Nick Slattery- Pohara Development Strategy

Pohara Development strategy

Exploration through a landscapes well-being

Nick Slattery

Contents Title Page Contents Client vision Concept- Hauora Group Strategy Project Strategy Landscape Charater

1 2-3 4 5 6 7 8-9

Hydrology Slope Landuse Capabilities Rock and Soil types Land use Culture Aspect Context

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Case study:

18-19

Master Plan 1:3500 Onsite plan 1:1000 3d Model Farming and harvest revegatation circulation

22 23 24 25 26-29 30-31

refrences

32-33

Client Vision The vision: To develop a sustainable landscape with the means to protect, restore and recreate the landscape that reflects the narrative of the Ngﾄ》i Korokﾄｫ Kahukura people. The value of the land resources for the tanga ta whenua is unique and the cycle of giving back can be enhanced to allow more fruitful guardianship over the Rohe.

The Iwi have been given a grant of 2000+ plants although wish for a further development of the site manoeuvrability and identity, with protection of significant sites, fish and avian species.

Relationships are emphasised between their maunga (Maungatauturi) and awa (Waikato).

Whatungarongaro te tangata toitﾅｫ te whenua As man disappears from sight, the land remains

Concept-

Hauora The concept is based on a Whare, all four walls representing four dimesions of Hauora since they influence and support and do not function in isolation. The concept has been adpated to be more specific to Papatuanuku, the land, the mother of all things; who nourishes all life.

• taha tinana (physical): Economic well-being The resources the land has to offer at its broadest sense

• taha hinengaro (mental & emotional): Hydrological well-being Hydrological since rivers run as fluid as thoughts

• taha whanau (social): Ecological well-being

Ecology - the relationship living things have with its surroundings

• taha wairua (spiritual): Cultural well-being The places that hold the essence of the land

Group Strategy • The final strategy was a composition of a thorough analysis of the surrounding landscape with slope, aspect, arable land, soil type, hydrology, vegetation and cultural sites taken into account to provide the best position for rotational crops, seasonal crops, grazing stock and re-vegetation across the landscape. This strategy provides a balance between continuous economic growth and the establishment of a more complex eco-system within the surrounding landscape.

• A more diversified use of the landscape from stock grazing allows for other types of income to be established within the Marae, providing more stable revenue. This also allows other members • of the Hapu to become more involved within the daily operations of the Marae, labour intensive jobs such as harvesting of crops and the re-vegetation of the landscape will allow everyone to • play their part.

• This type of recommended land use will also allow the Marae to form a stronger relationship with the landscape, forming an overall healthier eco-system that benefits all.

D

Project brief: Drawing from Project one’s, 3 strategies and Hauora concept, this report aims to maintain ecological integrity which complements the restoration of the culture and iwi’s visions. In particular, productive land, hydrological awareness, and vegetative restoration is highlighted. Strategies are further developed to focus on three locations in particular, the Marae, the Puna (spring), the stream, with reference and some influence to the surrounding landscape. Analysis and master plan maps give a connection to the immediate landscape and prove a visual location and identity for the Ngāti Korokī Kahukura.

Landscape Charact

Pohara Marae is encompased by steep volc lands. Colonial land production has cleared be seen by pockets of dark green in amoung

To the West. Maungatauturi casts a shadow the maunga through Pohara to the Waikato gullies. To the east, is the plateau of a pine f

ter

canic cliffs which are blanketd by rolling relief of green pasture and fragmented the native and indigenous vegetaion. which can gst valleys and gullies.

w over Pohara at its foot hills. Hydrological processes travel from river. These processes have carved some steep and shallow forest near rotorua some .

flow accumulation

± •

Flow accumulation on the map indicates a rasterised image with input coming from each cell representing the amount of water moving thorugh each cell.

• Onsite, there is a low to medium accumulation around the site.

• We can see that the steeper slopes (complemented with slope map), sees flow accumulation at the base of the gullies of valleys leading to our stream.

• Order stream 1,2, and 4 are ways of dertermining a streams featrues and idea of flow speed. The higher the order the fast the volume of water moving through the landscape, therefore a higher chance of erosion.

Around the site is a order 1 stream, which is almost a trickle down the landscape, suggesting little erosion.

