‘Waikato taniwha rau he piko he taniwha he piko he taniwha’
natalie couch 1347555
POHARA MARAE Ngā ti Korokī Kahukura
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Contents: P 3..........................Connections and relationships to wider ancestral landscape. P 4,5 ......................Project goals. + strategies P 6,7.......................Landscape character P 8..........................Water flow accumulation P 9..........................Puna + stream P 10........................Eco-sourced native (wetland) plants P11 ........................Restoration of waterways P 12........................Landform and vegetation cover P 13........................Native forest cover + landform P 14........................Native forest layers P 15........................Native forest regeneration planting guide P 16........................Soil + vegetation cover P 17........................Organic farming (soils) P 18........................Permaculture diagrams P 19........................Organic farming P 20,21...................Pohara pa proposal P 22,23...................Masterplan, Pohara pa proposal P 24........................Western perspective P 25........................South-eastern perspective P 26........................Te Aranga design principles P 27........................Permaculture design principles P 28,29...................On-site water management systems (storm/grey/black water). P 30, 31..................References
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“Ko Maungatautari tō mātou maunga, ko Waikato tō mātou awa tupuna, ko Ngāti Korokī Kahukura mātou, ko Maungatautari, ko Pōhara ētahi o ō mātou marae nōhia tonutia ai e mātou o Ngāti Korokī Kahukura. Our mountain is Maungatautari; our ancestral river is Waikato; we are Ngāti Korokī Kahukura and two of our marae where we still reside are Maungatautari and Pōhara.” (Ngāti Korokī Kahukura Trust 2010)
Connections and relationships to wider ancestral landscape. Horotiu pa, Te Rapa
Puketutu
WAIKATO-TAINUI
Karapiro Wa
WAIKATO-RAUKAWA ika
to
Riv
er
Pukekura Horahora Waipa Puahue
Owa
Maungatautari
irak
a Ri ver
Huihuitaha
Waotu Nth Waotu Sth
Matanuku Wharepuhanga Maraetai
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Project goals. The main overarching focus is to propose plans for revitalising waterways and to look at ways that connection can be made from the river to the mountain. Key aims are to propose ways to enhance the environmental, social and economic capabilities of Pohara Marae. As noted in the first phase, all these elements form part of an intergrated whole. The long term strategy of transitioning to organic farming aims to address some of the current issues. Ideas are provided for utilizing what is already present and developing ways that they can become more abundant in the future. Mana kaitiakitanga for past, present and future generations is central to the ideas expressed in this plan.
Protection + Enhancement Strategies • Restoration of waterways (Puna+stream -Waikato River, Waitete Stream) To propose ways to uplift the mauri of waterways and create access to the streams. • Native forest regeneration. Look at ways of connecting the Waikato River to Maungatautari with native forest corridors and patches. • Organic farming. Look at the ways of implementing these systems and the benefits of this. • Papakainga development To make changes to the pa according to what whānau needs are.
Design principles: • Te Aranga • Permaculture
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Landscape character The relationship between Waikato and Ngﾄ》i Korokﾄｫ Kahukura span many generations. Maungatautari, he poutokomanwa, he tupuna, lends spiritual sustenance for its people across the rohe. The Waikato river , an ancestor, and a storehouse of sustenance physically, spiritually and economically meanders its way across the land leaving terraces carved in its wake. Human settlement and memory are embedded within the rolling hills that make up a large proportion of the Waikato territory. This landscape is the heart of Ngﾄ》i Korokﾄｫ Kahukura; Waikato, Tainui, and Raukawa descendants.
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The majority of the area around Pohara marae is comprised of pastoral farmland varying in elevation from 60m-250m. Most of the soil is made up of volcanic and sedimentary rock from the Taupo eruption. The majority of the land is gently rolling and in some areas it forms steep slopes and iconic cliff faces. There are areas of bush in the gullies and along the higher tops. Scattered throughout are remnant patches of native forest with some exotic vegetation and shelter belts of exotic trees along paddock boarders. Maungatautari is covered in native forest, surrounded by a pest proof fence 47km long.
