Restoring and protecting our Taonga
Jacqueline Paul
Ko Maungatautari tō mātou maunga Ko Waikato tō mātou awa tupuna Ko Ngāti Korokī Kahukura mātou Ko Maungatautari, ko Pōhara ō mātou marae
Our mountain is Maungatautari Our ancestral river is Waikato We are Ngāti Korokī Kahukura Our marae are Maungatautari and Pōhara
Contents
Project Vision 05 Phase Two 05 Strategy 05 Landscape Character 06 Ngati Koroki Kahukura: Pohara Marae 07 Phase Two Analysis: Cultural Landscape 08 Cultural Elements 08 Ngati Koroki Kahukura Values 09 Phase Two Analysis: Cultural Landscape 10 Phase Two Analysis: Land Form Map 11 Phase Two Analysis: Viewshafts and Wider Connections 12 Historic Vegetation Patterns 13 Current Landcover and Vegetation Patterns 14 Phase Two Analysis: Drainage Patterns Map 15 Phase Two Analysis: Infrastructure 16 Group Strategy 17 Group Design Strategy Statement 17 Cultural Elements 17 sGroup Strategy 18 Ecological Approach 18 Fragmented Forests Map 19 Fragmented Forest: Indigenous Forests 20 Fragmented Forest: Indigenous Forests 21 Reforestation Case Study: Harry Dreadon Ecological Restoration Project 22 Green Corridors Map 23 Mosaic Riparian Planting 24 Case Study: Mangaone Stream Riparian Restoration 25 Ecological Integrity and Resilience 26 Phase One Analysis: Land Capabilities Map 27 Phase One Analysis: Zoning Map 29 Land Use Potential Map 30 Phase Two Analysis: Landscape Structure and Pattern 31 Phase Two Analysis: Land Suitability 32 Economic and Ecological Development and Land Use Opportunities 34 Economic and Ecological Development and Land Use Opportunities 35 Carbon Forestry 35 Design Proposal: Masterplan 36 Design Proposal: Model 37 Design Proposal: Circulation Plan 39 Design Proposal: Planting Strategy 40 References 42
Conservation and Protection Maungatauturi Ecological District
Community Ngati Koroki Kahukura Pohara Marae
Economics Organic Farming Organic Gardens Eco-tourism Ventures
Vision for Ngati Kahukura Koroki - Pohara Marae Project Vision The vision for Pohara Marae will work towards the potential development of producing an ecological resilient and culturally responsive strategy which incorporates matauranga maori but also explores the critique of local landscape ecology and maori cultural landscape as a whole and how the strategy will be implemented and managed. Phase Two To design an ecological and cultural restoration of the sacred puna (spring) at Pohara Marae, and the stream which connects the puna to the tupuna awa (the Waikato River).The master plan should include revegetation, provide connections to Pohara marae and optionally suggest a possible extension of the papakﾄ（nga. Aim for high quality cultural, ecological and social outcomes, in line with the strategies established in phase one. Strategy The vision of our strategy is to assist Ngati Koroki Kahukura towards producing food and resources they require to live from their land and water within their rohe to provide for their families as well as protecting their natural environment and significant cultural sites that recognise places of identity for the future generations. This may also include an aim to implement potential strategies to provide cultural services that will provide variety of benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, recreation, and aesthetic experiences. The key objective is to develop, encourage and grow the ecological state of both the land and the people of Ngati Koroki Kahukura.
Landscape Character Pohara Marae is located at 1036 Oreipunga Road, Pukeatua 3494 in the south of Waikato district. It is situated on Maori Freehold land under Maungatautari 3A 5J Section 3. The entire land boundary consists of 277 hectares. It is also classified under the Maungatauturi Ecological District. The landscape of the Maungatautari district largely consists of exotic rolling pastures intercepted with linear shelterbelts. The carved edges of the lowland plains a reminder of the extent of the wetland history of the Waikato River. The surrounding rock formation are a predominate Taonga onsite. There are pockets of forest which have high natural character values. The main characteristic is a patchwork of pasture, trees and bush. Existing indigenous vegetation makes a significant contribution to the naturalness and character of the identified landscapes. Pohara Farm Trust owns and operates dairy farms in and around Pohara Marae, one of the principal contemporary marae of Ngāti Korokī Kahukura. It is a living marae that incorporates a papakainga housing some 20 permanent residents. The Pōhara urupā is located at the bottom of the hill, across Ōreipunga Road and overlooks the Waitētē River. From the peaks of Maungatautari to the river, the marae and urupā, these last remaining lands comprise the heartland of Ngati Koroki tribal rohe. These are not a broad, undefined tribal estate. These lands are the essence of their identity as a people, sacred and special, and they define their spiritual and cultural wellbeing. The mauri of urupā, marae and maunga is intimately connected with the river. Annual averages for climate include: Rainfall: 1395.1 mm Temperature: 13.0 °C
Ngati Koroki Kahukura: Pohara Marae Ngāti Korokī Kahukura is a Tainui tribe with connections to both Waikato and Raukawa. The traditional rohe (region) of Ngāti Korokī Kahukura extends north to Horotiu Pā (which is understood to have been in the Te Rapa region of Hamilton) then west to Puahue, east to Puketutu and south through Waipā, Huihuitaha, Waotu North, Waotu South, Matanuku, Maraetai, and Wharepūhunga to Waipapa. Maungatautari and the Waikato River are regarded by Ngāti Koroki Kahukura as tūpuna and living taonga. Maungatautari and the Waikato River continue to provide spiritual and physical sustenance to Ngāti Koroki Kahukura and are inextricably linked to the identity of Ngāti Koroki Kahukura. Maungatautari and the Waikato River are inseparable and indivisible. The Waikato River is a vital part of the ecosystem in the Waikato region and effects even the biodiversity found upstream were larger catchments including Lake Taupo lies. The characteristics and hydrology of the river shapes it surrounding landscapes, but with the altering of the water flow and ecosystems due to farming, large scale implications are formed. The aspirations of Ngati Koroki Kahukura in particular Pohara Marae, recognise themselves as Kaitiaki within their local environment. They would like to be able to sustainably manage resources and improve their quality of life and environment. This would incorporate their values and principles as well as perceptions into the strategy. Ngati Koroki Kahukura has important traditional relationships amongst each other and will have control over their own resources and work together to implement community based strategies for environmental planning through management. This accommodates their lifestyles and they will able to continue towards a sustainable future and fulfil aspirations and goals Key cultural objective is to recognise and provide for the historic heritage values and the relationship of tāngata whenua with their ancestral lands through maintain the values associated with the cultural landscapes identified.
