[San]ctuary
Development Strategy
Michael Macfarlane Bla year 3
Contents: Cover sheet Contents Strategy Plan Client/Brief Landscape Charectoristic History Context Slope Flow Acummalation Arable land Cultural connection Rock and soil content Land use Aspect Case studies Master plan Network/zoning Planting plan Cross sections Referencess Perspective
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[San]ctuary - Strategy Plan
Scale: 1-100,000
The vision of [San]ctuary stratagy is to assist the Ngati koroki kahukura of Pohara Marae to enhance the essence of identity to the land, with our key concentration on preservation of their Awa, and their homelands. before we looked at pohara marea we were asked to view the landscape in a wider context , San]ctuary identifies the Waikato River as a ecologically and culturally sensitive part of the landscape. The Waikato river and sub streams are continuiosly vulnerable to soil erosion and sediment build-up, between 7 and 30 tons of topsoil per hectare are lost on cropping land every year through erosion. [San] ctuarys strategy of implamenting riparian planting in areas of potential risk on the Waikato’s River and sub rivers will provide the region with many ecological benefits. Some of these benefits may include less direct pathways for nutrients , sediment and faecal coliforms to enter the waterway, [San]ctuary invisions to bring this riparian planting scheme to effect on the Waikato and sub streams to boost the ecology in the area therefore providing an ecological benefit to sensitive landscape within the region
Client [San]ctuary’s client, the Ngāti Korokī Kahukura of Pohara Marae, have a vision to restore, and revitalize the sacred Puna (spring) at Pohara Marae, and additionally the stream which connects the puna to the tupuna awa (Waikato River),therefore providing future generations the opportunity to appreciate and enjoy this historic landscape characteristic within Pohara marae. Currently, there are direct and indirect factors that consistently impact the environment within Pohara, as native plants have declined substantially in the passing years, therefore this does not provide the indication of a resilient landscape and ecological methods must be implemented to preserve this landscape. In order to help our client Ngāti Korokī Kahukura, [San]ctuary have applied many ecological aspects of Maori culture into the design development process. In accordance to the requests from said client, [San]ctuary produced a development strategy in which its key visions were on the preservation of the awa on site and the restoration and preservation of the historical Puna Through methods of revegetation. [San]ctuary additionally identifies areas with potential land use that may assist the residents of Pohara Marae both with community amenities and productive land use in relation to the economy of the area.
“Kia mau ki te whenua, he
ei papakainga mo ake tonu�
Brief The aim of this development strategy is to formulate a design for the NgÄ ti KorokÄŤ Kahukura of Pohara Marae, this design will take large considerations in terms of the restoration of the sacred Puna to the Tupuna Awa. Each member of [San]ctuary will produce a multi-faceted master plan, This project should exemplify, enrich, re-interpret and further develop the development strategy worked out in the previous project, although the development strategy will take primary focus on the Pohara landscape. The development plan will include an appropriate integration of activities and uses of the land such as community amenities and productive land. And will produce a revegetation plan that is strategically planned to highlight areas of potential threat and improve the ecology of the historical Puna. Additionally the development strategy will provide connections to Pohara marae and suggest possible extensions of the papakainga, the key focus of the second project will be on the impact that the proposesd strategy in terms of the ecological and hydrological processes that flow through site, in addition to the environment for living, working and enjoyment that the proposed development implements.
Landscape Characteristic The surrounding landscape of Pohara, is rich in soil content which contains fertile volcanic ash. Rolling hills and mountains can be seen from miles away in any direction. It is easily identified by cultivated farmland, dairy pasture and the Waikato River. The area is more populated by cattle grazing the plains than by people living in the area. Native forests still exist in the area, but due to intensive farming, the construction of damns and further development in the region, they are becoming smaller and smaller with each passing year.