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Water flow accumulation
V
1:8000
N
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PUNA + STREAM
KEY Pohara marae Traditional river course River-existing High flow accumulation Contours Wetlands
“Tikanga also recognised that if the people care for the river, the river will continue to sustain them. Swampy lowlands and the river provided flax for weaving and water fowl and eels for food.” (Te Kaapo Clark 1996)
Opportunities • There is potential to utilize the water from the puna to create a swimming hole/ wetland area near the back of the pa (this could be dammed semi-permanently with rocks). Would need to talk with a hydrologist and/or engineer to measure the amount of water coming out and seasonal variation to see how much water there is. More information is needed to see how this could work. • Wetlands would possibly allow habitat for koura to return. • Long term aspirations connect the pa to the Waikato river by way of walking/ cycle paths along a revegetated stream. • Regeneration of native plant cover along stream edges, swamps, can bring back traditional resources for food and cultural use. • Exotic vegetation along streams could be utilized in initial stages as mulch and shade for young plants until they grow to maturity. • Regular working bees could bring family living outside the pa back to the marae. • Overarching goal: The mauri of water sources and waterways is uplifted and able to provide sustenance, return of traditional species, and a beautiful environment for whanau. Constraints • Stream and puna are currently overgrown with exotic vegetation. • Time and labour resources need to be considered.
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Eco-sourced native (wetland) plants
Stream aquifer diagram
Pollution in waterways Nitrate levels exceed drinking standards in some areas of Waikato, much of the nitrate in ground water coming from farming 30-40 years ago. Experts say that with the dairy industry using nitrate now, levels will definitely rise. As pollutants like nitrate take decades to get down to the drinking supply the problem is going to get worse before it gets better. (One News2016).
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• RESTORATION OF WATERWAYS Puna + Stream + Wetlands (Waikato River, Waitete Stream) It has been recognised that re-establishing native flora along the stream and around the puna will provide shade, decrease erosion, improve water quality, increase native fauna, and therefor protect and enhance waterways. Streams + Puna planting guidelines The area lies within the Zones 1 + 2 (Lowland terraces and rolling hill country) ranging from 60-220m Planting period: May-September Release (weed out around plants) early November, January (if needed), April, July, September, November(when needed). May-September Plant to replace any plants that did not survive. • Stage 1 (1-3 years) To deter weeds planting harakeke or native sedges (for example , Carex secta). Cabbage trees and sedges like pukio can be planted in wet depressions (build 30cm high mounds to plant into) • Stage 2 (3-10 years) After about 3 yrs, plant shrubs in between. These could include karamu ,coprosma, round leaved coprosma, swamp astelia, Kaikomako, poataniwha, smallflowered mahoe, turepo, mahoe, pate, putaputaweta,hangehange, and houhere. Ferns and treeferns should arrive /grow on their own. Along dry river banks These could be planted with tree fuchsia, kowhai, titoki and lowland ribbonwood (manatu). Wetlands-plant guide There are three main zones for planting in wetlands identified as: • Moist Putaputaweta, Coprosma, Karamu (nursery crop/ erosion control), Wheki-Ponga (fibrous roots reduse erosion) Poataniwha, Mahoe (whiteywood-birds distribute berries-(nurery crop+erosion control-fast growing plants yet long-lived), small flowered mahoe, kaikomako, matai, pate (reduces erosion, fast growing), turepo, • Boggy Atelia grandis, baumea rubiginosa (best in peaty soils), baumea tenax (boggy or damp soils), pakihi rush (grows in poor soils), carex gaudishaudiana (grows in swamps and exposed sites next to streams, rivers and lakes, tolerates flooding), carex maorica, purei (carex secta), mingimingi, coprosma, cabbage tree (erosion control), toetoe (nursery plant), kahikatea, wire rush, waewae kotuku, pukatea, manuka (fast growing pioneer), harakeke (hardy pioneer), maire tawake. • Standing water zones Jointed twig rush (baumea arthrophylla), baumea articulata, baumea rubiginosa, kukuraho (marsh clubrush), Makura purei (carex secta), bamboo spike sedge (eleocharis sphacelata), Kapungawha (lake clubrush), Raupo (typha orientalis) For more information on plant types see : What to plant in Waikato Wetlands. Waikato Regional Council: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Freshwater-wetlands/Restoring-awetland/Wetland-planting-guide/What-to-plant-in-Waikato-Wetlands/
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LANDFORM + VEGETATION COVER
V
1:8000
N
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NATIVE FOREST COVER KEY Existing vegetation cover Pohara marae Roads River 5m contours
Today there is less than 10% of the original forest cover (most of this being in the protected reserves of Maungatautari maunga and Te Tapui) with small fragments scattered throughout the rohe. Around Pohara marae there are areas of native and exotic forest patches, shelter belts, food crops and scattered trees.