Phase Two Analysis: Cultural Landscape Cultural Elements Te Aranga Design Principles that have been considered and implemented into our ecological and cultural strategy. These are very important principles when it comes to environmental and cultural decision making. Acknowledging traditional knowledge and methods of managing the land effectively and working towards a sustainable community. Understanding the application of each principle and how the design elements have been able to identify these in the concept. Mana Application : Important to identify primary mana whenua groups as well as wider mana interests in any given development Design Elements: Acknowledging Ngati Koroki Kahukura values and interests allows their mana to be recognized and preserved within the landscape. Whakapapa Recognises and celebrates the significance of mana whenua ancestral names Application: Use appropriate names to inform design process Design Element: The new circulation walking routes may become an ecotourism trail where you might call it the ‘Tioriori Trail’. - Tioriori was the recognised leader of Ngati Koroki. Taiao Application: Creating and connecting ecological corridors Planting appropriate indigenous flora in public spaces, strategies to encourage native planting in private spaces Establishment of traditional food and cultural resource areas allowing for active kaitiakitanga Design Element: When determining the type of production will be used, considering traditional horticulture or crops to provide as cultural resources which also have environmental benefits but also might turn into economic opportunities. Mauri Tu Application: Restoration and planting of Waterways, rainwater collection systems Design Element: Green corridors implemented through riparian buffer zone planting to restore soil moisture and protect banks which aims to improve stream flow and quality. Mahi Toi Application: Shared Landscapes are created to reflect iwi/hapu identity and contribute to a sense of place Design Element: Tohu Application: Recognition of tohu, including wahi tapu, maunga, awa, puna, mahinga kai Allows visual connection to significant sites to be created, preserved and enhanced Wider cultural landmarks and associated narratives able to inform spatial orientation and design responses Design Element: Heritage trails, marks and interpretation boards Intangible and tangible connections are highly acknowledged and recognised throughout the entire design process. This has been very consistent and further
Ngati Koroki Kahukura Values Kaitiak​itanga: Managing and conserving the environment as part of a reciprocal relationship, based on the MÄ ori world view that we as humans are part of the natural world Kotahitanga: Unity, cohesion and collaboration Whanaungatanga: a relationship through shared experiences and working together which provides people with a sense of belonging Tikanga: Doing what is right Ahi kaa roa: the importance of maintaining occupancy of, and connection with, whenua - as the puna (wellspring) of our identity, and recognition of the value and importance of those who ‘keep the home fires burning
Phase Two Analysis: Cultural Landscape This archaeological map shows recognized Historical PÄ sites located within the Pohara Marae extent. These are significant cultural features along with the Pohara Marae and Papakainga development. Wider connections are also important for example Waikato River and Maungatauturi. For the design process I will aim to protect and enhance these areas in order to protect and preserve their value. A 5 metres buffer from any access points would be very suitable in order to prevent human interaction and modifications with these areas. There will be no hardscaping within this buffer. They will also need to be protected from any cattles so avoid organic faming land use near these sites.
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Phase Two Analysis: Land Form Map This landforms map shows the landform demonstrated from the slope data. From this we are able to understand the topography within the Pohara Marae extent. You can see the contrast to where the land is really steep around the cliff face extended from north around to the west side. In front of these cliffs the land i rolling to flat down to the marae where the land is quite flat. All these spaces will be defined on the slope stability to determine how the land should be used for the best purpose.
Slope Value
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Slope analysis is vital to ensuring the health of the environment in terms of reducing Slopesediment runoff and preventing further erosion. Typically land that is Value unsuitable for agriculture or cropping is farmed with pine trees, however depending on the slope degree this can lead to erosion. Analysis the slope of land gives us an indication on the erodibility and hence enables us to assign a land use e.g. return to native for high slope or the use of it for orchards or forest harvesting. contor
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Converted_Graphics Slope higher than 21% is recommended to be planted to increase strength in <VALUE> soil to reduce erosion rates. Strongly Rolling Downlands, Hill Country 15-20 16-20% Cliff faces are protected in this case and native dense 0-15 21-35% Moderately Steep to Hill Country and Steepland 21-41 planting as a buffer along the cliff edge would be highly 15-20 >35% Very Steep Steeplands, Cliffs suitable. 1:10,000 21-41 Sourced from the LINZ Data Service and licensed for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New
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Flat, to Rolling Land
Flats, Terraces, Fans
Phase Two Analysis: Viewshafts and Wider Connections This map has been classified as a wider connection and potential viewshafts map. It was quite limited to determine the viewshafts within the site so I referred to wider connections. It is very important to acknowledge wider connections from the site that will encourage spatial orientation and create potential viewshafts. On site the only significant viewshaft is from the marae and papakainga in relation to the surrounding cliffs. Limiting any high development in this area is a must. These cliffs hold a lot of history and need to be conserved. There are also historic pa sites which need to be enhance and protected throughout the design process. Reducing human access to these sites will be of environmental and cultural benefits. Retaining the mauri.
Maungatauturi Ecological and Cultural Connection
Pohara Spring Historic Pa Historic Pa
Potential Viewing Points Indigenous Forest Area Cliff Face
Potential Viewing Points
Pohara Marae
Kenana
Potential Viewing Points
Pohara Pa
Waikato River Connection
Historic Pa
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Historic Vegetation Patterns
Beeches
Wetlands
Lowland Wetland and Steepland and Highland Softwood-Hardwoods
Historic Vegetation Beeches
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Property Title for Pohara Marae
Historically the Maungatautari Ecological District (87,041 ha) was covered in native vegetation.
Wetlands
Lowland Wetland and Steepland and Highland Softwood-Hardwoods
Property Title for Pohara Marae
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Wetland and swamp bordering streams and rivers Kahikatea or totara forest on the flat to gently sloping river terraces [lowland 100-300m] Rimu-tawa forest on the lower altitude hill country Lowland steepland and montane conifer/ broadleaved forest in the higher hill country and mountains [submontane 300-800m]
Current Landcover and Vegetation Patterns
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Regional Scale: Before European settlement, the vegetation cover in the Waikato region was mostly indigenous (native) forest, but also indigenous scrub and shrubland, tussock grassland, sedgelands, fernland and flaxlands. lcdb-v41-land-cover-database-version-41-mainland-new-zealand
Today just over a quarter of the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s land remains in indigenous vegetation, most of it forest. Between 1996 and 2012 there was a net decrease of just over 1000 hectares of terrestrial indigenous vegetation in the Waikato region, mostly of scrub and shrubland
Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods
lcdb-v41-land-cover-database-version-41-mainland-new-zealand Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods
Local Scale :
Built-up Area (settlement) Deciduous Hardwoods
This vegetation shows the current land cover at Pohara. From centralised marae and papakainga development which is surrounded by high producing exotic grassland. To the north of the marae is the only present indigenous forest. South of the marae boundary property line is exotic forest and manuka /kanuka vegetation. Also harvested forests are also present on the site where there is quite a few patches. This may be a key economic source for Ngati Koroki.