However ,out site has sparatic vegeation and surface run off would be a factor in any erosion taking place, or flow accumulation.

Pohrara Marae Design Boundary

Stream Order 1 2 4

Flow Accumulation High : 541366

1:10,000

Low : 0 Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

±

Slope •

Pohara has a variety of Slope angles from, rolling relief to gullies, steep terrain and channelling valleys, carved out from Thousands of years of Geological Processes.

• Surrounding the Marae, indicated by the darker green colours, the slope angles are 30°+. This indicates a steep terrain which provides an Aesthetic presence it is an iconic landmark for the Ngāti Korokī Kahukura people. Security can be assessed from these slopes providing shelter from Northerly winds. However, it would create a swirling Southerly wind which can have an effect on micro climates and vegetation’s used. On the lighter greens below 30°, there are rolling reliefs and few gullies perfect for production of Dairy, Deer and beef stock on a few of the steeper slopes 20°+.

Pohrara Marae Design Boundary

Stream Order 1 2 4

Slope degrees 0–3° Flat 3-5° Flat with few gullies 5-7° Undulating 7-15° Rolling 15-25° Strong rolling 25-30° moderately steep

1:10,000

30-45° Steep 45-55° very steep Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

55°+ Precipitous

±

Land use capabilities • In the Waikato region, the soils of smaller sediments hold magnesium, calcium and potassium due to volcanic activity NZ (Derbyshire, Dijkstra, & Smalley, 1995; Soils, 2011). This makes good production for dairy farming and seasonal crop rotation as seen by 1-4 Arable land on map. Steeper slopes, have low-non arable land due to the smaller amount of nutrients, and slightly higher acidic levels in the soils. Yet within this area, the soil is still quite fertile and ative/exotic vegetation growth, Deer, beef, sheep farming has taken place or has the potential too. The angle of the slope has more of an effect on the protein produced in the muscles, of a number of these farming types (expect vegetation). Dairy farming does not require steeper slopes, yet some rolling relief is suggested (Dairy NZ, 2015).

• For Pohara marae, the land is highly arable due to the accident path of Waikato river deposits and alluviums.

Pohara Marae

Stream order 1 2 4 7 Design Boundary <all other values>

Rock/Soil composition

(Ashes older than Taupo pumice)/Lavas, ignimbrite & other ‘hard’ volcanic roc Ashes older than Taupo pumice Ashes older than Taupo pumice/Lahar Deposits

Ashes older than Taupo pumice/Lavas, ignimbrite & other ‘hard’ volcanic rock

Unconsolidated to moderately consolidated clays, silts, sands, tephra & brecc

1:20,000

Undifferentiated floodplain alluvium Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

lake

±

Rock and Soil types •

Understanding the rock types allows a determination of the soils fertility and textures. It also means that future predictions of landscapes with erosion and soil movement can be somewhat understood allowing further housing, production and vegetation planning.

• Much erosion has occurred in the area which can be seen through the alluvial and undifferentiated plains surrounding and including the site. Mixtures of clays, sand, silts and tephra are present caused by mainly Lake Taupo Lahara, previously caused by the Mt Taupo eruption. These finer soils proved effective drainage, although there has only being one major flood which was when the Dams where being built on the nearby Waikato river. Texture at a touch confirms this which a soft and ‘gritty’ texture.

There is also evidence on the carved hill sides and valleys that.

• Lastly the site, as meantioned is surround by large cliff faces which are igneous, potentially greywacke, from the earlier Mangakino eruptions, just over 50km to the South.

Pohara Marae

Stream Order 1 2 3 4 7 <all other values>

Land Use Capabilities 1 - 2 High Arable Land 3 - 4 Arable Land 5 - 6 Low Arable Land

1:15,000

7 + non Arable land Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

lake

existing land uses / covers

OR EIP UN

GA

RO

AD

± WES TL

EA R

OAD

• The most common land cover is grasslands, expected to be intensively managed for grazing in dairy production; and can be cultivated. With the overall rolling contours as in the slope map.

• However, isolated patches of native and indigenous vegetation, illustrate the significant need of connectiviy for sustaining ecological habitats and diversity, scared from colonial land production.

• Mt Maungatautari is identified as a significantly-large source of New Zealand flora and fauna and connections to this would provide a spriritual and ecological link to the marae.

