Onepoto group two design solution by Unitec Landscape Architecture

Onepoto Domain | Design Solution Two

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Design Statement

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain, a Unitec, Auckland City Council and Onepoto Residents Association Incorporated project seeks to reveal the landscape that has been hidden beneath a sea of pampas grass for far too long. Onepoto Domain is nestled amongst Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suburban North Shore. It currently provides areas for multiple types of recreational activity. These range from passive areas, such as open space, to active areas like the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playgrounds and sports fields. This Domain is a major resource for the Northcote/Birkenhead area and the proposed development aims at increasing the useable space and amenity whilst mitigating the stormwater and accessibility issues that are currently prevalent throughout the site. Upon the removal of the pampas grass from the designated site (Fig 1), this proposal aims to incorporate the newly constructed boardwalk into a multi faceted design that enhances and complements the existing Domain whilst placing a large amount of emphasis on rejuvenating the native flora, fauna and hydrological systems.

Fig. 1: Site Map

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Theme During the initial design phase, a strong theme of ‘ hide and reveal’ became apparent. This principle creates an element of anticipation and surprise by concealing spaces or views. It makes the experience more personal as it feels like something new is being discovered. This technique is highly used in foreign gardens and landscapes. The Japanese call it ‘Miegakure’ and it is used to great effect throughout internationally recognized designs (Fig 2). Although a different cultural style, the amount of lure this technique creates is very powerful. The basis of this theme was founded on the past construction of mounds that are common throughout the domain. Although these current mounds are for planting purposes, by increasing the size and planting density, it is possible to attain different qualities and provide an insightful and curious development.

Mounding Once exploring the site, users will discover numerous passive areas that are suitable for different activities, which will in turn, reveal new view-shafts with the aim being that the entire design is not all visible from one location. By creating this feeling of discovery, local residence and regular visitors will be excited and stimulated by each visit to the site. This theme will allow more of the site to be accessed whilst restoring the natural beauty of the land providing a multi seasonal escape from its suburban surroundings.

To make this experience possible, mounding will be constructed at specific locations around the site. The majority of these will be planted with native vegetation to conceal spaces or focal points however some do pose multiple purposes. The central mound will elevate up to the boardwalk level to provide an unofficial exit. Thin exotic planting will slightly enclose this space to give a sense of grandeur once exited. The second exotically vegetated mound will be to the north and will be dissected by a grass pathway as it rises above, providing a different sense of enclosure. Flanking the sports fields will be two separate mounds that will have native vegetation on the eastern side but mowed grass to the west. This provides shelter and raised vantage points for spectators whilst allowing clear view-shafts, luring any curious mind into the revealing landscape.

The theme of ‘hide and revel’ will suit the low-lying nature of the site and maximize the significance that the boardwalk will have amongst its surroundings. The boardwalk will remain the main thoroughfare through the site but by creating narrow view shafts that partially reveal intriguing new spaces will tempt users to venture off the beaten track and investigate more of the domain rather than walking the constructed routes.

Fig. 2 Kodai-ji Zen Temple. Mounds and rocks concealing the pond. “Kodai-ji Zen Temple.” Kodai-ji Zen Temple. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2014. <http://www. kodaiji.com/e_index.html>.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Focal Points

Navigation

Due to the importance of the hydrological systems, the low-lying areas will become the focal points. The existing wetland area to the east of the boardwalk will be extended and the native rush (Juncus) that is currently thriving in that location will be extended. A riparian edge will be planted to assist with the water treatment.

Aside from the existing boardwalk, new grass pathways will be mowed. To ensure that the site remains natural, grass has been chosen due to its pliable nature. Some areas will be mowed short, creating obvious pathways and some will remain long, allowing for unofficial walkways and areas for dogs to roam. The mowed pathways will link the central boardwalk to the eastern track creating flow throughout the entire site and further afield. A strong contrast between the constructed and natural will be apparent, with the constructed aspects dissipating as the user ventures from the boardwalk.

To the north, two new ponds will be developed, one either side of the boardwalk. This location has been specifically chosen due to the existing over-ground stream that flows adjacent to the path. With the creation of the ponds, the water flow and water quality will meliorate, providing benefits throughout the site, specifically the existing pond to the south of the Domain.

This technique allows for the users imagination to determine their experience while being guided by subtle cues within the landscape.

Apart from their practical advantages, they will add a large amount of amenity value. With the designated view-shafts created from vegetation and mounding, these wet areas provide focal points that will entice users to wander the landscape. By upgrading the existing wetland and creating the new ponds, Onepoto Domain will become an ecological haven. Birds and aquatic species will flock to the site, ensuring the continual integration of man and nature. With the construction of the new ponds, the excavated material will be used to construct the mounds. This form of eco-sourcing ensures that no unwanted seeds or vegetation encroaches on the Domain.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain is one of Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hidden gems. With its unique history and passionate residents, this Domain provides a wonderful sanctuary accommodating people and wildlife from far and wide. Through a careful and considerate design process, the proposed development ensures a thriving future that enhances the natural beauty of the Northcote area and remains true to all those who call it home.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Master Plan

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain Masterplan Hide & Reveal Legend Native planting Native riparian planting Mown grass Native grass planting Proposed ponds Existing native vegetation Existing junkus (wet zones) Proposed exotic vegetation Roads Exisiting boardwalk Open waterways Exisiting pathway 1 2 3 4 5 6

Water catchment ponds Raised exotic vegetation mounds Seating platform on level with boardwalk Inclosed mown seating area Raised mounds mownlawn/vegetation Raised mown lawn connecting to boardwalk

Detail 1 location

Cross section 1

Detail 2 location

Cross section 2

Cross section 3

Detail 3 location

Onepoto Domain Masterplan Scale 1:500 @A0 Robert Nairn 3rd Year BLA, UNITEC

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Perspective Images

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Site Sections

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Planting Plan

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Cabbage tree grove Lacebark grove Dense native shrubs Phormium mounds

L4A

R4B

L3A

R3B

L2A

R2B

Dense native bush revegetation Wetland - aquatic zone Wetland -emergent zone Wetland - moist zone Riparian zone - stream Riparian zone - Juncus saltmarsh Native bird havens Grass ribbons Exotic boardwalk glade Maple glade Silver birch glade Kowhai grove Manuka grove Lancewood grove 1 Lancewood grove 2 â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Hide & Revealâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mound Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

L1A Refer to accompanying Plant Schedule and detailed design plans for plant mixes and layout

R1B 1:300 @A0 29

Riparian Zone - stream 32 BF @ 4m ctrs. 28 CF @ 4m ctrs. 45 CG @ 4m ctrs. 35 CU @ 1.5m ctrs. 26 GP @ 3.2m ctrs. 12 LS @ 8m ctrs. 10 SM @ 10m ctrs.

Lancewood grove 1 45 PSC @ 3m ctrs. 153 CA @ 1.7m ctrs.

Wetland - moist zone 5 BA @ 3.5m ctrs. 4 BR @ 2m ctrs. 10 CR @ 1m ctrs. 6 CV @ 1.2m ctrs. 8 EM @ 1.5m ctrs. 7 PT @ 4m ctrs. 3 SM @ 10m ctrs.

Manuka grove 119 LS @ 2m ctrs. 228 PA @ 1.8m ctrs.

Low view points 224 CT @ 1m ctrs.

Wetland - aquatic zone 23 LH @ 2m ctrs. 25 NH @ 2m ctrs. 52 PO @ 2m ctrs. 179 CC @ 2m ctrs

Wetland -emergent zone 17 BA @ 3.5m ctrs. 13 EA @ 1.5m ctrs. 16 SP @ 1m ctrs. 8 TO @ 8m ctrs.

1:300 @A3

Drawing L4A (7 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Manuka grove 119 LS @ 2m ctrs. 228 PA @ 1.8m ctrs.

Lancewood grove 1 45 PSC @ 3m ctrs. 153 CA @ 1.7m ctrs.

1:300 @A3

Drawing R4B (8 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Maple glade Wetland - aquatic zone Wetland -emergent zone 17 BA @ 3.5m ctrs. 13 EA @ 1.5m ctrs. 16 SP @ 1m ctrs. 8 TO @ 8m ctrs.

23 LH @ 2m ctrs. 25 NH @ 2m ctrs. 52 PO @ 2m ctrs.

12 APS @ 4m ctrs. 12 AVT @ 4m ctrs. 48 PA @ 1.8m

Grass ribbons 352 AL @ 1.2m ctrs. 179 CC @ 2m ctrs. 142 CD @ 0.7m ctrs. 1082 CHC @ 1m ctrs. 467 DN @ 1m ctrs. 934 UU @ 0.5m ctrs.