LANDFORM
Vegetation and slope analysis together can identify vegetation types and areas that need planting. It can also show the steep areas that need vegetation to stabilise banks and stop soil erosion. Topography determines types of plants for varying areas in this zone for example; ridges and spurs, slopes, gullies and bush edges.
Opportunities
Indigenous forest
• Native plantings can improve soil quality and decrease erosion.
Broadleaf indigenous hardwoods
• Support native birds returning to the lowlands during winter to feed. If sufficient forest areas are provided, kokako, along with riflemen, whiteheads, robins, tomtits, as well as kereru, tui and korimako will be drawn down to visit from the mountain.
Deciduous hardwoords Exotic forest River
Proposed vegetation cover Riparian planting Native forest planting_steep slopes Medicinal planting for animals Wetlands
• Help spread native pollen and seed across the takiwa. • Manuka plantings could help to stabilise land, provide shelter for native fauna, be utilized for honey production, and serve as a nusery crop for native forest regeneration. Manuka can withstand some grazing and grows in a wide range of soils. • Native forest corridors that connect up fragmented forests will help native birds and other native fauna to move safely from one area to the next. • Provide shelter and protection for people, farm animals, and landscape • Native plantings such as houhere, harakeke, raupo, kawakawa, koromiko can provide cultural resource for mahi toi, and rongoaa practises. • Create opportunities for connecting to the Waikato River Trails via walking tracks, and bike tracks.
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NATIVE FOREST LAYERS
Puna + Stream + Wetlands (Waikato River, Waitete Stream) Zone 1+2 (Lowland terraces + Rolling Hill Country)
Eco-sourced native forest plants ( Zone 1 +2 )
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NATIVE FOREST REGENERATION. Planting guide Stage 1 (1-3years) Bare area exposed to wind, frost or sun. Plant in the open. • Common: Ti Kouka, Whauwhaupaku, Kahikatea, Kaikomako, Kanuka, Karamu, Tarata (lemonwood), Manuka, Mapou, Mingimingi, Rangiora, Swamp coprosma, Toetoe, Totara, Makomako, harakeke. • Also present in this area are: Heketara(forest tree daisy), kohuhu, koromiko, kowhai, houhere, horoeka, mamangi, putaputaweta, matai, mikimiki, pokaka, ramarama, manatu (lowland ribbonwood), rimu, pukio (sedge), purei (sedge), swamp astelia, kotukutuku (tree fuchsia), makomako (wineberry). (Plant dense combinations of trees, shrubs and grasses to provide shade and shade out weeds.)
Stage 2 (3-10 years) Plant in sheltered areas, or among existing plants. • Common: Hangehange, kanono, kawakawa, mahoe, mamaku, poataniwha, ponga, cyathea smithii rewarewa
(tree fern), wheki, pate, porokaiwhiri (pigeonwood), pukatea,
• Also present (but not so abundant): Akeake, black maire, ti Kouka, kiokio, fivefinger (pseudopanax laetus), kanahi, karamu, miro, poroporo, round leaved coprosma, stinkwood, thin leaved coprosma, titoki,ongaonga ( tree nettle), tanekaha, turepo(milk tree), Turutu (blueberry), wheki ponga, white maire.