• Some portions of the site, including within the boundary of the Marae, are already established with manuka and kanuka. Map content was limited with more detail of landuse information at this scale however, the orange polygon suggest areas of revegetaion to stablise cliff edges and sparatic natvie planting. Aqua polygon could suggest areas of mass riparian planting as a response to dairy farminging use.

Pohara Marae nz-road-centrelines-topo-150k Design Boundary

Land use cover <all other values> Built-up Area (settlement) Short-rotation Cropland Manuka and/or Kanuka Lake or Pond Indigenous Forest High Producing Exotic Grassland Gorse and/or Broom Exotic Forest Deciduous Hardwoods

1:8,000

Broadleaved Indigenous Hardwoods Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

Ko te Kai too Ronga; Ko te Ronga to Kai Let your food be your medicine, and medicine be your food.

Culture Significant sites surrounding the imediate site, allows opportunity to explore and enhance them. It also give us an indication of site circulation. For example, the blue trainalge represents a pa or in particualr a food storage during times of tribal conflict.

It is situated on the upper edges of steep terrain type features of a pa. It was suggested that we provided a link to this site, yet not to make it obvious.

The map also represents a connection to the Awa, or Waikato river, through the order 1 stream and later the order 4.

±

1:24,000

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

Aspect •

Establishing a north-east aspect provides and understanding of revegetation, wind conditions (mentioned in slope) and which species will thrive in a northerly aspect. For example Nikaus could be re-established on the northern- eastern facing slopes of the surround cliffs as there is part sun for the day and requires a northerly aspect for effective growth, (Clement, Fuller, & Holt, 2012), a species which provides a connection to the Maunga.

• Complemented by the slope map, at this scale, we are able to get a better understanding of the shaded spots and which areas are likely to recieve full sun. Areas around the steeper slopes will be more shaded and suggest boggy areas, which means the only reasonable solution is wetland planting, as the soil will take a while to dry and plants will require a wet growth environment.

• The limitation is that the sun will have a shallower angle and the surrounding cliffs will block out the sun, meaning selective vegetation, crops and production is required during these months.

Pohara Marae

Wider Context

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cha ipiro m opp ps, to World urtu u r nite rism owing s

/2 Auckland 2 1

a Tir

Waikato River

Kar

Cycle ways

Maungatauturi

Putaruru- Resident and work fo

Pohara

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some Ngﾄ》i Korokﾄｫ Kahuku

ra. 22.5km

Awapuni

• • Farmers in particular are encouraged to develop th with pest and stock fencing.

• Communities have sent up monitoring stations and pest damage to the riparian edges. Species have b

Case Study:Kakanui Catchment Project NZ Landscape Trust (2016).

• Currently in its third year the project has span from 2013-2016, funded by Ministry for the Environmental.

The project is managed by NZ Land care trust, and coordinated by Nicola Holmes.

• Goal was to educate, monitor and pass on information on ways to improve water quality, reduce soil erosion, and increase the flora and fauna within the catchment. While it is still in progress, number of pest have been controled, vegetation edges established and monitoring of an increasing number of fauna (Especially avifauna) .

• The catchment includes the main Kakanui River an Fuchia creek and Kauru River, all located in Northe

• Similar to Pohara, as it aims to link Mountains with of the river to the surrounding land. The river provi identity underpins economy and significant value to The river being everyone’s collective business.

heir riparian edges to improve water quality, along

d fences and traps erected to prevent stock and been noted and recorded for further research.

nd its sub catchment of the Waiareka Creek, ern Otago.

h the sea (ki uta ki tai) and connect the well being ides food, freshwater, shapes local and cultural o the people and tangata whenua of the district.

â&#x20AC;˘ For Pohara this is an inititave that can be implemented on the site, starting with small scale, and becoming another case study for development on the Waikato river. Pohara has both stock, crop and pest management to consider, therefore some of the tools used in the case study can be replicated or adapted to suit the marae. Community involvement can be a effective educational tool for younger generations on a smaller scale project to restore the streams health and research into the species can be a great help for career development.