Wetland - moist zone 5 BA @ 3.5m ctrs. 4 BR @ 2m ctrs. 10 CR @ 1m ctrs. 6 CV @ 1.2m ctrs. 8 EM @ 1.5m ctrs. 7 PT @ 4m ctrs. 3 SM @ 10m ctrs.

Riparian Zone - stream 32 BF @ 4m ctrs. 28 CF @ 4m ctrs. 45 CG @ 4m ctrs. 35 CU @ 1.5m ctrs. 26 GP @ 3.2m ctrs. 12 LS @ 8m ctrs. 10 SM @ 10m ctrs.

Phormium mounds 352 PHS @ 3m ctrs. 352 PHR @ 3m ctrs. 705 PHD @ 3m ctrs.

1:300 @A3

Low view points 224 CT @ 1m ctrs.

Native bird havens 5 AS @ 8m ctrs. 3 BT @ 30m ctrs. 3 BET @ 20m ctrs. 6 CS @ 6m ctrs. 12 CP @ 3m ctrs. 3 CL @ 12m ctrs. 7 DS @ 6m ctrs. 12 FE @ 3m ctrs. 3 HA @ 5m ctrs. 5 KE @ 12m ctrs. 12 ME @ 3m ctrs. 8 MA @ 2m ctrs. 6 PEC @ 4m ctrs. 5 PL @ 5m ctrs. 8 RS @ 5m ctrs. 5 SM @ 6m ctrs. 5 VL @ 6m ctrs

Drawing L3A (5 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

45 PSC @ 3m ctrs. 153 CA @ 1.7m ctrs.

Lancewood grove 1

Grass ribbons 352 AL @ 1.2m ctrs. 179 CC @ 2m ctrs. 142 CD @ 0.7m ctrs. 1082 CHC @ 1m ctrs. 467 DN @ 1m ctrs.

‘Hide & Reveal’ mound 261 PL @ 3m ctrs. 30 MS @ 4m ctrs. 38 GL @ 2.5m ctrs. 429 AC @ 1.3m ctrs.

Low view points 224 CT @ 1m ctrs.

1:300 @A3

Drawing R3B (6 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

N Exotic boardwalk glade 9 NS @ 12m ctrs 72 FP @ 1.2m ctrs 3 QP @ 12m ctrs. 3 FR @ 7m ctrs. 5 AVT @ 5m ctrs. 5 APS @ 5m ctrs.

Riparian Zone - stream

32 BF @ 4m ctrs. 28 CF @ 4m ctrs. 45 CG @ 4m ctrs. 35 CU @ 1.5m ctrs. 26 GP @ 3.2m ctrs. 12 LS @ 8m ctrs. 10 SM @ 10m ctrs.

224 CT @ 1m ctrs.

Phormium mounds 352 PHS @ 3m ctrs. 352 PHR @ 3m ctrs. 705 PHD @ 3m ctrs.

Kowhai grove 131 SM @ 3m ctrs. 218 PA @ 1.8m ctrs.

1:300 @A3

Drawing L2A (3 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

N Grass ribbons 352 AL @ 1.2m ctrs. 179 CC @ 2m ctrs. 142 CD @ 0.7m ctrs. 1082 CHC @ 1m ctrs. 467 DN @ 1m ctrs. 934 UU @ 0.5m ctrs.

‘Hide & Reveal’ mound 261 PL @ 3m ctrs. 30 MS @ 4m ctrs. 38 GL @ 2.5m ctrs. 429 AC @ 1.3m ctrs.

Lancewood grove 2 72 PSC @ 3m ctrs. 862 MA @ 1.2m ctrs.

Dense native bush revegetation Silver birch glade 56 BJ @ 6m ctrs. 102 PA @ 1.8m ctrs.

522 FNZ @ 0.4m ctrs.

4 AA @ 10m ctrs. 12 CD @ 8m ctrs. 18 CM @ 15m ctrs. 3 DC @ 26m ctrs. 3 DD @ 30m ctrs. 16 DS @ 30m ctrs. 16 LNZ @ 20m ctrs. 11 PEC @ 20m ctrs. 11 PT @ 20m ctrs. 11 PIC @ 20m ctrs. 86 PF @ 8m ctrs. 96 PK @ 3.5m ctrs. 3 PF @ 22m ctrs.

1:300 @A3

Drawing R2B (4 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Kowhai grove 131 SM @ 3m ctrs. 218 PA @ 1.8m ctrs.

Exotic boardwalk glade 9 NS @ 12m ctrs 72 FP @ 1.2m ctrs

Phormium mounds 352 PHS @ 3m ctrs. 352 PHR @ 3m ctrs. 705 PHD @ 3m ctrs.

existing Juncus community

Low cloud 234 LI @ 1m ctrs. 117 LP @ 1.2m ctrs.

Riparian Zone - stream 32 BF @ 4m ctrs. 28 CF @ 4m ctrs. 45 CG @ 4m ctrs. 35 CU @ 1.5m ctrs. 26 GP @ 3.2m ctrs. 12 LS @ 8m ctrs. 10 SM @ 10m ctrs.

Tall cloud

Riparian Zone - Juncus

27 MS @ 3.5m ctrs. 115 AC @ 1.2m ctrs.

32 BF @ 4m ctrs. 28 CF @ 4m ctrs. 45 CG @ 4m ctrs. 35 CU @ 1.5m ctrs. 26 GP @ 3.2m ctrs. 12 LS @ 8m ctrs. 10 SM @ 10m ctrs.

Cabbage tree grove 63 x CA @ 5m ctrs. 125 x RP @ 1.5m ctrs.

Lacebark grove 1:300 @A3

35 x HP @ 6m ctrs. 78 COP @ 1.7m ctrs.

Drawing L1A (1 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

N 522 FNZ @ 0.4m ctrs.

Silver birch glade 56 BJ @ 6m ctrs. 102 PA @ 1.8m ctrs.

Dense native shrubs 9 PR @ 4.5m ctrs. 18 PC @ 2.2m ctrs.

Dense native bush revegetation 4 AA @ 10m ctrs. 12 CD @ 8m ctrs. 18 CM @ 15m ctrs. 3 DC @ 26m ctrs. 3 DD @ 30m ctrs. 16 DS @ 30m ctrs. 16 LNZ @ 20m ctrs. 11 PEC @ 20m ctrs. 11 PT @ 20m ctrs. 11 PIC @ 20m ctrs. 86 PF @ 8m ctrs. 96 PK @ 3.5m ctrs. 3 PF @ 22m ctrs.

Riparian Zone - Juncus

Lacebark grove 35 x HP @ 6m ctrs. 78 COP @ 1.7m ctrs.

32 BF @ 4m ctrs. 28 CF @ 4m ctrs. 45 CG @ 4m ctrs. 35 CU @ 1.5m ctrs. 26 GP @ 3.2m ctrs. 12 LS @ 8m ctrs. 10 SM @ 10m ctrs.

1:300 @A3

Drawing R1B (2 of 8) Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Plant Schedule

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

PLANT SCHEDULE- EXOTIC GLADES EXOTIC BOARDWALK GLADE: ABBREVIATION APS AVT FR NS QP FP

BOTANICAL NAME Acer palmatum 'Senkaki' Acer palmatum 'Villa Taranto' Fraxinus oxycarpa 'Raywoodii' Nyssa sylvatica Quercus palustris Fuchsia procumbens

MAORI NAMECOMMON NAME n.a coral bark maple n.a Japanese maple n.a claret ash n.a tulepo n.a pin oak n.a creeping fuchsia

HEIGHT WIDTH 4m 3m 3m 3m 8m 5m 7m 5m 8m 6m 0.2m 1.5m

TYPE Deciduous Tree Deciduous Tree Deciduous Tree Deciduous Tree Deciduous Tree Groundcover

POT SIZE PB 95/ 45L PB 95/ 45L PB 95/ 45L PB 95/ 45L PB 95/ 45L PB 3/ 2L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a Mounded planting beneath exotic trees.

SPACING 5m 5m 7m 7m 12m 1.2m

MIX QUANTITY 50% 5 50% 5 n.a 3 n.a 9 n.a 3 n.a 72

BOTANICAL NAME Acer palmatum 'Senkaki' Acer palmatum 'Villa Taranto' Pratia angulata

MAORI NAMECOMMON NAME n.a coral bark maple n.a Japanese maple panakenake pratia

HEIGHT WIDTH 4m 3m 3m 3m 0.1m 2m

TYPE Deciduous Tree Deciduous Tree Groundcover

POT SIZE PB 95/ 45L PB 95/ 45L PB2 / 1.5L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a n.a Mounded planting beneath exotic trees.