Stage 3 (10 years or more) Underneath existing area of forest, or under trees planted 10 or more years ago, that now form a canopy. • Common: Raukatauri ((fern-drooping spleenwort), manamana (hen and chicken fern), panako (thread-fern), huruhuru whenua (fern-asplenium oblongifolium), kohekohe, nikau, supplejack, tawa • Also present: Bush lawyer, ti kauka(dwarf), pohue (clematis), puawananga (cleamtis), kiwakiwa (creek fern), hinau, kaihua (jasmine), kaiwhiria (jasmine), kiekie, para (king fern), kahurangi (epiphyte), kakaha (fragrant lily), kahakaha (perching lily), kowharawhara (perching lily) ,maire, northern rata, kohia (passionfruit vine), rata vine, akatea, maire tawake (swamp maire), tawhirikaro.
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SOILS + VEGETATION COVER
V
1:8000
N
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KEY Pohara marae
ORGANIC FARMING
Roads
SOILS
River 5m contours
Understanding soil types helps to distinguish what the different areas are most suited for and whether it is susceptible to erosion. It also helps to identify soil type, and drainage capabilities.
Broadleaf indigenous hardwoods
Low rolling hill country from 100m-300m above sea level include moderate to steep slopes. (Soils well drained, from volcanic ash, low to moderate fertility.)
Deciduous hardwoords
Most of the area around Pohara marae is in this area (from 60m-220m).
Exotic forest
Lowland Terraces from sea level up to 100m above. (Soils have a natural fertility and are alluvial and sometimes boggy due to poximity to waterways.)
Forest-harvested
(Lake Karapiro, along the Waikato River terraces from Arapuni to Cambridge.)
Indigenous forest River Manuka and/ or Kanuka
Soils 1-2 Highly arable land 3-4 Arable land 5-6 Low arable land 7-8 Non arable land Lake or river Town
Pohara marae The land around Pohara Marae is flat to gently undulating. Soil is allophanic, well drained with slight erosion potential . At the back of the pa towards the north west the soil becomes non-arable with very steep slopes and severe erosion potential. It is suggested that this be stabilized with native regeneration; in particular manuka crops for honey production. The rest of the area around the marae is highly arable, with high drainage capabilities. The soils are ‘Orthic Allophanic Soils’ (Landcare Research) These occur predominantly from volcanic ash from the Taupo eruption. Organic farming will allow current dairy farming to continue and be sustainable long term. Organic farming methods are centered around soil and water health. Irrespective of current soil arable or non-arable status, organic methods can be applied to either improve or maintain soil quality and nutrient balance. Uplifting of mauri is the main goal behind organic farming. Organic farming systems have a lower ecologocal footprint, greater biodiversity and reduse nitrate leaching into waterways, aquifers and soils.
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Permaculture zones
HIGH INTENSIVE USE Zone 1&2. HERBS/GREENS (KITCHEN GARDEN.) Chicken forages.
VEGETABLE GARDENS
Zone 2&3.
INTENSIVE FRUIT& NUT SYSTEMS.
