Onepoto Introduction and Site Analysis by Unitec Landscape Architecture

ONEPOTO DOMAIN

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0.0 Report Intent This report is an analysis of the Onepoto Domain and its context. It looks to inform future design by describing site ecology and natural systems with reference to the urban context these sit within. The outcome of this document is well informed design solutions for the restoration of the wetland, which respond to the analysis undertaken within each section of this report.

1.0.1 Site Context The Onepoto Domain, on Auckland’s North Shore, sits to the North of the Auckland Harbour Bridge, making it readily accessible to the population of New Zealand’s largest city. It lies within a suburban setting, surrounded by low to medium density development, in keeping with the characteristic of suburban Auckland. The Domain services a vast range of user groups through its varying functions and is a great asset to the surrounding communities.

Fig. 1: Onepoto Domain’s Auckland Regional Context

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0.2 History The Onepoto Basin was formed 20000 to 30000 years ago by a volcanic eruption, which left a deep explosion crater of approximately 20 hectares. This crater is now a flat basin due to the gradual deposition of marine sediment which is approximately 25m deep. In 1975, consultants carried out a geotechnical investigation of the Onepoto Basin. The recommendation was made for soil infill within the basin and up to 1.5m of fill was subsequently placed. In some areas the fill was overlaid with approximately 100mm of topsoil. As the whole floor of the basin is below mean high water levels, this means the marine silts are saturated with salt, which has made it difficult for newly planted areas to establish.

Fig. 2: Onepoto Domain, approx. 1910 - Postcards

1.0.3 Geology

1.0.4 Soils

1.0.5 Soil stability

Onepoto, together with the Tuff Crater Lagoon, is an important contribution to Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s volcanic landform. They are examples of explosive tuff cones and craters in tandem, this adds to their importance and suggests that they should be considered together (but not necessarily in the same way). Their volcanic characteristics of a low tuff ring surrounding a crater have created the strong topographical form. The invasion by sea water and the deposit of a thick layer of marine mud has created the technical constraints on development (flat crater surface, poor drainage, poor foundation, high salinity).

The types of soils in the Basin and Steam area have been substantially determined by the eruption of the volcanic crater some 40,000 year ago. The basin silts and clays in the area were deposited during the Pleistocene period. Initially a lake formed in the crater, finally building up to breech the walls, allowing access by the sea, which in time filled the Basin with marine silts to depths of approximately 25 metres.

Within the Basin the marine silts are saturated and highly compressible. Carefully designed, lightly loaded buildings on shallow footings are able to be built on these silts, provided they can tolerate some settlement. Such settlement would be greatly increased if the buildings were situated on or adjacent to a filled area.

Onepoto explosion crater and tuff ring, together with the adjacent Tank Farm Crater, is recognised in the Proposed District Plan for the former North Shore City as an outstanding natural feature, and is also listed in the NZ Geopreservation Inventory â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Auckland Region (1996 published edition) as a site of regional educational and scientific significance.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

The Onepoto Stream, which was partly dammed by the lava and rocks from the crater, has since recut its bed to meet the sea in a tidal estuary. The section of estuary under consideration consists of soft marine muds and silts flooded at high water. These soils, while generally more variable, are on the whole stronger than the materials inside the Basin. The older sandstone`s and mudstones of the Waitemata Series underline them to provide a firm base at relatively shallow depths.

Because the mud will settle considerably under applied load, extreme care will have to be taken in the design of filling over the area, and in the construction of drainage work, to ensure that an appropriate pattern of drainage over the Basin is retained after settlement has taken place.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0.6 The Domain Onepoto Domain includes the areas historically referred to as Onepoto Basin, Weeks Reserve, Onepoto stream, and Howard Reserve. The Domain, covering a total area of 26.5 hectares, is located between Sylvan Avenue, Exmouth Road and Lake Road in Northcote, just north of the Onewa Road- State Highway 1 junction. Onepoto Basin, including Weeks Reserve, is the larger part of the Domain complex, comprising an area of 22.9 hectares. Vehicular access into Onepoto Basin is from Sylvan Avenue, into the cul-de-sac spur road. Pedestrian access is available from Tarahanga Street, Puawai Place, Toi Toi Place, Exmouth Road and Sylvan Avenue. There is also an undeveloped access point alongside Sylvan Avenue. Onepoto stream is located to the south west of the basin and extends from Rotary Grove on Lake Road, under the Onewa Road Bridge and under the northern motorway to an outlet at Shoal Bay. Pedestrian access into the stream corridor is obtainable via a walkway, which leads from Rotary Grove on Lake Road through the bush on the northern bank and links up to Matanui Street and Tarahanga Street. There is an underdeveloped access strip leading down the southern bank of the stream from Onewa Road immediately behind the bus stop. Howard Reserve, a bush covered gully, is located at the southern end of Howard Road and runs through to the eastern bank of the Onepoto stream corridor. Access into Howard Road is limited to an informal track. As the park has been developed, there has been an effort to ensure that some of its unique nature has been retained. Weeks Reserve around some of the crater wall gives a natural backdrop. The floor has been left with a natural undulation but remain essentially flat as would have occurred if the filling had been left to the estuary to complete.

1.0.7 Domain Design

1.0.10 The Parkland Surrounding the Lakes

SOUL has produced a master plan for the reserve and then, over the years, detailed designs for planting and circulation, a playground themed on the natural wetland and a character filled domain entrance.

In order to create conditions around the lakes in which grass, trees, and shrubs would grow, the original scheme plan incorporated an irrigation system around the lakes. The intention was to close off any further influx of sea water into the domain either in the lakes or soil. To leach out the salt in the soil by means of regular irrigation and to thereby create conditions around the lake which plants could get established

SOUL Environments have been involved with improvements at Onepoto since 2000 including the production of a Reserve Management Plan.

SOUL led the design and construction of the instantly popular ‘learn to ride’ cycleway for children, giving Auckland kids a chance to practice biking off road, in a beautiful volcanic landscape.

1.0.9 Domain Development

Remnant areas of significant ecological value can be found in the stream systems and wetland area of the park. Established native trees can be found along the stream banks, and walking trails line one side of the stream, enabling engagement with the bush and stream. However, signage for any of the bush trails in this area is limited.

Two small freshwater lakes were designed to function as collection ponds for storm water from the surrounding residential areas, through drainage channels in the domain. These small lakes have since become highly valued for the recreational opportunities they provide, particularly for radio control boats and Onepoto Domain has become Auckland’s premier model sail boat site. The park was developed for active and informal recreation and provides two playing fields which are shared by cricket and soccer clubs over the different seasons. These fields underwent renovations to become irrigated, sand carpet fields in the mid 1990’s.The park is also highly valued for the casual recreation opportunities it provides, including a children’s adventure playground, walkways, barbecue, picnicking spots and ‘learn to cycle paths’. It was always intended that the lakes on the Domain be fresh water supplied by storm water run-off. The upper lake has a fountain mechanism with pump to circulate and aerate the fresh water to prevent algae growth.

Fig. 3: Amenity Parkland around the Lakes

The shapes in the park are informal and natural, the lines are curved, and the borders are random. The buildings in the park, the toilets and the soccer clubrooms, have been painted to blend in with the surroundings. The road barriers, play equipment and bridges are made of weathered timber so that they are not obtrusive. The overall effect is, deliberately, that of a natural New Zealand.

Fig. 4: The Lakes

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

1.0 INTRODUCTION ^ŝƚĞ ŽŶƚĞǆƚ ĂŶĚ ŝƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0.11 Onepoto Domain Key Elements

Fig. 5: Context and placement of structure, waterways and access ways

6a General potshoped images to show the context and placement of the structual elements aswell as waterways and access ways.All photos were taken by Zoe Masters-wood

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0.11 Parking

1.0.14 Loop Road

The parking facilities provided are not sufficient for the type of use promoted in the park. As a unique learn to ride track is provided here, this has become a destination park, drawing high visitor numbers to the playground without sufficient car parks to meet peak demand. Parents often visit with prams and several bicycles; however the parking offered is too narrow to allow easy access. It also does not provide pedestrian walkways, making it unsafe for children who are eager to access the play space.

In 1981, consultants arranged proposals for the construction of a spur road to a point midway between the proposed playing fields in the north east area. Later in that year, tenders were let for the construction of the spur road and parking contract, thus forming the present spur road.

1.0.12 Key features

The Key features of Onepoto Domain are: • • • • • •

Fresh water ponds Children’s play space Learn to cycle track Bespoke site furniture Public barbeques Walkway and cycleway connections into surrounding networks including Tuff crater

1.0.13 Structural Elements

Structural Elements at Onepoto Domain include: • • • • • • • •

Soccer clubhouse Parking Paths Soccer fields Public amenities block Spur road Lake bridges Cricket pitch

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

1.0.15 Public toilets The public toilets are located in the central area of the domain, they are excluded from the terms of the Northcote Soccer Club lease. The toilets are available for use by the general public at the set times determined by the council.

1.0.17 Amenities block In 1982/83, an amenities block designed to tolerate soil settlement was built on fill in the basin. This building is of all timber construction with no windows and is supported on adjustable props fixed to concrete strip footing.

1.0.18 Recent site works In May 1995, council began a clearing and filing operation in the northern part of the south east quadrant of the Domain. The operation involved clearing pampas from the drain and the flat ground in this area, and importing and spreading approximately 1 metre of fill overlain by topsoil. These works have resulted in the creation of a higher quality stream environment and an open grass area, which can be used for passive recreation purposes In late 1995, earthworks involving mounding and shaping for a children’s adventure playground were carried out to the south east of the amenities block. As well as the new ‘Learn to ride” bike track for children.

1.0.19 Social and Community Onepoto Domain has been developed as a location for active and passive recreation, which caters successfully for a wide range of people and a wide variety of activities. The active uses of the park include the Northcote Soccer Club Incorporated, their clubhouse, and the 2 playing fields. Onepoto Domain is highly valued for the casual recreation opportunities it affords. Some uses, such as the model yacht racing on the lakes, which are organised and ongoing. North Shore locals know Onepoto as a great laid back, peaceful park, off the busy streets and perfect to enjoy with family and friends.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SECTION 2.0 | LAND USE

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

2.0 LAND USE

Onepoto Domainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place within the wider Northcote suburb of Auckland has a significant influence on the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities. As one of the many large natural features, Onepoto Basin contributes to minimising intensification of any single land-use by breaking the area into smaller portions. Industry, commerce and education are spaced out in the suburb in association with relative population dispersion. The domain is also a hub of recreation and amenity. The presence of the Onepoto Residents Association highlights the importance of the domain to local residents. As a recreation reserve of several zone types, Onepoto Domain hosts a variety of correlated leisure and sporting activity.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 1:

Panorama across Onepoto Domain, highlighting proximity of reserve to residential zoming. Note also low points within the catchment where water flows to and lies, namely the domainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parks as well as pampas-rich Conservation zoned recreation land foreground at right.

2.0 LAND USE 2.1 Geology

The Auckland urban area encompasses about 50 volcanoes in total. Onepoto, along with Tuff Crater Lagoon were formed 20,000 to 30,000 years ago and are located in the suburb of Northcote (known as Stokes Point before 1883) in Auckland’s North Shore.

Approximately 3,850 hectares of land was purchased by the Government from the Maori in 1840. The land stretched from Takapuna to Te Arai, including Lucas Creek and Paramoremo areas. Slow development around Stokes Point began post settlement. This was accelerated by steam ferries shuttling across the harbour which allowed for the area to be classified as a borough in 1908. Northcote Point was where most of the early urban development happened. The construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge in the 1950’s influenced the North Shore and Northcote especially. There were three significant effects on the Northcote Borough and Kowhai Point due to the construction of the bridge. Firstly, it turned the Northcote into one of the closest suburbs to the Auckland central business district; secondly, it increased the demand for land on the North Shore, driving up property prices of areas such as Kowhai Point; and thirdly, excavations from the bridge construction were largely deposited on the domain to raise land levels.

Prior to the formation of these two tuff cones and craters, the Waitemata Harbour and Hauraki Gulf was separated by a ridge formed in the North Shore. The ancestral Wairau Stream flowed southward, connecting the Albany hills to the ancestral Waitemata River off Stokes Point, through Wairau Valley and Shoal Bay. The ridge mainly consisted of Pleistocene silt and peat deposits from an earlier ice age cycle. A deep cut through this fill was done by a large stream flowing from the Birkdale district and Wairau Valley. The cut made the channel of where the stream joined the Waitemata River about 30 metres below present day sea level. Dense forests dominated the landscape. A number of large towering kauri trees can be seen above the thick canopy created by smaller trees. This was the geological situation when the twin craters explosively erupted to form Onepoto and the Tuff Crater Lagoon. The Shoal Bay area, two massive explosions occurred, followed shortly afterwards by a third, more varied series of smaller eruptions. The first explosion created the Onepoto Basin crater. Larger trees had their tops torn off and smaller trees were flattened altogether. The remainder of the forest was burned down by falling debris, forming a low cone of coarse rubble. Tuff Crater Lagoon was made by the second explosion and the third was from an area around Lake Pupuke.

Fig. 2: Structure of a typical tuff crater or maar.

The crater was invaded by tidal sea water which deposited more than 60 metres of marine mud on top of the vesicular lava surrounding the compact basalt volcanic plug of the original eruption vent. The flat crater surface, along with poor drainage, poor foundations and high salinity created limits for development on the site.

2.2 Historical Land Usage

The characteristics of the two craters are both relatively intact and although there are a number of other tuff rings around Auckland, the two being right next to each other makes them a distinct part of the Auckland volcanic field. (North Shore City Council, 1997)

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Historically, the general area around Onepoto is known to have accommodated the settlement of Awataha. There were areas of wahi tapu, kainga, canoe landing sites and gardens. Indications of middens along Onepoto Stream were also found.

A causeway was constructed across the mouth of Onepoto Basin and Stream in 1957. Floodgates were installed to allow drainage from the basin and also to prevent tidal water back flow. Around a metre of fill was deposited on the south western quarter of the basin. The remainder of the water was dried out after perimeter and central drains were dug. The south west tip of the tuff ring of Onepoto Crater was quarried to be used as fill for the adjacent Kowhai Point, which required a toll plaza and approach roads for the harbour bridge. In 1968, the Northcote Borough Council leased Onepoto Basin from the Auckland Harbour Board for a 50 year term. In 1986, the Northcote Borough Council acquired Onepoto Basin, under the condition that it must remain as a recreation reserve. During 1960 – 1970, rapid urbanisation occurred, which required the Northcote Borough Council to begin thinking seriously about the future development of the basin. Exmouth Road and Sylvan Avenue on the ridges of the crater had already seen residential development, and in 1962, the subdivision process created a 1.25 hectare piece of land on the side of the crater as recreation reserve called Weeks Reserve. The 1971 Consultants Study proposed for the reserve area on the basin to be divided into several smaller areas, each with its own sporting or recreational facilities. The quadrants are isolated by strategic placements of “roads, drainage, planting and earth mounding.”

2.0 LAND USE

2.2 Historical Land Usage

“Area 1 – contained the lakes and the proposal was to turn this part of the reserve into an attractive parkland area with quiet walkways. Area 2 – this area was situated just below Weeks Reserve in the north-western part of the reserve. This was to be the active sports area and was intended to contain two soccer pitches and a cricket wicket. Area 3 – in the north-eastern section of the site was to be developed as either a team sports area or an informal play area. Area 4 – was also intended to be an informal play area.” In the District Planning Scheme 1976 Second Review, some of the proposals were carried out and others were disregarded. In Area 1, the lakes were established; in Area 2, the soccer field and changing rooms were constructed; in Area 3 and 4, the land was partly filled and some of the original wetlands were kept. After a geotechnical investigation was carried out in 1975, 1.5 metres of fill was recommended by consultants and placement of the fill followed soon afterwards. Topsoil was placed on top of areas of uneven filling. The underlying marine deposits would have made settlement difficult due to the compressibility of the silts and the high salinity of the water made planting in the area also very difficult. After years of dispute over the leasing of land to erect a clubhouse for the Northcote Soccer Club, in September 1993, the lease was granted with a number of conditions that the soccer club must fulfill. In May 1995, a clearing and filling operation was carried out by the Council in the northern section of the south-east quadrant of the Domain. The works involved clearing of the overgrown pampas grass and filling the basin up with around one metre of topsoil. This helped to increase the quality of the stream environment, as well as a passive recreation area of open grass. (North Shore City Council, 1997) In October 2003, the Wheelwise cycleway was opened at Onepoto Domain. It was a cycleway mimicking junctions and intersections for small children to ride their bicycles in safety. (Onepoto Domain’s Wheelwise cycleway opens, 2003) Fig. 3: Onepoto Development Scheme Plan 1971

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

2.0 LAND USE

2.3 Land Use In A Wider Context 7.4 “Recreation reserves are to be administered for the purpose of providing areas for the recreation and sporting activities and the physical welfare and enjoyment of the public, and for the protection of the natural enviroment and beauty of the countryside with emhasis on the retention of open spaces and on outdoor recreational activities.” - Onepoto Domain, Reserves Act, 1977, pg. 5).

The Community A spectacular hidden park, rich in natural heritage and ecological diversity, used as a venue for active and passive recreation, catering successfully for a wide range of people and a wide range of various activities. The Domain represents one of the many outstanding features of Northcote, along with its less visible but equally outstanding community, which works tirelessly to preserve the unique character of the reserve and to improve access and linkages to their surrounding neighborhoods. From promoting Yard-to-Yard Heterogeneity, thus improving the quality, diversity and uniqueness of their green space, to expanding, rebuilding and thinking ahead when it comes to Linking the surrounding residential area to the domain, promoting and encouraging the community and its residents to partake in the recreational activities and provide improved public access and pedestrian links to Onepoto Domain through a variation of accessible and unique tracks, which compliment the surrounding landscape.

Fig. 4: The Domain

Fig. 6: Footpaths & Cycle Tracks

Fig. 5: Lake

Fig. 7: The Soccer Clubhouse & Changing Rooms

Community Use Of The Domains Structural Elemts Includes:

• • • • • • • • •

Public amenities block The Soccer Clubhouse Spur Road Parking Lake Bridges Footpaths & Cycle Tracks Soccer & Rugby Fields Cricket Pitch Yard-to-Yard Heterogeneity

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

2.0 LAND USE

Links & Access Use By The Surrounding Community

Active Use Includes:

The Main Entrance to the Domain is form Sylvan Avenue into a cul-de-sac road. A foot access exists from Exmouth Road, from Tarahanga Street and Sylvan Avenue, which has two entrances. One more track leads in from Lake Road past the Northcote Tennis Club and through a patch of the bush, which exits at Puawai Place, or continuing down along the Onepoto Stream emerging at the southern end of Tarahanga Street. Last but not least, the second main entrance may be found at the bottom of Puawai Place, where it exits onto the North Western end of the Domain at the bottom left corner of the two fields. There is significance to being familiar with the local tracks as the effect on the access availability and state, impact the utilization of the Park. Onepoto Domain, an old, eroded volcanic crater, is home to a much awarded, aesthetically pleasing, discussed, and marine influenced footbridge, where our journey begins. Designed and built as a ‘fishbone’ metaphor, the bridge came to be known to the local community and its residents as the “wave bridge”, which is somewhat ironic, considering there is no surf within the area. This visually striking footbridge spans forty-six meters long, with neatly packed laminated curved pine ribs, which unfold, providing its pedestrians with a sensation of motion and changing surrounding landscape as they walk across the bridge.

• • • • •

Casual Use Includes:

Fig. 8: Glendhu Footbridge

This bridge provides the community’s residents with a functional way to cross the Onepoto tidal stream with its sand mangroves, by offering at the same time a unique experience by assimilating clever architectural elements to create interest, an attraction, which at the same time blends in with its surrounding landscape. The local community and the children opened the Glendhu Footbridge, late last year at a special opening ceremony, which was organized by the Kaipatiki Local Board, Auckland Transport, Bayview Peacemaking Group and the Kaipatiki Community Facilities Trust. Glendhu Footbridge connects to the Onepoto Cycle way and Sylvan Avenue standing over the Onewa stream connecting the two ends of Glendhu Road, which will allow the local children to use it as a safe, recreational and fun walk to school, considering that the Northcote College and various other schools and commercial as well as retail facilities are located not far off of Onewa Road, cutting several Kilometers off of their typical journey.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Soccer Rugby Cricket Cycling Fitness & Joging

Fig. 9: Glendhu Footbridge Opening Ceremony

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Park, Bush & Stream Waliing Harrier Running Group Nature Study Trips Orienteering Kite Flying Casual Sports Hobby Group Activities Picnic & Barbecues Children’s Playgrounds Learn To Cycle Tracks Dog Training & Walking Duck Feeding Remote Yacht Racing Unaware Yard-to-Yard Heterogeneity Various Organised Events

Fig. 10: Festival

2.0 LAND USE 2.3 Land Use In A Wider Context

Park, Bush, Stream Walking & Yard-to-Yard Heterogeneity With great potential to extend the footpath and the cycle track that run across the bridge down to Onepoto Domain, which would result in funneling the residents of the surrounding are into the park takes us to the parking lot of Onepoto Domain. The shingle path leads past the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground leading to the track and boardwalk. The surrounding landscape provides a great variety of landforms, which can be seen along the way, where areas of native plants are regenerating on the rim of the crater, coming in contact with the local residential housing gardens as none of them are hidden behind any form of fencing. As mentioned before this Yard-to-Yard Heterogeneity allows room for freedom, for both the domestic and wild flora, allowing for a new unique niche. The blending of off the wild native plants with domestic gardens of the housing located all the way around the perimeter of the rim of the crater creates an illusion of the Domain spilling out into the rest of the community drawing it in the bosom of the park. A lot of the wild coastal cutty grass and the maritime rush are edged off by the vast pampas field located at the North Eastern section of the crater, which provide a home for the pheasant, quail and pukeko. The reason the conditions are near perfect in which grass, trees and shrubs can grow, is thanks to the scheme plan which incorporated a shared irrigation system around the lakes between the park and the residential areas located on the rim of the tuff. The intention was quite simple, to close off further influx of sea water into the Domains soil or lakes, thereby leaching out the salt in the soil by means of regular irrigation, therefore creating perfect conditions around the basin for establishment of various plants. The track that leads through the pampas exits out to Exmouth Road, or if circumnavigating of off the Dominion, the high path along the rim desends to the skirt of the two sport fields and the Sport Hall, over the small bridge which hovers over the man made lakes.