SPACING 4m 4m 1.8m

MIX QUANTITY 50% 12 50% 12 n.a 48

MAORI NAMECOMMON NAME n.a Himalayan birch panakenake pratia

HEIGHT WIDTH TYPE 12m 4m Deciduous Tree 0.1m 2m Groundcover

POT SIZE PB95/ 60L PB2 / 1.5L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a Mounded planting beneath exotic trees.

SPACING 6m 1.8m

MIX QUANTITY n.a 56 n.a 102

MAPLE GLADE: ABBREVIATION APS AVT PA

SILVER BIRCH GLADE: ABBREVIATION BJ PA

BOTANICAL NAME Betula utilis var. jacquemontii Pratia angulata

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

PLANTING COMBINATIONS- EXOTIC GLADES

Acer palmatum ‘Senkaki’

Fuchsia procumbens

Acer palmatum ‘Villa Taranto’

Betula utilis var. jacquemontii

Fraxinus oxycarpa ‘Raywoodii’

Nyssa sylvatica

Quercus palustris

Pratia angulata

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

PLANT SCHEDULE- NATIVE BIRD HAVEN NATIVE BIRD HAVENS

ON MOUND ABBREVIATION AS BT BET CS CP CL DS FE HA KE ME MA PEC PL RS SM VL

BOTANICAL NAME Aristotelia serrata Beilschmiedia tarairi Beilschmiedia tawa Carpodetus serratus Clianthus puniceus Corynocarpus laevigatus Dysoxylum spectabile Fuchsia excortica Hedycarya arborea Knightia excelsa Macropiper excelsum Myrsine australis Pennantia corymbosa Pseudopanax lessonii Rhopalostylis sapida Syzygium maire Vitex lucens

MAORI NAME makomako taraire tawa putaputaweta kowhai-‐ngutu-‐kaka karaka kohekohe kotukutuku porokaiwhiri rewarewa kawakawa maupo kaikomako houpara nikau maire puriri

COMMON NAME wineberry taraire tawa marble leaf kakabeak karaka kohekohe tree fuchsia pigeonwood New Zealand honeysuckle kawakawa red matipo kaikomako coastal fivefinger nikau maire puriri

HEIGHT 6m 22m 25m 9m 2m 15m 7m 5m 5m 15m 3m 5m 5m 3.5m 10m 10m 15m

WIDTH 3.5m

NEXT TO A MOUND ABBREVIATION BOTANICAL NAME AS Aristotelia serrata BT Beilschmiedia tarairi BET Beilschmiedia tawa CS Carpodetus serratus CP Clianthus puniceus CL Corynocarpus laevigatus DS Dysoxylum spectabile FE Fuchsia excortica HA Hedycarya arborea KE Knightia excelsa ME Macropiper excelsum MA Myrsine australis PEC Pennantia corymbosa PL Pseudopanax lessonii RS Rhopalostylis sapida SM Syzygium maire VL Vitex lucens

MAORI NAME makomako taraire tawa putaputaweta kowhai-‐ngutu-‐kaka karaka kohekohe kotukutuku porokaiwhiri rewarewa kawakawa maupo kaikomako houpara nikau maire puriri

COMMON NAME wineberry taraire tawa marble leaf kakabeak karaka kohekohe tree fuchsia pigeonwood New Zealand honeysuckle kawakawa red matipo kaikomako coastal fivefinger nikau maire puriri

HEIGHT 6m 22m 25m 9m 2m 15m 7m 5m 5m 15m 3m 5m 5m 3.5m 10m 10m 15m

WIDTH 3.5m

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

7m 3m 8m 4m 2m 4m 8m 2m 3m 2m 3m 4.5m 4.5m

TYPE Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Shrub Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Native Palm Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB 18, 10L PB 40, 25L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB28 / 12L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 40 / 2

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a Planted as specimen tree Planted as specimen tree n.a n.a Planted as specimen tree n.a Planted as forest understorey n.a n.a Planted as forest understorey Planted as forest understorey Planted as forest understorey Planted as forest understorey n.a n.a Planted as specimen tree

SPACING 8m 30m 20m 6m 3m 12m 6m 3m 5m 12m 3m 2m 4m 5m 5m 6m 6m

MIX n.a n.a n.a

POT SIZE PB 18, 10L PB 40, 25L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB28 / 12L PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB 40 / 2

SPACING 8m 30m 20m 6m 3m 12m 6m 3m 5m 12m 3m 2m 4m 5m 5m 6m 6m

MIX n.a n.a n.a

n.a

QUANTITY

15% 15% 20% 20% 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 10%

5 3 3 6 12 3 7 12 3 5 12 8 6 5 8 5 5

QUANTITY

15% 15% 20% 20% 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 10%

4 2 1 4 7 1 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

PLANTING COMBINATIONS- NATIVE BIRD HAVEN

Aristotelia serrata

Beilschmiedia tarairi

Beilschmiedia tawa

Carpodetus serratus

Clianthus puniceus

Corynocarpus laevigatus

Dysoxylum spectabile

Fuchsia excortica

Knightia excelsa

Macropiper excelsum

Myrsine australis

Pennantia corymbosa

Pseudopanax lessonii

Rhopalostylis sapida

Syzygium maire

Vitex lucens

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

TREE FRUITING TIMES FOR BIRD HAVEN ZONES

NATIVE TREES FOR NATIVE BIRDS makomako taraire tawa putaputaweta kowhai-‐ngutu-‐kaka karaka kohekohe kotukutuku porokaiwhiri rewarewa kawakawa maupo kaikomako houpara nikau maire puriri

January

February

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

PLANT SCHEDULE- WETLAND AND RIPARIAN EDGES WETLAND PLANTING AQUATIC: ABBREVIATION LH NH PO EMERGENT: ABBREVIATION BA EA SP TO MOIST: ABBREVIATION BA BR CR CV EM PT SM MESIC: ABBREVIATION BF CF CG CU GP LS SM

BOTANICAL NAME Lemna hookeriim Nitella hookeri Potamogeton ochreatus

MAORI NAME n.a n.a n.a

COMMON NAME duck weed n.a blunt pond weed

HEIGHT WIDTH n.a n.a n.a n.a to depth of water

TYPE n.a n.a Rhizome

POT SIZE PB3 / 2L PB3 / 2L PB3 / 2L

PLANTING COMMENTS Plant entire depth of wetland. Plant entire depth of wetland. Plant entire depth of wetland.

SPACING 2m 2m 2m

MIX

BOTANICAL NAME Baumea articulata Eleocharis acuta Scirpus polystachyus Typha orientalis

MAORI NAME n.a kuta n.a raupo

COMMON NAME jointed twig rush tall spike sedge

WIDTH 2m 1m 0.5m 5m

TYPE Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge

POT SIZE PB2 / 1.5L PB3 / 2L PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a n.a n.a n.a

SPACING 3.5m 1.5m 1m 8m

MIX

bullrush

HEIGHT 1.8m 0.7m 0.5m 2.5m

BOTANICAL NAME Baumea articulata Baumea rubignosa Chionochloa rubra Carex virgata Empodisma minus Phormium tenax Szyzgium maire

MAORI NAME n.a n.a n.a pukio n.a harakeke waiwaka

COMMON NAME jointed twig rush orange nut sedge red tussock carex wire rush New Zealand flax swamp maire

HEIGHT 1.8m 1m 1m 0.8m 0.5m 2.5m 10m

WIDTH 2m 1.5m 0.5m 0.8m 0.6m 2m 4.5m

TYPE Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Flax Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L PB3 / 2L PB3 / 2L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

SPACING 3.5m 2m 1m 1.2m 1.5m 4m 10m

MIX

BOTANICAL NAME Bolboschoenus fluviatillis Cortaderia fulvida Carex geminata Cyperus ustulatus Gahnia procera Leptospermum scoparium Szyzgium maire

MAORI NAME purua n.a n.a upokotangata n.a manuka waiwaka

COMMON NAME marsh clubrush toetoe carex umbrella sedge n.a tea tree swamp maire

HEIGHT 1.5m 1.5m 1m 1.5m 1m 4m 10m

WIDTH 2m 2m 2m 1m 1.5m 3m 4.5m

TYPE Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

SPACING 4m 4m 4m 1.5m 3.2m 8m 10m

MIX

COMMON NAME marsh clubrush toetoe carex umbrella sedge n.a tea tree swamp maire

HEIGHT 1.5m 1.5m 1m 1.5m 1m 4m 10m

WIDTH 2m 2m 2m 1m 1.5m 3m 4.5m

TYPE Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

SPACING 4m 4m 4m 1.5m 3.2m 8m 10m

MIX

COMMON NAME marsh clubrush toetoe carex umbrella sedge n.a tea tree swamp maire

HEIGHT 1.5m 1.5m 1m 1.5m 1m 4m 10m

WIDTH 2m 2m 2m 1m 1.5m 3m 4.5m

TYPE Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Sedge Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB2 / 1.5L PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L