EXTENSIVE FOOD STRUCTURAL FOREST Zone 3
Zone 4
SELF FORAGE SYSTEM FOR LARGE LIVE STOCK
LOW INTENSIVE USE
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ORGANIC FARMING/ (Permaculture) Efficient energy planning using zones, sectors and contours. Zones; Analysis of optimal locations of design elements based on usage and maintenance is one part. Sector analysis: Considering natural elements through the site; (sunlight, water, wind, fire, unsightliness) and the appropriate placement of elements to block or harness these. Contour analysis: How gravity through slope and orientation (contour) can inform placement for implementing systems eg on site 1-5 water filtration, crop irrigation. Zone 0: The whare. Appropriate design is based on what is used the most and needed to be close at hand, e.g sustainable water supply, sunlight harvesting, and a harmonious, sustainable environment in which to live and work. Zone 1: The area directly surrounding the whare. Used most often e.g herb garden and/or annual garden, workshop, greenhouse, cold frames, hens, vermicompost (worms), compost. Zone 2: The area for perennials requiring less maintenance. This area is still energy intensive eg dwarf fruit trees, berry bushes, wind breaks. Can also include raised bed crops, large scale composting. Zone 3: Where the primary crops are grown, for onsite as well as market income. Food intensive forest gardening that requires minimal maintenance once established. Weekly watering and mulching of forest garden. Zone 4: Late successional area. Slow growing crops eg nut trees, mushrooms, hardwood harvesting for timber and fire. Includes large swales, and other hydrological management systems such as reservoirs can be appropriately sited here. Zone 5: Nature independent of human intervention. Te kapata kai, or living classroom. A place for observation to learn from the processes and systems at play in this natural ecosystem, eg ngahere, awa.
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KEY Existing bridge
Riparian buffers
Waterhole
Food forest
Walkways
Māra rongoā Wetlands Mānuka
Te Puawaitanga
Wetlands
Riparian buffers Wetland areas Swimming hole Walkways Poplar trees Puawaitanga Papatākaro Māra rongoā Fruit trees Mānuka
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POHARA PA PROPOSAL • Riparian buffers along all stream edges protect water and soil. • Large poplar trees are removed to allow space for proposed housing and to allow access to the stream and puna. This area is re-planted in native forest that attracts native birds to the area. • Look into the possibilities of creating a waterhole out the back of the pa towards the western side. This is visible from the houses and accessible via path system. • Areas where wetlands would have been have been identified as possible places to regenerate these to support water filtration and biodiversity health. • Includes access from the papakainga to stream via a proposed paths linking the existing bridge and natural walkways already in use. • Areas of mānuka plantings offer opportunities for honey, manuka production and /or native forest regeneration. • Proposed area for fruit trees/ food forest. • Proposed area for rongoaa plantings and plants for mahi toi such as houhere. • Harvesting of native flora and fauna (fish, wildlife and plant materials) • Permaculture zoning system considered as it relates to pa design layout and marae tikanga. • Goats could be used to manage gorse and blackberries • Plantings for shade and self medication for stock. • A mix of nutritious grasses planted in paddocks for grazing stock • Te Aranga and permaculture design principles and hapu aspirations form a basis for design process.
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MASTERPLAN
V
1:8000
N
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POHARA PA PROPOSAL • The second whare kai, ‘Te Puawaitanga’ is pulled down and another one built to replace it to manāki (service) manuwhiri (guests) when Te Rongopai (the wharekai) is full. • A papatākaro is built amongst the housing where it is visible from most properties. • Subdivide some of the sections and move some houses to make room for others. • The positioning of the houses allow space for long term changing needs of whanau, for example extensions, or additional sleep outs or buildings. • The houses are all facing north and are designed with large north facing outdoor areas with sufficient amount of sun to warm the living areas. • Kaumātua housing is proposed alongside the river closer to Arapuni and Tokoroa. • On site (storm, grey, black) water management systems outlined. • Te Aranga and permaculture design principles and hapu aspirations form a basis for design process.
• Kaumatua housing alongside the river
This could be like a retirement village where a certain amount is allocated to kaumatua and others sold off . ($250,000 for small sections nearby show that this is an opportunity to use profits made from leasing of land). The profit made from this could help to pay for the maintenance for kaumatua flats. A medical center could be included where a doctor could work there a couple of times a week. The benefits are that this area is in close proximity to Cambridge and Tokoroa. It could also have a helipad as part of the design.