“He teitei rewa tera ingoa mo koutou, kei kore koutou e kaha ki te hapai i roto i te wa, me noho koutou i roto i te Poharatanga�
The humble Beginnings of Pohara Marae. Piupiu Te Wherowwhero established Pohara in the earlky 1930’s. While living in Ngati Maniapoto territory, Piupiu became heavily involved with the teachings of Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana and led a group of Ratana followers within the Kingitanga. In the 1920’s Piupui’s first cousin, King Te Rata instructed Piupiu to build a home for her followers. It was called Kenana and was situated alongside what is now Oreipunga Road. The name Kenana was derived from Mt Canaan in the bible. Later, Piupiu relocated the settlement higher up the hill, to be closer to the spring. The land at the time was in a poor condition. Te Rata apparently visited the settlement and said to Piupui: “He teitei rewa tera ingoa mo koutou, kei kore koutou e kaha ki te hapai i roto i te wa, me noho koutou i roto i te Poharatanga” When translated, it roughly means: “You may not be able to uphold the name in time to come, it is better that you remain in poverty” Thus the name was changed from Kenana to Pohara. Kuamatua Wina Taute has interpreted the name Pohara to mean ‘to be humble’, and the name of the wharenui, Rangaiatea, as coming from a house that stood at Tane, an earlier settlement at Maungatautari, our ancestral mountain. According to our tupuna, the name for our maunga came from an incident when the tip of our mountain was visible atop a heavy cloud, making it seem that there was a mountain floating above the clouds – he mounga e tautari ana.
Context Pohara marae site boundry
Waikato Region
The Waikato region is located south of Auckland in the North Island, it has valleys and coastal lands separated by ranges. The Waikato is the most important river in the region. The region contains around 30% of New Zealand’s total wetlands. Many of these wetlands have been drained to create farmland. Most of Waikato’s native forests have been cleared for farming, but some remain in forest parks and on mountain ranges. Native birds are especially common in wetlands and near the coast. Endangered animals in the region include the black mudfish, Hochstetter’s frog, and the threatened Te Aroha stag beetle.
Pohara located in Maungatautari in the waikato region, is rich in soil content which contains fertile volcanic ash. the landscape consits of Rolling hills and mountains. It is easily identified by cultivated farmland, dairy pasture and the Waikato River. The area is populated by the people of Pohara Marae and grazing cattle. Native forests still exist in the area, but due to intensive farming, the construction of damns and further development in the region, they are becoming smaller and smaller with each passing year. Pohara also hosts an historical puna on site that has assisted in the settlement and provided the people of the land with freash water.
Slope Pohara marae is situated on an elevation around 145m above sea level, and in enclosed within a natural boundary with a backdrop of volcanic cliffs that stop nearly all the prevailing winds hitting the site. the general land form of the site is low with only around 15m differential of site from end to end with no large drops in the landscape other then the Tupuna awa that cuts through the site.
the slop annalysis also identifies area over 15percent these areas provide the operunity to revegitate with native plants to increase the overall back stabily of the cliffs so that further generations can still ejoy the natural buety.
Scale @ 1: 10,000
Flow Accumalation calculated from the dem file ( digital elevation model ) to identify the flow raqtes and direstion on site, this map has been a key pat to how my planting is set out with lager buffers in the ripirian planiitng to account to the flow rates and deposits of water within pohara.
by analysisng this map it gave me the oppurtunity tochange the flow rates on site to account for the bidiverse life living around the stream and overall function of the site.
Scale @ 1: 10,000
Arable Land 1e-2e- Land that has no limitations for arable use and is appropriate for cultivated crops, pasture and forestry 5e-6e - Land that has moderate limitations for arable use but is only suitable for occasional cropping, pasture and forestry.
3e-4e- Land that has moderate limitations for arable use and is appropriate for cultivated crops, pasture and forestry. From this map i can analyse that near the front facing on the cliff on most the site is non arable land therefore i will not put any infrastructure on this land and will just plant it out to plants that a tolerent to the soil im place.
6e-8e :Non-arable land that has limitations to unsuitable for use under perpetual vegetation such as pasture or forest.