PLANTING COMMENTS n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

SPACING 4m 4m 4m 1.5m 3.2m 8m 10m

MIX

25% 25% 50%

QUANTITY 23 25 52

20% 35% 15% 30%

QUANTITY 17 13 16 8

15% 25% 25% 20% 5% 15% 10% 20% 20% 20% 10% 10% 10% 10%

QUANTITY

5 4 10 6 8 7 3

QUANTITY

3 3 3 7 2 2 1

RIPARIAN PLANTING AROUND STREAM ABBREVIATION BF CF CG CU GP LS SM

BOTANICAL NAME Bolboschoenus fluviatillis Cortaderia fulvida Carex geminata Cyperus ustulatus Gahnia procera Leptospermum scoparium Szyzgium maire

MAORI NAME purua n.a n.a upokotangata n.a manuka waiwaka

20% 20% 20% 10% 10% 10% 10%

QUANTITY 32 28 45 35 26 12 10

20% 20% 20% 10% 10% 10% 10%

QUANTITY 32 28 45 35 26 12 10

RIPARIN PLANTING AROUND JUNCUS PATCH ABBREVIATION BF CF CG CU GP LS SM

BOTANICAL NAME Bolboschoenus fluviatillis Cortaderia fulvida Carex geminata Cyperus ustulatus Gahnia procera Leptospermum scoparium Szyzgium maire

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

MAORI NAME purua n.a n.a upokotangata n.a manuka waiwaka

PLANT SCHEDULE- NATIVE FEATURE ZONES KOWHAI GROVE: ABBREVIATION PA SM

BOTANICAL NAME Pratia angulata Sophora microphylla

MAORI NAME panakenake kowhai

COMMON NAME pratia kowhai

HEIGHT 0.1m 5m

WIDTH 2m 3m

TYPE Groundcover Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB2 / 1.5L PB40 / 25L

PLANTING COMMENTS Planted as mass groundcover beneath kowhai Planted as dense grove

SPACING 1.8m 3m

MIX n.a n.a

QUANTITY 218 131

BOTANICAL NAME MAORI NAME Pratia angulata panakenake Leptospermum scoparium 'Red Ensign' manuka

COMMON NAME pratia tea tree

HEIGHT 0.1m 2m

WIDTH 2m 1.5m

TYPE Groundcover Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB2 / 1.5L PB28 / 17L

PLANTING COMMENTS Mass planting beneath manuka Planted in groups of seven

SPACING 1.8m 2m

MIX n.a n.a

QUANTITY 228 119

COMMON NAME sand dune coprosma lancewood

HEIGHT 0.45m 6m

WIDTH 1.5m 2.5m

TYPE Low Shrub Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PLANTING COMMENTS PB0.75 / 1L Planted as sprawling groundcover beneath lancewoods PB28 / 17L Plant in groups of three, each group being 10m apart

SPACING 1.7m 3m

MIX n.a n.a

QUANTITY 153 45

MAORI NAME COMMON NAME creeping pohuehue creeping pohuehue horoeka lancewood

HEIGHT 0.15m 6m

WIDTH 1m 2.5m

TYPE Low shrub Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PLANTING COMMENTS PB0.75 / 1L Planted as sprawling groundcover beneath lancewoods PB28 / 17L Plant in groups of three, each group being 10m apart

SPACING 1.2m 3m

MIX n.a n.a

QUANTITY 862 72

MAORI NAME n.a hangehange puka houpara

HEIGHT 1.5m 3m 4m 3m

WIDTH 1m 2m 3m 2m

TYPE Shrub Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB 12 / 8L PB 12 / 8L PB18 / 10L PB 12 / 8L

SPACING 1.3m 2.5m 4m 3m

MIX n.a n.a n.a n.a

QUANTITY 429 38 30 261

MANUKA GROVE: ABBREVIATION PA LS

LANCEWOOD GROVE 1: ABBREVIATION CA PSC

BOTANICAL NAME Coprosma acerosa Pseudopanax crassifolius

MAORI NAME n.a horoeka

LANCEWOOD GROVE 2: ABBREVIATION MA PSC

BOTANICAL NAME Muehlenbeckia axillaris Pseudopanax crassifolius

HIDE AND REVEAL MOUND: ABBREVIATION AC GL MS PL

BOTANICAL NAME Astelia chathamica 'Silver Spear' Geniostoma ligustrifolium Meryta sinclarii Pseudopanax lessonii

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

COMMON NAME Chatham Island astelia privet leaf puka fivefinger

PLANTING COMMENTS Mass planted on mound, around puka Ground mulched with bark to suppress weed growth Planted in groups of five Ground mulched with bark to suppress weed growth

PLANTING COMBINATIONS- NATIVE FEATURE ZONES

Pratia angulata

Leptospermum scoparium ‘Red Ensign’

Sophora microphylla

Pseudopanax crassifollius

Astelia chathamica ‘Silver Spear’

Geniostoma ligustrifolium

Meryta sinclarii

Pseudopanax lessonii

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Muehlenbeckia axillaris

Coprosma acerosa

PLANT SCHEDULE- NATIVE GRASSES GRASS AREAS ABBREVIATION AL CC CD CHC DN FNZ UU

BOTANICAL NAME Anemanthele lessoniana Carex coriacea Carex dipsacea Chinochloa conspicua Dianella nigra Festucea novae-‐zealandiae Uncinia uncinata

MAORI NAME hunangamoho rautahi n.a n.a turutu n.a kamu

COMMON NAME gossamer grass cutty grass carex snow grass New Zealand blueberry fescue tussock hook grass

HEIGHT 1m 0.6m 0.75m 0.75m 0.5m 0.7m 0.5m

WIDTH 1.2m 2m 0.7m 1m 1m 0.4m 0.5m

TYPE Grass Sedge Sedge Grass Grass Grass Grass

POT SIZE PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L PB0.75 / 1L

PLANTING COMMENTS Long swarm of grass Mass plant in sections Mass plant in sections Mass plant in sections Mass plant in sections Mass plant in sections Mass plant in sections

SPACING 1.2m 2m 0.7m 1m 1m 0.4m 0.5m

MIX n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

QUANTITY 352 179 142 1082 467 522 934

MAORI NAME kamu

COMMON NAME hook grass

HEIGHT 0.8m

WIDTH 0.8m

TYPE Grass

POT SIZE PLANTING COMMENTS PB0.75 / 1L Mass plant in sections

SPACING 1m

MIX n.a

QUANTITY 224

LOW VIEW POINTS ABBREVIATION BOTANICAL NAME UU Carex testacea

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

PLANTING COMBINATIONS- NATIVE GRASSES

Dianella nigra

Anemanthele lessoniana

Carex coriacea

Uncinia uncinata

Carex testacea

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Carex dipsacea

Festucea novae-zealandiae

Chinochloa conspicua

PLANT SCHEDULE- DENSE NATIVE TREES DENSE NATIVE BUSH ABBREVIATION AA CD CM DC DD DS LNZ PEC PT PIC PF PK PF

BOTANICAL NAME Agathis australis Cyathea dealbata Cyathea medullaris Dacrycarpus cupressinum Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Dicksonia squarrosa Laurelia novae-‐zealandiae Pennantia corymbosa Phyllocladus trichomanoides Pittosporum crassifolium Pittosporum fairchildii Pomaderris kumeraho Prumnopitys ferruginea

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

MAORI NAME kauri ponga mamaku rimu kahikatea wheki pukatea kaikomako tanekaha karo kohuhu kumerahou miro

COMMON NAME kauri silver tree fern black tree fern red pine white pine rough-‐tree fern pukatea kaikomako celery pine karo Fairchild's kohuhu golden tainui miro

HEIGHT 45m 9m 15m 50m 50m 8m 40m 5m 10m 6m 3m 1.5m 24m

WIDTH 5m 6m 8m 9m 8m 3m 5m 3m -‐ 4m -‐ 1m 4.5m

TYPE Evergreen Tree Tree Fern Tree Fern Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Tree Fern Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree

POT SIZE PB40 / 25L PB18 / 10L PB18 / 10L PB40 / 25L PB40 / 25L PB18 / 10L PB18 / 10L PB18 / 10L PB18 / 10L PB18 / 10L PB18 / 10L PB18 / 10L PB40 / 25L

PLANTING COMMENTS Planted as specimen tree n.a n.a Planted as specimen tree Planted as specimen tree n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a Planted as forest understorey Planted as forest understorey Planted as specimen tree