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Western perspective
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Orchard Māra rongoā Mānuka Ngāhere Poplar trees Riparian Wetland Puawaitanga Papa tākaro Walking paths
South-eastern perspective
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Te Aranga design principles
Tapu
Kaitiakitanga
Whakapapa Te ira tangata
Mauri tu
Te whakatipuranga o te taiao
Ahi kā
Te puawaitanga o te taiao
Te whakatinanatia i nga wawata Maori o te taiao
Tohu
Taiao
Kanohi ki te kanohi
Mana/ Rangatiratanga
Mahi toi
MANA Rangatiratanga Authority
The status of iwi and hapū as mana whenua is recognised and respected
WHAKAPAPA Names & Naming
Māori names are celebrated
TOHU The Wider Cultural Landscape
Mana whenua significant sites and cultural landmarks are acknowledged
TAIAO The Natural Environment
The natural environment is protected, restored and / or enhanced
MAURI TU Environmental Health
Environmental health is protected, maintained and / or enhanced
MAHI TOI Creative Expression
Iwi/hapū narratives are captured and expressed creatively and appropriately
AHI KĀ The Living Presence
Iwi/hapū have a living and enduring presence and are secure and valued within their rohe
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Permaculture design principles Observe and Interact
Edge effect
Time and space stacking Biological resources
Diversity
Harvest only sunshine
Everything gardens
Obtain a yield
Ensure that you are getting truly useful rewards as part of the working you are doing.
and Accept Feedback
The problem is the solution
Reciprocity/ sharing Efficient energy planning
Catch and Store Energy
By developing systems that collect resources when they are abundant, we can use them in times of need.
Apply Self Regulation
Small scale intensive systems
Manaaki whenua
Manaaki tangata
Use and Value Renewable Resources
Design From Patterns to
Appropriate technology
Details
Integrate Rather Than Segregate
Multiple
Yield can be unlimited
Maximum output minimum effort
Accelerate natural succession
Use Small and Slow Solutions
Use and Value Diversity
Relative location
Energy resources and nutrient cylcing
Multiple supply
We need to discourage inappropriate activity to ensure that systems can continue to function well. Negative feedback is often slow to emerge. Make the best use of nature’s abundance to reduce our consumptive behavior and dependence on non-renewable resources.
and Services
Produce No Waste
Work with nature
By taking the time to engage with nature we can design solutions that suit our particular situation.
Use Edges and Value the Marginal
Creatively Use and Respond to Change
By valuing and making use of all the resources that are available to us, nothing goes to waste. By stepping back, we can observe patterns in nature and society. These can form the backbone of our designs, with the details filled in as we go By putting the right things in the right place, relationships develop between those things and they work together to support each other. Small and slow systems are easier to maintain than big ones, making better use of local resources and produce more sustainable outcomes. Diversity reduces vulnerability to a variety of threats and takes advantage of the unique nature of the environment in which it resides. The interface between things is where the most interesting events take place. These are often the most valuable, diverse and productive elements. We can have a positive impact on inevitable change by carefully observing and then intervening at the right time.
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On-site water management systems (storm/grey/black)
Grey& storm water system.
Capture grey water Capture rain fall Grey water can be recycled back into the house to be used in toilets.
Grey water can be used to irrigate vegetation
Water filtration systems Blackwater needs its own plumbing circuit which ties into either a septic tank or sewer system.
Water cistern
pump
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Black water system.