Exotic Forest
Built-up Area (settlement)
Flaxland
Deciduous Hardwoods
Forest - Harvested
Exotic Forest
Gravel or Rock
Herbaceous Freshwater Vegetation
Flaxland
High Producing Exotic Grassland
Forest - Harvested
Indigenous Forest
Gravel or Rock
Lake or Pond
Low Producing Grassland
Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods
Herbaceous Freshwater Vegetation
Built-up Area (settlement)
High Producing Exotic Grassland
Deciduous Hardwoods
Indigenous Forest
Orchard, Vineyard or Other Perennial Crop
Exotic Forest
Lake or Pond
Transport Infrastructure
Flaxland
Low Producing Grassland
Forest - Harvested
Manuka and/or Kanuka
Manuka and/or Kanuka
From understanding what is present and historic vegetation it provides opportunities to determine the proposed land use strategies. Do we increase production forests for economic benefits? What strategies can we implement to connect the maunga, people and waikato river? Do we re-establish ecological approaches by increasing indigenous forests? How will the people of Pohara benefit from this? Can this be developed into economic opportunities but also improve environmental quality?
Urban Parkland/Open Space
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Gravel or Rock
Mixed Exotic Shrubland
Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods
Herbaceous Freshwater Vegetation
Orchard, Vineyard or Other Perennial Crop
Built-up Area (settlement)
High Producing Exotic Grassland
Transport Infrastructure
Deciduous Hardwoods
Indigenous Forest
Exotic Forest
Lake or Pond
Flaxland
Low Producing Grassland
Forest - Harvested
Manuka and/or Kanuka
Gravel or Rock
Mixed Exotic Shrubland
Herbaceous Freshwater Vegetation
Orchard, Vineyard or Other Perennial Crop
High Producing Exotic Grassland
Transport Infrastructure
Urban Parkland/Open Space
Property Titles
Mixed Exotic Shrubland
Property Titles
This will be an investment for future generations so how can we benefit them from these assets?
Phase Two Analysis: Drainage Patterns Map Due to the limitation of existing stormwater, wastewater and overland flow paths data to determine precise mapping I have opted in producing this drainage map which consists of flow direction and existing streams connected to the site. Water is such an important natural feature and the current stream needs major attention in developing to restore its previous state. It is not in a great state but careful management and strategic planting will aim to work towards a 20 year restoration plan. Drainage map highlights flow direction in order to understand where soil erosion is most vulnerable so stabilizing these areas through vegetation will also be beneficial. This map also may influence how to control runoff water and redirection potential water flow into the stream banks in order to try retain water. SCALE 1:5000
Annual Rainfall: 1395.1 mm
Phase Two Analysis: Infrastructure
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This map consists of the basic infrastructure demonstrated in a figure ground type map. From this we are able to understand current road and river infrastructure connected with the exisiting development for Pohara Marae. By creating are figure ground map we are able to identify the space availiable for future infrastructure and development visible as the black layer. Current informal access routes could be hardscaped
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Basic infrastructure creates opportunity for rural based settlements. There is currently a simple road into the Papakainga and Marae settlement.
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Pedestrian routes within Pohara Marae are quite informal and there are no cycle ways circulating the marae. This provides an opportunity to improve infrastructure patterns connecting points around the Pohara Marae area. This will be further developed into a circulation plan.
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Group Strategy Group Design Strategy Statement By incorporating the following elements and approaches this has encouraged us to understand and recognize what is important to local mana whenua. This has influenced the design process and output. This is a reflection of those narratives and historic events preserved through experience values and principles. By weaving the cultural, ecological and economic factors together we have been able to understand how they are interlinked and how land use strategy is important in order for the landscape and people. Trying to find that equilibrium between these factors has been quite challenging. Cultural Elements â&#x20AC;&#x153;The restoration of native bush, birds and reptiles to Maungatauturi is of immense importance to our people. Our Kaumatua have talked about restoring the dawn chorus to our sacred maungaâ&#x20AC;? The puna flowed into wetlands, the people of pohara are concerned that an increase in demand will affect the quantity and quality of this water supply and would like solutions to remedy this occurrence Access to cultural resources; especially identifying the potential areas which could provide dyes produced from peat soils, Increasing species population in stream biodiversity which may include the revitalization of tuna and/or Koura which is of cultural significance Rejuvenate, protect and preserve the puna situated near Pohara Marae which is currently isolated. Previous water demand relied on access to only two taps providing freshwater in contrast to today where they heavily rely on water supply to accommodate 15 houses located at Pohara papakainga
Group Strategy Ecological Approach Green and Blue Corridors: Creating networks through the addition of green corridors will not only help support travel for flora and fauna, but protect their habitats and assist in mitigating and cleaning the water of contaminants before it enters the riverine system. To reduce edge effect penetration [Meurk, Hall] bigger, compact areas are preferred rather than little patches that have a limited inner core habitat. Where possible increasing the patch sizes to 6.25 ha with a minimum 2-ha core to sustain sensitive plants and animals. Forest patch restoration: Research also suggests that the restoration of native forest is unlikely to occur spontaneously due to the fast growing competition of introduced species. This map shows that with the addition of vegetated buffers e.g. riparian planting and shelterbelt understorey planting the fragmented land starts to reconnect providing safe migration corridors for wildlife as they leave Maungatautari in search of food and new habitats. The increase of patch sizes with the additional buffering and the removal of water flow barriers will not only protect the interior habitats and help with the successional regeneration of forest but also support fish migration and seed dispersal
Fragmented Forests Map This map shows the fragmented forest reminants scattered through the region. The rings represent a 2.5km and 5km distance from pohara. Research recommends that large forest patches should be within 5km of each other and hop-stop smaller patches 1-2km apart. This dispersal gives wildlife the ability to move.Taking into account the 5km distance Pohara is from Maungatautari and the 2.5km distance from Waitako it reflects the potential of Pohara being a significant support patch for the flora and fauna of Maungatautari.Forest patch restoration: Research also suggests that the restoration of native forest is unlikely to occur spontaniously due to the fast growing competition of introduced species. This map shows that with the addition of vegetated buffers e.g. riparian planting and shelterbelt understorey planting the fragmented land starts to reconnect providing safe migration corridors for wildlife as they leave Maungatautari in search of food and new habitats. The increase of patch sizes with the additional buffering and the removal of water flow barriers will not only protect the interior habitats and help with the successional regeneration of forest but also support fish migration and seed dispersal
Fragmented Forest: Indigenous Forests Why are they important? • • • • • • •
Some forest types now only occur as fragments. Fragment vegetation helps prevent soil erosion and maintain water quality. Birds can use them as ‘stepping stones’ to move between the larger forest areas. Even small fragments may contain threatened species such as king fern. They can act as windbreaks to shelter stock in nearby paddocks. They can be core areas for habitat restoration or sources of plant material for restoration. They provide a source of native seeds that birds or wind can carry across the landscape to other natural areas. • Their native insects may help pollinate nearby crops or control pests. • They can provide resources for cultural or educational use. • They may be the only natural areas remaining • Types of Forest Patches in the Waikato • Mixed broadleaved forest – 25 percent. • Kahikatea and totara forest – 10 percent • Tawa forest – 56 percent. Fragments with streams running through them may provide habitat for fish, freshwater insects, and native crayfish. Fragment foliage shades and cools the water, provides habitat among tree roots, and drops leaf litter into the water which feeds insects. Land clearance and agriculture have reduced clarity and increased temperature and nuisance weed growth, making many of our streams unsuitable for native fish and invertebrates to live in.