Strategy Themes and opportunities divided up into the topics of well being, after anaylsis of maps:

Spiritual Papakinga Maunga Linkage Flora and faun connections Cultural landscape Perimeter expansion

Emotional Puna Stream enhancement

Social

Physical

Riparian restoration Rain gardens Flora and fauna connections

Food forest Seasonal crops Boardwalk Walking trails Future beef and sheep farm-

Hauora exists at the centre of Pohara and is surroudned by certain oppurtunites of development, each of which area categorised into three zones. Some developments providing links to outer edges or zones. It creates a sustainable and anti- fragile concept that allows realtionaships between zones. All components relational to the aim, set out in earlier, outlining productive land, hydrological significance, and vegetative restoration.

Future sheep and beef farming

Food forest

Rain gardens Boardwalk Riparian Restoraion

Flora and Fauna connections

Puna

Hauora

Components of Landscape Well-being

Walking trails

Cultural Landscape Stream enhancement Perimenter expansion

Papakainga

Seasonal crops

Maunga linkage

Master plan

Scale 1:3500 @ A1

Next development for papakinga housing.

Proposed playgorund and or feild

Carpark 50 spaces

New wider shared zones

Rain gardens to treat stormwater run-off from roading

Onsite plan Scale 1:1000 @ A3

Farming

Harvested crops

• As indicated by pastural land on the master plan, it is a conceptual representation of the dairy farming that exist and to remain in this present study. Dairy farming is a common prcatice to the iwi and would be wise to continue.

• Crop rotations exist on the fertile soils around the lower elevations of the site. The soil is easily broken so that it is harvestable.

• However, future purchasing of land as indicated on the design boundary, would mean better rotations of stock so that there was little effects on the eco-system. Young cattle require less fertiliser and pastrure roations and are not producting milk therefore, would have little effect on the landscape on the higher elevations. Milk producing cattle and the effects are easily managed closer to the milking shed on the southern aspect of hte site boundary (Dairy NZ, 2015).

• Riparian fencing along the perimeter of stock paddoks prevents damage to planting.

• Lastly, extra monitoring stations/ shelters have been implemented to educate and analyse the land to see the implications of farming and find the equillibrium between production and land revegatation.

• Suggested crops could include- Turnip, carrot, corn or grapes. All suggestions are found in the context of the site.

• Crop lands are located away from pasture land to prevent a build up of run off and fertilisers.

• Emphasis of harvesting of pine nuts is placed for economic gain.

Forest cross-section

Onsite raingarden perspective

Existing Pine nut and manuka corridor

Revegetation Proposal 1: Onsite revegetation Proposal 2: Riparian/small shrub- filtration zones.

Proposal 3: Native forest re-establishment (inc Food forest).

Scale 1:5000@ A3

Onsite raingardens

Ecological restoration, proposal 1 and anaylsis.

• Planting surrounding housing and onsite roading is of a fragmented yet connected nature. “Clumped” planting of species allows a more connected feel to the immediate landscpae. Smaller grasses grouped in 7,11 or 13 plants, shrubs at 3 or 5 and specieman trees at 1. This provides a correlation to natural flora patterns. Linear planting of the same species reflects a colonial nature of planting.

• Planting surrounding the shared zones, while have large speciemn trees, is suggested that low lying planting allows clear visabliity especially when their are childern. Rain gardens, as seen by the perspective, collects run off from roading and can aid in the filtration of car toxins reaching further water ways such as PAH’s (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons).

Suggeted species: Nikau Plam Rhopalostylis sapida pukio Carex virgata Titoki, nz oak Alectryon excelsus Red- phormium tenax harakeke

Ecological restoration, proposal 2 and anaylsis.

• Firslty, a solution to achieving sustainable land use is to enrich the natural abilities of riparian zones, to absorb excess nutirents and process watse material, before they enter the watercoarses (Collier., Cooper., Davis-Colley., Smith., & Williamson, 1995). The present project lined and scattered riparian planting around edges of production (Dairy) lands to trap and process toxins of fertalisations, surface runoffs and excretements, before entering the order 1 stream and further Waikato river. Toxin build-up allows the inability for water to have a change in pH, electrical conductivity, or temperature. It decreases the oxygen contents in water, killing or slowing the growth of Aquatic flora and fauna (Auckland regional council, 1998).

• Overall inceasing the ecological wellbeing between production and vegetation.