Scale @ 1: 10,000
Cultural Connections Located on site on the igimbrite cliffs , are a parcite with rua pits and terraces defended by two transverse ditches, additional to the are also several pa sites located on these hill tops there fore any development should not be oriented near these areas due to them having a high historical value to the people of Pohara and these areas will not be considered for development when the design is formulated. Additional key landscape features in close proximaty to pohara are mt maungatautari and the waikato river , the people of pohara have large cultural connections with theses areas and will be considerd within my design procces by liking these areas with native vegitation it provide the landscape cute with pastroll lands to reconect to its former glory.
Scale @ 1: 10,000
Rock & Soil Composition The general area of my site is formed of highly arable soil therefore providing large areas of potential land use although the soil content near and around the cliff facing and on the cliff is soil that is non arable.
Therefore i have avoided these areas with any infrastucture and rouad systems and have planted the area with plants in whcih can tolerate its soil content and dont demand alot for there growth.
Scale @ 1: 10,000
Land Use I can identify that all sections of either native or indigoes forest are highly fragmented throughout the land scape and have connection with each other and due to this Pohara has a lack of natural corridors connecting to the
Extensive farming is present in the landscape with large sections of pastoral land and crops identified in close proximity to Pohara.
The landscape is abundent with grasslands to be expected for grazing and dairy farming and can be cultivated. The isolated patches of vegitata points out an important need for connectivaty for sustainin ecolog-
The main species on the site is manuka and kanaka this can have a large impact on what plant species I plan to plant on site additional to this there plants have many madicinal effects.
Scale @ 1: 10,000
Aspect Through the aspect map i can easily identify the suns projectory on site, and classify areas in which will gain more sunlight over the duration of the day therefore within a design sense i can designate areas for plant species in which like to take in the sun and same thing in reverse plant more shaded plant in areas located on the map.
Additional to this a proposed orchid is implemented within my design procces therefore the nothen sun will provide the trees all they need to provide fruit for the locals, additionally being planted in highy arable soil .
Case Study 1 (Raglan, New Zealand) Healthy Streams = A Healthy Harbour A riparian planting at Raglan was designed to improve water quality, which buffers both the stream and a wetland area. Riparian planting can influence the health of waterways and how they function. Over the last 10 to 15 years, there has been a surge in stream-restoration projects by a range of agencies, community groups, and rural landowners. These projects are strongly focused on re-establishing or enhancing riparian vegetation. In rural areas, the main objective of planting riparian buffer strips tends to be improving water quality. In urban areas, riparian planting projects also seek many social and cultural benefits including aesthetics, recreation, and flood control. In the past many Waikato settlements would have cattle grazing and drinking from the stream banks. Today, a great number of streams on farmlands are securely fenced off from livestock by two-wire electric fences and the riparian planting is tall, lush and providing shade for the stream, and providing a good habitat for native birds and fishes. A local farmer, Fred Lichtwark, says that 20 years ago Whaingaroa Harbour in Ragland, was in a terrible state - the harbour was bursting with thick smelly sediment, dead animal carcasses would wash up on the shore, and the fishing was horrific. Now, he says, the water flowing into the head of the harbour is clean and silt-free, the mud and animal carcasses have disappeared, and the fishing has improved remarkably. Even better, the protected streams are now full of native fish, and his whitebait catching is much more successful. A lot of landowners who have taken part in the project say ‘being green’ has made great economic sense, both for them as individuals and for the wider community. Farmers say the can farm more intensively on less land and make more money. Everyone in the area has benefited from a cleaner harbour, which has attracted growing numbers of visitors and is boosting the local economy. This is one of the many cases where we can see that using riparian planting is more beneficial to the community than leaving the rivers and wetlands in the state they are in now. By using riparian planting, we can restore the Waikato River and its sub-streams to what they once were.