Fig. 11: View Of The Domain & The Yard-To-Yard Heterogeneity

Fig. 13: Lake & Bridge

Cycle & Learn To Cycle Tracks The training wheels are off at the heart of the park at Onepoto Domainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new and recently extended cycling track. A great new extension to an already popular local asset plays a key part on the main focus of the new track, to encourage more walking and cycling within the community of Kaipatiki. The track features a range of obstacles, complete with roundabouts, intersections, speed bumps, give way signs, wobbly bridges, hills, tilt beams, deflection dishes, all there to help young cyclists improve their riding skills. There are two separate tracks for the older more experienced riders, winding trough the bush clinging to the rim of the crater up the Northern and North Eastern terraces, eventually emerging on Exmouth Road and Sylvan Avenue.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 12: Wobbly Bridge

Fig. 14: Bush

2.0 LAND USE 2.3 Land Use In A Wider Context

Playground, Picnics & Barbecues The park is praised for the casual informal recreation it provides, which includes walkways, designated shaded picnic and barbecue areas and children’s adventure playgrounds. These playgrounds are built and comprised of three main areas, each catering for a different age group of children. The Park also hosts various events for the nearby community. Everything from Food forest Design Hui, an event held by Permaculture New zealand, to Anual Auckland Runs, Nordic Walks, Zumba Classes and various Music Festivals.

Sports & Remote Yacht Racing Onepoto features two playing fields, which are located in the North Western end of the Domain. These fields are shared by a cricket and a soccer club depending on the season. The Kaipatiki Local Board hosts three North Harbour Rugby Union premier clubs (Glenfield, Northcote, Takapuna), two Auckland Cricket Association premier clubs (Takapuna , Birkenhead), two Northern Football Federation premier clubs (Glenfield, Birkenhead), and one Auckland Rugby League premier club (Northcote). Also a home of North Harbour AFL (Onepoto Domain). Due to this there is high demand for well drained and high quality turf sports fields in the region. Therefore during the mid 90’s the fields underwent renovations, resulting in irrigated sand carpet fields. Today Kaipatiki has one of the largest networks of sand carpet sports fields within Auckland. This is great for the local sports clubs mentioned above.

Fig. 15: Soccer Game

Fig. 17: Playground

Fig. 16: Remote Yachting

Fig. 18: Music Festival

The Domain is also highly valued as Auckland’s prime model boat sailing site. Two groups, the Whitbread Go Remote Yacht Club and the Onepoto Electron Fleet are regural user groups who use the lakes every second Sunday afternoon for racing.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

2.0 LAND USE 2.4 Zoning

Recreation Zoning Exm

The greater site of geological significance - Onepoto Explosion Crater and Tuff Ring (North Shore City Council, 1997) - includes Onepoto Domain as well as the immediate residential zoning surrounding much of the domain. This is geologically termed Onepoto Basin. Figure 2a illustrates how zoning has designated much of the tuff ringâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inner slope as Residential 5 and 2B. These designations permit development while ensuring the natural character of the area is sustained through the maintenance of elements such as existing trees, native bush and low residential congestion. Residential zoning further from the domain is largely 4A extending out to 6A1, indicating reduced connection to the crater and tuff ringâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s significant character over distance.

out

How ard R d

Residential 2B Amenity Areas

Onepoto Domain

Residential 4A Main Residential

New Development

Controlling the development of new residential areas and manage existing residential areas in order to ensure that the resulting neighbourhoods: i) Have a sense of identity and place. ii) Respect and reflect the existing natural environment. iii) Are safe, convenient and pleasant places to live. Residential 6

Puawai P

Protecting the character and amenity of the main residential area while providing opportunities for its growth and development.

Residential 5

Sylvan Ave

Ensuring those areas which enjoy a particular natural character and amenity due to factors such as larger site sizes, significant numbers of mature trees, small pockets of bush or a coastal setting, retain these values.

Onepoto Basin

Residential 2B

Residential 5

Intensive Housing

Providing for higher density housing in nodes around commercial centres. The nodes will provide choice in housing opportunities as well as catering to the needs of the community for higher density living, in particular, apartments. The nodes have been selected around commercial activity centres to provide residents with convenient access to services and to strengthen public transport.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Residential 4A

Residential 6A1 Fig. 19: Influence of Onepoto Basin on local residential zoning.

SCALE 1:5000

2.0 LAND USE 2.4 Zoning

Recreation Zoning

Recreation 4 - Organised Sports Zone

Onepoto Domain is classified by Auckland Council as a Recreation Reserve. As such, it is defined as having been set apart for the purpose of providing areas for the recreation and sporting activities and the physical welfare and enjoyment of the public, and for the protection of the natural environment and beauty of the countryside with emphasis on the retention of open spaces and on outdoor recreational activities (Reserve Act, 1977).

This zone applies to larger areas of open space which cater for sports fields, golf courses and equestrian activities, and smaller areas containing tennis courts, netball courts and bowling greens. Although the zone is designed to provide primarily for outdoor recreation and associated buildings such as clubhouses and other structures, it also permits indoor recreation and community facilities such as leisure centres and swimming pools, in recognition of the growing demand for these facilities.

These activities often attract large numbers of people, with high levels of traffic, noise and other adverse effects, and the zone provisions recognise the need to retain the open character of these reserves and the amenities of nearby residential areas.

The Domain has been divided into 3 distinct recreation zones: Recreation 1 - Conservation; Recreation 2 - Neighbourhood Activities; and Recreation 4 Organised Sports. This delineation is highlighted in Figure 2b. Recreation 1 - Conservation Zone

This zone applies to open space which is intended to be retained largely in its natural state as a feature of significance to the character of the locality or wider area. Included in the zone are areas of native trees and bush, ecosystems, habitats, extensive coastal margins and landscape features.

Activities are strictly limited to those such as walking and picnic areas which cause minimal disturbance to existing landforms, native trees and bush, ecosystems, habitats and other natural features, and maintain the natural character of the open space.

Recreation 4

Recreation 2 - Neighbourhood Activities Zone

This zone applies to open space which provides for the amenity of residential areas because of its natural, open character and the local recreation and community activities which it accommodates. Provision is made for informal childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play areas, scout dens, and community rooms for which a location in a residential neighbourhood is essential.

Controls are placed on the range of activities, and on the scale, extent, design and location of buildings, structures and other development works, in recognition of the role of open space as a resource for the immediate neighbourhood, and to protect the amenity of the open space and adjacent residential properties.

Recreation 1

Recreation 2

SCALE 1:5000 Fig. 20: Designated recreation zoning within Onepoto Domain Recreation Reserve.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

2.0 LAND USE

2.5 Design Considerations

Previous site assessment and critique has been carried out, leading to the construction of a new shared pedestrian and cycle path, as well as the extension of the existing bike path. This present project has not led to a great number of subsequent recommendation in moving forward, however, points to note in future development are noted below. Points of Significance: 1. The proposed urban wetland regeneration site sits within zoned Conservation Recreation land, identifying necessary restrictions in development to ensure the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s character and ecology are preserved. 2. Character relating to Onepoto Basinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s significance is to be maintained where developments or other changes occur. 3. The expansion of the Cycle & Footpath Tracks, connecting them to other parks & reserves located around Onepoto Domain. 4. Saline levels in the soil will be an important consideration in floral and faunal placement.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SECTION 3.0 | FLORA

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SECTION 3.1 | NATIVE VEGETATION

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

3.1 NATIVE VEGETATION

3.1.1 I��

3.1.2 S�� P��

Onepoto Domain, with its proximity to the Hauraki Gulf, sits within a saline environment and the vegetation typology present reflects this. The domain, which would have presented coastal scrub and mixed broadleaf forest in its natural state, has been largely altered to achieve a desirable landscape outcome. Currently remnant pockets of native flora are present, with the reintroduction of select native species through amenity plantings and revegetation efforts. The large wetland area that would previously have been a predominantly saline environment and have presented native species adapted to coping with these conditions now presents a very inhospitable environment that has high salinity content in substrate soils, a small amount of fill and minimal topsoil. It has been cut off from key water supplies and is now very dry due to surface water draining through the fill layer and being dispersed relatively quickly at the substrate layer below. Any water that does accumulate quickly becomes stagnant. This is reflected through the lack of native species within the area due to the human alteration of its natural state and the introduction of pampas which Is quick to establish within this environment, it would be fair to assume that pampas introduction was a result of the imported fill soils containing seed and plant material.

Fig. 1: Streamside native vegetation, bordering residential properties below Eastern escarpment

Fig. 4: Western Escarpment remnant vegetation

Fig. 2: Native amenity planting at playground area

Fig. 5: Sportsfield with Pampas grass encroaching from wetland areas

Fig. 3: Native amenity planting on mounds between playground and stream

Fig. 6: Native amenity planting beside childrens cyclepath along stream edge

Vegetation within the Onepoto Domain can be described by the distinct areas that it occurs in. Native flora is apparent throughout the site, occurring in varying stages and remnants, reflecting staggered and intermittent development. The five distinct areas described (Fig. 8) are the Western Escarpment, the Eastern Escarpment, Basin Amenity Plantings, the Wetland and the Onepoto 3.1.3 natiVe Vegetation oVerView Native Vegetation Composition Map Stream area. Photo Locations

Residential

Residential Residential

We ste rn

Xf.4

Ea ste r

Gr ass

Esc Mixarpm ed ent Sp ec ie

Established Plantings

s as Gr

sc a M rpm ixe e d S nt pe c

ies

Xf.5

Pampas Wetlands

Playin g Fie

lds

Residential

Xf.3

Pond

Playground

Xf.2

Pond

Residential

Xf.6

Grass

Amenity Planting

Clubrooms

Residential

f Grass

Xf.1

Grass

Native Revegetation

ngro ve

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regenerati Regeneration. on. July 2014 ngro ve

Residential

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Grass

manuka, Phormium tenax, coprosma, kahikatea, kowhai, raupo raupo, carex, coprosma, ﬂax, reeds,rimu,

d putaputaweta, kowhai, puriri, mahoe,

Water Body

Residential Residential

Pampas Wetland Area

a’s aw uk

Row of kahikatea Phormium tenax, karo, kahikatea,

Pond

b manuka, cabbage tree

pitosporum, nikau

kanuka, karo, oioi, ﬂax, pittosporum, coprosma

cabbage tree, ﬂax, carex, toetoe, astelia, hebe, karo

Coprosma prostrata, pohutukawa, miniature Phormium sp., cabbage tree, oioi, Coprosma robusta

h kahikatea stand

3.1 NATIVE VEGETATION

3.1.3 natiVe Vegetation oVerView Native Vegetation Composition Map

KEY

3.1.3 N�� V�� O�� Residential Residential Residential

Ea ste r

Gr ass

We ste rn

Esc Mi arpm xed en Sp t ec ie

Established Plantings

as Gr

sc a M rpm ixe e d S nt pe c

ies

Pampas Wetlands

Playin

g Field

Residential

f Grass

Clubrooms

Playground

Grass

Pond

Residential

Grass Native Revegetation

ngr ove

Residential

Grass

Water Body

a’s aw uk

Residential Residential

Pampas Wetland Area

Pond

Vegetation Groupings

Residential Amenity Planting

Pond

Row of kahikatea

Phormium tenax, karo, kahikatea, manuka, cabbage tree

manuka, Phormium tenax, coprosma, kahikatea, kowhai, raupo

raupo, carex, coprosma, ﬂax, reeds,rimu, putaputaweta, kowhai, puriri, mahoe, pitosporum, nikau

kanuka, karo, oioi, ﬂax, pittosporum, coprosma

cabbage tree, ﬂax, carex, toetoe, astelia, hebe, karo

Coprosma prostrata, pohutukawa, miniature Phormium sp., cabbage tree, oioi, Coprosma robusta

kahikatea stand

Fig. 7: Native Vegetation Composition Map Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regenerati Regeneration. on. July 2014

3.1 NATIVE VEGETATION

getation areaS

n of 5 Vegetation Zones

3.1.4 V�� Z��

scarpment

Western Escarpment

Basin Amenity Planting

nd Weeks Reserve contains the sites oldest and most significant Amenity planting within the basin has struggled to establish, this is suggested This area around Weeks Reserve contains the sites oldest and most significant Amenity planting within the basin has struggled to establish, this is suggested ens. The nati dominant species is Dacrycarpus dacrydidides (kahikiatea), to be result oftoabe number of factors pertaining to soil conditions. A high level of ve specimens. The dominant species is Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (kahikiatea), result of a number of factors pertaining to soil conditions. A high level of veral large specimen. native canopy well marine salts within andthe thesoil underlying marine silt, the silt, relatively small presenti ng severalThe large specimen. Theis nati ve established, canopy is well established, marinethe saltssoil within and the underlying marine the relati vely small hekohe, containing karaka, kowhai, kanuka, totara, puriri, mahoe, layer spread with minimal topsoil andtopsoil the leeching of salt water kohekohe, karaka, kowhai, kanuka, totara,titoki puriri,and mahoe, titoki andof land fill layer of land fill spread with minimal and the leeching of saltfrom water from A significant grouping of mamuku (blackoftree fern) (black are present the lakes. New amenity planting placed bunds try to try cabbage tree. A signifi cant grouping mamuku tree fern) are present theareas lakes.ofNew areas of amenityhave plantibeen ng have beenatop placed atop to bunds amongst an understory, Coprosma sp., kawakawa, ve finger, Carex nderstory, including Coprosmaincluding sp., kawakawa, five finger, Carexfisp. andsp. overcomeand these issues.these issues. overcome and other nati ve fern species. Planti ng the the lakeslake andisland the lake is predominantly ve fern species. Planting on the edge on of the theedge lakesofand is island predominantly native native species. Rimu, totara, tree, cabbage flax, kohuhu, lemonwood, species. Rimu, totara, cabbage flax,tree, kohuhu, lemonwood, mahoe,mahoe, pohutukawa, toe toe, korokia, kowhai, ribbonwood and carex. pohutukawa, toe toe, korokia, kowhai, ribbonwood and carex. Planti ng entrance around thetoentrance to theincludes domain includes titoki, coprosma’s Planting around the the domain titoki, coprosma’s and and Eastern Escarpment hebes, with pohutukawa used as avenue planting along the entrance road. carpment hebes, with pohutukawa used as avenue planting along the entrance road. Planting to south of the toilet blocks which is thriving due to the use of mounds Planting to south of the toilet blocks which thriving due to the use offlmounds This area contains many dominant weed species amongst nati ve regenerati on, of earth to combat soil conditi onsisinclude lemonwood, kohuhu, ax and cabbage ains many dominant weed species amongst native regeneration, of earth to combat soil conditions include lemonwood, kohuhu, flax and cabbage minimal large native specimen are present. Natives that are regenerating in this tree. native specimen are present. Natives that are regenerating in this tree. area include puriri, pohutukawa, karo, pittosporum, mahoe, mapou, kahikatea, Newer plantings surrounding the playground development are establishing and uriri, pohutukawa, karo, pittosporum, mahoe, mapou, kahikatea, Newer surrounding the playground development arehebe, establishing and puriri, coprosmas’s, manuka, kowhai, flax and cabbage tree. Puriri is beginning to form plantings make use of a predominanty native pallete. Carex, flax, kowhai, manuka,akowhai, flax and cabbage tree. Puriri is beginning to form dominant canopy along these slopes. cabbage tree, toetoe, pohutukawa, coprosma, karo, manuka, make use of mapou, a predominanty native pallete. Carex, hebe, flax, kowhai, puriri,astelia, nopy along these slopes. pittosporum and oi oi all contributecoprosma, to these amenity mapou, cabbage tree, toetoe, pohutukawa, karo, beds. manuka, astelia, pittosporum and oi oi all contribute to these amenity beds. Wetland Onepoto Stream Area

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regenerati Regeneration. on. July 2014

Eastern Escarpment

wetland

Basin

wetland

The wetland area is unfortunatly overrun by the invasive pampas grass, one of the two species Cortaderia selloana or Cortaderia jubat, within this there are tream Area The wetland area unfortunatly overrun by thetoinvasive grass, one of being This tidal estuary exhibits conditions to be expected of a saline environment. nativeisspecies which have managed establish.pampas The dominant species thethe two species Cortaderia selloana or Cortaderia jubat, withininthis there arethough Mangroves have become the dominant the tidal margin, with the nati ve maritime rush – Juncus maritimus and Raupo the wet areas, ary exhibits conditions to be expected of a plant salinewithin environment. upper stream presenti ng kowhai, cabbage tree, kohekohe, karaka, kahikatea, these are struggling within the wetland, due to lack of water, since the area was native species which have managed to establish. The dominant species being ve become the dominant plant within the tidal margin, with the kanuka and five-finger, with lower stream sections showing pohutukawa, karaka, cut off from its key water source. Nikau, carex, cabbage tree, fl ax are also the native maritime rush – Juncus maritimus and Raupo in the wet areas, thoughpresent presenting kowhai, cabbage tree, kohekohe, karaka, kahikatea, rimu, tree ferns, coprosma and mahoe. having managed to wetland reintroduce themselves thethe pampas these are struggling within the due to lack ofthroughout water since area wasteland. was

e-finger, with lower stream sections showing pohutukawa, karaka, ns, coprosma and mahoe.

Western Escarpment

cut off from its key water source. Nikau, carex, cabbage tree, flax are also present having managed to reintroduce themselves throughout the pampas wasteland.

Onepoto Stream Area Fig. 8: Onepoto Domain Vegetation Zones

Sections – A’ illustrates the slope and land cover style SectionA A - A’ on Onepoto Domains Western escarpment moving down from the top where the residential environment Section A - A’ Through western escarpment. links down to the sports fields below.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014 Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regenerati Regeneration. on. July 2014 Vitex lucens Vitex lucens

Vitex lucensCordyline australis Vitex lucens Melicytus ramiflorus Coprosma sp. Melicytus ramiflorus Typha orientalis Coprosma sp. Typha orientalis

Cordyline australis Cordyline australis Cordyline australis Cordyline australis Cordyline australis Cordyline australis Cyathea medullaris Cyathea medullaris Cordyline australis

Through western escarpment. Podocarpus totara Podocarpus totara Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Dacrycarpus dacrydioides

Fig. 9: Section AA - Illustrates slope and typical native vegetation cover on Onepoto Domains Western escarpment moving down from residential environment down to sports fields below Podocarpus totara

Phormium sp. Phormium Podocarpus totara sp.

Coprosma sp. Phormium sp. Phormium sp.

Fig. 10: Section BB - Cuts through the south edge of the wetland vegetation and illustrates Section dense B - B’ the south edge of the wetland Section B –how B’ cuts through Stream on eastern side of Domain. the vegetation is.

TyphaTypha orientalis orientalis Phormium sp. sp. Phormium TyphaTypha orientalis orientalis

Phormium sp. sp. Phormium Coprosma sp. sp. Coprosma

Pittosporum crassifolium Pittosporum crassifolium

TyphaTypha orientalis orientalis

Stream on eastern side of Domain.

TyphaTypha orientalis orientalis

vegetation and illustrates how dense the vegetation is.

Sophora chathamica Sophora chathamica

Leptospermum scoparium Leptospermum scoparium Pittosporum crassifolium Pittosporum crassifolium Phormium sp. sp. Phormium

Section B - B’

Coprosma sp. sp. Coprosma

Leptospermum scoparium Leptospermum scoparium

Phormium sp. sp. Phormium Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Dacrycarpus dacrydioides

Metrosideros excelsa Metrosideros excelsa

Kunzea ericoides Cordyline australis Cordyline australis Melicytus ramiflorus Melicytus ramiflorus Coprosma sp.

Agathis australis Agathis australis Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Vitex lucens Vitex lucens Kunzea ericoides

Agathis australis Agathis australis

Stream

TyphaTypha orientalis orientalis TyphaTypha orientalis orientalis

TyphaTypha orientalis orientalis

3.1.5 SECtiONAl VEgEtAtiON COMPOSitiON 3.1 NATIVE VEGETATION Sections Showing Native Vegetation Composition

3.1.5 N�� V�� C�� S��

Stream

Section Fig. 11: locations Section Locations 27

Fig. 14: Section CC - Illustrates the extent of the stream beside the eastern park area and its surrounding vegetation.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014 Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. Regeneration. July 2014 Stream

Typha orientalis

Section SectionCC– C’ - C’illustrates the extent of the stream beside the eastern park area and its surrounding vegetation.

Through edge of eastern vegetation

Section C - C’

Melicytus ramiflorus Vitex lucens

Cordyline australis

Cordyline australis Vitex lucens

Dacrydium australis cupressinum Cordyline

Cordyline australis Coprosma sp.

Coprosma sp. Dacrydium cupressinum

Cordyline australis Coprosma sp.

Cortaderia selloana

Cordyline australis Cortaderia selloana Coprosma sp.

Cortaderia selloana

Metrosideros excelsa

Myrsine australis

Melicytus ramiflorus

Metrosideros excelsa

Melicytus ramiflorus

Myrsine australis

Melicytus ramiflorus

Cordyline australis

Vitex lucens

Cordyline australis

Melicytus ramiflorus

Coprosma sp. Vitex lucens

Melicytus ramiflorus

Coprosma sp.

Typha orientalis

Pseudopanax arboreus Typha orientalis Macriopiper excelsum

Metrosideros excelsa Metrosideros excelsa Metrosideros excelsa Pseudopanax arboreus Macriopiper Metrosideros excelsa excelsum

Cordyline australis

Myrsine australis

Coprosma sp.

Sophora chathamica Sophora chathamica

Vitex lucensVitex lucens

Section DD – -D’D’illustrates the slope and dense land Section cover of the eastern escarpments of Onepoto Domain connecting Section D - D’the residential to dense wetland area.