• Riparian buffer zones, when mass planted, increases the chance for more amounts of Nitrates (from fertalisers and excretments) to be absorbed and recycled back into the atmosphere, known as dentrification . The more riparian planting less chnace nitrates can seep through the fertile soils and reach small scale aquifiers.

• Second response is to enhance the stream filtration so that species such as long finned eel can be re established in the local waterways. Collier, et. al. 1995.. suggest that 30% shaded planting covers the stream is efficient for the streams growth, however this is already covered by the larger pine and mauka planting to the south of Pohara community.

• Riparian structure is in a paralell pattern to the river, providing layers and controlled means for inhibitors entering the stream , a natural response to the landform.

• Lastly, it is important to consider the timescale and implications of Riparian zones. It may take years for these zones

Suggeted species: Wetland: duckweed Lema minor kuawa Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanii pondweed Potamogeton Cheesemanii Upper banks: kowhai Sophora microphylla manuka(x varities) Leptospermum scoparium NZ flax Phormium tenax red tussock Chionochloa rubra

Ecological restoration, proposal 3 and anaylsis.

• Native forests in the surrounding Pohara area serve many functions such as refuge for wildlife, offer habitat for native species and stabilize soils. Native forests or Ngahere, have many customary benefits for Maori who make use of native edibles and medicinal vegetation the forest produces (Marae, 2016).

• Self-sustaining forests for food production, better known as “food forests”, have specific structures generating multiple microclimates. Effective planting arrangements follow a tiered structure to optimize overall production and adaptability. Large canopy trees who create shade for underlying shrubs and herbaceous plants, provide habitat for Keruru and Tui or native woodpigeon.

• Open patches may be essential for certain flowering and fruit bearing species therefore, species such as Manuka may be strategically placed on the edges of the forest. Essential nitrogen fixators such as clover and alfalfa must be incorporated since most high production plants require large amounts of nitrogen and nutrients to sustain.

• Lastly, dynamic accumulating plants extract deeply stored nutrients from the soil and draw it closer to the surface for more shallow rooted vegetation to use (Auckland regional council, 1998., & Collier, et. al.1995). Food forests follow a regenerative cyclic pattern. The endless benefits include habitat creation for native species, a thriving growth environment for a number of plant species, produce for human consumption and use, and encourage human interaction with the surrounding environment. With strong Katiakitanga beliefs, people of the Pohara marae could share a partnership with the land that is both holistic and economically viable.

Initial Planting Structure: C= Canopy U= Understory G= Groundcovers Kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) U Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) U Puriri (Vitex lucens) C Rewarewa- New Zealand Honey Suckle (Knightia excelsa) C Whitewood/Mahoe (Melicytus ramiflorus) C NZ flax (Phormium tenax) G Enrichment Planting Structure: Coprosma (Coprosma rhamnoides)U. Kawakawa (Macropiper excelsum) Nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida) U. Northern Rata (metrosideros excelsa) C. Parataniwha (Elatostema rugosum) G

(Auckland regional council, 1998).

Scale 1.200

Macropiper excelsum)

2

3

4 1

Circulation

Mostly asphalt, however, metal is preferable.

Cobbled pathways Gap 20-40 track and access ways Boardwalk Dirt or jack matt tracks Suggested walkways, unmaterialised

Onsite circulation

Surrounding Landscapes.

•

• Dirt and Gap 20-40 path and access ways are encouraged for a cost effective solution to the higher volume of traffic with later development, especially farming. The pathways are cheaper to maintain as asphalt/concrete drives will constantly need repairing.

• Two pathways lead to the Spring (blue circle), the eastern (3) being a walking track, which could have a jackmatt, or on the western edge a boardwalk.

• The boardwalk provides not only a link to the spring or a link to the norterhn forest track (2), but an emotive experience on the way to the destinations. The boardwalk would be heavily planted (physical/tactile) and the trickling of water beneath (emotive).

• Track 4 provides an access route for the people as it is tucked away behind a shelter belt and another spcae that has limited use at the present.

• Any further development of the site of circluation will scar the landscape, which leaves the opputunity to explore the narrative of the landscape and create ones own sense of place with Pohara. e.g finding their own photograph rather than one that is suggested.