Case Study 2 ((Washington, United States of America) This project was created with the holistic approach to enhance upper headwater reaches for both salmon and terrestrial wildlife, with the goal to continue improving further downstream with similar restoration techniques. Cozy Valley is a remnant of an ancient glacial lake, the outline of the valley shows the outer edges of this lake, and the remaining soils indicate heavy peat and organic materials. This supports the theory that the valley was underwater for many years in the past. The Cozy Valley tributary is a stream system that evolved through time and was a meandering stream that drained the surface water from Crawford Mountain. The benefits of this project will improve fish passages, water flow, hydrologic conditions and habitat for Coho and Cutthroat Salmonids by decreasing delivery of surface sediment into the Crawford Creek Tributary and increasing the mobility throughout the system. Since the completion of this project in 2008, surface water sediment has been eliminated by re-routing the access road away from Crawford Creek. Re-establishment of an elevated crossing point with a new modified boxcar bridge, has removed the two smaller improperly functioning culverts, decommissioning the old access road and planting a mixture of riparian vegetation has increased the long-term success of this project. This project is complimentary to a past restoration project directly downstream on Cozy Valley Creek. Further increasing the mobility throughout Crawford Creek, improving upstream habitat for aquatic wildlife, and revitalizing cool, clear, clean water into the lower reaches of Cozy Valley Creek and onto Scatter Creek has greatly enhanced the entire system. Water quality and breeding habitats for both Coho and Cutthroat salmonids have greatly improved since the project was completed. Monitoring is done throughout the Cozy Valley creak to document its substantial improvement. Volunteers play a huge role in this department by removing invasive species, monitoring water quality and gathering data and analysis. Pohara can potentially benefit from projects such as these, using native plants for riparian restoration, and also building walkway bridges above the streams, to reduce the human impact on the stream itself. Having volunteers is essential in this project, to help maintain and collect data of the progression of the site. By getting the community to work together and combining different skills and ideas, progress can be made in a faster and efficient way.
Case Studies
Master Plan
My design process followed three key guidelines, the restoration of the tupuna awa ( streams and waterways) within the Pohara Landscape, the re-vegetation of native forest to increase bank stability and to create a new network within pohara that makes the day to day lives of locals far easier. with key concentrations on the Tupuna awa, i have formulated a ripirain planting strategy with a 10m buffer zone on each side of the river and an additional predator fence around this to protect the plants from any stock trampling and protecting the plants whilst adapting to the landscape. additionally the infrastructure of the land has been analysed and altered to its full potential with a system of pathways and roads connecting all sections and enhancing its landscape and providing locals the opportunity to fully engage with there landscape.
a1
areas of economic growth have been identified and developed to enhance there full potential, an orchid has been proposed in an area of high arable land thats gains the best sun direction for the growth rates of the plants, the dairy farming has been extended to provide more options to shuffle stock and will increase the growth rate of the grass in the adjacent areas whilst also providing an options for possible growth and overall assisting the economic growth of Pohara.
A1
Dairy Farming
b1 B1 c1
Master Plan
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Site Boundry Proposed Fencing Preditor Fence
D1
Building Footprints Pohara Roads
Dairy Farming Dairy Farming
Main Road Pathways
C1
Timber Bridge
Dairy Farming
Scale @ 1:5000
Dairy Farming
Existing Vegitation Proposed Orchid Proposed Planting
Detail master plan e Fenc
A proposed orchid has been implemented on site, this area is identified has highly arable land and is located in an area which recieved a large amount of sun which will increase the crops growth over time, this are will provide locals with a continual source of food and provides opurtunities within an economic sense.
Line
Pathw ay
Preditor Fence
Timber Bridge
An area of parking has been proposed on site this area will provide locals area to keep the cars and not disturb the growth of grasslands within the landscape, due to this proposal additional rain gardens have been placed adjacent to these areas to stop any harmful chemical effecting the landscape.
Scale @ 1:2000
Scale @ 1:2000
Scale @ 1:2000
Fen c
eL
ine
Grav el
Sections of ripirain planting have been implemented around the Tupuna awa within pohara marae this provides the chance to increase the rivers biodiversity, a ten meter buffer zone protected by a predator fence gives the river the opportunity to restore and develop overall effecting the wider landscape of Pohara.