Fig. 13: Section DD - Illustrates the slope and dense land cover of the eastern escarpments of Onepoto Domain connecting the residential to dense wetland area

Vitexlucens lucens Vitex

Pittosporum crassifolium Pittosporum crassifolium

Cordyline australis

Podocarpus totara

Myrsine australis

Myrsine australis Corynocarpus laevigatus

Macriopiper excelsum

Corynocarpus laevigatus

Melicytus ramiflorus

Macriopiper excelsum

3.1.5 SECtiONAl VEgEtAtiON COMPOSitiON 3.1 NATIVE VEGETATION Sections Showing Native Vegetation Composition

3.1.5 N�� V�� C�� S��

Through eastern escarpment.

Stream

D D

Through edge of eastern vegetation

Stream

Section Fig. 14: locations Section Locations 27

3.1 NATIVE VEGETATION

3.1.6 S�� L�� Western Escarpment

Latin Name Western Escarpment Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Latin Name Dysoxylum spectabile Western Escarpment Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Sophora s p. Latin Namespectabile Dysoxylum Corynocarpus laevigatus Dacrycarpus Sophora sp. dacrydioides Kunzea ericoides Dysoxylum s pectabile Corynocarpus laevigatus Podocarpus Sophora p. totara Kunzea esricoides Melicytus ramiflorus Corynocarpus laevigatus Podocarpus totara Macropiper excelsum Kunzea e ricoides Melicytus ramiflorus Cordyline australis Podocarpus Macropiper etotara xcelsum Vitex lucens Melicytus Cordyline aramiflorus ustralis Alectryon excelsus Macropiper Vitex lucens excelsum Coprosma asustralis p. Cordyline Alectryon excelsus Pseudopanax arboreus Vitex l ucens Coprosma sp. Cyathea m edullaris Alectryon excelsus Pseudopanax arboreus Asplenium sbp.ulbiferum Coprosma Cyathea medullaris Cyathea dealbata Pseudopanax arboreus Asplenium bulbiferum Cyathea edullaris Cyathea m dealbata Eastern Escarpment Asplenium bulbiferum Latin Name Cyathea d ealbata Eastern Escarpment Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Latin Name Sophora sEp. Eastern scarpment Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Leptospermum scoparium Latin N ame Sophora sp. Melicytus ramiflorus Dacrycarpus d acrydioides Leptospermum scoparium Cordyline sp. australis Sophora Melicytus ramiflorus Phormium sp. scoparium Leptospermum Cordyline australis Vitex lucens Melicytus r Phormium samiflorus p. Coprosma asustralis p. Cordyline Vitex lucens Metrosideros Phormium p.excelsa Coprosma ssp. Pittosporum crassifolium Vitex l ucens Metrosideros excelsa Pittosporum tenuifolium Coprosma s p. Pittosporum crassifolium Pittosporum eeugenoides Metrosideros xcelsa Pittosporum tenuifolium Pittosporum ccrassifolium rassifolium Pittosporum Pittosporum eugenoides Pittosporum Pittosporum tcenuifolium rassifolium Onepoto Stream area Pittosporum eugenoides Latin Name crassifolium Pittosporum Onepoto Stream area Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Latin Name Dysoxylum Sstream pectabile Onepoto area Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Sophora sp. Latin N ame Dysoxylum spectabile Corynocarpus laevigatus Dacrycarpus Sophora sp. dacrydioides Kunzea ericoides Dysoxylum s pectabile Corynocarpus laevigatus Melicytus ramiflorus Sophora p. Kunzea esricoides Cordyline australis Corynocarpus laevigatus Melicytus ramiflorus Coprosma sp. Kunzea e ricoides Cordyline australis Pseudopanax arboreus Melicytus Coprosma rsamiflorus p. Metrosideros excelsa Cordyline a ustralis Pseudopanax arboreus Dacrydium scp.upressinum Coprosma Metrosideros excelsa Cyathea dealbata Pseudopanax arboreus Dacrydium cupressinum Metrosideros excelsa Cyathea dealbata Dacrydium cupressinum Cyathea dealbata

Common Name kahikatea Common Name kohekohe kahikatea kōwhai Name Common kohekohe karaka kahikatea kōwhai kanuka kohekohe karaka tōtara kōwhai kanuka mahoe karaka tōtara kawakawa kanuka mahoe ti kouka, cabbage tree tōtara kawakawa puriri mahoe ti kouka, cabbage tree titoki kawakawa puriri ti kouka, cabbage tree titoki whauwhaupaku, five finger puriri mamaku, b lack t ree fern titoki whauwhaupaku, five finger hen and chicken fern mamaku, black tree fern ponga, silver fernfive finger whauwhaupaku, hen and chicken fern mamaku, black tree fern ponga, silver fern hen and chicken fern Common Name ponga, silver fern kahikatea Common Name kōwhai kahikatea mānuka Common kōwhai Name mahoe kahikatea mānuka ti kouka, cabbage tree kōwhai mahoe flax mānuka ti kouka, cabbage tree puriri mahoe flax ti kouka, cabbage tree puriri pohutukawa flax karo puriri pohutukawa kohuhu karo tarata, lemonwood pohutukawa kohuhu karo karo tarata, lemonwood kohuhu karo tarata, lemonwood Common Name karo kahikatea Common Name kohekohe kahikatea kōwhai Name Common kohekohe karaka kahikatea kōwhai kanuka kohekohe karaka mahoe kōwhai kanuka ti kouka, cabbage tree karaka mahoe kanuka ti kouka, cabbage tree whauwhaupaku, five finger mahoe pohutukawa ti kouka, cabbage five treefinger whauwhaupaku, rimu pohutukawa ponga, silver fernfive finger whauwhaupaku, rimu pohutukawa ponga, silver fern rimu ponga, silver fern

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regenerati Regeneration. on. July 2014

Average Size 30m Average Size 10m 30m 6m Average Size 10m 8m 30m 6m 8m 10m 8m 30m 6m 8m 8m 8m 30m 4m 8m 8m 5m 30m 4m 12m 8m 5m 12m 4m 12m 3m 5m 12m 5m 12m 3m 12m 12m 5m 1m 3m 12m 8m 5m 1m 12m 8m 1m Average Size 8m 30m Average Size 6m 30m 5m Average Size 6m 8m 30m 5m 5m 6m 8m 1.5m 5m 5m 12m 8m 1.5m 3m 5m 12m 25m 1.5m 3m 5m 12m 25m 5m 3m 5m 600mm 25m 5m 6m 5m 600mm 5m 6m 600mm Average Size 6m 30m Average Size 10m 30m 6m Average Size 10m 8m 30m 6m 8m 10m 8m 8m 6m 8m 5m 8m 8m 3m 8m 5m 5m 8m 3m 25m 5m 5m 50m 3m 25m 8m 5m 50m 25m 8m 50m 8m

Plant Type tree Plant Type tree tree tree Type Plant tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree shrub tree tree tree tree shrub tree tree tree tree shrub tree shrub tree tree tree tree shrub fern tree tree fern shrub fern fern tree fern fern fern fern Plant Type fern tree Plant Type tree tree tree Plant tree Type tree tree tree tree tree tree flax tree tree tree tree flax shrub tree tree tree flax shrub shrub tree tree tree shrub shrub shrub tree tree hedge shrub shrub tree hedge shrub Plant Type hedge tree Plant Type tree tree tree Type Plant tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree tree shrub tree tree tree tree shrub tree tree tree tree shrub tree fern tree tree tree fern tree fern

Basin Amenity Planting Planting around the entrance

Latin Name Alectryon excelsus Coprosma sp.

Edge of the roadway

Latin Name Cordyline australis Phormium sp. Metrosideros excelsa Pittosporum tenuifolium Pittosporum eugenoides

Edge of lakes

Latin Name Sophora chathamica Podocarpus totara Melicytus ramiflorus Cordyline australis Phormium sp. Metrosideros excelsa Dacrydium cupressinum Pittosporum tenuifolium Pittosporum eugenoides Cortaderia fulvida Corokia Plagianthus divaricatus Plagianthus regius Carex geminata

Playground Gardens

Latin Name Sophora sp. Leptospermum scoparium Cordyline australis Phormium sp. Vitex lucens Coprosma sp. Metrosideros excelsa Pittosporum crassifolium Myrsine australis Cortaderia fulvida Hebe sp. Astelia sp. Apodasmia similis Carex geminata

North of the lakes

Latin Name Sophora sp. Metrosideros excelsa Myoporum laetum

Wetland

Common Name titoki coprosma

Average Size 12m 3m

Plant Type tree shrub

Common Name ti kouka, cabbage tree flax pohutukawa kohuhu tarata, lemonwood

Average Size 5m 1.5m 25m 5m 600mm

Plant Type tree flax tree tree shrub

Common Name kōwhai tōtara mahoe ti kouka, cabbage tree flax pohutukawa rimu kohuhu tarata, lemonwood toetoe karokia saltmarsh ribbonwood manatu, ribbonwood purei, makura

Average Size 6m 30m 8m 5m 1.5m 25m 50m 5m 600mm 2m 2m 2m 6m 1m

Plant Type tree tree tree tree flax tree tree tree shrub tall grass shrub shrub tree sedge

Common Name kōwhai mānuka ti kouka, cabbage tree flax puriri pohutukawa karo mapou toetoe hebe astelia oi oi makura, purei

Average Size 6m 5m 5m 1.5m 12m 3m 25m 5m 5m 2m 1m 1.5m 1m 1m

Plant Type tree tree tree flax tree shrub tree shrub shrub tall grass shrub flax reed sedge

Common Name kōwhai pohutukawa ngaio

Average Size 6m 25m 5m

Plant Type tree tree shrub

Latin Name Leptospermum scoparium Cordyline australis Phormium sp. Cortaderia fulvida Typha orientalis Apodasmia similis Juncus maritimus Gahnia lacera Carex geminata Carex lssoniana Rhopalostylis sapida

Common Name mānuka ti kouka, cabbage tree flax toetoe raupo, bullrush oi oi maritime rush cutty grass makura, purei rautahi nikau

Average Size 5m 5m 1.5m 2m 2.5m 1m 1m 1.5m 1m 0.5m 10m

Plant Type tree tree flax tall grass tall grass reed tall grass tall grass sedge sedge palm

3.1 NATIVE VEGETATION

3.1.7 S�� C�� D�� I�� Spatially the native planting on the site varies in accordance with these five areas. Environmental and habitat constraints within each zone have determined which species have successfully established. Each zone also reflects the input levels of associated maintenance, intentionally designed planting and plant success rates. Something to note with the appearance of the existing planting is the maintenance gradients that begin to occur when assessing the state of plantings and weed control. Starting with the key amenity areas council involvement is evident, with the bulk of funding spent on maintaining turf assets, spraying bed edges and some remedial arboriculture work. The further you get from these main amenity areas the less maintenance occurs, allowing weeds to grow unimpeded. This gradient of maintenance is reversed when looking at the maintenance that occurs in the form of private involvement from immediate property owners. The edges of the domain begin to take on quite fragmented management patterns where private property owners begin to make the outer edges their own and plant back into the domains borders. This effect is quite apparent when surveying the site and it is very interesting to note the plant introductions that are made due to these various inputs. Namely exotic species which have escaped the limits of a garden or been planted into the bordering domain. Some residents gardens, by contrast have successfully introduced natives back into the domains edges. This does create some varied and interesting plant compositions, with high amenity value, but a decision needs to be made as to whether re-vegetation and management goals are aiming at a purist state of native vegetation, to reach a degree of restoration or to decide whether mixed-amenity planting is appropriate within the Onepoto Domain Along the wetland stream corridor, competition with exotic weed species is an evident issue. This highlights the issues faced with disturbance and edge effects within the site. Where paths have been created to allow access through this re-establishing native scrub we see the collection of many weed species. The exterior edges of these patches are also highly susceptible to weed introduction due to the ease of establishment for weed species in these areas, competition is minimal and wind dispersed seed collects on the plants at the exterior of patches and falls to the ground. This has the potential to further compromise the health of the establishing native species and also greatly reduce the visual amenity value of the area without appropriate future management.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regenerati Regeneration. on. July 2014

Future design needs to consider how edges are managed. Consideration needs to be given to providing easily maintainable edges that allow for ease of spraying with minimal spray drift and adverse impacts on desirable plantings, hard-scaped edges that reduce the allowance for weed establishment, selection of edge species that mat or cover the ground to prevent weed establishment, allowing ease of access by mowing equipment to keep weeds down and prevent seed dispersal. Careful selection of path routes through vegetation islands is also important to preserving the integrity of each vegetation patch, a pathway will brings weeds, soil compaction, plant damage and increase the probability of pest and disease. It would be a good idea to reduce the impacts on established native vegetation and put pathways toward the outer edges of patches to preserve the interior integrity of established patch ecologies. It is important to recognise the beneﬁts of a pathway in terms of social awareness and education, to increase community involvement and associated maintenance. Pathways and access routes introduce people to the system and this is good for developing resource for management, weed control and amenity maintenance. For native planting success and health within the Onepoto Domain there needs to be a degree of responsibility given to the domains users to drive the maintenance inputs and funding for their local park and through interaction and understanding this can be achieved.

SECTION 3.2 | EXOTIC VEGETATION

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

3.2.1 WEEDS

WEED CONTROL

Present Situation

Introduction Weeds are common undesired flora that are found to disrupt natural ecological growing habitats. These habitats usually do not desire or require the function of a weed plant and thus, the weed plants commonly destroy the natural ecosystem that is grown within those habitats. An appropriate weed control plan is commonly requested and required to mange weeds in human controlled settings. This section will list weed species, their harm effect, control methods and suggestive weed management controls to manage and restrict the growth of unwanted flora within Onepoto Domain.

Weeds have been rapidly growing through the majority of Onepoto Domain. The pampas grass is obviously the major weed found through the edge of wetland. There also contains a diversity of weed eg. oxtongue, plantain, creeping buttercup and willow weed that intensively grow through the buffer between residential area and domain edge, margin of the lawn and sport field and lake bank. This weed growth is causing the site to become inaccessible and unusable, therefore reducing the amenity values of this park.

Fig.1: Weed-Infested Buffer Zone

Fig. 4: Weed-Infested Buffer Zone

Objective

Control Strategy Incorporate the proposed Auckland Unitary Plan weed management policy to the domain grounds. ↓ List the existing weed management approaches including cost, benefit and risks. Identify and map all weeds. ↓ Set the governance group which will oversee the implementation and delivery of the Weed Management Policy. ↓ Encourage working with volunteer groups to establish weeding and planting programs.

Although the Onepoto Domain requires urgent treatment for the weed control, a large array of required treatment is within the wetlands and playground vicinity of the domain. The requirement to minimize agrochemical pollutants is necessary to reduce any polluting impact within the domain. Public health and safety must be ensured for anytime. Onepoto Domain is used extensively by local residents and regular visitors. More particularly, there is a large amount of fauna and flora within the domain that need to be protected whilst pest plant controlling to ensure the overall amenity and character of the domain remains unharmed. Fig. 2: Creeping Buttercup

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 3: Willow Weed

3.2.1 WEEDS Pest Plant

MAP OF PEST PLANTS LOCALITY THROUGHOUT ONEPOTO DOMAIN Pampas Pest Plants (eg. oxtongue, dock, plantain, gorse and broom; these are interspersed within native bush areas) Stream Bank Pest Plant (eg. willow weed)

Fig. 5: Map showing the presence of pest plants throughout the domain (Map not to scale)

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

3.2.1 WEEDS Weeds List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO WEED STATUS

CONTROL

winged thistle

Carduus tenuiflorus

Asteraceae

• Taking the place of grass and clover and increase scabby mouth. • Paradox in sheep.

• It can be removed using a chipping hoe. • Herbicides are best applied while the thistle is still young.

hawksbeard

Crepis capillaris

Asteraceae

• High range distributed • Harm the lawn

• Susceptible to most herbicides.

oxtongue

Picris echioides

Asteraceae

• Can form dense stands in rangelands and other areas near coastal grassland. • Harm cropland and plants.

• Remove by hand. • If possible, prevent this pest from seeding. Spray with Yates Amitrole. A second application may be necessary several weeks after the first to get full control.

groundsel

Senecio vulgaris

Asteraceae

• High densities of groundsel can be competitive in young • Generally easily controlled by herbicides crops. • Easily removed from gardens by pulling it out or using a hoe, • Often colonies on the top of mulches in gardens covering a garden in mulch will stop seed germinating. following wide dispersal. • Host of a number of pest and fungus. • Toxic plant.

sow thistle

Sonchus oleraceus

Asteraceae

• Sprouts at any time of the year. • A competitive weed. • Invasive species

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

• Susceptible to cultivation and most herbicides • Fauna edible.

PHOTO

3.2.1 WEEDS Weeds List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO WEED STATUS

CONTROL

hemlock

Conium maculatum

Apiaceae

• Poisonous plant.

• Flumetsulam (eg Preside) gave good knock-back of hemlock in young pastures, and bentazone gave reasonable control as well.

moth plant

Araujia sericifera

Apocynaceae

• Grow rapidly to the tops of forest canopies where it forms huge, heavy, long-lived masses • Wind borne seed travelling long distances.

• Pull off the pods before seed spread and cut the vine. • Using specific herbicides for large amount.

wandering jew

Radescantia fluminensis

Commelinaceae

• Invasive species which causing major problems under trees and in bush reserves • Form thick mats and stops new seedlings of trees and shrubs from establishing wherever it grows • Spreads when moist, exceedingly difficult to get rid of once established • Cause allergic skin reactions in animals.

• The best chemical herbicide is triclopyr and retreatment may be necessary.

bindweed

Convolvulus spp.

Convolvulaceae

• Choking plants in borders and twining around any plant shoot or cane. It can obscure and smother small plants. • Root system is expansive.

• Using specific herbicides. • Small stands of bindweed can be managed through hand removal

yellow nutsedge

Cypreus esculentus

Cyperaceae

• Nutsedges are among the most noxious weeds of agriculture • They often form dense colonies, and can greatly reduce crop yields

• Simple hand pulling. • Selective herbicides

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

PHOTO

3.2.1 WEEDS Weeds List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO WEED STATUS

CONTROL

milkweed

Euphorbia peplus

Euphorbiaceae • Wildly distributed. • Consumption of this plant can cause digestive tract problems. The milky sap is toxic and can cause dermatitis and severe irritation to the eyes.

• Simple hand pulling. • Selective weed spraying or spot spraying with Glyphosate.

broom

Cytisus scoparius

Fabaceae

• It can become dense just like gorse, making access to pasture difficult or impossible for stock. • It tolerates cold conditions well. • It causes severe competition in forest.

• Triclopyr (egGrazon, Brushoff) or picloram + triclopyr (eg Conquest, Eliminate Brushkiller) are effective herbicides for controlling broom, and are probably the best options for spotapplications in pastures so that grasses won’t be destroyed

white jaw

Trifolium repens

Fabaceae

• Attract bees and result in bee-stings for people • It can be competitive against many plants. • It is reasonably tolerant of glyphosate and paraquat.

• Broad-spectrum herbicides • Attack seedlings

gorse

Ulex europaeus

Fabaceae

• Reducing the area available for grazing by livestock on pastureland. • It competes with young forest trees, and makes access to forests difficult for pruning and thinning operations. • It is quite dry in summer and stands susceptible to fire.

• Gorse can be killed using such herbicides as triclopyr (eg Grazon), picloram + triclopyr (egTordon Brushkiller) and metsulfuron (eg Escort). • Goats will graze gorse and can kill it.

mallow

Malva spp.

Malvaceae

• Harming grassland. • Tolerant of most herbicides and seeds are not killed by the fumigation.

• Flumetsulam should kill young seedlings and MCPA can have some effect on younger plants.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

PHOTO

3.2.1 WEEDS Weeds List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO WEED STATUS

CONTROL

broad-Leaved plantain

Plantago major

Plantaginaceae

• Attract pests • Pastures with more broad-leaved plantain than grass are usually low-producing pastures

• Plantains are susceptible to many hormone herbicides • Livestock eats it.

paspalum

Paspalum dilatatum

Poaceae

• This weed is mainly a problem in turf which is difficult to remove. • Glyphosate gives good control of paspalum. • It can result in poor animal production. • It is fairly resistant of many of the herbicides.

willow weed

Persicaria maculosa

Polygonaceae

• It grows well under moist conditions • Thriving under the wet conditions often experienced in newly planted crops in spring.

• Susceptible to cultivation and most herbicides.

clustered dock

Rumex conglomeratus

Polygonaceae

• Out-competing surrounding plants by covering them with its large leaves. • Wild distributed • The foliage of docks contains tannins which makes them somewhat unpalatable to cows, so docks can become quite a problem on dairy farms.

• Using specific herbicides.

fiddle dock

Rumex pulcher

Polygonaceae

• Main dock species found in turf

• Susceptible to selected herbicides.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

PHOTO

3.2.1 WEEDS Weeds List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO WEED STATUS

CONTROL

scarlet pimpernel

Anagallis arvensis

Primulaceae

• It is one of the more common contaminants in white clover seed crops. • It contains a few toxins which has occasionally caused poisoning problems.

• Susceptible to cultivation and specific herbicides.

creeping buttercup

Ranunculus repens

Ranunculaceae

• Often found in soils that are poorly drained • Stolon system allows creeping buttercup to spread laterally quite quickly into nearby weed-free areas. • It often becomes quite troublesome in pastures grazed by cattle or horses, as they tend to avoid grazing the weed, unlike sheep

• Using specific herbicides

blackberry

Rubus fruticosus

Rosaceae

• Blackberry is a troublesome scrub both in pastures and forests. • The hooks trap woolly sheep • Make pruning and thinning in forests difficult.

• Biological control

cleaver

Galium sparine

Rubiaceae

• Cause lodging of the crop, the weed climbs up over crop plants then makes them “top-heavy” and thus fall. • It germinates under shrubs then grows up and over the shrubs

• Easily killed by cultivation • Pulling the plants by hands • Using specific herbicides.

woolly nightshade

Solanum auriculatum

Solanaceae

• Grows quickly and produces large amounts of seed. • All part are moderately toxic to human especially the berries.