Fragmented Forest: Indigenous Forests Historically, Maori made extensive use of what nature provided. For Maori, native plants and animals are taonga. They are treasured not just for their usefulness, but for the values they represent. Native plants and animals within our forests also have a special connection for Maori within the world of Tane. These principles are the basis of traditional Maori practices known as ‘tikanga’. Tikanga help Maori to understand who they are and how they are connected to the natural world, as well as ensuring the sustainable harvest of the resources on which Maori depended. Even today, tikanga govern the way in which many species are protected, managed and (if appropriate) used for a particular purpose. All of these taonga of the natural world possess tapu, mana and mauri. These protect the integrity of the natural world and the species contained within it. Maori used various tohu (indicators) to assess the state of these resources. These also provide guidance, particularly for the timing of harvesting and the amounts to be taken. Traditional Maori use for these taonga include: • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Food. Building materials. Medicine. Making weapons, tools and implements. Clothing. Decoration. Ceremonial purposes. Some taonga were used for more than one purpose: Birds were harvested for food, as were huhu grubs, koura, tuna and other freshwater fish species. Many plants were also used for food, and even today, plants like puha, pikopiko and harore are still collected. Wood from totara, matai and kauri trees was widely used for building and waka construction. Medicines were made from plants such as kawakawa, kumerahou and karamu, but the range of plants used was, and remains, much more extensive than these. Implements used in day-to-day living were made from a whole range of plant species, while pingao, kiekie and harakeke were used for weaving as well. Bird feathers and some plants were used for decoration, and some plants had ceremonial purposes.
Design Application To restore and connect a mosaic of forest fragments Linking your forest fragment with other natural areas with plantings helps to provide pathways and networks that are very important for native plants and animals. Many of our native species are effectively trapped in isolated forest fragments, unable to move across modified landscapes to other natural areas. Connecting small forest fragments together increases the overall size of the natural area, which greatly improves the long term survival of the plants and wildlife within. In addition, linking up different types of natural areas such as streams, wetlands and the coast provides opportunities for plants and animals to colonise new areas and gives birds access to different types of food throughout the year. Strategies • fencing off the area from stock • eradicating or controlling pest plants and animals • planting native vegetation – within or around the area • reconnecting isolated remnants
Reforestation Case Study: Harry Dreadon Ecological Restoration Project To restore and connect a mosaic of forest fragments in semi-rural New Zealand to a self-sustaining ecosystem suitable for the successful reintroduction of native wildlife. The particular restoration area is based around road situated on the hills above Papakura, South Auckland. It is to the south of Ponga road which provides an arterial road transport route to and from the Hunua ranges. Harry Dreadon road comprises of a ‘mosaic’ of lifestyle blocks of approximately one hectare each, many including a f ragment of mature native bush. The forested areas are typical of the North Island’s lowland landscape, i.e. a mixture of broadleaf and podocarp ( Dacrydium and Podocarpus) species. The forest canopy is dominated by fine specimens of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (kahikatea), Vitex lucens (puriri), Beilschmiedia tarairi (taraire), Dysoxylum spectabile (kohekohe) and a single l arge Dacrydium cupressinum (rimu). Two of the kahikatea have been estimated from trunk diameters at breast height (DBH) to be over 230 years old whilst the largest puriri with a circumferen ce of nearly 4.0 meters is estimated at over 450 years old! The sparse sub-canopy consists principally of: Hedycarya arborea (pigeonwood), Melicytus ramiflorus (mahoe), Pittosporum crassifolium (karo), Myrsine australis (mapou) and Macropiper excelsum (kawakawa). There are also regenerating stands of Rhopalostylis sapida (nikau), a few tree ferns and a number of other native species such as Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka). The project has received grants from both the Auckland Council Ecological Initiatives Fund and the Hunua Quarry Ecological Trust totalling $7,000. Funds have been used to purchase nearly 2,000 eco-sourced native plants, mammalian pest control equipment and help provide fencing for stock control. Initial tasks included an eradication blitz on the numerous invasive weeds which were beginning to dominate the existing degraded forest and wetland fragments across a couple of neighbouring properties. Intensive control of possums and rodents was next on the agenda using a combination of bait stations and trapping. Almost immediately these simple actions had a noticeably positive impact on forest canopy and understorey regeneration. Pest targeted palatable forest species such as kohekohe and puriri are flourishing without the significant pressure from rats and possums. Another expected benefit over time will be an increase in insect density and diversity - restoring another essential element of a fully functioning ecosystem. The other major task has been the replanting of a retired paddock and neighbouring wetland area with a diverse range of colonising native grasses, shrubs and trees. A selection of enrichment species have also been inter-planted to accelerate the process of native forest regeneration. Whilst the primary intention is to increase overall wildlife habitat other benefits include the provision of wildlife corridors reconnecting existing forest fragments and the ‘softening’ of forest edges improving the internal climate and humidity levels. Evidence from research studies would suggest that a healthy and diverse habitat capable of providing an all year round food supply is an essential goal for ecological success. The initial aim is to restore and reconnect over 45 hectares of forest fragments across eight lifestyle properties. Over the longer-term it is envisaged that with some encouragement more neighbouring properties will become actively involved as the project progresses and tangible wildlife benefits are realised. Eventually an all-encompassing ‘wildlife haven’ would include areas of surrounding forest providing sufficient suitable habitat for the re-introduction of native wildlife