Ventilation pipe
Ventilation
Urine
Entry door Urine diversion bowl
Faeces Ash
Urine
Faeces
Collection door
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References: One News (2016) ‘Scientists warn NZ aquifers are being poisoned by Farming.’ TVNZ. Retrieved from: https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/scientistswarn-nz-aquifers-being-poisoned-farming Waikato Regional Council (2005) ‘Planting Natives In The Waikato Region.’ Retrieved from: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/41517/Planting%20natives%20in%20the%20Waikato%20region.pdf Waikato Regional Council ‘Maungatautari Planting Guide’ Retrieved from: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/2900/Maungatautari%20planting%20 guide%20-%20part%202.pdf ‘Ki te hau kainga. New perspectives in Māori housing solutions.’ (2014) Maori housing design guide. Environment Waikato Technical Report 2010/12. Waikato Regional Landscape Assessment. TR201012.PDF
REtrieved from: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/14822/
Holmgren, David (2010) 12 Principles of Permaculture . Retrieved from : https://justlists.wordpress.com/2010/01/14/principles-of-permaculture/ Landcare Research, Manaaki Whenua. New Zealand Soils “Distribution of Orthic Allophanic Soil”. Retrieved from: http://soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/maps/soilportal. html?Service=NZ&LayerSetName=FSL_NZSC_Layers&IDColumn=NZSC_GROUP&IDValue=LO&QueryDescription=Distribution%20of%20Orthic%20Allophanic%20 Soil&FromWhere=SOILSDATAQUERY Te Kaapo Clark, L Tairi Te Ihingarangi; A History of the Karapiro-Maungatautari Area (Electricity Corporation of New Zealand Hamilton NZ 1992). Fernán Silva ‘Diseño predial ‘ Retrieved from: https://nz.pinterest.com/Aegorhinus2/dise%C3%B1o-predial/ Waikato Regional Council (2012) ‘Changes along the Waikato and Waipa rivers’ – map. Retrieved from: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Naturalresources/Water/Rivers/River-changes-map/ Waikato Regional Council. (2012) ‘Fresh Water Wetlands’ Retrieved from: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Freshwater-wetlands/ Waikato Regional Council. (2012) ‘ River Flooding’ Retrieved from: http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Services/Regional-services/Regional-hazards-and-emergency-management/River-flooding/ Healthy Rivers: Plan for change/Wai Ora: He Rautaki Whakapaipai http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/22800/Healthy_Rivers_February_2016_web.pdf Ngati Koroki Kahukura trust (2012)Proposed Waipa District Plan Submission. RetrWieved from: http://www.waipadc.govt.nz/our-council/Waipa2050/ProposedDistrictPlan/Submissions/Documents/Ngati%20Koroki%20Kahukura%20Trust%20244.pdf Crown & Ngāti Koroki Kahukura. ‘Deed of Settlement. Retrieved from: ’http://nz01.terabyte.co.nz/ots/DocumentLibrary%5CNgatiKorokiKahukuraSummary.pdf
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Waikato-Tainui Te Kauhanganui Inc. (2016). ‘Ko Waikato te iwi.’ Retrieved from: http://www.waikatotainui.com/about-us/history/ Waikato-Tainui Te Kauhanganui Inc. (2016). ‘Mana whakahaere.’ Retrieved from: http://www.waikatotainui.com/about-us/history/ Ministry for Culture and Heritage (2014) ‘The Waikato-Tainui Claim’ Retrieved from: http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/treaty/the-treaty-in-practice/waikato-tainui ‘Project Whenua’, Series 1 Episode 13 (2015) Maori Television. Retrieved from: http://www.maoritelevision.com/tv/shows/project-whenua/S01E013/project-whenuaseries-1-episode-13 Waikato regional council. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Biodiversity/Threats-to-native-plants-and-animals Waikato. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Biodiversity/Our-biodiversity/Current-and-historic-native-vegetation--
-map/
Teara. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/interactive/27057/waikato-vegetation Waikato regional council. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Environmental-information/Environmental-indicators/Biodiversity/Extent-vegetation-keypoints/ Waikato regional council. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Land-and-soil/Land-use-in-the-Waikato/ Waikato infrastructure inventory. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.mpdc.govt.nz/pdf/News/MayoralForum/WaikatoInfrastructureInventory.pdf Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.maungatrust.org/ Maungatautari Ecological Island Trust. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.naturespace.org.nz/sites/default/files/u6/Maungatautiri%20restoration_plan_Nov_04_0.pdf Waikato region. (2008). Retrieved from http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/419/gecreport.pdf New Zealand Organic Market Report. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.oanz.org/