Pohara Marae Papakﾄ（nga development plan
SHIBING LI 1391594
Content Context Project goal Vision statement Study cases
4-5 6 7 8-11
Analysis Stream Land cover Land use capability Slope Contour
14-15 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-23
Development plan Master plan Section Perspective Circulation plan Building plan House design Structure planting plan Organic dairy farming On-site water management
26-27 28 29 30-31 32-33 34-35 36-37 38-39 40-41
Reference List
42-43
Context The geological position of Pohara is unique, placed on the middle point between the river of Waikato and Maungatautari for 5km of each other. Maungatautari has a wetland history and isolated within an agricultural landscape of windbreakers and pasture. In the past, this district buried in scrub, fern and bracken, currently, prime land farmed for dairy, beef and lamb. Landscape Character Show’s land that would have typically been native forest in the form of a vale, which has been re-purposed for pastureland. The slope on the left shows portions of erosion due to pasture animals, there are some portions of scrub. This land would typically be categorised as rolling pasture/undulating hills.
Show’s high erosion prone areas, where vehicles have made paths. Cliff faces at the rear of the photo, towards the front of the photo would be a stream way. This land is semi fenced off pastureland with in sufficient filtration from pasture animals and an undeveloped edge effect. Show’s fragmented forests- Typically native boarded with fencing. between these fragments is grassland which is for pasture animals, in the backdrop of the photo it shows larger fragments, this would be of pinus species which is used for forestry. In the immediate front of the photo it shows course which is an invasive weed region wide irradiation of this weed is currently in progress.
Project goal The goal of the project is to design an ecological and cultural restoration of the sacred land at Pohara Marae. With the group strategies established in project 1 the design should follow on with same integrities. Our key aim is environmental enhancement. As well as the group strategies the development must contain restoration of waterway, re-vegetation, organic farming and papakainga development. The proposed development should include an appropriate mixture and integration of uses and activities, community amenities, keeping focus on the ecological and cultural landscapes. In addition dwelling, they want to their family come to live together and keep some space for future.
Vision statement The design strategy recognizes the significance of cultural heritages and emphasizes the importance of environmental responsibility, low impact development, which consists in maori spiritual connection to the land in the aspects of protecting, restoring, and enhancing maori ancestral land, which integrated their physical, emotional, social and economical well being.
Study Cases 163 Pukaki Road, Māngere, Auckland Sec 2 Parish of Manurewa & Pt Allot 156 Parish of Manurewa Horaparaikete Papakāinga Housing
This project is about the alienation of a whānau from their tupuna whenua at Pūkaki and their deeply held desire to come home together. The site is part of much larger original Te Ākitai landholding on the northern shores of the Manukau Harbour (Te Manukanuka a Hoturoa). (“TE MATAPIHI”,2016) This development project has a specific pedestrian access / pathway allowing ready access across the whenua to the Marae and permaculture planning for the entire site including edible landscapes and sustainable food prodcution techniques. There are not fences between dwellings. Also the project is undertaking a staged process of development where stage one will have 10 dwellings built consisting of three x 2 bedroom duplex units, 1 x 3 bedroom house, 1 x 4 bedroom house and 2 x 5 bedroom houses. (“Design tribe,” 2012)
Cul-de-sac Papakāinga Housing
Cul-de-sac-Papakainga showing Marea facilities to the far left and a central resever area. Note that all houses have larges north-facing outdoor areas.
Though perhaps not appropriate in highly urbanised environments, the stable nature of the cul-de-sac street layout encourages positive support systems, security and a strong sense of community. The cul-de-sac Papakainga, with up to 20 homes, has the potential to encourage social stability, whanau and community support for Maori housing development. (“Ki-te-hau-kainga,” n.d.)
Suburban cul-de-sac housing in the eastern United States.
In cul-de-sacs, these families had a stronger sense of shared social space and territoriality. In addition, cul-de-sacs create a kind of natural “panopticon” around children at play. (“Citylab,” 2016)
Janette Farm Waikao Organic dairy farming
As a family dedicated to dairy farming all their lives, they’ve witnessed various health problems occurred to their animals, such as milk fever, eczema, bloat, and severe worm infestations. However, now it has been categorized as organic. It was in the second year after their organic conversion began seven years ago that the Agriculture New Zealand Go Organic course was recommended to her. Learning to describe their present farming system as monocultural environment was memorable as was planning for the development of a polycultural system. Apart from that, she was also introduced to biodynamics, the ultimate in organics. Janette has decided to make her family farm organic and really understood organic dairy farming by taking the course and field visit. They listened to a beekeeper and had a field day to make a compost heap. In addition, she opened the eyes by learning their soils and all its inhabitants. Also Janette has realized that six senses are important in observing soil and cow. She has started to walk the farm smelling soil, tasting clover and listening water, cows. The course so far has enabled them to propagate plants, assess their soil with the VSA (visual soil assessment) system, demonstrate water use related to land usage and produce their own liquid fertiliser, to name a few. All in all, it has been a fantastic course to participate in, since it has given her the confidence to introduce the lessons into their farming system and to teach others. (“Organic NZ”,2013) Janette has achieved success on organic dairy farming. They have used Effective Micro-organisms with success including in the soil, effluent pond, as a teat spray and also around the home and garden. (“EMNZ”, 2015)
Mike Moss and Madeline Rix-Trott Koraha Farms, Waitutuna Valley. Raglan, Hamilton. Organic beef, lamb and dairy. Sells to Fonterra, direct to consumer and local co-ops.