Green Corridors Map Green and Blue Corridors: Creating networks through the addition of green corridors will not only help support travel for flora and fauna, but protect their habitats and assist in mitigating and cleaning the water of contaminants before it enters the riverine system. To reduce edge effect penetration [Meurk, Hall] bigger, compact areas are preferred rather than little patches that have a limited inner core habitat. Where possible increasing the patch sizes to 6.25 ha with a minimum 2-ha core to sustain sensitive plants and animals. • • • • •
20m riparian strip along stream 10m understorey planting under shelterbelts Protection of regeneration of natives The conversion of slopes into native The regeneration of vegetation through the valley of the puna
Mosaic Riparian Planting Protecting our valuable water resource is important for dairying in New Zealand. It also benefits the community who use water for drinking and economic, recreational, aesthetic, ecological and cultural activities. Riparian zones can be used to maintain and improve water quality. Once fenced and planted, they filter nutrients, sediment and bacteria that leave the land as runoff. Healthy riparian zones will improve the health of your waterway. In terms of establishing the riparian buffer zone this could create a community activity opportunity where school kids can come in and help the local mana whenua plant along the banks. It would create educational and cultural opportunities. All plants will need to be eco-sourced. This could also further develop into cultural resource zones within this buffer. There are several benefits from the implementation of riparian buffers towards working to restore the stream and protect from livestock that surround the streams. Creating that extra protection will also encourage fencing along the buffer to control each grazing area. in terms of economic opportunities it may also fit into the carbon forestry scheme. This would cover all contributing factors of economics, ecology and cultural aspects. This linear strategy along the streams would also act as a green corridor to connect the maunga through to the Waikato River which is the dominant design strategy.
Understanding the composition of mosaic approach and how to effectively spatially configure the site. That idea of cause and effect and how it fits into the landscape.
Case Study: Mangaone Stream Riparian Restoration Ngati Haua Mangaone Stream Riparian Restoration To restore and protect the Mangaone Stream riparian banks. Maniapoto Pa site Stream system is significant to Ngāti Haua. It springs from the Maungakawa Ranges, in the Ngāti Haua rohe, winds through rural farmland behind Waimakariri Marea, past Tauwhare Pa, through Tamahere, and enters the Waikato River at the urban edge of Hillcrest, Hamilton. Maniapoto Pa site stream means, quality improvement for: - Revitalise native freshwater fish species - Revitalise native flora on the riparian margins - Revitalise native habitat for bird species present within the gully - Revitalise traditional habitat for Pekapeka roosting - No spray chemical method of noxious plant removal encourages revitalisation of Mokomoko and small insects in the gully. - Ngāti Haua strongly holds a commitment to biodiversity. Benefits of Restoration will mean Ngāti Haua whānau, hapu and iwi enjoying: - Non spray eco environmental eradication methods - Physical sustenance from eating healthy freshwater fish species and watercress - Cultural, social and environmental appreciation by reconnecting with the stream - Learning and sharing Maatauranga maaori, with neighbouring hapu, iwi and the wider general community - Improved access to appreciate the restored gully system Achieving restoration entails four key outcomes/milestones: - Eradication of pest species, both flora and fauna by environmental friendly methods - Planting native flora species to improve water quality - Developing and implementing a monitoring system to maintain the health and well-being of plants, birds, small insects and weeds - Monitoring quality of the water - Constructing service walkways through the gully system to improve access, use and the holistic well-being and appreciation of the Maniapoto Pa site.
Ecological Integrity and Resilience
Economic Resilience
Everything is connected and forms part of a life cycle. In the Maungatautari
As a part of a larger collective of land owned by Ngati Koroki Kahukura the op-
Ecological District 90% of the land has been modified. Simple implementations create domino effects on the surrounding area. With a focus on our most sacred resource, water, we propose the following strategies to protect and enhance this ecological area whilst securing adequate land for economic development.
portunity for iwi to be self sufficient is realistic, with the addition of solar power they could go off the grid. Pohara alone has extensive community connections with Maungatautari sanctuary, local schools, kapa haka groups to historic waka journeys organized for local Iwi down the Waikato river. These connections create opportunities to build further networks nationally and globally through tourism and to provide economically viable facilities to accommodate them:
Add native vegetation buffers to streams and overland flow paths. The planting of overland flow paths will help recharge groundwater and enhance sediment control. The riparian planting along streams can be buffered with non invasive, native, organic cultivation such as ‘pa harakeke’ or fruit orchards. [seed banks are held by Landcare research for Marae’s to establish ‘pa harakeke]. Add native vegetation buffers to road sides and shelterbelt understory. This extends the green corridors, creates connections across land and between waterways for fauna to migrate. Restore the lowland winter feeding grounds with the enhancement of native vegetation to support the efforts of Maungatautari. resources for the native birds of Maungatautari. Minimise the loss of economically viable land by creating hybrid vegetation buffers using a mixture of native resource productive and non-invasive exotic resource productive plants. This will help create resilience in terms of securing future food productive land whilst protecting and enhancing the resource’s we rely on for survive.
Organic produce (market/s) Organic farmstay/ Boutique B&B Marae style Camp/ retreats Cultural walks through nature Bird watching
The economic relief through the creation of an ecological camp/retreat at Pohara which boasts a cultural nature link to the Waikato River and Maungatautari sanctuary has the potential to attract and keep people in the area. This cultural link will also form a connection for the people of Pohara to their toanga [Awa and Maunga] whilst giving them an opportunity to educate groups on the importance of biodiversity, biosecurity and cultural values such as Mauri of the land and Kaikititanga of our natural resources. With an increase in tourism expected in the region it is an opportunity to create places for people to stay whilst engaging them on the values of Maori culture.