SPACING 10m 8m 15m 26m 30m 20m 20m 20m 20m 20m 8m 3.5m 22m

MIX n.a n.a n.a

n.a

QUANTITY 10% 10% 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

4 12 18 3 3 16 16 11 11 11 86 96 3

PLANTING COMBINATIONS- DENSE NATIVE TREES PATCH

Agathis australis

Cyathea dealbata

Cyathea medullaris

Dacrycarpus cupressinum

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides

Dicksonia squarrosa

Laurelia novae-zealandiae

Pennantia corymbosa

Phyllocladus trichomanoides

Pittosporum crassifolium

Pittosporum fairchildii

Pomaderris kumeraho

Prumnopitys ferruginea

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

PLANT SCHEDULE- NATIVE SHRUBS CABBAGE TREE AND LACEBARK GROVES: ABBREVIATION COP CA HP RP

BOTANICAL NAME Coprosma pumila Cordyline australis Hoheria populnea Rubus parvus

MAORI NAME n.a ti kouka houhere n.a

COMMON NAME coprosma cabbage tree lacebark creeping lawyer

HEIGHT 0.4m 6m 5m 0.3m

WIDTH 1.5m 2m 3m 1m

TYPE Groundcover Evergreen Tree Evergreen Tree Groundcover

POT SIZE PB5 / 3L PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L PB5 / 3L

PLANTING COMMENTS Planted as groundcover Planted in groups of seven Planted in groups of seven Planted as groundcover

SPACING 1.7m 5m 6m 1.2m

MIX n.a n.a n.a n.a

BOTANICAL NAME MAORI NAME Astelia chathamica 'Silver Spear' Meryta sinclarii puka Libertia ixiodes n.a Libertia peregrinans n.a

COMMON NAME Chatham Island astelia puka New Zealand iris New Zealand iris

HEIGHT 1m 4m 0.6m 0.4m

WIDTH 1m 3m 0.5m 1m

TYPE Shrub Evergreen Tree Perennial Herb Perennial Herb

POT SIZE PB5 / 3L PB18 / 10L PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L

PLANTING COMMENTS Planted as understorey for manuka Planted in groups of 3 Mass planted Mass planted

SPACING 1.2m 3.5m 1m 1.2m

MIX

BOTANICAL NAME Plagianthus regius Pseudowintera colorata

HEIGHT 8m 3m

WIDTH 4m 2m

TYPE Deciduous Tree Small Tree

POT SIZE PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L

PLANTING COMMENTS Planted in groups of three Planted in groups of five

SPACING 4.5m 2.2m

MIX

horopito

COMMON NAME coastal ribbonwood pepper tree

MAORI NAME n.a n.a n.a

COMMON NAME flax flax flax

HEIGHT 1.5m 2m 1.5m

WIDTH 1.5m 1.5m 1.5m

TYPE Flax Flax Flax

POT SIZE PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L PB12 / 8L

PLANTING COMMENTS Mulch ground underneath Mulch ground underneath Mulch ground underneath

SPACING 3m 3m 3m

MIX

QUANTITY 78 63 35 125

TALL AND LOW CLOUDS: ABBREVIATION AC MS LI LP

70% 30% 50% 50%

QUANTITY 115 27 234 117

DENSE SHRUBS: ABBREVIATION PR PC

MAORI NAME

35% 65%

QUANTITY

9 18

PHORMIUM MOUNDS: ABBREVIATION PHS PHR PHD

BOTANICAL NAME Phormium 'Sunset' Phormium 'Radiance' Phormium 'Dark Delight'

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

QUANTITY 25% 352 25% 352 50% 705

PLANTING COMBINATIONS- NATIVE SHRUBS

Coprosma pumila

Cordyline australis

Hoheria populnea

Rubus parvus

Astelia chathamica ‘Silver Spear’

Meryta sinclarii

Libertia ixiodes

Libertia peregrinans

Plagianthus regius

Pseudowintera colorata

Phormium ‘Sunset’

Phormium ‘Radiance’

Phormium 'Dark Delight'

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Ecological Design Considerations

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

This proposal for the development of Onepoto Domain

This is not to say that ecological synthesis or reinterpretation

has been informed by detailed site and ecological

is not appropriate, but that outcomes should be considered

analysis. Throughout the planning, design process and

and necessitated by a set of desirable results. A key

implementation, site ecology is a key component to

requirement outlined by the domains stakeholders was

informing a successful final design outcome.

that recreational value is paramount to the success of the

The aim is to implement functioning wetland environments

design, that this should be considered first and foremost,

that enhance ecological status, whilst allowing for intensive

over the implementation of an idealistic, purist type wetland

human interaction on a variety of levels. This design aims at

restoration. Therefore a careful balance must be struck,

tangible ecological value which is able to be recognised by

allowing ecological integrity to intertwine with recreation

the parks users. The focus is environmental improvement

and interaction.

through design, the key outcomes of every design decision being to consider the way natural systems are impacted or

The key ecological outcomes within this design proposal are

implemented. Wetlands are one of the most threatened

water quality, habitat development, vegetation resilience

ecosystems in New Zealand and it is estimated that 90% of

and integrity, sediment management and biodiversity.

original wetlands have been drained and modified for urban outcomes. The opportunity to design wetland environments within an urban context, so close to the centre of Auckland City should be treated cautiously. Compared to the weed infested wasteland that currently exists, any adaption and improvement will be welcome, but there is great potential to implement a design that informs future wetland development regionally and is held in high regard by the residents and users of the Onepoto Domain.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Water

Habitat Provision

Site water management needs to take in to account the issues

The increase in wetland size will also accommodate

The site has been identified as having the potential to

outlined in the site analysis. Water currently has minimal

sediment deposition and slow down water flow to allow

contribute to the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;North West WildLinkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; scheme that

flow and therefore stagnates to a point where dissolved

riparian benefits on water quality. There is also necessity

Auckland Council is implementing, to provide habitat

oxygen is low and invertebrate life is not present. The

to increase water shading to ensure water temperature is

stepping stones between the Waitakere Ranges and

current system is in line with best practice when the domain

acceptable, working towards 70-80% shade cover by means

significant habitat in the North such as Shakespeare and

was established, where water was collected and moved off

of riparian vegetation, which will in turn create habitat for

Tiritiri Matangi Island. In order to contribute to this regional

site quickly, but maintenance levels have seen sediment

invertebrate species that are currently missing from the site.

scheme suitable habitat must be provided to allow for

deposition inhibit this system, creating blockages without

species migration and inhabitation. General restoration and

enough large rainfall events to clear sediments through the

There is an expectation that the proposed design will

conservation principles are to be implemented with the

system. The best case scenario for remedial action to this

enhance water quality on the site and also any flowing

design, habitat restoration through extensive planting of

issue is to ensure that key stream lines are uninhibited from

off the site. The goal is to make it recreationally safe, for

native species to provide food and shelter for birds, a focus

flow obstruction. This means that maintenance access to

dog walkers to feel comfortable with animals entering and

on wetland and waterway quality will return invertebrate

streamlines is necessary and that visibility and subconscious

drinking from the water, to reduce odour and visual impact

life to waterways, in turn provide food source and support

public awareness of typical water levels and flow through

and to showcase wetland development as an interactive,

a healthy ecosystem, pest management as deemed

the design should be inferred through design cues.

recreationally viable option for the residents and users of

appropriate will work towards a secure site for species

Onepoto Domain.

establishment, though complete pest eradication is not an option without predator proof fencing which is not deemed to be an appropriate option in the domains development.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Vegetation The establishment of appropriate vegetation is paramount

The establishment of the Native Bird Patch works to develop

Other considerations to be accounted for within the

to any ecological outcomes upon the site. The designs

recognition for the plant species which are important

vegetation scheme are the sourcing of plant material. Where

planting plan aims to achieve several ecological outcomes.

for native birds. Observation is key to the widespread

possible eco sourced seed should be used for propagation of

Water quality improvements will be in association with

reintroduction of native plantings within surrounding

new plants to ensure regional variability is maintained and

riparian planting establishment, taking advantage of the

residential properties, showcasing vegetation and bird

species adaptation is appropriate for the site. Otherwise

plants abilities to sequester nutrients form the water, collect

relationships within a concentrated area makes it possible

plants should be selected from a region nearby that would

suspended sediment in an appropriate manner, provide

to exhibit the potential impacts that residents could have

exhibit seed dispersal onto the site naturally, such as

shade to control water temperature and develop aquatic

on the region.

vegetation areas on the North West WildLink that would typically allow for bird assisted seed dispersal.

habitat. Vegetation as an ecological system on the site needs to be Habitat development is a direct response to vegetation

successfully implemented in order to achieve ecological

With the use of exotic tree species on the site it is advisable to

implementation, allowing food provision, shelter and

outcomes, therefore the way that is implemented must be

select male specimen trees where possible. This reduces the

nesting sites.

considered carefully. Within the Onepoto domain vegetation

ability for exotics to seed out into the park and surrounding

establishment has been more effective when the planting is

region, reducing weed management requirements.