• Pull out small plants and cut down larger ones. • Using specific herbicides.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

PHOTO

3.2.2 PAMPAS WEEDS Cortaderia selloana

COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME

SIZE

DESCRIPTION

H 6 m • Giant, dense and clump formed tussock base, coarse abrasive leaves and W2m generally bluish-green above and dark-green under in color. • Leaves have a conspicuous midrib which do not continue to Leaf base and coarse edge with no secondary veins between midribs and edge.. • Leaves easily pull off when tugged away from base of plant and curl like wood shavings upon decay. • Produces distinct erected and dense flowerheads generally white or pinkish, sometimes purple in color. • Flowers with fluffy hairs (female distinctive) or hairless blooms February to late May and fade to a dirty white as seeds form. of native vegetation and creating a habitat for pests such as rabbits, rats and Introduction possums. Pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana) are an exotic invasive plant found extensively through the wetland margins of the north, eastern and southern areas of the Pampas grass were introduced by early settlers mainly for shelter and stock Onepoto Domain. fodder, but now are found commonly in New Zealand’s dunelands, cliffs and pampas grass

Cortaderia selloana

FAMILY NAME ORGIN Poaceae

South America

It is commonly identified to be a serious threat to New Zealand’s natural ecosystems and habitats causing disruptions in visibility, large fire risks, invasion

Fig. 6: Deceased leaves

Fig. 7: General leaf structure

Fig. 8: Dead pampas

wetland margins as described above. Pampas Grass was introduced to the site through bulldozing trucks and machinery to the upper northern wetland areas and have now pollinated uncontrollably through the edges of the domain.

Fig. 9: Flower heads

Fig. 10: Stem head system

Fig. 11: Flower head hairs

IMPACT OF PAMPAS GRASS The growth of pampas grass has largely disrupted New Zealand’s natural habitat. Pampas has largely colonized a significant portion of the Onepoto Domain, the wetland margin; a natural feature which had originated before the construction of the site.

Fig. 13: Cortaderia selloana fully matured

This infestation has killed off and replaced native planting and opportunistic features of the domain. Pampas have also introduced a higher fire risk within the park and exotic weed species that have killed the growth of flourishing flora species to the affected areas of the park. Pampas grass are to be considered a threat to the underlying native species, environment and amenity value of the domain.

Fig. 12: Impact of pampas grass on natural habitat

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

A control method is to be required for the removal of and maintaining the absence after removal of this flora.

Fig. 14: Disruptive growth of pampas grass

3.2.2 PAMPAS WEEDS Cortaderia selloana

3.2.2 Map of pampas grass locality on Onepoto Domain pampas grass infested areas

Percentage of pampas grass on Onepoto Domain

Fig. 16: Percentage of pampus infested area

Onepoto Domain is approximately 30ha in area. Both map and graph dictate and identify the percentage and amount of Pampas Grass found approximately on the domain. Pampas Grass covers a combined approximate of 6.5 ha of domain land, this equates to an approximate 21% land covered and infested with the pampas grass which could slowly be increasing annually. Clearly identified on the map (left) the majority spread of pampas grass covers extensively to the northern and north eastern margins of the domain, this spread has contaminated and constrained land opportunity for the growth and continual beautification of Onepoto Domains park and native reserve land. This also emits possible potential for high fire risks to the northern region of the domain and any local residents that harbor shelter along the north and north eastern edge. There are also continual spreads that are smaller in array to the south and south eastern edges of the domain. This shows that the origin of pampas grass growth pollinated (after the initial deposit on the domain) through a westerly to easterly breeze as these infected edges show densely populated growth of the flora due to pollination. The cause of this pollination may have been Fig. 15: Map showing infestation of pampas grass (Map not to scale)

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

3.2.2 PAMPAS WEEDS Cortaderia selloana

Local Residents

through the knowing that the predominant winds of Auckland city are south westerly, a majority of the western edge of the domain original creator was cut and this allowed the flow of a westerly breeze and a matter of both incidents.

Onepoto Domain is surrounded by a variety of local residents that continuously maintain the good, clean overall image of the reserve. Residents have defined a distinct definition that harbor through their backyard perimeter and domain boundary that has established their individual property line from the surrounding areas. This has been done through the building of property fence lines, decorating gardens and as well as the planting of garden plants.

Methods of Control Manual Removal

Manual methods include the role of physical labor for the removal of the plant. This involves hand pulling, grubbing or digging of the seedlings or plant. Additionally, machine use is too considered especially for a large array. This involves using earth moving machinery and chainsaws. It is recommended to fully remove and re-soil affected area as soil disturbance encourages pampas grass regrowth.

As like with the maintenance of the domain, local residents have kept a clean image to their backyard. This maintenance helps to keep the overall amenity of the Onepoto Basin a well defined and vibrant community gathering area.

Planting of Garden Plants

Chemical Removal Sprays are an effective alternative to manual removal. Herbicide controls become effective to apply during spring to autumn. It is recommended to apply during still conditions and near dry conditions to avoid wind drift on to nontarget plants.

Fig. 17: Begonia cultivars

Clump Stump Treatment

This treatment includes the process of manual removal followed by chemical removal and a second manual removal. Plants are to be slashed to about 30 cm from ground and then sprayed, consider a follow up control to remove any existing or growing plants . Sites then should be visited annually with the induction to replant desirable flora to prevent regrowth.

These garden plants have colonized and taken over a majority of the wildlife bushes inside of the Onepoto Domain. Although not harmful it has been identified that the garden plants could severely inhibit these areas if not properly maintained. On numerous occasions it has been identified that local residents and regular visitors of the domain have planted some garden plants for the growth of these evasive organization.

Pampas Grass matter can be used and act as mulch or compost material as a substrate for growing desired planting and prevention for regrowth plants.

3.2.3 Garden plants

This evasive growth should be considered and controlled to prevent further loss or damage to the domain. But it should be noted that these garden plants should not be considered a threat or hazard to the overall amenity or environment of the Onepoto Domain.

Introduction Garden plants are a variety of ornamented plants typically found and expected to grow in a flower garden such as a residential backyard.

Maintenance of Garden Plants

These plants are generally noninvasive and do not cause any environmental disruption to New Zealandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural ecology and habitat. Although thus said, an uncontrolled spread of garden plants to a natural environment could hinder, abate or interrupt the natural ecological community of the infected spread area. This means that an uncontrolled pollination of garden plants aimed at a directed natural area may cause interruptions or interference to the growth of native plants in the particular which benefit from the growth of a natural ecosystem.

With the addition of control to the garden plants, regular annual maintenance must be upheld and encouraged for the prevention of any expansive growth of garden plants onto the Onepoto Domain. Like weeds, ongoing voluntary work must be kept to overlook the growth of garden plants on the domain. Suggestions of maintenance could include but is not limited to; any stated suggestions for the control of garden plants above, patrolling of the perimeter of the domain on a regular basis to over see any continuing growth of garden plants in area. Fig. 19: Defined property and boundary line

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 18: Dichroa versicolor

Residents maintenance of their backyard have helped kept the amenity of the basin. Their regular planting and laying of garden plants have kept a vibrant communal area and beautified individual backyards with an array of widespread flowers and plants. Though regular occurrence of pollination have wild-spread uncontrollably these kept garden plants onto the Onepoto Domain field, lakes and wetland forests. Though this may be considered a positive envision, this wild-spread as mentioned could possibly abate and hinder the growth of the natural ecological community grown away from local resident homes and at community parks or reserves.

3.2.3 GARDEN PLANTS

Control of Garden Plants An imperative control system is to be advised in the role of unwanted evasive prevention. Advise is to be reminded although, that garden plants are not a potent threat to the natural ecosystem unlike weeds. Though thus said, the expansion of garden plants onto Onepoto Domain could refrain from the natural growth of the ecological area and result in a more botanical garden based reserve for the domain. It is recommended like weeds, regular maintenance is to be considered for the prevention of evasive pollination. Suggestions of control could include but is not limited to; mulching of soil in domain bushes to keep prominent and desired plants reproducing greater than pollinated garden plants, planting or seeding desired plants in domain bushes, introduction to garden fences higher than a certain specific minimum height to property lines facing domain to prevent expansive pollination of garden plants and prevention of planting seedlings of specific garden plants on to nearby residential homes and backyards of the Onepoto Domain. Do note these controls will not eliminate the reproduction or pollination of garden plants onto the Onepoto Domain but although, it may help reduce any expansive evasions.

Installation of Garden Plants As suggested, garden plants are beautiful additional ornaments for the amenity of the domain. Suggested stated controls only recommend preventions to any possible expansive and evasive unwanted pollination of garden plants onto the domain. Thus, only preventing any uncontrolled growth.

Fig. 20: Maintained garden property line on domain edge

Garden plants are wonderful ornaments that add vibrancy to Onepoto Domain and should also be celebrated in liking. Suggestions for the installation of garden plants if required or requested should be considered in a controlled environment to prevent and refrain the character of Onepoto Domain and its park as a sort of botanical reserve for local residents. Suggestions of installation for garden plants could include but is not limited to; a boxed garden in the central area of the park filled with garden plants for the visual aesthetics of the amenity of the plants, uncontrolled growth but controlled designated area of a side of the domain to be included just for the exclusivity of the growth of garden plants with the natural ecology.

Fig. 21: Camellia sp.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 22: Canna sp.

Fig. 23: Anemone hupehensis

Fig. 24: Impatiens scapiflora

3.2.3 GARDEN PLANTS

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

ORIGIN

SIZE

clivia

Clivia miniata

Amaryllidaceae

South Africa

H 0.5 m W 0.7 m

• Herbaceous evergreen

black taro

Colocasia elata

Araceae

South East Asia

H 1.2 m W 1.2 m

• Large purple/black leaves

agave

Agave attenuata

Asparagaceae

Mexico

H 1.5 m W 2.5 m

• Broad leaves • Flowers after approximately 10 years • Warmer climates

spider plant

Chlorophytum comosum

Asparagaceae

Tropical and South Africa

H 1m W 1m

• Green leaves with white stripes • White flowers • Susceptible to root rot

impatiens (busy lizzie)

Impatiens walleriana

Balsaminaceae

Eastern Africa

H 1m W 1m

• Flowers in numerous colors • Low maintenance • Good ground cover

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

DESCRIPTION

PHOTO

3.2.3 GARDEN PLANTS

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

ORIGIN

SIZE

begonia

Begonia sp.

Begoniaceae

South America

H 1.8 m

• Large heart shaped leaves • Moderate to full shade • Common garden ground cover

canna lily

Canna warscewiczii

Cannaceae

Tropical Americas

H 1.8 m W 1.2 m

• • • •

hedge bindweed

Calystegia sepium

Convovulaceae

Eastern North America

Vine

• Aggressive self seeding • Seeds poisonous if ingested • Attractive to bees, butterflies and birds

dichora

Dichora versicolor

Hydrangeaceae

South East Asia

H 1.5 m W 0.8 m

• • • •

Evergreen

oriental ladies thumb

Persicaria longiseta

Polygonaceae

South East Asia

H 1m

• • • •

Wet – moist environments Small pink – red flowers Fibrous roots with shallow taproot Likes disturbed ground

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

DESCRIPTION

Large leaves Red flowers Full – partial sun Not a true lily

Flowers majority of the year Full sun to part shade Large growing

PHOTO

3.2.3 GARDEN PLANTS

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME

ORIGIN

SIZE

Japanese anemone

Anemone hupehensis

Ranunculaceae

China (Naturalized in Japan hundreds of years ago)

H 0.7 m W 0.5 m

• • • •

brugsmansia (angels trumpet)

Brugsmansia

Solanaceae

South America

H 3m W 3m

• Evergreen • Trumpet shaped flowers • Highly toxic

camellia

Camellia sp.

Theaceae

Asia

H 3.6 m

• Large shrub • Semi shaded areas • Winter flowering

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

DESCRIPTION Average – medium moisture Part shade Low wind tolerance Upright stem

PHOTO

3.2.4 EXOTIC FLORA Exotic Tree Planting Plan

Onepoto Basin hosts numerous exotic tree species that are mainly located on the basin floor area. During the intital development of the park, exotic trees were planted to increase the amenity value of the reserve. The basin floor is naturally adverse to the sustainability of most exotic species due to soil impermeability and saturation by saline and brackish water. To combat this, the trees have been planted on mounds made of fill and fresh soil. There are a variety of evergreen and deciduous trees of all sizes; although some havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t reached their potential height and size due to the tough conditions of the domain. These trees provide a dramatic contrast to native planting by adding color and seasonal tones to the domain. Due to the amenity these trees bring, the local population has given positive feedback and suggested that they remain through future development.

3.2.3 MAP OF EXOTIC TREE LOCALITY ON ONEPOTO DOMAIN Liquidambar styraciflua Phoenix canariensis Casuarina cunninghamiana Cupressus macrocarpa Cupressus arizonica Quercus robur Melia azedarach Eucalyptus spathulata Agonis flexuosa Fraxinus oxycarpa Fraxinus excelsior Platanus acerifolia Salix babylonica Ulmus glabra Fig. 25: Exotic tree localities (Map not to scale)

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

3.2.4 EXOTIC FLORA Exotic Tree List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME ORIGIN

SIZE

American sweetgum

Liquidambar styraciflua

Altingiaceae

North America

H 21.3 m W 13.7 m

• • • • •

phoenix palm

Phoenix canariensis

Arecaceae

Canary Islands

H 18.2 m W 7.6 m

• Evergreen palm • Poisonous spines • Planting has been restricted due to health hazard

river she-oak

Casuarina cunninghamiana

Casuarinaceae Australia

H 35 m W 10 m

• • • •

Evergreen Requires growing space Good saline tolerance Inconspicuous flowers

golden cone

Cupressus macrocarpa

Cupressaceae

Western North America

H 21.3 m W 12.1 m

• • • •

Evergreen High wind tolerance Saline tolerant Planted as shelter trees in New Zealand

Arizona cypress

Cupressus arizonica

Cupressaceae

North America

H 12.1 m W 7.6 m

• Evergreen • Gray/blue/greenish leaves • Requires little maintenance

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

DESCRIPTION Deciduous Great specimen tree due to autumn color Low maintenance Mixture of bright yellows, oranges, purples and reds in autumn Forms surface roots which can cause issues

PHOTO

3.2.4 EXOTIC FLORA Exotic Tree List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME ORIGIN

SIZE

English oak

Quercus robur

Fagaceae

Britain

H 18.2 m W 18.2 m

• • • •

Indian bead tree

Melia azedarach

Meliaceae

Southeast Asia

H 12 m W 7.6 m

• Deciduous • Small, fragrant flowers • Yellow/orange berries popular with native pigeon

swamp mallee

Eucalyptus spathulata

Myrtaceae

Australia

H 8m W 9.1 m

• Are known to take on a large amount of water • Long green leaves produce oils • Extremely fire retardant

willow myrtle

Agonis flexuosa

Myrtaceae

Australia

H 8m W 11 m

• Very adaptable • Good in coastal environments and poor soil • Aromatic small white flowers

raywood ash

Fraxinus oxycarpa

Oleaceae

Australia

H 15.2 m W 9.1 m

• Deciduous broadleaf • Dark green, the rich red/purple color • Prefers moist or dry soil

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

DESCRIPTION Deciduous Long lifespan Good habitat provider Leaves turn reddish/brown in autumn

PHOTO

3.2.4 EXOTIC FLORA Exotic Tree List

COMMON NAME

BOTANICAL NAME

FAMILY NAME ORIGIN

SIZE

European ash

Fraxinus excelsior

Oleaceae

Europe

H 24.3 m W 27.4 m

• Deciduous • Low tolerance to borers

London plane tree

Platanus acerifolia

Plantanaceae

Europe

H 25.9 m W 21.3 m

• Cross between American sycamore and oriental plane tree • Perceived tolerance of urban pollution • Twigs, large leaves and fruiting balls can provide problems on the ground

babylon willow

Salix babylonica

Salicaceae

Northern China

H 25 m W 10.6 m

• Deciduous • Prefers medium to wet, well drained soils • Branches ‘weep’ towards the ground

golden wych elm

Ulmus glabra

Ulmaceae

Asia

H 10 m W 12 m

• • • •

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

DESCRIPTION

Deciduous Has a wide spread Golden leaves Relatively tolerant to climates and soils

PHOTO

3.2.5 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

Weeds and Pampas Grass As suggested in 2.2.1 Weeds section, it is ideal and recommended for the removal and control of all invasive planting for the growth and health of a natural ecological habitat with the domain and particular proposed development of this assignment.

Garden Plants As suggested in 2.2.3 Garden Plants the control but not the removal of garden planting would enhance the amenity value of the Onepoto Domain. This would also help and maintain a more natural ecosystem through out the domain and onto the proposed development of this assignment.

Exotic Trees As suggested in 2.2.4 Exotic Flora the high amenity value of exotic flora brings character to the whole of the Onepoto Domain. It is recommended to keep all if not most of the exotic flora already on the domain and look to carry this â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;seasonal changeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of character onto the proposed development of this assignment.

Fig. 26: Amentiy value of exotic flora on Onepoto Domain

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SECTION 4.0 |FAUNA

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

4.0 FAUNA

4.0.1 Formation and Natural State of Onepoto Crater Onepoto is a volcanic explosion crater that is part of the Auckland volcanic field that was created by a series of eruptions approximately 250,000 years ago. The crater first became a freshwater lake, and later became a tidal wetland when sea level rose to the present level 7000 years ago after the last ice age. The Crater once was abundant with wetland flora providing a rich environment to species of fauna that thrive in such conditions. The crater’s floor in recent times has been reclaimed, with recreational sports fields and a pond, which along with urban development around the perimeter of the crater has significantly impacted the original biodiversity in the site.

4.0.2 Significance of Wetlands in Auckland for Fauna Wetlands can be best described as some of the most valuable and diverse terrestrial ecosystems. They provide a variety of essential systems such as biofiltration, flood control or carbon sequestration that in turn create ideal habitats for a diverse range of fauna to thrive. Wetlands can include swamps, bogs, salt marshes, or estuaries all of which contain 22 per cent of New Zealand’s plant species. New Zealand has one of the worst records for protecting wetlands, with more than 90 per cent have been destroyed; Onepoto being a classic example where the land has be significantly reclaimed in earlier years. Many of the remaining wetlands are degraded through changes to the water, pollution from nutrients or sedimentation, or introduction of invasive species. New Zealand’s wetlands now contain a greater proportion of threatened native species than any other terrestrial ecosystem and Onepoto Domain is no exception being exposed to the realm of urbanism. Within Auckland it is regionally estimated that almost one third of the nationally threatened plants in the area survive in wetlands, along with a significant number of threatened species of fauna that heavily depend on vegetation to survive. The geographical location of Onepoto Domain in relation to its urban setting provides sufficient reason to remediate the land in order to provide further habitats for native fauna to establish, aiming to restore an overall sustainable corridor of ecology within the region. Prior to human influences Onepoto Domain was a diverse natural wetland that would have likely to have supported some of the greatest concentrations of bird life of any other habitat, with far more species than a comparable forest area. Migratory species depend on chains of suitable wetlands. The survival of threatened species such as the Australasian bittern, brown teal, fernbird, marsh crake and white heron relies on New Zealand’s remnant wetlands, under constant threat through unnatural degradation.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Eight of New Zealand’s 27 native fish including inanga, short-finned eels, kokopu and bullies are found in wetlands where the decline in such populations is directly related to having adverse effects in the natural food web. This has ultimately been a leading role in the fall of fauna populations in Onepoto Domain over time, where poor water quality is near inhabitable for fish leaving native water birds lacking a constant source of food.

4.0.3 Generalisation of Original Native Wetland Species The original Fauna of Onepoto would have likely to have been part of a sustainably intergrated food web, with most prominent interacts being between native bird and aquatic species. The table below is an overview on some of New Zealand’s renowed native wetland species, in which based on the geological setting of Onepoto would have likely to have thrived prior to human influence.

Bird Species Common Name Latin Name

Aquatic Species Common Name

Latin Name

Reef heron

Egretta novaehollandiae

Longfin eel

Anguilla dieffenbachii

Marsh crake

Porzana pusilla

Bullies

Gobiomorphus cotidianus

New Zealand dotteral

Charadrius obscurus

Lamprey

Petromyzontiformes

Brown teal

Anas chlorotis

New Zealand fresh- Echyridella menziesi water mussel

Pūkeko

Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus

Smelt

Retropinnaretropinna

Paradise shelduck

Tadorna variegata

Whitebait

Galaxias maculates

Pied stilt

Himantopus himantopus

Freshwater crayfish

Paranephrops planifrons

Australasian bittern

Botaurus poiciloptilus

Mudfish

Neochanna Galaxiidae

Fig. 1: Wetland Flow Chart of Native Species Interactions (Foodweb)

4.0 FAUNA

4.0.10 Recommendations

Restoring indigenous terrestrial habitat

4.0.11 Generalised Location of Common Fauna

- Riparian planting will aim to enhance the health of waterways on site through the bio filtration of water before it enters a catchment, which in turn can benefit as a habitat as well as a sustainable means of providing cleansed water to aquatic species. - Planting of native species that provide a means of food to bird species such as tui or kereru that feed on native fruiting trees such as kowhai or puriri. Canopy tree species such as rimu, totara, miro, matai, kahikatea, and rewarewa should be widely planted in existing vegetated zones on site, that once established will create a dispersed biodiversity once small plants take shoot underneath.

Weed Management A herbicide like Roundup is known to kill small species such skinks and leach into waterways but can control weeds for at least the first two years. The removal of pampus on site would allow further open space to be utilised as planted habitat to bring in further birdlife to the site. The area of pampus cover has very minimal benefits for native birds so it is in the best interest for it to be removed.

Water Remediation As mentioned riparian planting is an ideal step to cleanse water that falls into catchments. The current situation of the silted pond in Onepoto Domain has left water flow near stagnant and is near inhabitable for aquatic species. The dredging of the pond and re-establishment of water flow through the site is a necessary step that would allow aquatic species to return

Pest Management Possum traps and rodent traps established around the perimeter of the site near significant native planting could help keep numbers of these pests low. The restriction of dogs in certain areas of the domain that feature native planted areas that may be habitats to native birds, such as pukekoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the raupo swamp region.