Drawn by Michael Macfarlane
The network map shows the main roads, proposed roads and pathways within the Pohara landscape and provides a simplified layout plan to accurately see the connectivity of the site ,in context of the I have made alterations to the existing roads to to utalise the site to its full potential i have extended the road system across the Tupuna awa to a potential Kaumata housing area which may be utalised for elders or workers on the adjacent farm lands, additionally a car A systems of paths has also been proposed this system originates from the main carpark and extends throughout the site from the top of the clifs to the extension of kaumata housing and provides locals options to interact with the landscape and boost the overall connectivity within the area.
Areas of existing land bridges on site have been taken into consideration in the design process, the path network is formulated to take advantage of these crossings and cut costs in the future, although areas that do not provide such assets have given me the opportunity to proposes bridge systems these provide locals an opportunity reconnect with the Tupuna awa.
Network key Pathways Pohara Roads Main Road
Scale @ 1:5000
Network
The zoning plan clearly identifies the areas on site with different operational functions and uses, and by classifying these i can start to analysis how they interact, with no section of the site living in isolation, but all being part of the wider landscape network. the zoning map identifies areas such as diary farming,ripirain buffer zones, natural forest re-vegetation,community areas and additionally shows clearly were extensions to Papakianga are made and there relationships and proximity to the community area. therefore by classifying these areas to a broad scale, i can interpret the relationships the areas have with one another and possible shows the connectivity of the design within a simplified fashion.
Zoning Key Dairy farming Ripirian Planting
Scale @ 1:5000
community area Natural Forest Revegitation Extension To Papakianga Orchids
Zoning Map
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Firstly i have taken a large conisation in terms of the restoration of the tupuna awa that runs through the centre of site. Through an investigation on the Waikato river i have concluded that riparian planting and fencing will be the best method to maintain this river and boost the overall biodiversity within it this mean i have implemented a 10m buffer zone on the river with riparian planting on each side including such plants as carex secta, harakeke, cabbage trees, oioi, niekau palms as these plants provide to the needs of the stream and over time develop the stream into a healthy restored eco system, additionally
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Extension to shelter belts to stop prevaling winds on site
proposed orchid Native re vegetation to hillside on an extent of 15 percent
Rain Gardens
New shelter belt to prevnt prevaling winds on the proposed kaumata housing
Secondly through a series of maps and analysis i have decided that any slope that exceeds 15 degrees will be revegetated on site with native plants, therefore contributing to the overall bank stability of the cliffs on site, some plants this may include would be kauri, kanono, hinua and corpora therefore maintaining and preserving these cliffs for future generations to enjoy and treasure as they are an extremely visual landscape characteristic to the area.
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Thirdly i have implemented rain gardens adjacent to areas of high vehicular traffic due to the chemical run of that may affect the pohara landscape these rain gardens will be planted with such plants as carex secta, carex virgata, phorium tanax and oi oi due to these plants having excellent qualities of purifying the water quality before it harmfully effects the landscape.
Lastly i have proposed extensions to previous shelter belts and proposed additional shelter belts on site in areas that i believe will be effected by prevailing winds whilst also providing an aesthetic value to the area, some trees that may suit these shelter belts are general pine trees and olearia dartonit as they both hold the characteristics that support a healthy shelter belt.
Proposed Riparian Vegatation
Planting Plan Existing Vegitation
Scale @ 1:5000
Planting Plan
My planting strategy is composed into four methods riparian revegetation on the tupuna awa, natural forest revegetation and back stability, and a series of rain gardens in relation to proposed areas for run off, and lastly implementing shelter belts in areas effected by prevailing winds.with all these methods in place i believe it will boost the overall biodiversity within the area and will continue to enhance the landscape over time.
Fruit Trees Proposed Ripirian Natural Forest Re-vegitaion
Scale @ 1:2000
An orchid has been proposed on site therefore this area will genually consist of fruit trees and vines some of these may include apple trees, pear trees, plum trees, in addition to this the land has potenual for the growth of potato and kumara pits that may assit locals .
Areas on site that slope to an extent of 15 percent will be revegitated with native plants to increase the overall bank stability of the cliffs and provide native animals with an extended areas to travel some of these plants may include totara, kauri and kanono, kanono, hinau and corprosma as these plants are genually used on hill side landscapes.