Vegetation is to be implemented as a solution for bank

a top mounded earth; this pulls it up above the compacted

stabilisation and erosion control, ensuring the longevity of

fill layer which sits upon saline soils. The design takes this

site earth works and stream bank stabilisation.

concept and exaggerates it throughout the site. Planting upon these mounds should therefore be more successful than planting into the existing grade, helping to ensure that ecological requirements are achieved.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Site Dynamics Throughout this design it is important to recognise the

Easily mowed grass paths can be presented in a variety

This design scheme works well to allow for dynamic ecology,

dynamic nature of the systems we are aiming to design with.

of ways as deemed appropriate to respond to rainfall

it allows interpretation, adaptation and manipulation. The

Each layer contributes and alters the next and temporally

events, drought, weed management, aesthetics and fauna

scheme samples the key habitat varieties that should be

there is a great deal of variation. The scheme proposed

habitation. During summer and low rainfall periods lawn

present in functioning coastal wetland, marginal stream

here works to develop resilience and accommodate change.

maintenance levels will decrease due to slower growth rates,

areas, transitioning to coastal lowland broadleaf forest and

Human interaction typically aims to tie the landscape

therefore maintenance budget can be spent elsewhere on

presents them in a method that is highly interactive with

down, but by limiting hardscape to important nodes and

weed management or other projects. Areas of grassland

high amenity, recreation and aesthetic value.

connections it is possible to create spaces that respond

can be left to grow longer where deemed appropriate,

seasonally, with the potential to respond to changing

once weed management has been achieved and tolerable

human needs in the future or accommodate substantial

grass species are present. This has ecological benefits as it

natural landscape change. By not implementing large scale

allows grasses to flower, providing bee fodder, attracting

hardscape interventions there is a degree of ambiguity

necessary pollinators to ensure the successful development

about the design, allowing for informal recreation and

of a regenerative planting scheme. It also provides seasonal

interpretation.

aesthetic interest, reflecting the dynamic nature of the site, enhancing the concept of conceal and reveal over time, as grass heights change. This also provides opportunity to make future design decisions about the presentation of these walkways once human interaction is assessed along each node, some grass paths could allow for further planting or may become too wet to be used throughout the entire year and could therefore be retired to re-vegetation or a section of boardwalk developed with marginal plant species.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Design Interpretation A vital component to the successful development of site ecology is the awareness and responsibility that is placed on the sites users. By giving priority to the allowance of recreation within this development the space becomes an area that people take a sense of pride and ownership over, ensuring the best possible outcomes for biodiversity and ecological integrity. Information delivery and education will be a vital part of the community buying into the scheme, ensuring they understand site ecology to monitor and interact with it appropriately. Interpretive signage on key features will ensure that the domains users are aware of the various processes that are acting within each area. It is paramount that domain users feel a sense of ownership over the scheme, that the design is a direct response to needs and desired outcomes, so addressing these outcomes foremost and then suggesting and educating on the flow on effects and ecological benefits of the scheme will make this a successful design.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

The key ecological components that will be addressed within this design plan for the development of Onepoto domain are ecosystem integrity, allowing for dynamic nature that is resilient through change, ensuring that static interventions on the site are minimal and dictated by necessity. The design aims at low input and maintenance cost after the establishment period, a successful outcome will be a system that is predominantly self-sufficient in the way that weeds, water and sediment are managed. Measurable outcomes will be water quality improvements, biodiversity increase, management cost reduction, along with outcomes which are less tangible â&#x20AC;&#x201C; recreation value, enjoyment, aesthetic value, community feelings of ownership and education.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Construction Details

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

150x50mm H4 TREATED TIMBER BEARER 120x28mm H5 TREATED TIMBER DECKING

150x50mm H4 TREATED TIMBER JOIST

50x50x4mm STAINLESS STEEL WASHERS

Ø200mm H5 TREATED ROUND TIMBER PILE SET IN CONCRETE FOOTING

Ø12mm STAINLESS STEEL BOLTS

Ø4.76mm STAINLESS STEEL 'Z' NAILS Ø6mm 125mm STAINLESS STEEL NAILS

Ø3mm 90mm STAINLESS STEEL NAILS

200x50mm H5 TREATED TIMBER RETAINING WALL

200x50mm H5 TREATED TIMBER

150 400

50 60

500

200

322

200

1,300

400

600

150

28 150

200

200x200mm H5 TREATED SQUARE TIMBER PILE SET IN CONCRETE FOOTING

100 50

200 320

513

200 280

320

513

50 100

200 1,180

320

200 280

320

2,900

Detail 1

Retaining Wall for Boardwalk Detail

1:20

GSEducationalVersion

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

GAP 8 HARDFILL

1000x400mm PRECAST CONCRETE PIPE

GAP 40 HARDFILL

350

300 50

400

500

ORIGINAL STREAM ELEVATION

50 540

Detail 2

900 1,460

Culvert Detail

50 540

1:10

GSEducationalVersion

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

100x100mm H5 TREATED SQUARE TIMBER KICK RAIL

120x28mm H5 TREATED TIMBER DECKING Ø200mm H5 TREATED ROUND TIMBER PILE SET IN CONCRETE FOOTING

Ø12mm STAINLESS STEEL BOLTS 50x50x4mm STAINLESS STEEL WASHERS

100

100x100x30mm H5 TREATED SQUARE TIMBER KICK RAIL STAND

100

100 50 50 50

120x28mm H4 TREATED TIMBER DECKING 150X50mm H4 TREATED TIMBER JOIST

1,025

Detail 4

Ø3mm 90mm STAINLESS STEEL NAILS

500

250

322

472

E 8% SLOP

150 150 28

130

150X50mm H5 TREATED TIMBER JOIST SET IN CONCRETE

250

1,855

200

1,735

200

1,700

200

320

1,615

320

1,580

320

5,204

Detail 3

Boardwalk Ramp Detail

1:20

GSEducationalVersion

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

STAINLESS STEEL NAIL PLATE Ø12mm STAINLESS STEEL BOLTS Ø2mm 40mm STAINLESS STEEL CLOUT NAILS 50x50x4mm STAINLESS STEEL WASHERS

Ø4.76mm STAINLESS STEEL 'Z' NAILS

100x100mm H5 TREATED SQUARE TIMBER KICK RAIL

150X50mm H4 TREATED TIMBER BEARER

100x100x30mm H5 TREATED SQUARE TIMBER KICK RAIL STAND

120x28mm H4 TREATED TIMBER DECKING

120x28mm H5 TREATED TIMBER DECKING

Ø3mm 90mm STAINLESS STEEL NAILS 150X50mm H4 TREATED TIMBER JOIST

130

150

150X50mm H5 TREATED TIMBER JOIST

Detail 4

GSEducationalVersion

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

100

Boardwalk Ramp Connection Detail

1:5 67

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

N New Contours New Contours +1.00 + -1.00 LP + -1.00 LP

+ -1.00 LP

+1.00

Existing Contours 0.5mm New Contours Existing Contours 0.5mm

+ -1.00 LP +1.00 HP

+1.00+1.00 HP

+1.00 HP

+ -1.00 LP +1.00 HP

+1.00

Existing Contours 0.5mm Existing Contours 1.00mm Existing Contours 1.00mm

+1.00

+1.00 HP

+ -1.00 LP

+1.00 +1.00

Existing Water System ExistingExisting Contours 1.00mm Water System

+1.00

Proposed Water System Existing Water System Proposed Water System

+1.00

LP Low Point LP Low Water Point System Proposed

+1.00

HP HP High Point Low Point

High Point

+1.00

Onepoto Domain | Site Grading

Scale 1:5 Scale 1:500 @ A0

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Hide & Reveal Contour Dra Hide & Reveal Contour Drainage Plan Urban Ecology Group 2 As Urban Ecology 2 ScaleGroup 1:5002 Assignment @ A0 Land 7401 Hide & Reveal Contour Drainage Plan Vishaal 69 Shah Vishaal Shah- 1393630. Urban Ecology Group 2 Assignment 2

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

Onepoto Domain | Weed Management Plan

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

1. INTRODUCTION The new Onepoto domain walkway project is located on the northeast of the Onepoto domain. A new shared cycle and pedestrian footpath and boardwalk are installed from the northern entrance off Exmouth Street, through the wetlands area and provide new access to the domain. The existing footpath through the native bush along the eastern side of the reserve will be upgrade. The weed management plant will cover the wetland and bush area on northeastern Onepoto domain. Onepoto domain provides massive natural environmental benefit and access network for people daily life throughout neighbor. To protect this wonderful natural treasure the site needs to be managed in an environment-friendly way that ensure ecosystem service quality. Managing the infest weed throughout the site requires a comprehensive approach.