Mike and Madeline have been an inspiration for many of the organic dairy farmers in the Waikato. They are now fully certified after switching to organics 13 years ago. Now Moss is milking fewer cows, working less and making a lot more money. On visiting a top organic farm, he was inspired to change after struggling to remain profitable under conventional farming methods. The three main underpinning goals of the farming operation include being socially, environmentally and financially sustainable. He has planted hundreds of trees on his property and has planted 14km of waterways and wetlands. Degraded areas have been retired to Manuka or trees and goats are being used to manage gorse. There are plans to utilize Manuka for honey and oils. Animal health has improved since the change with the animals health bill dropping from $60.00 per cow to around $5 - $10 per cow. They found that by looking after the soils, the health of the animals improved. Moss mainly sells Fonterra, and also at the farm gate and local co-ops for $2 per litre. Mike and Madeline hope to provide a model that shows that a small family farm can work. With 140 cows supporting the family, they making a profit with a low payout.
Analysis
Stream
The area consists with an extensive network of streams in the Waikato River catchment, which has Waipa River as the largest tributary and surrounds by the Pohara Marae. The location and the nearby network streams enhance the development values and identify the importance of the water.
Scale: 1:8000
Land cover
The area under analysis, before European settlement (around 1840) the only land in the Waikato region not covered by indigenous vegetation was areas of bare rock or permanent snow and ice. And forest covered 52 per cent of the region. Change in land use, for example to agriculture, plantation forestry and urban settlement, has required clearing indigenous vegetation. Today, 27 per cent of the region’s land area is in indigenous vegetation cover. The greatest loss of indigenous terrestrial (land-based) vegetation since 1840 occurred in the central Waikato lowlands. (“Waikato regional council”, n.d.) We simplified this map down to four vegetation categories which are native forest, exotic vegetation, crop and hardwoods. Re-vegetating with suitable plants are along the riparian margin and erosion prone areas. Furthermore, native planting around the Pohara marae and papakāinga would encourage biodiversity in those areas and also provide privacy and amenity to the residents.
Scale: 1:8000
Land use capability
On the map, the land has been categorized into different levels. LUC classes 1 to 4 are suitable for arable cropping. Classes 5 to 7 are not suitable for arable cropping but are suitable for pastoral grazing, tree crop. Through our LUC assessment, enables us to identify the limitations that currently exist throughout the landscape. These categorizes will assist in the placement of sites for development such as organic farming.
Scale: 1:8000
Slope
The Pohara marae is located on land which has slopes that range between 3% and 5%, but by far the majority of the area under analysis is comprised of rolling hills with slopes between 5% and 12%. There are some strongly rolling slopes that range from 12% to 45%. We consider that the papakﾄ（nga could be built on land with slopes of 5% or less to minimise large level changes between the dwellings.
Scale: 1:8000
Contour
Scale: 1:8000
Development Plan
Master plan with labelled
Scale: 1:5000
Base map
Scale: 1:5000
Seciton
Scale: 1:1000
Perspective
Resident area
Orchard area
Organic dairy farming area
Circulation Plan
The circulation plan shows the path link through the site and also the road link through the site. The road link is down the main driveway and to Pohara Marae. In addition, the path is from the marae to the development housing area around the whole site. There is nothing restricting the pedestrians from walking off the path. Two bridges are created on either side of the development housing area to connect organic farming area and the stream. Also I built a fence around the organic farming area.
Scale: 1:5000
Building Plan
Papakāinga ‘Papakāinga’ refers to ‘papa’ or Papatuanuku as the ancestral earth mother and ‘kainga’ as the villagecommunal living environment. Papakāinga development is a process of design. Settlements were traditionally designed to house and support communities. (“Design tribe”,2012) There is nothing to create in the marae area and mānuka and houhere are planted around the path as small boundary. In the dwelling area, I build the path to connect the marae and surrounding area. Some houses with garage are built and there is no boundary between them. That can enhance communication between resident and encourages positive support systems, security and a strong sense of community. Furthermore, two spaces are created as playground.