Educational Awareness Forms of educational awareness on site such as signage that can teach the local community the importance of fauna in the area and measures that can help preserve or remediate habitat.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Habitat Zones: Forest dwelling species e.g tui, kereru or possum Wetland and water edge birds e.g ducks, pukeko or gulls Open space bird species e.g gulls, duck, sparrows or pukeko Aquatic Species

Pampus grass very minimal native diversity

6.0 FAUNA

4.0.4 Habitat Corridors on the North Shore

4.0.5 Habitat loss, Fragmentation and Degradation

4.0.6 Threatened species

The biodiversity of the North Shore region is important because it contributes to environmental, economic, cultural and social well-being by providing valuable ecosystem services such as habitats for fauna, carbon storage by vegetation, filtration of water, nutrient cycling, sediment retention and recreation opportunities to the area. The importance of Onepoto Domain and its connections of fauna to the wider environment highlight how the Auckland region makes up only 2 per cent of New Zealand’s total land mass yet is an important reservoir of New Zealand’s total biodiversity.

The Onepoto Domain ecosystem has been impacted in various ways over time through the loss or substantial modification of native habitat. The process of habitat fragmentation is known to have an adverse impact on native biodiversity because it reduces the size of habitat area, increases the proportion of edge habitat and increases isolation from resources. Larger habitat fragments are able to support species that require a large area, enabling them to maintain sustainable populations. The reclaimation of Onepoto Domain has lead to habitat isolation which reduced the ability of species to disperse successfully across the landscape. Dispersal is essential for the long-term survival of many animal and plant species, especially those that need a large area of habitat or specific resources. Onepoto Domain is considered a smaller fragment that also has a higher proportion of edge area or ‘edge habitat’ that is influenced by adjacent urban land use. Fragmentation of the domain has increased lighting, altered the micro-climate or provided the exposure to introduced pests on the site, all of which are significant effects that have lead to the degradation of habitats in the domain. This is an underlying issue of how human-induced edge effects are known to have a direct effect on biodiversity in habitat fragments. Factors such as these typically result in indirect edge effects such as changes in plant densities, the amount of under story cover, the alteration of shrub heights and species composition, all of which in turn will influence the fauna in some way or other.

The Department of Conservation (DoC) has recently re-classified native plants and birds into categories which describe how vulnerable they are to extinction. Three broad threat categories are sub-divided into a further seven categories. In order of threat , these are: nationally vulnerable at risk (declining, recovering, relict, naturally uncommon) threatened (nationally critical, nationally endangered). Of the native terrestrial fauna found in the Auckland region, 48 per cent of the birds, 71 per cent of the reptiles and both native mammals (bats) are nationally threatened.

North Shore City contains a large proportion of urban Auckland’s remaining native terrestrial habitats. Before human settlement, the natural land cover in the North Shore region is estimated to have been 93 per cent native forest (largely podocarp-broadleaf forest with localized kauri and coastal broadleaf) with open water, wetlands, dune lands and shrub lands covering the remainder. There are very few remaining ecologically significant remnants of native forest, coastal forest, shrub land, or wetlands, all of which have been depleted or degraded over time. The ratio of edge forest area on the North Shore is due to the high proportion of forest fragments remaining in gullies such as that of the northern ridge of Onepoto Domain. Onepoto Domain, Tuff Crater Reserve or Barry’s Point Reserve are all part of a significant inner coastal corridor that accommodate a wide range of both introduced and native species that heavily depend on these areas as a means of habitat.

Threatened Nationally critical Nationally endangered

Nationally vulnerable Declining Recovering Relict Naturally uncommon

Thriving Ecosystem

Taxa Classification

Latin Name

Threat

Black-billed Gull

Chroicocephalus bulleri

Pied Shag

Phalacrocorax varius

Nationally endangered Nationally vulnerable

Reef Heron

Egretta novaehollandiae Nationally vulnerable

Pied Stilt

Himantopus himantopus Anas superciliosa

Declining

Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae

Naturally uncommon

Grey Duck Fig. 2: The inland coastal environment provides a significant ecological corridor to Onepoto Domain and other neighbouring Reserves

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Black Shag Fig. 3: A typical example in Onepoto Domain on how the edge effect has effected the fauna habitat of a waterway, which in turn has resulted in loss of biodiversity. (kikuyu)

Nationally critical

4.0 FAUNA

4.0.7 Exotic Species, Introduced and Invasive An exotic species is any non-native organism that has been introduced to a new location by human action but can also be by natural means. Not every introduced species threatens the native biodiversity however. Its estimated that about 10 per cent of any accidental or deliberate introduced specie will appear in the wild, 10 per cent of those will become established and a further 10 per cent of those will become invasive. An invasive species is the rapid spread of an organism that is likely to have adverse impacts on their new environment. Invasive species pose an ongoing threat to native terrestrial biodiversity because they may compete with or consume native plants and animals. The largest example of this In Onepoto Domain is the invasive Pampus grass which has consumed a huge amount of ground cover and provides very little native fauna. The Auckland region is a major gateway for exotic species to enter the country through may it be through cargoes that bring in an accidental introduction of unwanted species, or simply peoples own backyards where unwanted species disperse out into the wider environment. Several examples of deliberate introductions of exotic species to Onepoto Domain are apparent e.g. most exotic plants that were introduced as ornamental garden plants as seen around the perimeter of Onepoto Domain. Realistically Native fauna needs sufficient native plant cover which is lacking on site.

Fig. 4: Pampas and Pines

Fig. 6: Siltation of the Pond

The invasive pampas grass is considered a plant pest that has very little benefits for native fauna and has invaded a significant region of the domain. Pine trees often dimenish natural habitats where the acidic pine needles fall and kill off ground cover, creating a very barren environmnt for fauna.

The accumulation of sediments in the Onepoto Domain pond effects the aquatic life which in turn has impacts on terrestrial birds that feed in it. Based on site visits the absence of small fish in the pond would generally mean a shortage for food for larger aquatic species such as eel if present. Based on current observations it is very unlikely for large populations of aquatic species to thrive in such shallow and poor water qualities.

Fig. 5: Development

Fig. 7: Invasive Ipomoea indica

Despite most physical forms of development benefiting the social realm of Onepoto, Domain, walk ways, roads and other hard sufaces generally detour and dimenish native fauna. Recommendations to better intergrate hardsurfaces in to ecological values are ideal in supporting habitats for species of fauna.

This Rampant and smothering weed has taken root in amongst raupo in the domain completely covering areas and altering the natural state of the swampland region. Invasive species such as these are likely to detour forms of fauna due to alteration of habitat and loss of lighting.

4.0.8 Mammalian pests Native vegetation has been significantly altered by introduced mammalian herbivores and omnivores, which have radically changed the structure and composition of native forest ecosystems. These species in particular include possums that cause the most extensive and damage to forest vegetation along with rabbits that root up the forest floor, which in turn effect native fauna habitation or food web. Mammalian predators have also had a hugely adverse impact on native biodiversity. These include rats, mice, weasels or stoats, or cats and dogs that have contributed to the extinctions of native birds. These predator species consume birds or there eggs and have been noted to deplete populations completely. The urban location of Onepoto Domain will mean these predator species will most likely always be present, where even trapping or poisoning will see the return of them in the area.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

4.0 FAUNA

4.0.9 List of Onepoto Domain Animal Species Common name

Scientific name

Conservation Status

Description

Habitat

Birds Native Black Billed Gull

Larus bulleri hutton

Nationally Critical

Medium sized white gull with pale grey wings and back. Relatively long straight black bill

Found only in New Zealand and breeds in the north island, most threatened gull species in the world

Little black shag Little shag

Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Phalacrocorax melanoleucos

Naturally uncommon Not threatened

Red Billed Gull

Larus novaehollandiae Stephens

Nationally Vulnerable

Prefers to live near coastal and inland waters Most widely distributed shag species in New Zealand. Found in both marine and freshwater Most commonly found gull in New Zealand, very rarely found inland

Pied stilt

Himantopus himantopus

Declining species

Pukeko

Porphyrio melantus Temminck

Not threatened

Silvereye

Zosterops lateralis

Not threatened

Swamp Harrier

Circus approximans Peale

Not threatened

Welcome Swallow

Hirundo neoxena Gould

Not threatened

Medium sized bird which has a completely black body, skin, bill and feet Black with white cheeks and has a small yellow bill with black feet and a relatively long tail Medium sized white gull with grey/ black wing coverts and black flight feathers with white tips Long pink legs and a long black bill. The body is mainly white with black back wings Large bird with dark blue/ violet head, breast and throat, with black back and wings Small bird with olive green colouring on the head and back wings, with grey on the neck and upper back. Recognised by its distinctive white eye ring Large, long legged bird with long pointy wings, brown back, pale cream breast and yellow eyes Short black bill, blue/ black upperwings and a long dark tail with white spots at the end of the feathers

White faced Heron

Egretta novaehollandiae

Not threatened

Medium sized heron which is mainly blue-grey in colour with white on the face

Found in Australia and New Guinea. Self-introduced into New Zealand in the 1940â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Grey warbler

Gerygone igata

Not threatened

Small bird which is olive grey in colour with a completely grey face.

New Zealand Fantail

Rhipidura fuliginosa

Not threatened

New Zealand Pigeon

Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae

Not threatened

Paradise shelduck

Tadorna variegate

Not threatened

The male paradise shelduck is dark grey or black with occasional green. Whereas the femaleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head and upper neck is white

Found all over New Zealand, from Cape Reinga to Stewart Island and even the Chatham Islands

Tui

Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae

Not threatened

Medium sized bird, blue, green and bronze in colour with white throat tuffs

Lives in the forest and the suburbs.

Found in many tropical and warmer areas of the world and prefer to live in wetlands, estuaries, saltmarshes and freshwater lakes Found throughout areas of New Zealand. Mainly found in vegetated swamps, streams or lagoons. Found throughout New Zealand from sea level, up to 1200 m in altitude. It can be found in urban areas, farmland and all native and exotic forest land. Found throughout New Zealand in coastal, estuarine, wetland, forest and farmland areas Found all over New Zealand in wetlands and near coastlines, self introduced from Australia

Endemic

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Found in trees or shrubs and are located on all the three main islands. It is the most widely distributed endemic bird species in New Zealand Small bird with a grey head, brown/ black underside, brownish breast Occur widely from Northland to Stewart Island, and on some islands of the and belly, long black and white tail Chathams Large pigeon with a red bill, feet and eyes. The upper body is green/ blue Found throughout the country, from Northland to Stewart Island with a bronze/ purple neck and white underside

4.0 FAUNA

Common name

Scientific name

Conservation Status

Description

Habitat

Small black songbird with small white spots over the body, pointed yellow bill with orange/ red legs Small bird species with a chestnut, white and grey plumage, grey underbody, variegated brown and white back wings Medium sized bird species with many blotches or black and white over the body Large duck with yellow, grey or orange bill. Dark eyes, orange legs and feet Medium sized bird with a white underside with specs of large brown spots, smooth brown head body and wings

Found throughout New Zealand from sea level, to 1500 metres in altitude. They can be found in rural areas, coastlines or in city centres Found all over New Zealand, except for high mountain ranges and bush areas Found throughout the North Island, however is only found between Kaikoura and Southland in the South Island Mallards occur throughout all of New Zealand and can also be found on the Chatham Islands and Kermadec Islands Found throughout New Zealand up to an altitude of 800 m. They are found in urban areas, rural areas, orchards and lowland forests

The largest moth in New Zealand. Wingspan of 13 - 15 cm

Only found in the North Island, Lives in the trunk of trees until is excavates itself out and emerges as a moth

Exotic Common starling

Sturnus vulgaris

Introduced and naturalised

House sparrow

Passer domesticus

Introduced and naturalised

Magpie

Gymnorhina tibicen

Introduced and naturalised

Mallard

Anas platyrhynchos

Introduced and naturalised

Song thrush

Turdus philomelos

Introduced and naturalised

Puriri moth

Aenetus virescens

Native

Grasshoppers Cicadas

Sigaus villosus 42 native species in New Zealand

Honey bee Bumblebees Rainbow skink

Apis mellifera Bombus terrestris Lampropholis delicata

Significant insects/ reptiles

Found in tall forest, scrub land, swamps, riverbeds and sand dunes. Introduced Introduced Introduced 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Introduced in 1839 Introduced 1885

Widespread distribution and found in native and exotic shrubland Widespread over New Zealand Widespread from Northland to Waikato and the Bay of Plenty

Slightly transparent with red and green lines on the legs and orange spots over the body. Dark/ brown shells with a gold patch on the top of the shell Can grow up to 1 metre long

Found in rock pools, however in this case it can be found in ponds at Onepoto domain. Found in lakes and streams around New Zealand Can be found all around the south pacific in countries such as Australia and Fiji. Prefers lowland waterways

Cat sized furry animal weighing between 2 - 5 kg. The coat is either grey or black, with thick bushy tail. Introduced into New Zealand in the early 1830â&#x20AC;&#x2122;2

Found everywhere across the mainland of New Zealand and Stewart Island. New Zealands most damaging pest. Found all over New Zealand, well adapted to dry areas

Aquatic species Common shrimp

Palaemon affinis

Fresh water mussel Shortfin eel

Echyridella menziesi Anguilla australis

Pests Australian bushtail Possum European Rabbit

Trichosurus vulpecula

Introduced and naturalised

Oryctolagus cuniculus

Introduced and naturalised

Common Rat Cats and Dogs

Rattus exulans

Introduced Large rat with a long tail, dark grey in colour. Pets for owners around the domain and surrounding areas

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Found in houses, waterways and farm land.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SECTION 5.0 | ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SECTION 5.1 | WATER

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.1 WATER

5.1.1 Introduction Onepoto Domain occupies an ancient tuff crater formed in volcanic eruptions approximately 200 - 250,000 years ago. It is part of a system of explosion craters that also includes the adjacent Tank Farm (Tuff Crater) and Lake Pupuke (Hayward, 2009). All three originally filled with freshwater, however over the centuries sea level rise and flooding of the Waitemata river valley saw both Onepoto and Tuff Crater rims breached to form tidal inlets. While Tuff Crater remains a tidal inlet, Onepoto basin has been drained and reclaimed to form the recreational area of Onepoto Domain. It remains a wet site requiring a complex drainage system. This section of the report will examine the history of the tidal basin and the wetlands that have changed from a saltmarsh community to an ephemeral freshwater ecosystem. Several development plans have been proposed and partially implemented over the last 33 years, and this project is a continuation of that process. GIS mapping provides an overview of the hydrological processes on site, as well as links to the wider landscape. The recreational pond system and the water management processes involved with their upkeep will be discussed, as will the stormwater stream and drainage channel system. The varying types of riparian condition such as that shown in Fig. 1 are depicted and discussed with regard to habitat for wildlife and amenity for people. Historic water quality data is presented and updated with water testing completed on site in May 2014. The results are analysed, with possibilities put forward as to why these conditions may have developed. Finally, design considerations are presented for future development of the wetland, pond and stormwater systems.

Fig. 1: Western Arm of Onepoto Pond System

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.1 WATER

5.1.2 History of the Wetland Up until the late 1950s, Onepoto Crater was a tidal inlet like its neighbour Tuff Crater. The basin floor was deposited marine silts, and mangroves and salt marsh had established in the shallow tidal waters (Hayward, 2009). Fig. 2 shows the Onepoto Crater in 1959, prior to any fill and reclamation happening as part of the Harbour Bridge construction. The upper northeastern quadrant of the basin (the current pampas-infested wetland) is still a saltmarsh, with water remaining onsite even at low tide. Fig. 3 was included in the 1971 Beca Carter report, showing the state of the crater basin (now called Onepoto Domain) before any of their development proposals had been implemented. The central drainage channel is clearly visible, and the current wetland appears to be dry reclaimed land in this photograph. Tidal flows and associated mangrove vegetation are still clearly present in the mid-southern sections of the domain. Beca Carter report that the underlying salt-saturated soils cause problems with any planting, and proposed a solution of irrigating the land to wash out the excess salt (as described in the Onepoto Domain Resource Management Plan, 1997). Residential housing has intensified along the crater-rim roads. Fig. 4 depicts some of the huge reclamation work undertaken at Onepoto Domain in 1978 in order to create dry sportsfields. The current wetland area is visible in the back of the photo, along with what appears to be pampas directly in front of the bush edge.

Fig. 2: Onepoto Domain 1959 when the basin was still a tidal saltwater wetland like Tuff Crater

This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.

Fig. 5 is a 2010 view of Onepoto Domain showing a very similar layout of recreational activities and vegetated areas to what we have today. The interior of the wetland in the top north-eastern quadrant appears damp with low-lying vegetation. Today that section is covered in 2.5m high pampas clumps, and was nearly impenetrable until the council mowed a large area flat at the end of April 2014.

Fig. 3: Onepoto Domain 1971 showing central drainage channel, some reclamation and saltwater wetland extent

Â´

Onepoto 1959

Scale @ A3 1:5000

Created: Thursday, 1 May 2014,2:08:22 p.m.

During site visits in March, April and early May 2014, the wetland area was completely dry. Council documents and local anecdotal evidence indicates that it is a very wet and boggy site in winter, however the wetland character has become ephemeral and is not able to be maintained year round. The question of how to restore this wetland is vexed, as what exactly is to be restored? Historically it was a saltmarsh, yet there is no tidal in/outflow to the section of the site anymore. There is not enough freshwater coming onsite to consistently maintain a freshwater wetland ecosystem, and much of this water is contaminated urban runoff that should be treated at source.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 4: Onepoto Domain 1978, showing drainage and development of sports fields

Fig. 5: Onepoto Domain 2010. Remnant wetland is now separated from tidal in/outflow and receives freshwater inputs only.

Onepoto 2010

5.1 WATER

Previous Development Plans: Beca Carter Scheme 1971

Onepoto Domain Reserve Management Plan 1997

Current Boardwalk Development

The 1997 RMP recognised the wetland was in a ‘precarious state’ as it was a remnant of the original maritime wetland and had been cut off from its water source. Heavy rain in winter did not drain well because of the poorly drained marine silts underlying the basin (RMP, 1997).

In May 2014 a new boardwalk opened, pictured in Fig. 8, which gives aboveground access to pedestrians and cyclists through the wetland area. Local residents indicate that in winter the wetland area will be about 30 cm deep in water, but still able to be walked through in gumboots with the dogs (personal communication). The wetland dries out in summer, but is valued year-round as amenity for people and dogs. Residents we spoke to would like to see planted mounds providing a variety of views and habitat throughout the wetland area, but still retaining access to the whole site as off-leash exploration for dogs. What they do not want is more stagnant water pooling if the current wetland area is ‘re-wetted’. Design proposals would need to consider a suitable outflow.

There was recognition that the lakes had not been maintained as intended, and a programme of regular flushing and maintenance needed to happen as well as de-silting (which was not carried out). There was a recommendation that the pampas be cleared from the wetland and raupo, flax and carex be planted as native wetland species. That recommendation was not carried out, and the pampas has spread even further and out into the drainage channels as well. The salty subsoli continues to provide a challenge to establishing planting.

North Shore City Council Concept Plan 2004

Fig. 6: Beca Carter 1971 Development Scheme for Onepoto Domain

S.O.U.L. produced a concept plan for North Shore City Council in 2004 that again noted the wetland did not receive enough water to survive and that there were weed problems in the lake and drainage channels. No specific remedies were proposed apart from regular weed control, and the need to further investigate the wetland and the hydological processes across the site.

In 1971, Beca Carter Hollings and Ferner engineering company produced a development plan for Onepoto Domain for North Shore City Council. As seen in Figx, the basin floor was only partly drained at this stage, with fill in the south-western corner coming from the construction of the Auckland Harbour Bridge. Tarahanga Ave did not exist, and the tide still flushed part of the basin as the floodgates in the causeway were in poor condition. The Beca Carter scheme envisaged a chain of freshwater lakes that would collect the stormwater runoff from the surrounding areas via drainage channels, and then discharge this water into the estuary. In times of low flow, they suggested either water from Onepoto Stream or the town water supply be pumped up to the lakes to keep them flushed and the water fresh. (Beca Carter, 1971). They further designed a saltwater lake in the estuary mouth, that would be flushed by the tide, but retain enough water to be used for recreational purposes. The pampas wetland was to be completely drained and reclaimed under this scheme.

Fig. 8: Upgraded pathways and new boardwalk through wetland area, opening May 2014

Only a few elements from this plan were built, with the current roading and residential areas having quite different form (see Fig. 6). Fig. 7: S.O.U.L. concept plan 2004

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.1 WATER

5.1.3 Wider Watersheds

Onewa Interchange

There are several watersheds that surround the Onepoto Basin and collectively form the natural drainage catchments of the area (Fig. 9).

South of Onepoto Domain is the Onewa Interchange â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a landscape project designed for road users which also deals with the challenging estuarine conditions of Shoal Bay (Fig. 11). The project has been designed to benefit three ecological elements of the landscape: coastal flax planting along the cliffs/embankments of the Shoal Bay coastline, salt meadow planting of flat land, and the creation of wetland ponds and swale planting in pockets of tidal water. (Palethorpe, 2012). The division of planting for these elements is to better enhance the characteristics of the estuarine environment which allows birdlife and native plants to thrive. The wetland ponds and planting scheme acts as an infiltration mechanism for all storm-water runoff coming off the roads, eliminating pollutants before the water enters the bay or adjoining stream systems.