1.1 Site Description The wetland recently has been removed pampas grass except the west side of boardwalk and bush edge. Native plants such as NZ flax, cabbage tree and juncus scatter throughout the wetland and a juncus patch sites in the central wetland. The on site bush is native bush, native broadleaf species mainly distribute. The new boardwalk is installed along the existing stormwater drainage. In new landscape design, the mounds and wetland ponds will be built to create undulating topography and densely plant native and exotic species throughout the wetland. Formal and informal mowing path is designed for weed management and pedestrian walk.

1.2 Site Purpose As a recreation reserve, Onepoto attract local residents even throughout Auckland by its natural environment benefit. The new boardwalk is designed for pedestrian and cyclist and mainly utilized by local residents, school groups and local communities. In new landscape design, the wetland will involve people to explore and enjoy natural environment by different activities such as cycling and picnic.

1:5000

site scope

2.STATUTORY REQUIREMENT

panoramic view of new board walk and wetland

The Auckland Councils Weed Management Policy is to guide the management of weeds in Auckland’s parks and open spaces. The policy states “weed is defined as any plant growing where it is not wanted and which has an adverse effect” (Weed Management Policy, 2013). Auckland Council has responsibility to develop and implement weed management policy and ensure all council stuff, landowners and contractors adhere to the policy. The policy also states the weed management plan should integrated use current best practice methodologies in prevention and management of weed. Best practice weed control requires include research of up-to-date weed management techniques, both locally and internationally, and continual innovation to achieve effective, efficient and sustainable outcomes.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

3. EXISTING WEED ISSUE Environmental weeds are plants that can significantly and adversely impact the health of native plant and animal in long period. Weeds will influence the ecological process by changing the environmental structure. Auckland’s climate is very appropriate for wide range of plants is able to grow here. New Zealanders are also keen on gardening so that most weeds are introduced and is garden escaped. In general, streams and roads connect urban areas with more remote tracts of undeveloped land tend to act as corridors for the spread of weeds occurring further up in the catchment. Fencing and regeneration of riparian margins sometimes encouraged to enhance in stream habitat and water quality but may exacerbate the weed problem. The combination of modified, fragmented natural areas in close proximity to residential areas is a ‘habitat’ for weed invasion. The prior weed problem is pampas grass grown in wetland area, pampas is commonly identified to be a serious threat to New Zealand’s natural ecosystems and habitats causing disruptions in visibility, large fire risks, removal or replacement of native vegetation and a place of home for fauna type pests such as rabbits, rats and possums. The major pampas grass distribution is recently removed from the wetland area but leave with Onepoto domain north margin and west edge of native bush.

small-scale weed (wetland)

wandering jew and dollar weed form to mat (native bush)

large-scale weed (wetland)

bindweed smother the cabage tree (native bush)

After mowing machinery remove most weed in wetland, some noxious weeds still survive and scatter near the boardwalk such as thistle, gorse and woolly nightshade. The weed grows along the post of boardwalk but most of them are not seriously threaten the wetland environment. The native species are densely distributed in the native broadleaf bush walk so that this area is relatively weed free and well maintained. However, on the way up to the entrance of Sylvan Ave, there is a small gap which the bush plants don cover and directly expose to the pampas. Weeds such as wild ginger and Convolvulus rampantly invade on this area and cause very serious problem for cabbage tree and other young native seedling. Wandering jew and dollar weed scramble wildly and form to floor mat in the bush. These areas are all near the residential property and weeds spread all the way on the path toward to the Sylvan Ave.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

4. PROPOSED WEED MANAGEMENT APPROACH Although the site needs urgent treatment for the weed control, this area is very sensitive as its wetland character and surrounding playground and residential property. Minimise the agrichemical use is an important criteria for not polluting the air, water and soil resource. Public health and safety must be ensured for anytime. The boardwalk will be highly used by local residents for environmental recreation and educational values with high quality of nature character, high utilization rate increasing the risk of using agrichemicals. The indigenous and historical flora and fauna need to be protected meanwhile the pest plant controlling is also an object. At last, low maintenance is required as there is no many communities volunteer as labour to carry out the treatment for weed control.

pampas distribution

4.1 Initial Weed Management (Before New Landscape Built) 4.1.1 Object a. b. c.

d. e.

Remove all the pampas and other invasive and noxious weeds for new wetland design installing and construction. Remove the entire weed in native bush by using eco-friendly technique. The weed removal must not cause adversely affect to the health of local biological communities and natural habitat. The removal progress must not cause pollution to the natural resource such as water and soil. Surveillance to detect new weed problems at valuable sites before they become unmanageable and expensive. Support and facilitate community understanding and involvement in the management of weed impacts.

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

4.1.2 Weed Management Policies for Wetland 4.1.2.1 Policies and Approaches To remove the pampas and noxious weed, the mowing machinery need to be required for the comprehensive and rapid effect. For the other easy-controlled weed such as dock and cleaver, hand pull and herbicide spray could be carried out. And there is a new way with ‘saturated steam’ machinery to control the small-scale weed. As the wetland character, the herbicide must be biological base such as fungi herbicide products which will not cause pollution or poison the soil and water resource for this sensitive and fragile ecosystem. However some of the weeds do not have effective bioherbicide and required for the chemical one, in this situation, dosage and frequency need to be scrupulously considered and all the chemical herbicide must not access to the water resource. What’s more, all the equipment and machinery should biofuel for protecting the ecosystem.

4.1.2.2 Remove Techniques · Initial weed removal (pampas, gorse and other noxious weed) by mowing machinery (e.g bulldozer) · Laying of weed and erosion control material. · bioherbicide spray control, hand eradication or use Saturated Steam technique to control small-scale weed and prevent weed regrowth. · Plant with selected species in planting plan. · Mulching 100mm after soil is wet and better do it in autumn.

The two pampas grass strip all located on the margin of wetland. One connects to Onepoto domain and another connects to the bush walk. Once pampas and other noxious weed such as gorse are eradicated the site will expose and become a bare earth situation as the existing wetland. Some effective process of following spray and hand eradication will need to be carried out on the wetland site in order to control re-growth and promote desirable growth situation for the replace plants and future development. The bare earth areas need to be considered about revegetation techniques and will require covering with biodegradable erosion and weed control matting. The biodegradable products must be weed-free and have good water absorption capabilities, erosion control benefits and can supply nutrients to plant. What's more the products have visual integration and insulation properties to surrounding environment. The weed removal will require massive labour and voluteers from local board and local communities. weed removal plan

WEED LIST AND REMOVAL TECHNIQUES - WETLAND COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

pampas

Cortaderia selloana

Poaceae

gorse

Ulex europaeus

Fabaceae

winged thistle

Carduus tenuiflorus

Asteraceae

mallow

Malva spp.

Malvaceae

creeping buttercup

Ranunculus repens

Ranunculaceae

cleavers

Galium aparine

Rubiaceae

woolly nightshade

Solanum auriculatum

Solanaceae

black nightshade

Solanum nigrum

Solanaceae

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO WEED STATUS Tolerant of a wide range of extreme climate and soil conditions and recovers well after fire. • Quick colonise any cleared land and a major threat to many native habitats. • Not only replaced low-‐growing native plants but creates a fire hazard, provide a habitat for vermin and impedes access to tracks and other areas. • Reducing the area available for grazing by livestock on pastureland. • It competes with young forest trees, and makes access to forests difficult for pruning and thinning operations. • It is quite dry in summer and stands susceptible to fire. • Taking the place of grass and clover and increase scabby mouth. • Paradox in sheep. • Harming grassland. • Tolerant of most herbicides and seeds are not killed by the fumigation. •

CONTROL TECHNIQUE • Dig or grub out seedling and small plants • Large stands will need to be removed with a bulldozer • Once eradicated, replaced with native toetoe (Austroderia fulvida), tussocks ( Chionochloa spp.) and gossamer grass (Anemanthele lessoniana)

• Gorse can be killed using such herbicides as triclopyr (eg Grazon), picloram + triclopyr (egTordon Brushkiller) and metsulfuron (eg Escort). • Goats will graze gorse and can kill it.

• It can be removed using a chipping hoe. • Herbicides are best applied while the thistle is still a young. • flumetsulam should kill young seedlings and MCPA can have some effect on younger plants.