Scale: 1:2000
House Design
The location and shape setting of houses creates a warm and comfortable living environment by inheriting marae culture, for instance, the houses are shaped in “L” and “ 凸 ” pattern and the houses are built in a close proximity to the marare on the land of Maori. By doing this, residents enjoy the cultural and spiritual benefits and the inspiration from god.
113 ㎡
140 ㎡
Structure planting plan
The area identified for re-vegetation are divided into three parts which are erosion prone areas (slope of 15 degree or more), riparian buffers (along stream edges) and fertile soil area respectively. Planting in riparian buffers will improve soil quality, water health wellbeing of native feuna in waterway. Shelter is provided for protecting people, farm animals and landscap as well. In addition, the plants for re-vegetation are native plants such as totara. Their distinctive is red and somewhat oily wood was the timber of preference for use by Maori for constructing waka and carvings. Also native plants can improve soil quality and decrease erosion. Additionally, the areas of manuka planting and orchard provide opportunities for honey and productions.
Planting guide Stage 1 (1-3 years) plant in erosion prone area. Stage 2 (3-10 years) Plant in riparian buffers and fertile soil area. Stage 3 (10 years or more) underneath existing area of forest and the plants planted 10 or more years ago, that now play the different roles.
Scale: 1:5000
Organic Dairy Farming
Organic farming started about the 1940s, mostly in small gardens and orchards. Gradually, more farmers changed to organic methods. From the 1960s, people became concerned about harmful agricultural chemicals such as DDT, and organics became more popular. In the 1990s, concern about the genetic modification of crops made organic food much more popular. (“Teara, n.d.) In addition, organic crop and livestock production focuses on building soil organic matter and biology to create a sustainable, dynamic environment for producing healthy food and feed. Organic agriculture is also seen as a way to sustain and support family farms in preference to faceless, ever-expanding mega- and corporate farm models. (“extension�, 2016) As the economy of the area is extremely reliant on large corperations such as Fonterra; organic farming provides a means for transitioning the exsisting products into Organic Dairy with the potiential for future development into a range of other produce potentialities. Organic farming systems is relatively environmental and can reduce nitrate leaching into waterways, auifers and soil as well. The current dairy farming is moved to the area which shows in the map and is developed organic dairy farming. Based on the analysis, the slope of the area is less than 5 degrees and there is fertile soil. Also the area is close to stream. Therefore, the zone is arable and allow organic dairy farming to continue and be sustainable long term.
On-site water management
In my proposed design I looked at the hydrology of the site, I decided that all of the surface water is directed into the stream. Colleting rainwater is useful because it is a good source to use in the orchard and for washing clothes. Therefore, installing a rainwater tank is proposed. In addition, The grey water will be re-used for toilet flushing and landscape or crop irrigation. However, if stored, it must be used within a very short time or it will begin to putrefy that affect people health. For wastewater, septic tanks are generally found in rural zone. Wastewater is treated in one or more tanks before being discharged through underground pipes to a soakage treatment area. Furthemore, appropiate landscaping, swales, and rain garden can help reduce the amount of sormwater on-site.
Scale: 1:5000
Reference List TE MATAPIHI. (2016). Retrieved from http://tematapihi.maori.nz/casestudies/pukaki-papakainga/ Design tribe. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/unitaryplan/Documents/Section32report /Appendices/Appendix%203.16.2.pdf Ki-te-hau-kainga. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hnzc.co.nz/our-publications/design-guidelines/ki-te-hau-kainga-new-perspectives-on-maori-housing-solutions/ki-te-hau-kainga-newperspectives-on-maori-housing-solutions.pdf Citylab. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.citylab.com/housing/2013/10/sociologists-defense-cul-de-sac/7262/ Organic NZ. (2013). Retrieved from https://organicnz.org.nz/index.php?q=node/706 EMNZ. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.emnz.com/blog.cfm/article/dairy-farmer-talks-about-experiences-with-em Green Party ‘Mike Moss and Madeline Rix-Trott’. Retrieved from https://home.greens.org.nz/goodfarmstories/mike-moss-and-madeline-rix-trott Bishop, Diane. (2013) ‘Organic Switch a good one for farmer’ NZFarmer.co.nz. Retrieved from http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/dairy/9307968/Organic-switch-a-good-one-for-farmer Design tribe. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/unitaryplan/Documents/Section32report/Appendices/Appendix%203.16.2.pdf
Extension. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/organic-farming Teara. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/organic-farming Waikato regional council. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Biodiversity/Extent-vegetation-keypoints/