Phase One Analysis: Land Capabilities Map This land use capability map classifies the land suitability in terms of assessing how the land is best used. This takes into account its physical limitations and its versatility Land Use Capability class Description of land versatility
SCALE 1:5000
1 (I) Arable. Most versatile multiple-use land, few limitations for arable use. 2 (II) Arable. Good land with slight limitations for arable use. 3 (III) Arable. Moderate limitations for arable use restricting crops able to be grown. 4 (IV) Arable. Severe limitations for arable use or cultivation. Requires care; more suited to permanent pasture and forestry. 5 (V) Non-arable. Unsuitable for cropping. Negligible erosion under pasture and forestry. 6 (VI) Non-arable. Productive pastoral hill country, slight to severe limitations and hazards. 7 (VII) Non-arable. Moderate to very severe limitations. 8 (VIII) Non-arable. Very severe to extreme limitations, requiring permanent vegetative cover and protection.
contor
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Phase One Analysis Composition Overlay Map
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LUCmosaic composition map consists The black and white of the following explored1sdata: 1; 1s 1+7e10 Land Use Capability Cultural Sites Hydrology # Pa Sites Slope Slope
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2e 2; 2e 3; 2e 3+2w 3; 2s 1; 2s 1+3s
3e 1; 3e 1+2s 1; 3e 1+2w 3; 3e 2; 3e
4e 1; 4e 1+2w 3; 4e 2; 4e 3; 4e 4; 4e 5s 1
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6e 1; 6e 3; 6e 4; 6e 5; 6e 5+4e 4; 6e 15-20 By overlaying this data into one map we are able to 20-41 7e 1; 7e 7e 6; 7e10; 7e10+3w 1; 7 contor understand the land potential and4;visualise opportuniConverted_Graphics ties to<allassist our decision8e making 1; 8e towards 3; 8s 1 developing other values> LUC ecological strategies and land use planning.
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1s 1; 1s 1+7e10 2e 2; 2e 3; 2e 3+2w 3; 2s 1; 2s 1+3s 1; 2s 2; 2s 5; 2w 1; 2w 2; 2w 3 3e 1; 3e 1+2s 1; 3e 1+2w 3; 3e 2; 3e 3; 3e 4; 3e 4+4e 4; 3s 1; 3s 1+7e10; 3w 1; 3w 1+2s 1
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4e 1; 4e 1+2w 3; 4e 2; 4e 3; 4e 4; 4e 4+6s 1
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5s 1 6e 1; 6e 3; 6e 4; 6e 5; 6e 5+4e 4; 6e 6; 6e10; 6e13; 6s 1; 6w 1
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7e 1; 7e 4; 7e 6; 7e10; 7e10+3w 1; 7s 1 8e 1; 8e 3; 8s 1
# SCALE 1:5000
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Composition Overlay Map 1:5000
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Phase One Analysis: Zoning Map
Zoning is a planning tool that has traditionally been important in separating out adverse environmental effects in order to minimise nuisance for residents. Zoning is achieved through a focus on permitted activities with a strong spatial emphasis. As a result of the development of an effects-based approach, planning has become much more concerned about mitigating adverse environmental effects and less concerned with the types of activities that might occur within particular areas. From this we are able to determine which areas are best suitable to be retired, used for production, conservation and urban development. It isHighthen further developed towards understanding Conservation Zone land potential and spatial arrangement of activities Moderate Conservation Zone
SCALE 1:5000 High Conservation Zone
Moderate Conservation Zone
High Production Zone
Moderate Production Zone
Urban Development Zone
Residential - Papakainga Development High Production Zone - Grazing Agricultural Forestry- Fragmented Forests - Nurseries Moderate Production Zone Horticulture - Organic Gardens, orchards, Vineyards Water - Riparian Planting and fencing Urban Development Zone Retiring Land
Land Use Potential Map
The development of land use capabilities map is then continued to determine the land use potential. By understanding the land use zones we can determine what activities are suitable for each area. Limitations Erosion erosion susceptibility, deposition or the effects of past erosion damage first limits production Soil Composition soil physical or chemical properties in the rooting zone such as shallowness, stoniness, low moisture holding capacity, low fertility (which is difficult to correct), Indigenous Forests salinity, or toxicity first limits production Riparian Buffer Zone
Wetness Forest Fragments soilMixed wetness resulting from poor drainage or a high water table, or from frequent overflow from streams or Organic Farming coastal waters first limits production Organic Cropping and
Indigenous Forests
Riparian Buffer Zone
Mixed Forest Fragments
Organic Farming Indigenous Forests
Riparian Buffer Zone
Organic Cropping and Vineyard
Mixed Forest Fragments
Maori Horticulture
Organic Farming
Papakainga Development
Organic Cropping and Vineyard
Maori Horticulture
Vineyard Potential Uses Maori Horticulture
Create a walkable community, connect pathways Preserve/enhance a special district Papakainga Development Encourage economic development Preserve/enhance rural character Protect quality of surface water Protect groundwater quality and quantity Manage stormwater Preserve forestry integrity Preserve sensitive area/wildlife habitat Protect aesthetics of the natural environment Preserve farmlands
Phase Two Analysis: Landscape Structure and Pattern The landscape structure for my design concept is a result of the biophysical analysis developed from the GIS data provided. It is also a compilation of cultural values and knowledge. From these connections and relationships it has determined the land use strategy and design concepts. By understanding the land potential and how they can be ecologically, economically and culturally overlayed to create the spatial arrangement and composition of land uses for this cultural landscape. Key research points: • Assessing landscape function and landscape change, landscape structure must be known. Connectivity and fragmentation are known with understanding landscape structure. • Structure: The spatial relationships among the distinctive ecosystems or elements. • Landscape structure evaluates land mosaic as measured, number, size and shape • Landscape structure has two qualities. These are composition and configuration. • Landscape metrics are important tools which are used to understand landscape structure and landscape changes. To use metrics, numeric data is obtained related to landscape structure. Numeric data is produced from satellite images and aerial photos. Also, landscape metrics are used as compatible with geographical information systems. Landscape metrics allow doing objective reviews on landscape structure. • Function: The interactions among the spatial features. • Change: The alteration in the structure and function of the ecological mosaic over time From these key points I have analyzed the data I have collated where spatial relationships within ecosystems and elements will incorporate methods such as reconnecting forest fragments and extended the indigenous forests where suitable. It is then developed further using landscape based metrics where these ecosystems and elements are using the mosaic approach and class and regional levels. It has been taken as a general approach rather specified patch sizes and details at this stage due to such a large area coverage in the design proposal. This has resulted in a design concept that is defined through composition and configuration. Connecting the site to existing ecosystems and trying to establish new ecosystems to restore current degraded land is a key focus.