Scale @ 1:2000
Scale @ 1:2000
Detail Planting Plan
A car park has been proposed on site therefore due to this area of high vehicular traffic sections of rain gardens have been implemented to decrease the amount of harmful chemicals reaching the Pohara landscape there rain gardens will include such plants are phorium tanax brown, carex secta,carex virgata and harkeke which due to its close proximity to the marae will provide locals the opportunity of weaving with possible economic value.
Drawn by Michael Macfarlane
X Section
A1
kahikatea puketea cabbage tree nikau palm
phorium tanax carex secta carex vigata Swampmarie kiekie supplejack gahnia xanthocarpa
D1
a1 raised timber boardwalk
d1
C1
C1
riparian river planting
dairy farming
orchid
c1
B1
raised timber boardwalk gravel pathway
Raised planter box Road
adjacent rain garden Parking area
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proposed rain garden
dairly farming land
proposed riparian planting scheme
bank revegitation
Extension of proposed Kaumata housing
proposed orchid
Within the 3d elevation model you can take a look at the landscape within a different aspect as i have done to formulate my design within the 3d elevation map you can clearly identify areas of planting and areas of plain crop lands and areas of proposed planting can be seen clearly as the 10 m buffer zone around the river and areas of step bank. Additionally within the 3d elevation map it provides view shafts from certain areas on as seen below as u may see from the proposed kaumata housing.
View shaft of proposed site
3d Model
References And Acknowledgement’s
Sanctuary Mountain maungatautari. (2016). Retrieved from Hamilton & Waikato: http://www.hamiltonwaikato.com/experiences/walking-and-hiking-trails/sanctuary-mountain-maun
(2016). Retrieved from Google Maps: https://www.google.co.nz/maps/place/P%C5%8Dhara/@-38.0472712,175.588771,13.5z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x6d6c578e6d76a1cd:0x268a6bd2359 Brownsey, P. J., & Smith - Dodsworth, J. (1992). New Zealand Ferns & Allied Plants. Bateman Publishing. Crawford Creek Culvert Replacement. (2013). Retrieved from Creekside Conservancy: http://creeksideconservancy.org/blog/?page_id=64 Eagle, A. (1982). Eagle’s Trees and Shrubs of New Zealand- Second Series. Auckland: Collins. Mabin, M. (2007). Waikato River bank erosion study. Christchurch: URS New Zealand Ltd. McCraw, J. D. (2011). The Wandering River. Geoscience Society of New Zealand. Metcalf, L. (2000). New Zealand trees and shrubs: A comprehensive guide to cultivation and identification. Raupo Publishing (NZ) Ltd. Peter Johnson, P. B. (1989). Wetland plants in New Zealand. Wellington: DSIR Publishing. Anderson, A., Binney , J., & Harris, A. (2014). Tangata whenua : an illustrated history. Bridget Williams Books. Ripiran case studies. (2013, March). Retrieved from Taranaki Regional Council: http://www.trc.govt.nz/riparian-case-studies Rivers. (2015). Retrieved from Waikato Regional Council: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/ Rutherford, K. (2005). Waikato catchment water quality model. Hamilton: National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd.
Sustainable riparian plantings in urban and rural landscapes. (2006, March). Retrieved from NIWA: https://www.niwa.co.nz/publications/wa/vol14-no1-march-2006/sustainable-ripar scapes
Swarbrick, N. (2012, November 15). Waikato region - Energy and Forestry . Retrieved from TE ARA: http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/interactive/27148/waikato-hydroelectric-power-stat
Ballance, A. (2015, November). Healthy streams - healthy harbour. Retrieved from RNZ: http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ourchangingworld/audio/201775799/healthy
Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: https://moodle.unitec.ac.nz/pluginfile.php/352398/mod_resource/content/1/Landscape%20Planning_Marsh_sm.pdf
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[San]ctuary Development strategy
Michael Macfarlane Bla year 3