farming is a core activity of the Tuaropaki Trust. The 3,410 ha farm produces beef and lamb, and milk from its dairy herd. The Trust also operates a worm farm, nursery and honey production as part of its rural operations. The dairy facilities are powered by geothermal energy belonging to the trust. Information technology plays an integral part of the farming operations and is utilised where possible to ensure the farming operations perform at optimal capacity. Dairy and beef farming Milk solids produced by the dairy unit are contracted to supply to Miraka. High quality genetic dairy animal replacement, improved feed management and cost reductions per cow have been a recent operational focus. A concentration on producing quality beef has emerged. The Trust has also established its own auction facilities on site as a new channel to market. Feed strategies and stock management are continually evolving for the Station. Ngaire George Sustainability Centre the Sustainability Centre was spearheaded by the late Ngaire George, integrates sustainable practises of the geothermal power station, the Miraka milk plant, and Gourmet MĹ?kai glasshouses with their worm farms, farmland, native plant nursery and newly established bee hives.
MASTER PLAN The master plan shows the development strategy of Pohara Marae. 1 Drive way management The new drive way is almost follow the existing way but have two new. One is the access to the stream, the other one is going through a bridge which is above the Waitete River. 2 Revegetation Revegetaion happened along the Waitete River and Papakainga Housing area. The part of the river side plants can provide a long stage management which can enhance the quality of the water and bring the forest back in the furture.The part of living area can provide a good enviroment for mauri people. 3 Organic farming There are two parts of organic farming on the land. The first one is the dairy farming which located at the west of the site. Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed for eventual sale of a dairy product. The second one is Manuka forest and apiculture. The demand for New Zealand Mﾄ］uka honey, in particular internationally, significantly outweighs supply. Many exporters are under immense pressure to satisfy the needs of both existing and new customers, and the market is expected to grow with the development of increasingly affluent emerging economies.
PAPAKAINGA HOUSING
PERSPECTIVE
Papakainga is a form of housing development which occurs on multiply-owned Maori or ancestral land. Traditionally, the literal meaning of Papakainga housing is, ‘a nurturing place to return to’.
The papakainga housing footprint concept just give a general idea of the management. It can be more flexible. There is a childern play ground ponited by sand colour. The aim of this area is welcome people live here. Therefore, it is necessary to have perfect infrastructure.
REFERENCE
Waikato Regional Council. (2012) ‘Fresh Water Wetlands’ Retrieved from:http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/ Water/Freshwater-wetlands/ Organic farming.(2016). Retrieved from: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/ english/crops/facts/09-077.htm Tuaropaki. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://www .tuaropaki.com/home Papakainga house.(n.d).Retrived from: http://wdc.govt.nz/CommunitySafetyandSupport/Housing/Documents/Papakainga-housing-brochure. pdf