Phase Two Analysis: Land Suitability The identified Pohara site is classified Land Capability classes of 1,2,3,4,6 and 7. This demonstrates what the land suitability is for each area. LUS Class 1 Is the most versatile multiple-use land with the minimal physical limitations for arable use. It has high suitability for cultivated cropping (many different crop types), viticulture, berry production, tree crops and production forestry. Class 1 land is flat or undulating (0-7⁰), has deep (>90cm) resilient and easily worked soils, and there is minimal risk of erosion. Soils are characterised as being fine textured (silt loam, or fine sandy loam), well drained, not seriously affected by drought, well supplies with plant nutrients, and responsive to fertilisers. Climate is favourable for the growth of a wide range of cultivated crops, and for pasture or forest, and does not significantly limit yields. Land which has a slight limiting physical characteristic such as wetness, risk of flooding, or drought can be included in LUC Class 1, where that limitation is removable by permanent works. The Subclass denotes the physical limitation. Waterways associated with Class 1 land may have slight stream bank erosion. • Moderate soil depth (45 – 90cm) • Slight wetness after drainage • Occasional flood overflow • Unfavourable soil structure and difficulty in working • Very weak to weakly saline • Slight climatic limitations
LUC Class 2 This is very good land with slight physical limitations to arable use, readily controlled by management and soil conservation practices. The land is suitable for many cultivated crops, vineyards, berry fields, pasture, tree crops or production forestry. The most common physical limitation which may occur include: • Slight susceptibility to erosion under cultivation • Moderate soil depth (45 – 90cm) • Slight wetness after drainage • Occasional flood overflow • Unfavourable soil structure and difficulty in working • Very weak to weakly saline • Slight climatic limitations LUC Class 3 Class 3 land has moderate physical limitations to arable use. These limitations restrict the choice of crops and the intensity of cultivation, and/or make special soil conservation practices necessary. Class 3 land is suitable for cultivated crops, wine yards berry fields, pasture, tree crops, or production forestry. The most common limitations that may occur include: • Moderate susceptibility to erosion under cultivation • Rolling slopes ( 8 -15⁰) • Shallow (20 – 45 cm) or stony soils. • Wetness or waterlogging after drainage • Occasional damaging overflow • Low moisture holding capacity • Moderate structural impediments to cultivation • Low natural fertility • Weak salinity • Moderate climatic limitations
Phase Two Analysis: Land Suitability LUC Class 4 Class 4 land has severe physical limitation to arable use. These limitations substantially reduce the range of crops which can be grown, and/or make intensive soil conservation and management necessary. In general, Class 4 land is suitable only for occasional cropping (eg. Once in 5 years or less frequently) although it is suitable for pasture, tree crops or production forestry. Some Class 4 land is also suited to vineyards and berry fields. The most common limitations which may occur include: • Moderate to high susceptibility to erosion under cultivation • Strongly rolling slopes (16 - 20⁰) • Very shallow (<20cm) and/or stony, or very stony soils • Excessive wetness after drainage • Frequent flooding • Very low moisture holding capacity • Severe structural impediments to cultivation • Low fertility difficult to correct 9er. Al toxicity) • Moderate salinity • Severe climatic limitations LUC Class 6 Class 6 land is not suitable for arable use, and has slight to moderate physical limitations and hazards under a perennial vegetation cover. Suitable uses include grazed pasture, tree crops, and/or forestry, and in some cases vineyards. Erosion is commonly the dominant limitation, but it readily controlled by appropriate soil conservation and pasture management. Common limitations include: • Moderate erosion hazard under perennial vegetation • Steep and very steep slopes (>26⁰) • Very stony (35 – 70%) or very shallow (<20 cm) soils • Excessive wetness • Frequent flooding • Low moisture holding capacity • Moderate to strong salinity • Moderate climate limitations
Class 6 is extensively mapped in New Zealand. The majority is stable productive hill country, a large proportion of which has a moderate erosion potential. Also included are flat to gently undulation stony and shallow terraces and fans, rolling land with a significant erosion risk, or a wetness or climatic limitation too great to allow sustainable arable cropping. If is not usual for more than one of these limitations to be present. Although not suitable for arable uses, some Class 6 land may be cultivated infrequently for pasture establishment or renewal LUC Class 7 Class 7 us unsuitable for arable use, and has severe physical limitations or hazards under perennial vegetation. Consequently it is high-risk land requiring active management to achieve sustainable production. It can be suited to grazing provided intensive soil conservation measures and practices are in place, and in many cases it is more suitable for forestry. The limitations of LUC Class 7 are of a similar nature of those affecting LUC class 6, but are more severe and its versatility is significantly less. The most common limitations that may occur include: • Severe erosion hazard or severe effects of past erosion • Very steep slopes, including land >35⁰ • Very low moisture holding capacity • Very frequent damaging flooding • Extreme wetness of soils • Very shallow (<20 cm) or stony (35 – 70%) soils • Very erodible rock types • Low natural fertility difficult to correct (eg. Al toxicity) • Strong salinity • Severe climatic limitations
Economic and Ecological Development and Land Use Opportunities Maori gardening and agriculture
Eco-Tourisn Ventures and Marae Stay B&B
Maori were also gardeners, cultivating crops they had brought with them such as kumara, taro and hue (gourds), and harvesting indigenous resources like ti kouka (edible cabbage tree â&#x20AC;&#x201C; cordyline species). From the 1830s they quickly embraced European-style agriculture, clearing and planting vast areas in wheat, corn, oats and barley. Two decades on, Waipa had established itself as the granary of the Auckland Province, Maori transporting their milled flour and surplus produce downriver to the burgeoning Auckland market, and even further afield to Australia. Their expanding agricultural endeavours included potatoes, cabbages, onions, carrots, turnips, marrows, beans, watermelon; and fruit such as apples, peaches, quinces, cherries and grapes. Dairy cows were also kept.
Utilising the forests and horticulture for cultural and educational purposes where schools are able to come and stay at the Pohara Marae. They would need to pay some sort of koha and have students stay over and is fully catered. This could also get them involved in hands on work around the marae which they would enjoy. Implementing recreation areas would also encourage this strategy.
Design Application By replanting some of these crops in the site for cultural purposes to be able to provide food for the marae. Understanding the land suitability for these crops and where they can be allocated within the site. These will need to be maintained and managed by the marae. Food source is very important and traditional customs are encouraged through bringing this back to Pohara Marae. Increasing food security and sustainability for the livelihood of locals to live from the land. Alos provides the potential to harvest and sell these at local markets or trade with surrounding maraes and communities. Aiming to restore history and culture within the landscape and develop assets for future mokopuna. Getting locals schools involved in these harvesting would also be a great educational opportunity. Could further develop into another economic opportunity where the mana whenua teach people how to cook traditional food which is sourced from their own environment.