• Often found in soils that are poorly drained • Hard to control once established, roots are very strong and plants must be dug up rather than pulled, as the entire root crown needs to be removed to prevent regrowth. • Stolon system allows creeping buttercup to spread laterally quite quickly into nearby weed-‐free areas. • Using specific herbicides. • It often becomes quite troublesome in pastures grazed by cattle or horses, as they tend to avoid grazing the weed, unlike sheep. • Cause lodging of the crop, the weed climbs up over • Easily killed by cultivation. crop plants then makes them "top-‐heavy" and thus • Pulling the plants by hands and pull out the fibrous roots and rolling into a mass of fall. disposal. • It germinates under shrubs then grows up and over • Using specific herbicides. the shrubs. • Grows quickly and produces large amounts of seed. • Pull out small plants in winter and leave on site to rot down. • All part are moderately toxic to human especially the • Cut down larger ones and fill holes with Vigilant gel. berries. • Spray mid-‐sized, manageable infestation with 25ml/10L Tordon Brushkiller or 60ml/10Ltriclopyr or 300ml/10L Yates Hydrocotyle Killer. • It shades out desirable species and poisons the soil, inhibiting the growth of native and other plant. • Competing with plants for light and rob nutrient. • Generally controlled by cultivation and most herbicides but It is resistant to some sulfonylurea herbicides.

4.1.3 Weed Management Policies for Native Bush 4.1.3.1 Policies and Approaches To remove the weed in bush walk area is a challenge as its bush structure, topography and sensitive ecological character. What’s more the weed is well established and most of them are very different to be removed. The strategy for this area is immediate eradication of all exotic weeds. This will divide into different priority and stages to complete the entire removal work. Subsequent planting will replace this bare-earth area. It is important that the native species are not impact during the weed removal progress. 4.1.3.2 Remove Techniques · Removal of exotic weed (detail refer in the weed list below) · Planting with native species (as selected) · Regular removal of weed species (particularly seedling)

wandering jew and dollar weed form to mat

bindweed smother the cabage tree

weeds grow along the boardwalk

wild ginger

weed removal plan

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

WEED LIST AND REMOVAL TECHNIQUES - NATIVE BUSH COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

wandering jaw

radescantia fluminensis

Commelinacea e

bindweed

Convolvulus spp.

Convolvulaceae

blackberry

Rubus fruticosus

Rosaceae

wild ginger

Hedychium gardnerianum

Zingiberaceae

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO WEED STATUS • Invasive species which causing major problems under trees and in bush reserves • Form thick mats and stops new seedlings of trees and shrubs from establishing wherever it grows • Spreads when moist, exceedingly difficult to get rid of once established • Cause allergic skin reactions in animals. • Dense mats growing beside waterways can also break away with water flow and contribute to flooding. • Choking plants in borders and twining around any plant shoot or cane. It can obscure and smother small plants. • Root system is expansive.

• • • • • •

elephant’s ears

Alocasia brisbanensis

Araceae

• • •

dollar weed

Hydrocotyle spp.

Araliaceae

• •

Blackberry is a troublesome scrub both in pastures and forests. The hooks trap woolly sheep Make pruning and thinning in forests difficult. Shade, drought and frost tolerant once established and suit for any soil type. Rhizomes spread quickly to form deep, impenetrable masses, completely smothering all other plants. Rhizomes re-‐sprout from fragments and survive salt water, crushing and absence of soil for long periods. Long-‐lived and easily spread in dumped vegetation It establishes in frost-‐free, damp site on wetland, streamsides and forest. Together with dense foliage cover to prevent native plants from establishing. Often difficult to control once it becomes well established. It can quickly spread throughout the areas by seed and rhizomes.

CONTROL TECHNIQUE • •

•

Rake out the weed if in small scale and ensureing all plant fragments are captured. Start at the outer edges of the infestation and do this in summer. Spray and remaining or resprouting fragments with 60ml/10L triclopyr or 30ml/L Yates Hydrocotyle Killer + penetrant, or 20ml/L glyphosate + penetrant. Follow up within 2-‐3 months before plant recovers and administer 2-‐3 treatments for total control. Once eradicated, replace the area with native parataniwha (Elatostema rugosum), panakenake (Pratia angulat) or creeping fuchsia (Fuchsia procumbens)

• Using specific herbicides. • Small stands of bindweed can be managed through hand removal. Ensuring all stem and root fragments are dug out. Dispose of roots at a refuse transfer station and leave the tops of vines to rot away on site. • Once eradicated, replaced with native rauparaha (Calystegia soldanella) or low-‐growing hebes • Biological control (eaten by animals)

•

Digging out small plants including all rhizomes and disposing of at a refuse transfer station, or cutting back to just above the pink ‘collar’ at the base of stem and paint with herbicide. Once eradicated, replace with native renga lily (Arthropodium cirratum) or NZ flax (Phormium tenax) or exotic bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae)

• •

Hand pull small seedling Once eradicated, replant the area with native parataniwha (Elatostema rugosum), renga lily (Arthropodium cirratum) or NZ flax (Phormium tenax) or exotic Chinese rhubarb (Rheum palmatum)

• •

Easily pulled up by hand Pouring boiling water on areas with dollar weed will quickly kill the plants. However, care should be taken not to get any on other nearby plants or grass, as boiling water will kill anything it comes into contact with. Simply wet down the dollar weed foliage and sprinkle baking soda over it, leaving it overnight. This is supposed to kill the weeds.

•

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

WEED LIST AND REMOVAL TECHNIQUES - NATIVE BUSH

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

4.2 On-going Weed Management (After New Landscape Built)

4.2.3 Weed Management Policies for Native Bush 4.2.3.1 Policies and Approaches Control the weed from seedling scale and prevent regrowth. Clean

4.2.1 Object a. b.

shoes to ensure not bring exotic weed seed before enter the bush. The residential properties need to clean own garden’s weed and prevent the garden escapee weed such as moth plant and wandering jew.

Maintenance of the new landscape and new planted vegetation, remove all the weed seedling once find Create natural habitat and wetland environmental character in wetland area

4.2.3.2 Remove Techniques · Regular monitor the noxious weed, once find seedling, hand pull and/or dig out or cut the steam. · Regular bioherbicide spray

4.2.2 Weed Management Policies for Wetland 4.2.2.1 Policies and Approaches As the wetlands and water bodies’ character, the weed control policies are unique and need careful consideration. Proximity to water makes chemical pollution of water resource much more difficult to avoid or control. Riparian and wetland areas are major habitat for most Native fauna and invasive plant control will disturb or destroy the habitat. Therefore, herbicides need to be approached with caution. Due to the initial weed management should build a relatively weedfree condition and as the planting plan, the site will be massively planted with native species. Most important point in invasive plant control is to anticipate the need to monitor for regrowth after the initial control effort is complete. Removal of on invasive species may lead to another invasive species establishment. If regrowth is not controlled early, groups initial control efforts will need to be repeated, wasting valuable resources. Large-scale weed will not be wild establish on site but small scale weed may will grow along the edge of boardwalk post and where has enrichment of water resource. Riparian and wetland pond edge need highly concentrated for monitor.

weed monitorl plan - weland

4.2.2.2 Remove Techniques · Regular mowing on design mowing strips · Take preventive measures, Hand pull or dig out weed seedling.

weed removal plan - native bush

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014

REFERENCE Auckland Council Weed Management Policy for parks and open spaces (2013), Retrieved from https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/councilpolicies/weedmanagementpolicy/Documents/ weedmanagementpolicy.pdf Cleverley, D (2011), The Weed Control Handbook, Published by New Holland Publishers, Auckland, New Zealand. Gardenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world (n.d.) Problem: Weeds, Retrieved from http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/problems/weeds/ Harrington, K (n.d.) New Zealand Weeds, Retrieved from http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/learning/colleges/college-of-sciences/clinics-and-services/weeds-database/weeds-database_home.cfm LSB (n.d.) Running the Farm: Weeds, Retrieved from http://www.lifestyleblock.co.nz/lifestyle-file/running-the-farm/weeds.html Munro, M (2014) Water pepper & willow weed, Retrieved from http://www.pggwrightson.co.nz/Userfiles/files/Rural%20Supplies%20Publications/Technical%20Guides%20and%20Resources/Weed%20Watch_Water%20 Pepper_Jan14.pdf Parham, B & Healy, A (1985), Common Weeds in New Zealand, Published by Hasselberg, Wellington, New Zealand. Shaw, S (n.d.) Weed Watcher Guide to Invasive Plants, Trail Weeds and A Few Native Lookalikes, Published by King County Noxious Weed Control Program, Washington, USA. UCIPM (n.d.), Weed photo gallery, Retrieved from http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_intro.html http://www.pggwrightson.co.nz/Userfiles/files/Rural%20Supplies%20Publications/Technical%20Guides%20and%20Resources/Weed%20Watch_Water%20Pepper_Jan14.pdf Upritchard, E (1986), A Guide to The Identification of New Zealand Common Weeds in Colour, Published by New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Society, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Onepoto Domain | Design Scheme Two | July 2014