•

•

•

•

Defined pathways are the basis for the roading and path layouts with two access routes emphasised for Papkinga housing.

While the passive flow of traffic is at a minimum now, the intention to increase Iwi back to the Marae, means that some control should be put in place to provide safety for the people.

Shared zones especially across the axial routes is the best place with the most amount of movement. Shared zones are wider with a large (4-7m) width and could consist of cobble/ brick and merge with the ashphalt.

Asphalt roads are consistent with existing on site, however, only on the important circulation routes. Heavily fragmented planteing around the edges of the roads help with storm water run-off and control of pollutants.

Guest parking (1) on the North-eastern aspect of the Marae means easy and more defnied circulation for vehicular movements. Overflow of parking space, on meeting occasions, Parking to compensate up to 100-150 cars. Extra grass area for overflow parking on days where invitational events may occur is provided with no devleopment surorunding carprk.. Mass planting surround the carpark.

All slope angles around the sight, lead to riparian or raingarden planting or stormwater drainage.

Refrences: Auckland regional council. (1998). Native forest revegeation facts. Retreived from: http://www.naturespace.org.nz/sites/default/files/u4/Native%2520Forest%2520Restoration.pdf Clement, A., Fuller, I., & Holt, K. (2012). 145.121 Introdction to Geogrpahy. Retrived from massey.ac.nz.

Collier, K. J., Cooper, A. B., Davis-Colley, R. J., Smith, C. M., & Williamson, R. B. (1995). Managing Riparian Zones: A contribution to protecting New Zealand’s rivers and streams.

Wellington, NZ: Dept. of Conversation.

Dairy NZ.(2015).Waipa sustainable milk plans. Retrieved from http://www.dairynz. co.nz/environment/in-your-region/waikato-environmental-policy/waipa-sustainable- milk-plans/.

Derbyshire, E., Dijkstra, T., & Smalle y, I. (1995). Genesis an Properties of Collapsible Soils. Loubor ough, UK: Springer Science +Business media Dor drect.

Hamilton and Waikato Tourism. (2016). Natural habitat. Retrieved from http:// www.hamiltonwaikato.com/experiences/natural-habitat/.

Marae. (2016). In Online Māori Dictionar y. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary. co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords= marae.

NZ Landscape Trust (2016). Kakanui catchment project. Retrieved from: http://www.landcare.org.nz/R egional-Focus/Christchurch-Office/Kakanui-Catchment-Project.

NZ Soils. (2011). Soils data resources. Retreived from http://www.nzsoils.org.nz/ PageFiles/233/SoilsOfNZ%20By%20Region.pdf.

Pōhara. (2016). In Online Māori Dictionary. Retrieved from http://maoridictionary. co.nz/word/5709.

Pōhara Marae Committee. (2013). Submission t o the Māori Af fairs Select Committee on Rauk awa Claims Se ttlement Bill. R etrieved from http://www.parliament.nz/ resource/ mi-nz/50SCMA_EVI_00DBHOH_BILL12285_1_A357579/10a50e93521a-7b6430cf20c3585a41cfd15fb3ec.

Schofield, J. (1966). Waikato River. In A . McLintock (Ed.), Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/waikato-river.

Scott, J. (n.d.). History of Maungatautari. Received from http://www.maungatrust. org/files/6648/History%20of%20Maungatautari.pdf.

South Waikato District Council. (2014). Arapuni. Retrieved from http://www. southwaikato.govt.nz/our-district/living-here/Pages/Arapuni.aspx.

Swarbrick, N. (2015, June 3). Waikato places - Kakepuku to Maungatautari: Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/ waikato-places/ page-11.

Te Kete Ipurangi. (n.d.) Well-being, hauora. Retrieved from http://health.tki.org. nz/Teaching-in-HPE/Health-and-PE-in-the-NZC/Health-and-PE-in-the-NZC-1999/ Underlying-concepts/Well-being-hauora.

Waikato Regional Council. (2014). Narrows Bridge. Retrieved from http://www. waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural-resources/Water/Rivers/Waikato-River/ map/Narrows-bridge/.

Woodward Ltda. (2016, April 6). Maori proverbs. Retrieved from http://www.maori. cl/Proverbs.htm.

Ko au te whenua, te whenua ko au I am the land and the land is me