The catered food would all be locally sourced within their premises and could also educate students about Maori traditional food.
Harvested Forests used for domestic purposes Utilizing the riparian and forests around the site as some source of production to use timber for carving. This tradtional activity would develop into either educational purposes for students to learn as well as outputs generating artwork and sculptures to generate revenue.
Economic and Ecological Development and Land Use Opportunities Carbon Forestry Well-managed forests can deliver many benefits to growers and society generally; carbon capture is one of them. New Zealand’s Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) enables growers of forests planted after 1989 the opportunity to trade carbon credits for profit. Wherever they are planted, trees have the potential to deliver multiple benefits, some of which have economic value. As well as producing timber, forests in certain places can: • produce clean water with low nitrates • control soil erosion and reduce land slips • provide shelter and shade for livestock and buildings • enhance landscapes, encourage desirable wildlife, provide refuge for endangered plants and birds and create an attractive recreation environment • provide enhanced cultural and spiritual values. All trees capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they produce wood fibre and release oxygen for humans and animals. This would encourage the implentation of Indigenous Forests and riparian buffers whic can be accredited as carbon points! this would generate income and assist with dairynig downturns. Valuable asset for future generations.
Organic Farming- Sustainable Dairying The challenge for pioneers of commercial organic farming was to develop large-scale systems that used natural materials and methods economically. There are a number of organic management techniques: • Compost, animal manure, naturally occurring mineral fertilisers, green manure crops (crops planted and dug into the soil to fertilise it) and crop rotation enhance and maintain soil health. • Mechanical or heat treatments control weeds. • Biological controls, such as the insect predators of pests, are used to reduce weeds, pests and diseases. • Rotational grazing and mixed pastures keep stock healthy and minimise the likelihood of getting internal parasites.
Organic Cropping and Vineyards Benefits of Organic Produce: • • • • • • • • • •
Protect future generations throughout the world Pay the real cost of real food Have an independent guarantee with organic certification Protect water quality Enjoy great flavour and nutrition Keep chemicals off your plate and out of your body Reduce global warming and save energy Prevent soil erosion Help small farmers Help restore and maintain biodiversity
Design Proposal: Masterplan
PAPAKAINGA ACCESS ROUTES NATIVE FOREST ORCHARD HARVESTED FOREST RIPARIAN PLANTING
PASTURE FLAX PATCH
SCALE 1:5000 @A2
MAORI HORTICULTURE
Design Proposal: Model
Design Proposal: Circulation Plan
Main Vehicular Access Routes Circulation Direction
Circulation Flow and Direction of Minor Walking Routes
SCALE 1:5000 Main Vehicular Access Routes Circulation Direction
Circulation Flow and Direction of Minor Walking Routes
Design Proposal: Planting Strategy
Kumara Pits Taro Ti Kouka Cabbage Tree Pukio Toetoe
Tawa forest Harakeke Grapes Peaches Apples
Manuka/Kanuka
Totara Forest
Manuka/Kanuka SCALE 1:5000 @A2
Planting and Production Riparian Planting Lower Bank Cabbage Tree Cordyline australis Pukio Carex Secta
Upper Bank Black Matipo Pittosporum tenuifolium Manuka Leptosporum Scorparium
Cutty Grass Carex geminata
Akeake Dodonaea Viscosa
Pukio Carex Virgata
Kahikatea Dacrycarpus Dacrydiodes
Giant umbrella Sedge Cyperus Ustulatus
Kanuka Kunzea Ericodes
Toetoe Austroderia fulvida
Swamp Flax Phormium Tenax Totara Podocarpus totara
Native Forests
Maori Horticulture
Kanuka Kunzea Ericodes
Kumara Pits Taro Ti Kouka
Manuka Leptosporum Scorparium
Organic Cropping and Vineyard
Totara Podocarpus totara
Grapes Peaches Apples
Tawa forest Mangeao Litsea calicaris Rewarewa Knightia excelsa Pukatea Laurelia novae-zelandiae
References About the Hamilton & Waikato Region. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2016, from http://www.hamiltonwaikato.com/experiences/middle-earth-movie-magic/ aboutthis-region Ministry of Justice, New Zealand. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2016, from http://www.maorilandonline.govt.nz/gis/map/search. htm;jsessionid=60BFB33138850D12AFA8B1B24257EDB0 Researchgatenet. (2016). Researchgatenet. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Oluwatoyin_Kolawole/ publication/236606790_ Intersecting_knowledges_What_is_an_appropriate_model_for_science_and_local_technologies_in_sub-Saharan_Africa/ links/0c96051ae015e15545000000.pdf Eaglegisconz. (2016). Eaglegisconz. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from http://nzaa.eaglegis.co.nz/NZAAPublic/ Scinfoorgnz. (2016). Scinfoorgnz. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from https://lris.scinfo.org.nz/ Aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz. (2016). Aucklanddesignmanualconz. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from http://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/design-thinking/ maori-design/te_aranga_principles Waikatoriverorgnz. (2016). Waikatoriverorgnz. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from http://www.waikatoriver.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Vision-andStrategy.pdf In-text citation: (Waikatoriverorgnz, 2016) Maungatrustorg. (2016). Maungatrustorg. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from http://www.maungatrust.org/files/6646/EcoQuest Progress Report Dec 2011.pdf In-text citation: (Maungatrustorg, 2016) Nzesorgnz. (2016). NZES. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje In-text citation: (Nzesorgnz, 2016) Govtnz. (2016). Govtnz. Retrieved 13 April, 2016, from http://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-plants/freshwater-algae In-text citation: (Govtnz, 2016) Walker, S & Price, R. (2008). New Zealand’s remaining indigenous cover: recent changes and biodiversity protection needs . New Zealand: . In-text citation: (Walker & Price, 2008 Waikato regional council, . (2016). Waikato Region. Retrieved 14 April, 2016, from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/419/ gecreport.pdf Maungatrust, . (2016). Interim report on bird and invertebrate bioindicators on Maungatautari 2007 – 2011. Retrieved 14 April, 2016, from atrust. org/ files/6646/EcoQuest Progress Report Dec 2011.pdf Newzealandecologyorg. (2016). NZES. Retrieved 14 April, 2016, from http://newzealandecology.org Meurk, C,D and Hall,G M, J (2006). Options for enhancing forest biodiversity across New Zealand’s managed landscapes based on ecosystems modelling and spatial design. New Zealalnd Journal of Ecology retrieved from http://newzealalndecology.org/nzje/2297