Onepoto Stream Next to the interchange is the mouth of a tidal estuary and wetland of which Onepoto Stream runs through, winding itself along the south-western border of the domain. The stream is currently a catchment for storm-water runoff from the residential area along Lake Road. At high tide the water body is a visually enhanced amenity, while at low tide the entire extent of the natural mudflats and mangrove planting is exposed. Due to movement with the tides twice daily and the wetland planting which helps to filter all incoming storm-water flow, the water here is of relatively good quality. Onepoto stream is linked to water systems within the Domain via large underground pipes, initially intended to facilitate tidal flushing of the Onepoto ponds.

argue with her until their house fire blew out and could not be rekindled. So Matakamokamo cursed the goddess of fire, who in turn called on her fellow diety Mataaho (God of volanoes) to create an eruption that would punish the bitter couple. The couple fled but later returned, where they were turned to stone and sank beneath the ground on the foreshore of Shoal Bay - producing the volcanic eruptions that formed Onepoto and Tank Farm explosion craters. (Hayward, 2009). Unlike the Domain this crater has not been filled in and instead remains a natural tidal wetland linked to Shoal Bay (Fig. 10). Forest and Bird began a restoration project of Tuff Crater in 2013, with the community awareness of local ecologies envisaged. Invasive weeds have been reduced and better predator control put in place to allow wildlife to flourish. Key restoration zones include the maintenance of Millenium Forest, the coastal Kohekohe Forest and the old tank sites. Amidst all the restoration plans for different ecologies within the basin, there has been the creation of a boardwalk track that circuits the entire reserve and a pedestrian bridge across the estuary, which allows a sustainable recreational use by the community. (Forest and Bird, 2013).

TANK FARM

Tank Farm (Tuff Crater) ONEPOTO DOMAIN

Fig 9: Map illustrating the natural drainage catchments of the site and its surrounds

North of Onepoto Domain is the basinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sister crater, Tank Farm. Both craters belong to a traditional Maori story where Matakamokamo (Tank Farm) and Matakerepo (Onepoto Basin) were married. Matakamokamo instructed his wife to weave him a garment but was dissatisfied by the result, and began to

SHOAL BAY

ONEWA INTERCHANGE

ONEPOTO STREAM

Fig. 10: Panoramic image of Tank Farm which neighbours Onepoto Domain

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 11: Image of Northcote showing the relationship between Onepoto Domain and wider watersheds

5.1 WATER

5.1.4 Pond System As outlined earlier, the Onepoto Ponds were initially proposed as freshwater settling lakes for the collection of storm-water within the basin â&#x20AC;&#x201C; via open channel drains. A key design consideration for this storm-water pond system (according to the Beca Carter Report, 1971) was the high value of visual water amenities in a public open space. And so the creation of open storm-water channels collecting water from all sides of the basin was developed in order to provide the lakes with enough water to maintain a visually attractive full water body. The lakes were created to work with a discharge system allowing surplus water to exit through a flap-valve mechanism and outflow directly into the Onepoto stream and estuary at the southern end of the domain (refer to Fig. 14). As the Onepoto basin sits at Mean High Water Springs with the ponds slightly below sea level, it is critical that the flap-valve floodgates work efficiently, otherwise the ponds would overflow at high tide and be emptied a low tide. See Fig. Control on Boards At the south end of the 12 for detail of control boards. (OLCC, 2007)

ponds there is the outflow pipe covered by a stainless hinged flap. This is padlocked so the key is required. On the pond side of this is a stainless guard to prevent trash entering the pipe.

A water fountain (Fig. 13) was also installed to facilitate the aeration of the pondsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; water and prevent stagnation during low-inflow periods.

Under the flap is a control dam made up of wooden boards. Normally these are set so the top of the board is at the level required for the pond, any water above this height will spill over the boards and flow out at low tide. This view is with the pond very high. Removing one or more boards will allow the pond to drain at half tide or lower and will allow inflow above half tide if the flap valves are open. There is no storage for the boards when they have been lifted and they cannot be left. They are taken away and this makes sharing the flushing responsibility difficult. Update: The angleiron crossbar shown in the photograh has Fig. 12: Control board location at the southern end of the pond, which drains wabroken away from the frame and sits across the concrete shoulders of the sump. TheOnepoto boards can be left by resting them on ter into the Onepoto Estuary. Closeup view of mechanism sourced from the rear shoulder and this bar, possibly tying them in place. Lagoon Coordination Committee report, 2007. When replaced the boards need to be firmly pushed down and wedged the ensure they don't leak. This is best done when the water is the same level in pond and estuary otherwise the water pressure will prevent seating firmly. It should be checked at low tide and leaks wedged.

Fig. 13: View of fountain in main pond whe originally installed. Photosourced from Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee report, undated.

Fig. 14: How water flow is supposed to work in Onepoto Domain

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.1 WATER

5.1.4 Pond System continued However during this planning process for the Domain, cohesive storm-water treatment options were not envisioned, and contaminated residential runoff has freely flowed into the storm-water channels and ponds for the last 20 years. The consequence of this has produced two separate water entities now acting within the Domain. The storm-water channels are a separate water ecosystem from the ponds due to heavily blocked-up connection flow pipes by silt, affecting the inflow/outflow of all water in the basin (refer to Fig. 17). In addition, the tidal flushing of the ponds has to be done manually by the local yacht racing club in order to keep the ponds weed-free and smelling fresh. This process (which works effectively) has caused a transformation of freshwater lakes to ponds which are approximately two-thirds saline. A comparison of the above water flow diagrams demonstrates a clear disconnect between what was initially designed for the domain and what the reality is for the poorly maintained water systems on site today. A good water cycle requires a steady inflow and outflow of water to prevent stagnation and resulting poor water quality; however the blockage of drainage pipes from the channels into the ponds (as shown in Figs. 15 and 16) negated all outflow paths from the channels, preventing a constant flow cycle and subsequently leaving the drainage streams in an unhealthy state. Fig. 15: The heavily silted-up end of the main pond, with algae growing over smelly mud.

Fig. 16: Blocked drainage pipe into the pond which is supposed to allow stormwater from the one of the channels into the pond.

Fig. 17: How water flow currently works in the Domain

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.1 WATER

5.1.5 Stormwater Stream Systems Onepoto Domain is made up of an intricate system of water ways – streams, channels and overland flow paths (refer to Fig. 18). The streams that feature on site actually form the storm-water channels which are supposed to feed the basin’s storm-water into the settling ponds. Three major channels that run along the northern, eastern and western boundaries of the Domain collect urban rainwater from a number of residential roads (Exmouth Rd, Sylvan Ave, Howard St, and Tarahanga St (refer to Fig. 21, cadastral map.)

Fig. 19: Slope from adjoining houses and streets allows residential stormwater runoff to flow directly onto the site

Fig. 20: Part of the Eastern Stormwater channel

KEY Stormwater Channels Overland Flow Paths Secondary Overland Flow Paths Onepoto Ponds

However the channels have been separated from the ponds due to blocked pipes caused by a gradual build-up of contaminants and pollutants that come from untreated urban runoff. The effect of untreated storm-water is becoming an increasing concern for the ecology of the Domain’s water ways, as the contaminants not only poison aquatic plants and life by introducing unnatural pollutants and a lack of oxygen, but the contaminants also sit in the water causing a continual build-up of muck until an eventual fragmentation of the flow and cycle of a water-way is created – as is currently happening in the Domain. The basin was designed to be a catchment for the accumulation of stormwater from the surrounding housing, clearly illustrated in the accompanying imagery in Figs. 19, 20 and 22. In order to preserve and support the natural ecologies that continue to develop in the habitats generated by the domain’s water channels, it is important that the treatment of storm-water occurs through simple low impact urban design steps before it reaches these water channels.

Fig. 21: Cadastral map of Onepoto locating the immediate residential roads surrounding the Domain which contribute to the overall volume of stormwater into the site.

Fig. 18: Map of Onepoto Domain illustrating the site’s network of stormwater channels and overland flow paths Fig. 22: Giant stormwater drain (pictured left) approx. 1m in diameter collecting stormwater runoff from Howard Rd on the western side of the site and depositing it through the collection of pipes that run straight into the domain (pictured right)

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.1 WATER

5.1.6 Riparian Edges

Gray’s Pool

The streams, ponds and stormwater channels have a large variety of riparian edges from intentionally planted natives to self-established exotic weeds; mown turf grasses to concrete kerbing. The type of edge affects the function of the ecosystem and the types of habitat created for wildlife, aquatic life and amenity for people.

This freshwater spring is located in the bush edge of the crater rim, just to the north west of the end of the playing fields. The water is clean enough for dogs to drink, and locals use this water source to water new native plantings during hot, dry summers (personal communication). The pool was concrete-edged by council to make water-collection access easier for watering - see Fig. 27.

A selection of riparian edges found within the Onepoto Domain are presented and discussed below.

Onepoto Pond The main Onepoto Pond is designed as a recreational sailing venue for remotecontrol yachts. Accordingly, the water’s edge is concrete-kerb footpath, providing a non-slip surface for the yachties and an easily-traversable path for bikes, pushchairs (Fig. 23). A vegetated edge would interfere with boat races, as would large trees blocking wind, so the pond is open water which means higher water temperatures than is desirable for aquatic life. Fig. 25: The naturalistic planting along the western arm of the pond system

North-western Drainage Channel

Fig. 23: Concrete footpath around main pond

Fig. 24: Mown lawn to concrete kerb edge of lower pond.

Further north beyond the end of the ponds begins a series of channels that encircle the upper edge of the Onepoto crater floor, and drain both the playing fields and stormwater runoff from surrounding residential areas. All these channels are vegetated, providing rich habitat for wildlife, as well as some phytoremediation of runoff via the raupo plantings. Exotic weeds such as pampas, acacia, convolvulus, and willow weed (Fig. 26) are gaining a foothold in these channels, as is the kikuyu which spreads from the main park.

Fig. 27: Gray’s Pool - a clean water source for wildlife and dogs.

The outlet below Gray’s pool has a rocky surface to moderate water flow during heavy rain and prevent scouring of the bank and channel. There is extensive native bush around the pool, although exotic weeds are begin to find a foothold in the rock area as they spread out from the drainage channel below (see Fig. 28)

The lower pond also has a concrete kerb edge with mown turf coming right down to the water as shown in Fig. 24. There is no shading of the water surface in this area either, nor amenity along the water’s edge for wildlife.

Western Arm of Pond System The Western arm of the pond system has a natural edge with reeds planted along the banks and extending into the water. The vegetation gives hiding places for aquatic life, and helps filter runoff from the surrounding area to some small extent. The natural planting, as shown in Fig. 25, is also visually attractive, and provides a different recreational experience for visitors walking through the park.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 26: Raupo in drainage channels with infestation of exotic weeds.

Fig. 28: The constructed channel below Gray’s pool with invasive weeds encroaching.

5.1 WATER

Bush Bridge Stream

Eastern Stormwater Channel

The bush bridge stream is at the top North-Eastern edge of the path, behind the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground, and currently has a narrow bridge crossing it (see Fig. 29) which the council are about to replace. This area provides access up a short path to the crater rim and Sylvan Rd. The stream is thickly vegetated here with raupo, watercress and a pond weed - all which help keep the water cool for aquatic life, and should provide habitat. However the stream surface has an oily sheen and the water smells bad, indicating a water quality issue in this area.

The Eastern stormwater channel extends from the bush bridge stream around the curve of the eastern edge of the crater floor, stopping alongside the entrance road to the domain where it enters a culvert and it meant to drain into Onepoto Pond. This culvert pipe is silted up, meaning the water in this channel has no outflow and slowly infiltrates and stagnates. This waterway is mainly hidden from general view by planted bush, weedy vegetation, trees and raupo. There is a network of trails through the area that is highly valued by locals for dog-walking, as dogs can be off-leash and safely separated from other park users. A variety of riparian conditions exist along this channel, as illustrated in Figs. 30 - 33 below. The vegetation provides habitat for pukeko and ducks, and local residents have gardened some sections of the channel to provide visual amenity form their homes.

Fig. 29: Bush bridge stream above, with close-ups of water quality below.

Fig. 30: Amenity planting by local residents alongside stormwater channel

Of some concern is that private water garden that borders the channel. It contains a number of species such as taro and waterlilies that have the possibility of pieces breaking off and washing into the stormwater channel during heavy rain events. These plants naturalise easily, and could spread through the waterway. Fig. 31: Slot drains such as this one, are common throughout this section of the domain, and allow excess water to be directed back into the stormwater channel.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 32: Privet, pampas, exotic grassland weeds and raupo line the upper reaches of the drainage channel. The vegetation keeps the stream cool and provides habitat for wildlife and the pukeko observed on site.

Fig. 33: Kikuyu grass from the surrounding mown area has started to grow into the detention pond at the end of the Eastern stormwater channel near the entrance roadway. The water should flow through a culvert under the road here and enter the pond system, but the pies have silted up.

5.1 WATER

5.1.7 Water Quality The water at Onepoto Domain comes from a number of different sources: fresh springs, rain, urban stormwater runoff, tidal inflow (deliberate), and groundwater. This means a mix of clean freshwater, contaminated freshwater, and saltwater are all present on site; sometimes in the same water body, and sometimes in discrete water bodies. Conversations with local residents suggested that the water on site was too polluted for them to even allow their dogs to play in the water - let alone drink it - apart from Grayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pool in Weeks Reserve; a natural freshwater spring. According to the Onepoto Domain Reserve Management Plan 1997 (ODRMP, 1997), the lakes established on the crater floor basin were to be freshwater, function as stormwater collection ponds for the drainage channels around and through the basin, and drain the basin during flood events via floodgates out to Onepoto Stream and the estuary. Fountains in the lakes were to aid water aeration. The main challenge was the basin level at MHWS. Over the years however, the lakes and drainage channels have silted up, and the linkages have ceased to function as designed. Currently the lakes operate as an independent hydrological system, manually flushed with saltwater on a regular basis to keep the water as fresh as possible (the fountains no longer work). The drainage channels around the basin continue to receive both clean freshwater from the springs and streams as well as contaminated urban stormwater, yet there is no outflow and the water stagnates. The wetland, originally a saltwater environment, receives only freshwater runoff in heavy rain events - insufficient to maintain moisture levels throughout the year and experiences salt leaching from the marine silts that negatively impacts the vegetation trying to establish (ODRMP, 1997). The outflow pipe from the wetland to the lake has also silted up and no longer functions.

Water Monitoring Data Water monitoring was carried out by a WaiCare volunteer, Carol Bergquist, from 2007 - 2011 on two sites: the main pond (2007 - 2011) and the Eastern Stormwater Channel (2007 - 2008). See Fig. 34 for site locations. The historic water data was obtained from Hazel Meadows, Acting Team Manager Environmental Initiatives, at Auckland Council, and is summarised in the top section of Fig. 3. As this information is between 3 and 5 years old, we felt it important to re-test the water at Onepoto Domain to see what changes there have been in the intervening years - particularly with the hydrological systems now seeming to operate independently. Unitec students sampled

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 34: Sites of Onepoto Domain water quality monitoring 2007 - 2011. Map supplied by Hazel Meadows, Acting Team Manager Environmental Initiatives, Auckland Council.

Fig. 35: Four sites where water quality testing was carried out on 4 May 2014

5.1 WATER

water at both the historic the historic sites and also two new sites as detailed in Fig. 35. The results of our testing is shown at the bottom of Fig. 36.

Water Data Analysis All water testing was done with a standard WaiCare test kit, and analysed via WaiCare information sheets. Invertebrate sampling was done with nets. Comparison of data for the Eastern Stormwater Channel between 27/5/07 and 4/5/14 show broadly similar results. The most notable change is the further drop in dissolved oxygen levels, to a level now where fish and invertebrates would have trouble surviving (below 4 mg/L considered “Poor”). Tiny fish were observed at the water surface, however no macroinvertebrates were found at all in the water samples. When the silt layer was stirred up, scum bubbles formed on the water surface and the water stank. The silt is like a thick, felted blanket and can be picked up in ‘strings’. Phosphorus levels remain elevated. Onepoto Pond had surprisingly improved water quality data from 2011 to 2014, despite anecdotal evidence of terrible water quality from local residents. At present the dissoved oxygen levels are excellent (above 10 mg/L), the phosphorus, nitrate and nitrate levels are all excellent (below 0.1mg/L, 2mg/L and 0.01mg/L respectively), and the water clarity is fair (25-50 cm). The water temperature is high, however this is probably because the pond is completely unshaded and shallower than intended due to silt buildup. Invertebrate sampling yielded shrimps, mussels and round snails - no freshwater larvae, flies, or amphipods. The remote-control yachties observing the sampling mentioned that at least 3 eels live in the main pond and can cause havoc with the boat races when eels and boats collide. The remote-control yachties also control the regular tidal flushing of the ponds and suggested that the current mix is probably 2/3 saltwater and 1/3 freshwater - their solution to keeping the ponds aerated and free of algae. This may be why the current water quality of the pond is better than expected, as regular manual flushing stops the water stagnating. The challenge with this process however is that the pond ecosystem seems to be changing to a more estuarine environment, with only invertebrates capable of survivng in brackish water observed. The Western arm of the lake system is also surprisingly healthy, suggesting that the tidal flushing process ensures good flow of clean water throughout the entire system. Again the water is very warm because of very little shade, and only invertebrates that cope with brackish water were found (lots of shrimps and a round snail). The water smelt clean here.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SiteName Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond Onepoto Pond

Eastern stormwater channel Onepoto Pond Western arm Lakes Bush bridge stream

SampleDate

AirTemp

WaterTemp

27/05/07 27/05/07 17/06/07 17/06/07 15/07/07 15/07/07 17/08/07 16/09/07 16/09/07 21/10/07 21/10/07 25/11/07 16/12/07 20/01/08 20/01/08 17/02/08 30/03/08 20/04/08 20/04/08 13/09/08 12/10/08 7/12/08 22/03/09 9/08/09 17/01/10 21/01/11 23/01/11 30/01/11 20/02/11

20 20 13 13 14 14 18 21 21 17 17 22 24 25 24 26 26 18 17 19 21 23 24 16 23 29

19 18 11 13 14 12 15.5 20.5 19 18 18 23 24 25 26 24 24 19 17 18 20 25 23 16 28 26

24 29

4/05/14 4/05/14 4/05/14 4/05/14

26 22 20 27

Turbid ity 26 40 64 7 17 50 45 16 44 16 37 23 14 60 22 48 64 7 41 20 65.5 7 71 8 100 0 9 60 64 8 95 0 63 8 30 30 68 6 40 20

WaterClarity

65 69 61 49 53

6 5 8 12 11

26 29

34 27

25 35

16 22 23 16

28 45 46 7

Fig. 36: Water quality data. Historic data obtained from Hazel Meadows at Auckland Council. 2014 monitoring conducted by Unitec BLA students.

5.1 WATER

The stream water sampled at the edge of the bush bridge (behind the playground) was in very poor condition. The water level was low (8 cm deep) over a thick, smelly layer of black silt. Dissolved oxygen was at a level that would kill sensitive stream life (2mg/L), water clarity was negligible from the suspended silt, and phosphorus levels were above what our test kit could measure (greater than 0.4mg/L). This area is at the base of the crater alongside a walkway up to Sylvan Rd, and would likely receive a lot of stormwater from the houses and road above. No signs of life were recorded at all in the invertebrate sampling. It was intended that control samples of the water at Grayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pool were to be taken, since locals had suggested this as a clean, fresh water source. However testing nets and gear stank from being immersed in the stormwater drain water which also had lots of algae and small weed, meaning the liklihood of introducing contaminated water to this clean water spring prevented any testing from being carried out.

Fig.37: Water quality in the Eastern stormwater channel is compromised by silt.

Copies of these Wai Care Monitoring Record Sheets for each 2014 site can be found in the appendix 5.1.10. An ideal scenario would be if the water at Onepoto Domain could be tested regularly over several months to give a more complete picture of current conditions (i.e. including after large rainfall events), rather than the one-off samples that were completed. However it seems that currently the stormwater drainage channels are in poor ecological conditon, probably due to the urban runoff received and no outflow leading to stagnant, silty water. The pond system appears relatively healthy, although is tending towards a more estuarine ecosystem from the regular tidal flushing rather than the intended freshwater ecosystem (which had deteriorated from lack of maintenance to ponds and drain linakages).

Fig. 40: The Bush bridge stream site behind the childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground and connecting the basin floor with a walkway to Sylvan Ave

Fig. 38: Water sampling for invertebrates and testing for nitrogen and phosphorus.

Neither system is hydrologically linked at present because of silted up pipes, and perhaps this is wise: to introduce the stagnant, silty stormwater channel water into the brackish ponds would alter conditions for the eels and shrimps, and may cause them to die. The drainage channel needs de-silting before the water system can be re-linked, or a new outflow created for stormwater that bypasses the pond system and treats urban runoff. Figs. 37 - 41 depict water test techniques and sites.

Fig. 39: Despite appearances, the water quality in Onepoto Pond was high.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 41: The Western arm of the lakes, with naturalistic planting along the waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge.

5.1 WATER

5.1.8 Design Considerations

Design Considerations - Pond Management

Design Considerations - Wetland Management

Through the in-depth analysis of hydrology and water systems acting within Onepoto Domain, a list of design considerations has been generated. These will help to inform and support essential mitigation strategies in conjunction with a design approach for wetland regeneration on site.

The maintenance of both ponds in the domain is an on-going issue with the council and park-users alike, with intense silt build-up having occurred as the recommended regular de-silting of the ponds has not happened.

The area set aside for wetland regeneration is in fact dry for much of the year, so planting needs to be able to cope with both dry and saturated states. Another option to explore could be the introduction of a more regular water source, which will need both a functional in and out flow cycle otherwise the same stagnation problem seen around the rest of the domain, will occur throughout the wetland as well.

Design Considerations - Stormwater Management As discovered during the water quality testing of the Onepoto’s stormwater channels, stormwater runoff isn’t treated before entering the site; probably because back in the 1970s when the drainage was designed, it was more about effectively conveying excess water from the site whereas current thinking is to treat at source. The use of Low Impact Urban Design techniques should be considered to assist the in/filtration of the residential stormwater runoff at the source as much as possible before the water enters the Domain’s water channels. Examples are swale planting on the surrounding streets (Howard, Exmouth, Syvlan etc), introduction of Living Roof systems, permeable backyard surfaces to decrease contaminant load as water flows from houses into the site, and the establishment of proper riparian edges along the stormwater channels The wider catchment needs to be considered in either capturing stormwater at source or passing it through at least one section of a treatment train (eg roadside swale, household raingarden) before discharging into the Onepoto Basin. Decreasing the flow velocity of stormwater runoff during heavy rain events needs addressing as part of this process.

- Riparian weed species need removal and stormwater channel banks planted with native species for richer habitat.

- Stormwater channel needs de-silting before flow linkage reconnected to ponds, as there is potential serious contamination issues for both the pond system and Onepoto Stream if the high-phosphorus silt is released into the marine environment.

- Consideration could be given to a possible second outflow of stormwater that does not pass through Onepoto Pond en-route to discharge into Onepoto Stream

- If the drainage channels and pond system at Onepoto Domain are expected to cleanse the stormwater runoff from the surrounding residential areas, then more intentional design needs to go into each element – at the moment their main function seems to be temporary detention of excess water

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

The solution devised by the Yachties (Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee) to keep the ponds aerated and fresh by manipulating the control gates for regular tidal flushing and water exchange has worked well, creating a healthier semi-estuarine environment than the stagnant freshwater pond. The current state of the pond is predominantly saltwater, creating a brackish environment that is intentionally controlled and the salinity and tide movements well-undertood by the OLCC group.

If the wetland is reconnected with the pond system for outflow, then the re-design process needs to more fully consider stormwater treatment rather than just directing water through a drainage channel. It may be that a separate outflow could be considered - particularly if the ponds are to remain brackish.

A more thorough investigation of pond life and salinity levels should be undertaken to decide whether it should remain a brackish environment or return to freshwater. Particular consideration should be given to the resident eel population and whether they in fact have access to migrate to sea for breeding and return of elvers.

The regeneration of Onepoto’s wetland would benefit from the exploration of both visual and physical linkages to the current wetlands of Tuff Crater – physically reinforcing the traditional Maori story behind the creation of the two tidal basins, and reuniting Matakamokamo and Matakerepo (the husband and wife from the tale) in the afterlife.

In addition, an investigation into plant edges along the Western arm of the pond system needs to occur to enable more shade over the pond in order to cool water temperatures and thus provide better habitat for marine/aquatic life. Trees along this edge will also provide shade for the passive recreational use of the domain by people.

Proposing a linked wetland system over both craters will also benefit the different ecologies apparent in the area. Making this wetland connection will not only allow species of wildlife already in the vicinity to thrive over a wider habitat area, but also erases the current visual disconnect of native wetlands between Onewa Interchange/Onepoto Stream and Tuff Crater (as Onepoto Domain will ultimately bridge this gap).

SECTION 5.2 | CORRIDORS

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.1 Introduction In the landscape, green corridors speak of the broader scale, many are structual elements that exist within the landscape. They can function as drainage conduits for a catchment, used as borders, and prevent contour erosion. The major purpose of green corridors is to provide a route for wildlife to move across the landscape, for the seed dispersal of native vegetation. The natural amenities of native bush are a resorce that needs protection to provide orientation and context for green corridors. The goal is to indentify these patches of native vegetation, regardless of its state, to restore, enhance and preserve these amenities as they are highly valuable to wildlife, but also to the heritage of the land and the health of the community. The greening of cities enhances local green spaces and ecosystems, and the well being of local residents.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;An interconnected network of natural areas and other open spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions, sustains clean air and water, and provides a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife. Used in this context, green infrastructure is the ecological framework for environmental, social, and economic health â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in short, our natural life-support systemâ&#x20AC;? (Benedict & McMahon, 2002)

5.2.2 Indentification of Green Corridors and Natural Amenities

Green corridors come in many forms. Rivers, streams, water races, floodplains, shelter belts, hedges, field boundaries road and rail edges, tracks, these all have the potential to create corridors for wildlife species, native or exotic. These pathways are created by infrastructual or natural features and can be continious or be fragmented stepping stones, indicative of potential corridor design implementation. Fragmentation of these corridors can be caused by the introduction and mixing of exotic species to these small patches of bush.

Fig.1: Aerial Photograph of Onepoto Domain

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.3 Context: Onepoto Domain

Onepoto Domain

Fig. 2: Onepoto Domain in context @1:5000

Onepoto is in close contact of Waitemata Harbour, and is surrounded by the local residential suburb of Northcote. Surrounded by small patches of native forest. The large mangrove edge which hosts many wildlife species, and wetland plants that are vital to the local ecological health of the site.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

LEGEND Urban Forest & Open Space Urban Built Residential Harbour & Waterways

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.4 Context: Regional Green Network Motutapu Island

Rangitoto Island Waiheke Island Motuihe Island Browns Island Waitemata Harbour

Ponui Island

Waitakere Ranges

Manukau Harbour

Hunua Ranges

Fig. 3: Auckland Ithsmus and existing green corridors @1:250,000

The broader regional context, highlighting significant areas of forestation, Waitakere Ranges, Hunua Ranges, Rangitoto and Motutapu Island. Scattered across the Auckland Isthmus are small remnant patches of native forest, including exotic forests and green open space. There are existing corridors

LEGEND within this green network that need strengthening through the use of Green Infrastructure. These patches are vital for avian wildlife to move and adjust around the city. Urban areas have fragmented these patches of bush and continued to encroach upon these significant features.

Urban Forest & Open Space Urban Built Residential Harbour & Waterways Onepoto Domain

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.5 Context: Sub Regional Green Network Lake Pupuke McFetridge Park Rosellaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Roost

Powrie Reserve

Killarney Park

Shepherds Park

Taharoto Park

Onewa Domain

Eskdale Bush Scenic Reserve

Barrys Point Reserve

Birkenhead Domain

Rangatira Reserve

Verran Road Gully Reserve

C Birkenhead War Memorial Park

Kauri Glen Park

Cecil Eady Bush

Tuff Crater Reserve

Onepoto Domain

Kauri Park Le Roys Bush

Kauri Point Domain

Little Shoal Bay Reserve

D Kauri Point Centennial Park

Fig. 4: North Shore, Auckland @1:25000

A map of Onepoto domain in a sub-regional context. Speicifically representing the various large green spaces in the landscape that consist of urban parklands, open green space and native forest. The green spaces are scattered along the site and are highly disconnected because of urban growth

LEGEND Urban Forest & Open Space

and development. The existing corridors between these patches to be disjointed and inadqequate. Birds and flying insects utilize these corridors to move between patches, with the intention of habitation and feeding in these areas of native bush.

Urban Built Residential Harbour & Waterways Onepoto Domain

ABC Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Corresponds to the images in Section 5.2.6

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.6 Photo Contextualisation

Fig. 5A: Eskdale Bush Reserve - A natural reserve, rich in natural amenities and hosts to a wide range of native planting. Used for leisure activities that is ecologically diverse and provides a 7 kilometre bush walk for the local community. Fig. 5B: Birkenhead Domain - Urban Parkland that has multiple recreational uses, predominantly sporting uses.

Fig. 5A: Eskdale Bush Reserve

Fig. 5B: Birkenhead Domain

Fig. 5C: Birkenhead War Memorial Park - A natural environment park rich in natural heritage and ecological diversity. Fig. 5D: Kauri Point Centennial Park - An outstanding landscape amenity to the area, which has a range of plant typologies including native bush, wetlands and saltmarshes. It has rich cultural history as local Maori occupied the area for several centuries. The native bush within Kauri Point Centennial Park consists of regenerated native bush that has successfully grown beneath Pine (Pinus radiata) and Kanauka (Kunzea ericoides). Common birds that inhabit the reserve are Tui, Kingfisher, Kotare and Fantail (piwakawaka).

Fig. 5F: Le Roys Bush, Little Shoal Bay Reserve

Fig. 5G: Onepoto Domain

Fig. 5E: Kauri Glen Park - A significant piece of bush that has not been altered during the development of North Shore city. The bush has various native trees, including Taraire, Totara, Kauri, Rewarewa. The site is buzzing with local fauna, including Tui, Fantails and Ruru (Morepork).

Fig. 5C: Birkenhead War Memorial Park

Fig. 5F: Little Shoal Bay Reserve: - A remnant piece of bush that is rich in ecological values. It has multiple bush walks and tracks and features a stunning view over the Auckland harbour. It also hosts native birds including the Tui and Kingfisher. Another outstanding feature is the tidal beach and mudflat which hosts a range of habitats.

Fig. 5H: Tuff Crater Reserve

Fig. 5G: Onepoto Domain - One of many volcanic features, an area of significant ecological value, specifically located in the local stream systems and wetlands. Along the stream banks are pathways allowing local residents to engage with the natural features. Fig. 5D: Kauri Point Centennial Park

Fig. 5H: Tuff Crater Reserve - A volcanic feature that has being recently restored back into its natural state. The reserve has been carefully managed to restore wildlife numbers by eradicating predators. Also invasive weeds have been reduced to allow restoration of native vegetation.

Fig. 5I: Barry’s Point Reserve, north-facing

Fig. 5I: Barry’s Point Reserve - A vast rain garden, which locates near the motorway. It features wetland species that add to the ecological values of the site.

Fig. 5E: Kauri Glen Park

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 5I: Barry’s Point Reserve, south-facing

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.7 Topography

Aerial

Elevation

Hillshade

Fig. 6: Topography of site and surrounding area

Topography

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

These maps represent the contours of the land and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s formation. The elevation map shows land height, the darker meaning the lower elevation, and brighter meaning higher elevation. The Hillshade map shows a 3D visualization of the landform. The surrounding area of Onepoto is relatively flat where the land gradually slopes down into Onepoto. There are areas of land that feature steep rills and are water flows, which are possible routes for corridors to Onepoto domain.

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.8 Infrastructure

Topography

Hydrological Network

Transport Infrastructure

LEGEND Roads River Water Flow

Fig. 7: Infrastructual Framework of site and surrounding area

Infrastructural Framework

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

These maps highlight the existing infrastructure elements of the site. The network of roads allows for easy access to Onepoto domain but restrict the expansion of green networks. However, the many streams and water flows encourage and provide a framework for forests and wetland zones, regardless of how disconnected these waterways are. These existing infrastructural features do act as the framework to provide context for ecological corridors.

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.9 Land Cover - Vegetation

Mangroves

Exotic Forest

Indigenous Broadleaf Forest

Fig. 8: Aerial Perspective of North Shore, Auckland

Indigenous Forest

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Green infrastructure is an intertwined and interconnected network that binds natural areas of land and open spaces. The purpose of green infrastructure is to sustain and conserve the natural ecosystems and functions of these spaces and provide associated benefits to human populations, it is the ecological framework for environmental, social, and economic health â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in short, our natural life-support systemâ&#x20AC;? (Benedict and McMahon, 2002:12). It is a recreation of a system that provides natural wildlife habitats. The ultimate goal is to rebuild ecosystems and maintain biodiversity, in order to tie the landscape together.

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.9 Land Cover - Vegetation continued

Urban Park Open Space

Green Network LEGEND Roads River Water Flow Mangrove Exotic Forest Indigenous Forest

Green Network over Hydrological & Transport Infrastructure

Indigenous Broadleaf Forest Urban Park Open Space

Fig. 9: The Green Network

The purpose of the Corridors: 1. Conserve habitat to keep viable populations of wildlife species. Green Infrastructure over Hydrological & Transport Infrastructure

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

2. Enhance ecosystem services. 3. To make local communities aware of conservation practices and natural resources.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Green infrastructure is a concept that aims at recreating a system, which is robust and enables species and their communities to move and adjust.â&#x20AC;? (WWF, 2011)

5.2 CORRIDORS

5.2.10 Design Recommendations & Considerations • The transport infrastructure within the Northcote area has a distinct

absence of street planting and the existing vegetation is pre dominantly on residential property. This highlights an opportunity to create corridors around Onepoto Domain and the Northcote area. We recommend that the planting of native trees along streets in this district. The only limiting factor that may hinder the initiative is that a lot areas are hardscape dominated.

• Enhance local streams to increase ecological health of local waterways,

strengthening green corridors to Onepoto Domain and throughout the Northcote area. The local community participates in gatherings that encourage the planting of streams and raise awareness and importance of ecological restoration.

• Encourage local residents to plant native trees on their properties, thus increasing buffer zones of green corridors.

• Large building footprints deduct from the total green space, thus by

installing green roofs on these selected buildings, we can increase buffer zones. These green roofs will be planted with various grasses, acting as a bio filter for run off before entering waterways.

• There is an opportunity for the Onepoto Domain itself to become a

core zone of vegetation. By creating a urban forest with a minimum 25 square metre area of native trees, whilst the existing vegetation acts as a buffer zone with a radius of 125 metres minimum from this urban forest. This will reinforce the green infrastructure of this area and the previous considerations listed above will enhance and strengthen local corridors, as the diagram below explains.

LEGEND Roads River Water Flow Urban Park Open Space Vegetation Land Cover Composite

Fig. 10: Hydrological Network, Transport and Green Infrastructure Figure 11: Green Infrastructure Concept

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

SECTION 5.3 | SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.1 Today’s Communities: Wider Context

Road Network Onepoto Domain is located about 100 metres from the Auckland Northern Motorway section of State Highway 1. Onepoto Domain is approximately 7 minutes drive from the CBD - Auckland’s economic hub. Recently Auckland has implemented the very successful Northern Busway which connects Auckland’s North Shore communities to the CBD. The major arterial routes surrounding Onepoto Domain are Onewa Rd, Lake Rd and Sylvan Ave/Exmouth Rd, which feed into the neighbouring communities of Birkenhead and Takapuna.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 1: Surrounding road network

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.1 Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Wider Context

Open Space and Access Onepoto Domain is well connected in terms of open space, and there are opportunities for people to move between these reserves. Onepoto Domain sits within one of the major volcanic craters of Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s North Shore. It neighbours the mangrove-inundated Tuff Crater, which is located on the other side of Exmouth Road. A walkway around Tuff Crater connects to Onepoto Domain, across Exmouth Road. Onepoto Domain connects to the walkway along Onepoto Stream, across Tarahanga Street. This walkway links up with Rotary Grove, which extends further east across Lake Road, similar to Kauri Glen Reserve which is located just north of Rotary Grove. There are currently only two small sections of cycleway in the area, one being the new shared path being constructed in the Domain itself. With the established accessways connecting the surrounding reserves there is opportunity to provide good cyclist access also.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 2: Surrounding open space network

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY

5.3.1 Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Wider Context

Residential The dominant land use surrounding Onepoto Domain is low density residential, typical of the Auckland suburban character. In recent decades there has been some infill housing in the area, which has affected the character of the suburban form surrounding Onepoto Domain, as well as increasing the number of people who live in the area. Aucklandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wider urban growth has been a significant factor contributing to this change, which in the future will continue to affect the communities who live around Onepoto Domain. In turn this change affects the purpose and use of Onepoto Domain, as the land becomes more valuable not only in terms of property value but also value to the people who use the park, as well as in terms of the ecosystem services it provides to people.

Fig. 3: Housing overlooks domain active use

Fig. 4: Residential boundary to the domain. Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 5: Residential zoning

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY

5.3.1 Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Wider Context

Commerical There is little commercial activity in the immediate surrounds of Onepoto Domain, including a lack of small scale commerce (cafes, corner shops). With a growing awareness in urban design protocol about the need for mixed land use and providing work places in close proximity to where people live, this knowledge will inform future planning for the area surrounding Onepoto Domain. Again, this will, in turn, affect how Onepoto Domain fits into the wider area and what part it plays in servicing the people.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 6: Commercial zoning

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY

5.3.2 Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Domain Use

Access Points Currently there are 5 pedestrian access points into Onepoto Domain. Only one of these is suitable for wheelchair access (sealed pathway, less than 1/20 gradient). The Domain is also accessible by foot via stretches of Tarahanga Road that front onto the park. There is one vehicle access drive which leads into the site to the carparking facilities. This drive is accessible via foot also, however there are no walkways along the drive.

Fig. 7: Signage points the way to the domain

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 8: Access on to site

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY

5.3.2 Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Domain Use

Activity Areas Currently there are four dominant activity areas that occur in Onepoto Domain. These are: the sports fields, the artificial pond used for radio yachts, the dog walking bush areas and finally the playground and learn-to-ride track. These are the areas in which the highest concentrations of people using the park are located. Informal recreation occurs outside these areas, such as picnicking and walking through the open or bush areas of the park. There are mobile food trucks (ice cream, coffee) that set up in the weekends which support their own form of activity. The Auckland Australian Football League (AAFL) club hall function depends on when and who is hiring/using it. The most densely populated activity area is the playground and learn-toride track. In saying this, the park is well used in all the areas that have been identified in the diagram

Fig. 9: Sailing clubs attract attention from other domain users

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 10: Main areas of activity

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.2 Today’s Communities: Domain Use

Fig. 11: Ample space is available for parents and kids to explore

Fig. 12: Onepoto Domain is famous in Auckland for it’s ‘learn to ride’ track

Circulation Circulation across the site generally follows the pattern of activity areas identified in Fig 13., and extends out to the access points of the Domain. Fig 13. describes only the most heavily used routes across the site. Many more informal routes are taken in the Domain than what has been identified in Fig 13. Some routes drawn in Fig 13. follow the paved walkways/cycleways, others do not. For example, the informal dog walking paths that have been created and managed by the residents who use them.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 13: Diagram of main pedestrian and cycle routes

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Domain use

Fig. 14: A popular picnic spot for families, (active)

Fig. 15: A quiter spot in the domain (passive)

Active vs. Passive Areas The Domain provides for differing types of recreational environments. These include: informal recreation, sports and active recreation, and ecological (Auckland Council, 2014). These environments within Onepoto Domain translate to areas which differ in levels of activeness. Fig 16. describes the general distribution across the site in terms of active to inactive areas.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 16: Diagram showing areas of high and low activity

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.2 Today’s Communities: Domain Use

Fig. 17: View from properties over the domain

Fig. 18: The residential edge is very prominent when viewed from the domain

Residential/Onepoto Domain Boundary “The distinctive volcanic crater shape of this park means there is plenty of passive surveillance from residential properties located on the crater rim.” (Auckland Council, 2014). Although Auckland Council characterises the boundary between residential properties and the domain as a beneficial relationship, there are other effects of the character of this boundary. Most notably, the residents of Onepoto (Onepoto Residents Association) have developed a very proprietary interest in the park. This has caused a number of conflicts between the ORA and other park users, which are explained in the following pages. As well as this, the value of the residential properties bounding Onepoto Domain is increased by the ‘beautiful’ or ‘natural’ park views they receive.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 19: Defined and blurred residential boundaries to the domain

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.2 Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Domain Use

Fig. 20: The existing carpark does not meed the demand of the domain

Car Parking From a site visit on Saturday 3rd of May 2014 it was found that the car parking provided on site fails to accommodate the number of people who choose to drive to the Domain. The unique childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bike trail has been a huge hit with people all across Auckland, thus the Domain has become a destination park. The demand for car parking is further increased on the days that soccer clubs use the sports field facilities (on the day of the site visit both fields were in use). Car parking occurs in three main areas: Along the access drive into the site (of which a large proportion occurs on yellow lines) and at the end of Toi Toi Place and Tarahanga Street. A lot of pedestrian activity occurs in and around the car parking areas, which is too narrow to safely accommodate the illegal parking. There are no walkways along the access drive. These factors cause safety issues, however drivers do adjust to the conditions and drive slowly. Pedestrian and private vehicles are accorded about the same amount of priority in terms of movement.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 21: Area currently used for carparking during peak periods

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.3 Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Communities: Values

Population and Demographics:

Ethnicities:

The demographics of an area can influence the way a space is used, family structure of the area can somewhat define what facilities the community will need while different ethnicities also have different values.

Council, 2014). There are also projects in existence run by Kaipatiki with the goals of educating residents in the art of weaving, or in teaching how to minimise waste through composting and other methods. (Kaipatiki Project, 2013)

The average population of Kaipatiki is 81,494, accounting for 5.8% of the total Auckland population. During the inter-censal gap between 2006 and 2013, the population increased by 3,363. (Auckland Council, 2013) Results from the 2006 census show that:

Fig. 23: Ethnicities of Kaipatiki

This key shows that the majority of Kaipatiki residents identify as being European, while still approximately a quarter of residents identify as Asian. Local Board Values: Fig. 22: Family type comparison of Kaipatiki with the wider Auckland

The total percentage of Kaipatiki residents who identify as being Asian is 3% higher than the rest of Auckland, while the percentages of those who identify as being either Maori or Pacific are, respectively, 2.2% and 8.7% lower than the rest of Auckland. (Auckland Council, 2013) This cultural diversity is something which can be incorporated in how the reserve functions; aiding in supporting the diversity of the local and wider community.

Kaipatiki Local Board: Kaipatiki is one of the 21 local boards resulting from the formation of the Auckland super city. The local boards are responsible for providing the local input into the Auckland region strategies. (Auckland Council, 2014) The overarching Kaipatiki vision is to connect residents to the environment and to form a stronger community network which aids in empowering the residential voice. The primary values are to create and encourage a sense of pride and community wellbeing with an aim to enrich and care for the local parks and suburbs and to improve and protect water quality (Auckland

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 24: Map showing the Kaipatiki local board area

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.3 Today’s Communities: Values

Northcote Residents Association: The Northcote area is a sub-group of the governing Kaipatiki Local Board catering for the Northcote and Birkenhead local area. The primary objective of the group is “protecting quality of life and developing the natural, historical, and infrastructural and community assets in our area”. (Northcote Residents Association, 2014) The association works by analysing the primary issues impacting on the community. These include the lifestyle and quality of residential life, quality of infrastructure and the delivery of essential services, the natural and cultural heritage and historical aspects surrounding the site, and important issues concerning public safety. (Northcote Community, n.d)

The three yacht groups are the: New Zealand Radio Yacht Squadron Onepoto Electron Fleet Ancient Mariners Radio Control Group Owing to the popularity of the Onepoto ponds amongst many of the domain users, their primary focus is to have the council implement the restoration and maintenance of the ponds so that they may continue to be used by the public and remain a healthy habitat for the local wildlife. (AZONIC, 2013)

Onepoto Residents Association: The group acts as stewards over the domain, with a focus on the welfare of the locals and other users. The residents association recognise that the best use of the area which is currently highly infested by pampas to be used in the future to cater for families and to be utilised to benefit the local and wider communities.

Onepoto Lagoon Co-ordination Committee: The group was formed to represent the views of the different pond and domain users to the local board as one solidified view. Owing to the deteriorating water quality of the ponds the committee reports to council to ensure work is carried out. They have expressed interest in a “natural” wetland environment replacing the existing pampas infestation, however dog-walking in this area would still need to remain a priority. The pond is popular destination for several different radio yacht groups who each use the lagoon for their meetings throughout the week on different mornings. The ponds cater for Radio Yacht members as far north as Whangaparoa and to Pakuranga in the south, being the only ponds in the area which cater for boats of that size.

Fig. 25: The Onepoto Lagoon is a drawcard for radio yachtees from all across Auckland

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Auckland Australian Football League: After forming in Auckand 35 years ago the AAFL gained a 10 years lease of the buildings on the domain site in 2010 to be used as the official clubrooms. The clubrooms are also a community facility being available for birthday parties and other events, managed by the AAFL, the ORA and the Northcote Birkenhead Community Facilities Trust. (Sports Ground, 2014) Onepoto Domain is the North Shore base of the club, using the two soccer fields for their matches.

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY 5.3.3 Today’s Communities: Values

Cultural Impacts:

Individual Residents (from community forums):

Onepoto Reserve Management Plan 1997:

Maori Mythology:

Onepoto Domain is well-known across Auckland, it is a popular destination park namely for the children’s playground and the learn-to-cycle track. Key popular characteristics include: • Being peaceful and serene despite the close proximity to the motorway and the city. • The events held in the park including the Summer of Fun programme, Music in the Parks and the Moon festival attracting residents from across Auckland.

The existing Management Plan was written in 1997 and was based on the boundaries created by the amalgamation of Council resources with the community expectations.

Other individuals also name Onepoto as a popular spot for informal mother coffee groups, feeding the ducks or for family picnics, while the cycle track is a useful tool in teaching children the road rules. (Yelp Community Forum, 2014)

A key factor of a growing city was to provide ample space and opportunity for recreation, as described in the North Shore City Leisure Plan:

As mentioned earlier the Maori name for Tuff Crater is Te Kopua o Matakamokamo, while the Maori name for Onepoto Domain is Te Kopua o Matakerepo. According to Maori legend Matakamokamo was arguing with his wife Matakerepo, so Mahuika, the goddess of fire, called upon Mataoho to punish the couple through two volcanic eruptions. (Duffy, B. n.d)

Korean Residents Association: The Korean Residents Association is a community group who weed and help to maintain the park on the North Shore; Stanich Reserve. This community work is as an act of gratitude as their way of showing their appreciation at being New Zealand residents. The Korean Garden Trust proposed a Korean garden to be built on the reserve; however the proposal was declined on the basis of Stanich Reserve being classified as a protected reserve disallowing the erection of structures. (Korean Garden, 2009)

“To contribute to a healthy city through the maintenance, development and effective management of the coordinated network of recreation opportunities that meet the needs and preferences of North Shore residents, and enhance visitor enjoyment of the City whilst protecting the integrity of the natural resources for future generations.” (as cited in North Shore City, 1997, pg. 3)

Values incorporated through proposed garden:

The management goals written in 1997 stated the necessity to protect geological and archaeological sites and to protect the environmental quality and visual integrity of the domain, while promoting the domain as site for informal recreation which suited the natural character of the site, and would not degrade the character. Access to adjacent reserves, foreshores, walkways and marine areas were also considered and it was stated that the management of Onepoto Domain should be so that it promotes access between each location. (North Shore City, 1997)

• Promoting New Zealand policy of multi-culturalism as well as leisure experience. • New Zealand Korean War veterans to be commemorated recognising the spirit of sacrifice. • Recognising and enhancing existing friendship between the two countries. These values would have effectively encapsulated the spirit the current Auckland culture, with a strong Asian population already present in Northcote the garden would have been symbolic of this diverse cultural mix and served as an attraction for the wider community. Onepoto Domain was then chosen as the preferred site, followed by Barrys Point Reserve. After an altered proposal to be specific to Onepoto Domain the project was rejected by the Northcote Community Board. Currently the proposal is still being modified to now suit Barrys Point Reserve, while the Takapuna Community Group supports the proposal and are actively involved in the development of it. (Korean Garden, 2009) The concept of the constructing a cultural garden in our reserves is an effective way of incorporating the dominant cultures of Auckland into the reserve. With Onepoto Domain being a destination park and not just catering for local residents it could ideally incorporate any prominent Auckland culture into future developments.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

The original vision and objective for the domain was part of their general vision for all of Auckland’s reserves. Open space was defined as being very significant amidst the growing City, contributing to the health and welfare of residents while also serving as a recreation facility.

While the plan is now 17 years old the visions and objectives stated in the plan retain relevance to the current visions of many local groups and these can still be translated into future planning at Onepoto Domain. Recreation is still an important activity to cater for, owing to Onepoto Domain now being a considered a destination-park for families in the Auckland region.

Fig. 26: Korean Garden Masterplan

5.3 SOCIAL & COMMUNITY

5.3.3 Today’s Communities: Values

Conflicts

Design Considerations

Opposition was raised against the AAFL having use of the clubrooms by the residents association despite the proposal being that the clubrooms would be available for all community groups to use, the primary issues were the potential of the club applying for a liquor license as that would led to the public having after-hours access to the site and it becoming a problematic zone of alcoholism and drug use. After the AAFL gained the lease of the buildings the ORA then decided to join the management of the buildings for it to operate as a community facility. (New Zealand Herald, 2009)

Future design and decision making concerning Onepoto Domain should consider the Domain not just as a place of informal recreation. There is a greater opportunity to acknowledge the cultural diversity of the users of Onepoto, of Northcote and of wider Auckland.

Onepoto Residents Association and the Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee also raised objections to the Korean Garden Proposal on the grounds of a formal garden being ill-fitting within the natural appearance of the reserve. They also raised issues against the gardens having religious significance within the public domain, being the result of private business sponsorship and the selection of one ethnic group having their own cultural garden. (Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee, 2008)

Exisiting carparking facilities do not hold capacity to provide for peak use of Onepoto Domain. Any plausible solutions will prohibit carparking from becoming a dominant feature of the park. It is vital that the carparking facilities match and fit Auckland’s wider transport network which is increasingly accomodating pedestrian, cycle and public transport options. Human activity (i.e. high impermeability) around the Domain has had significant effect on the hydrology of the area. Addressing how this can be managed will be key. The Domain acts as a vital catchment for the area and degradation of water quality will continue it’s course unless the root causes (suburban growth, infill housing, urban stormwater management etc) are addressed. The Domain can be used as a major water retention and treatment area in relation to the wider catchment it sits within. The Domain’s postition is key, as it is the final link of the stormwater chain which flows into Onepoto Stream and subsequently the Waitemata Harbour. Water quality concernig the existing ‘freshwater‘ ponds should be remedied, with future quality control becoming the joint responsibility of the Auckland Council alongside the OLCC. Improved quality of these freshwater ponds will assist in Onepoto Domain remaining a hugely popular destination park for Auckland while assisting in ecological functioning onsite. With the ponds being a habitat for both fish and birds it is essential that some form of healthy water quality is present onsite.

The potential conflict between dog-walking and the potential for a revegetation project needs to be addressed throughout the design process, the development of the wetland area provides opportunities for formalised walking tracks as well as informal areas for dogs to roam under owner supervision. Consideration needs be given to the conservation of the existing archaelogical features onsite, ie. the middens. There are significant challenges in how these are managed as, in some cases, regulations prohibit any planting of these sites which can result in further erosion. The proximity of neighbouring houses to the domain without a definitive boundary raises the issue of either site encroaching on the other. During site visits the lack of a physical buffer between sites highlights the implications that could arise from that; with park users perhaps being unwilling to use the edges because it might feel like you are in a neighbours garden or that you can in some cases see into neighbouring houses. Some sort of edge should be present, even if only made present by subtle design cues; vegetation buffer or water flow channels. These cues would also prevent in some cases the issue of cats (as pests) becoming a problem to wildlife on the domain. A “natural” boundary would prevent these becoming an issue in future while still allowing residents to have views over the domain. Interpretive signage should be considered alongside boardwalks to bring attention to the natural and cultural heritage of the domain. These can make reference to the different layers of Onepoto’s history: its volcanic creation as well as the cultural layers of Maori occupation and later settlement to present day.

Fig. 27: View of the new boardwalk

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

REFERENCE LIST: A/Prof Carol Boyle, Dr. Gaya Gamage, Dr. Bruce Burns, Dr. Elizabeth Fassman, Dr. Stephen Knight-Lenihan, Dr. Luitgard Schwendenmann, Will Thresher. (2012) Greening Cities: A review of Green Infrastructure. University of Auckland, August 2012 Adams, R. 2013. Pied stilt. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/pied-stilt Adams, R. 2013. White-faced heron. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/white-faced-heron Agapanthus praecox. (n.d.). gardenersworld.com. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/agapanthus-praecox/3109.html Anderson, M.G. 2013. Grey warbler. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/536 Anemone hupehensis - Plant Finder. (n.d.). Anemone hupehensis - Plant Finder. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=h310 Angus, D.J. 2013. Australian magpie. In Miskelly, C. M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/australian-magpie Armitage, I. 2013. Little black shag. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/little-black-shag Armitage, I. 2013. Silvereye. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/silvereye Armitage, I. 2013. Song thrush. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/595 Auckland Council Weed Management Policy for parks and open spaces (2013), Retrieved from https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/councilpolicies/weedmanagementpolicy/Documents/weedmanagementpolicy.pdf Auckland Council, (2013). Kaipatiki Census Data. Retrieved from:https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/AboutCouncil/representativesbodies/LocalBoards/Kaipatikilocalboard/Documents/kaipatikilocalboardcensusprofile.pd Auckland Council, (2014). Case Study: Onepoto Domain 2014. Retrieved from http://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz Auckland Council, (2014). Kaipatiki Local Board. Retrieved from:http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/AboutCouncil/RepresentativesBodies/LocalBoards/Kaipatikilocalboard/Pages/default.aspx?utm_source=shorturl&utm_medium=print&utm_campaign=Kaipatiki_Local_Board Auckland Council. (2013). Onepoto Domain Site Collection Documents. Retrieved May 6, 2014, from http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/SiteCollectionDocuments/aboutcouncil/localboards/kaipatikilocalboard/meetings/kaipatikilbminatt20130227.pdf Auckland Council. (2014). Auckland Council district plan operative North Shore section 2002. Retrieved from http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/DistrictRegionalPlans/northshorecitydistrictplan/Pages/districtplantexthome.aspx Auckland council. (n.d.) Pest animals. Auckland, New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environmentwaste/pestsdiseases/Pages/animalpests.aspx Auckland Design Manual. (2014). Case Study Onepoto Domain. Retrieved from: http://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/design-for-places/parks/typologies/all-parks/case-studies/onepoto-domain Azonic, (2013). OLCC Report 2013. Retrieved from:http://azonic.co.nz/nzrys/PDF/2013/agm/OLCC2013.pdf Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner. (1971). Onepoto Domain: report on study. Northcote, N.Z.: Northcote Borough Council. Benedict, M. And McMahon, E. (2006) Green infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities, The Conservation Fund, Island Press, Washington DC Birkenhead, Northcote & Glenfield, (n.d). Community Trust. Retrieved from:http://www.bngcommunitytrust.org.nz/ Brugmansia (angel’s trumpet). (n.d.). /RHS Gardening. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=576 Camellias. (n.d.). Kings Plant Barn -. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.kings.co.nz/growing-guides/flowers/camellias Chlorophytum comosum - Plant Finder. (n.d.). Chlorophytum comosum - Plant Finder. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b547 Chlorophytum comosum. (n.d.). NatureWatch NZ. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://naturewatch.org.nz/taxa/54742-Chlorophytum-comosum Clivia. (n.d.). Burke’s Backyard > Fact Sheets >. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Flowering-Plants-and-Shrubs/Clivia/1673 Colin D. Meurk and Graeme M. J. Hall. (2006) Options for enhancing forest biodiversity across New Zealand’s managed landscapes based on ecosystem modelling and spatial design. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, VOL. 30, NO. 1, 2006 Colocasia elata Black Magic Black Taro - Awa Nursery. (n.d.). Awa Nursery RSS2. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.awanursery.co.nz/our-plants/colocasia-elata-black-magic-black-taro/ Cupressus macrocarpa. (n.d.). UF Environmental Horticulture. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/cupmaca.pdf Dawson, D.G. 2013. House sparrow. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/599 Department of conservation. (n.d.) Facts about rats. Wellington, New Zealand. Retrieved fromhttp://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/threats-and-impacts/animal-pests/animal-pests-a-z/rats/facts/Gerard Hutching. (2012). Possums - Possums in New Zealand’, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/possums/page-1 Dey, C.; Jamieson, I. 2013. Pukeko. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/pukeko Duffy, B. (n.d). Town Centre Brand Design. Retrieved from:http://duffy.co.nz/project/town-centre-brand-design-northcote-central/ Flux, J.E.C. 2013. Common starling. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/596 Forest and Bird (2013). North Shore Branch Tuff Crater Restoration Project. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/branches/north-shore/tuff-crater-restoration-project Fraxinus excelsior. (n.d.). RHS Home Page / RHS Gardening. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=808 Fraxinus oxycarpa Â‘RaywoodÂ’, Oregon State Univ., LANDSCAPE PLANTS. (n.d.). Fraxinus oxycarpa Â‘RaywoodÂ’, Oregon State Univ., LANDSCAPE PLANTS. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/froxr.htm Garden’s world (n.d.) Problem: Weeds, Retrieved from http://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/problems/weeds/ Gardening Articles. (n.d.). Twisted willow. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.greenzonelife.com/ornamental-trees/twisted-willow.html

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

George Gibbs. (2102). Insects – overview - In the bush. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/insects-overview/page-8 George Gibbs. (2102). Insects – overview - In the bush. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/insects-overview/page-9 Gilman, E. F., & Watson, D. G. (n.d.). Fraxinusoxycarpa ‘Raywood’. UF Environmental Horticulture. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/fraoxya.pdf Gosling, D.S, W.B Shaw, and S.M Beadel. “Review of control methods for pampas grasses in New Zealand.” Pampas Grass: Weeds. Dept. of Conservation, n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/sfc165.pdf>. Harrington, K (n.d.) New Zealand Weeds, Retrieved from http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/learning/colleges/college-of-sciences/clinics-and-services/weeds-database/weeds-database_home.cfm Hayward, B. (2009). Tank Farm Volcanic Ecology. Forest and Bird. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.forestandbird.org.nz/files/file/T Kaipatiki Project, (2013). Community Projects. Retrieved from:http://kaipatiki.org.nz/ Korean Garden, (2009). History of group. Retrieved from:http://koreangarden.co.nz/history/history-english-version/ Lagoon Coordination Committee. (2007). Onepoto Domain. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://azonic.co.nz/nzrys/PDF/onepoto.pdf Liquidambar styraciflua. (n.d.). Liquidambar styraciflua. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/l/liqsty/liqsty1.html LSB (n.d.) Running the Farm: Weeds, Retrieved from http://www.lifestyleblock.co.nz/lifestyle-file/running-the-farm/weeds.html Magnolia tree Facts. (n.d.). Magnolia tree Facts. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/magnolia_tree_facts/599/ Maria Ignatieva, Colin Meurk, Marjorie van Roon, Robyn Simcock and Glenn Stewart. (2008) How to Put Nature into Our Neighbourhoods. Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2008 MELIA AZEDARACH - Indian bead tree. (n.d.). - Deciduous. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.icontrees.co.nz/shop/Deciduous/MELIA+AZEDARACH+-+Indian+bead+tree.html Munro, M (2014) Water pepper & willow weed, Retrieved from http://www.pggwrightson.co.nz/Userfiles/files/Rural%20Supplies%20Publications/Technical%20Guides%20and%20Resources/Weed%20Watch_Water%20Pepper_Jan14.pdf Munro, M (2014) Water pepper & willow weed, Retrieved from http://www.pggwrightson.co.nz/Userfiles/files/Rural%20Supplies%20Publications/Technical%20Guides%20and%20Resources/Weed%20Watch_Water%20Pepper_Jan14.p National Pest Plant Accord. Biosecurity NZ. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/pests/plants/nppa/nppa-accord-manual.pdf>. NAVIGATION. (n.d.). UFEI. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://selectree.calpoly.edu/treedetail.lasso?rid=275 New Zealand Herald, (2009). Auckland Australian Football League. Retrieved from:http://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503378&objectid=10982425 Niel Bruce and Alison MacDiarmid. (2013). Crabs, crayfish and other crustaceans - Lobsters, prawns and krill, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/8245/common-shrimp North Shore City (1997). Reserve Management Plan for Onepoto Domain. Supplied by Renee Davies North shore city council. (1997) Reserve management report for Onepoto domain (including Onepoto stream, Weeks reserve and Howard reserve). Auckland, New Zealand. North Shore City Council. (1997). Reserve Management Plan for Onepoto Domain. Auckland. Retrieved from http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/documents/districtplannorthshore/text/section8-natural-environment.pdf North Shore City, 1997, Reserve Management Plan: Onepoto Domain, Auckland, New Zealand. Northcote Residents Association, (2014). Visions and Outcomes. Retrieved from:http://www.nra.org.nz/about-nra/nra-goals/ Northcote, (n.d). Community Aims. Retrieved from: http://www.northcotecommunity.com/main.html?src=%2Findex2.html#5, http://azonic.co.nz/NZRYS/PDF/submit.pdf NZRYS. (2011). Submission on the Draft Auckland Council Annual Plan. Retrieved April 30, 2011, from http://azonic.co.nz/nzrys/PDF/nscc/AnnualPlan2011.pdf NZRYS. (n.d). Onepoto Domain. Retrieved April 29, 2014, from http://azonic.co.nz/nzrys/PDF/domain.pdf Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide. (n.d.). Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/weedguide/singlerecord.asp?id=620 Onepoto domain. (2007) Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee. Retrieved from http://azonic.co.nz/nzrys/PDF/onepoto.pdf Onepoto Domain’s Wheelwise cycleway opens. (2003, October 15). Scoop. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK0310/S00121/onepoto-domains-wheelwise-cycleway-opens.htm Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee Website. (n.d.). Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://azonic.co.nz/nzrys/olccnscc.shtml Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee, (2008). Korean Garden Submission. Retrieved from:http://azonic.co.nz/NZRYS/olcclinks.shtml Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee. (2014). News, Reports, Gallery. Retrieved From: http://azonic.co.nz/nzrys/olcc.shtml Onepoto Wetland Boardwalk. (2014). HEB Construction. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.heb.co.nz/services/landscaping/onepoto-wetland-boardwalk.aspx Paddy Ryan. (2012). Eels - New Zealand eels’, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/eels/page-2 Palethorpe, T. (2012). Onewa Interchange. Architecture Now. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/onewa-interchange/ Pampas Cortaderia selloana, Cortaderia jubata. Biosecurity series â€“ pest plant factsheet. Waikato City Council, n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/PageFiles/3796/Biosecurity%20factsheet%206%20-%20Pampas.pdf>. Pampas Grass (Cortaderia selloana). NatureWatch NZ. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. http://naturewatch.org.nz/taxa/pampas_grass Pampas. Waikato City Council, n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Services/Regional-services/Plant-and-animal-pests/Plant-pests/Pampas/>. Parham, B & Healy, A (1985), Common Weeds in New Zealand, Published by Hasselberg, Wellington, New Zealand. Perna Canalicula. (2014). Retrieved May 4, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perna_canalicula Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa. (n.d.). Persicaria longiseta (Oriental lady’s-thumb smartweed): Go Botany. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/persicaria/longiseta/ Plant Fact Sheet. (n.d.). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_cuar.pdf Platanus acerifolia. (n.d.). Platanus acerifolia. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/p/plaace/plaace1.html

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Powlesland, R.G. 2013. New Zealand fantail. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/555 Powlesland, R.G. 2013. New Zealand pigeon. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/466 S.O.U.L Environments (2004) Onepoto Domain Draft Concept Plan, North Shore City. Supplied by Renee Davies on-the-north-shore-1840---1926.html Seaton, R.; Galbraith, M.; Hyde, N. 2013. Swamp harrier. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/ species/swamp-harrier Seaton, R.; Hyde, N. 2013. Morepork. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved fromhttp://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/?q=node/495 Shaw, S (n.d.) Weed Watcher Guide to Invasive Plants, Trail Weeds and A Few Native Lookalikes, Published by King County Noxious Weed Control Program, Washington, USA. Site Menu. Pampas grass: Weeds. Dept. of Conservation, n.d. Web. 1 May 2014. <http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/threats-and-impacts/weeds/common-weeds-in-new-zealand/pampas-grass/>. Speciality Trees - Ulmus glabra ‘Lutescens’. (n.d.). Speciality Trees - Ulmus glabra ‘Lutescens’. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.specialitytrees.com.au/library/ulmus/glabra/lutescens Sports Ground, (2014). Australian Auckland Football League. Retrieved from:http://www.sportsground.co.nz/aafl/59923/ Taylor, M.J. 2013. Little shag. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/little-shag Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. (n.d.). Phoenix palms â€“ Weeds of the bush â€“. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/13609/phoenix-palms The History of Begonias. (n.d.). GardenGuides. Retrieved May 5, 2014, from http://www.gardenguides.com/129161-history-begonias.html UCIPM (n.d.), Weed photo gallery, Retrieved from http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_intro.html Upritchard, E (1986), A Guide to The Identification of New Zealand Common Weeds in Colour, Published by New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Society, Palmerston North, New Zealand Williams, M.J. 2013. Mallard. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/mallard Williams, M.J. 2013. Paradise shelduck. In Miskelly, C.M. (ed.) New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved from http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/paradise-shelduck WWF (2011) Green Infrastructure Sustainable Investments for the Benefit of Both People and Nature, available at: http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/bulgaria/news/?200156/Green-Infrastructure-Sustainable-Investments-for-the-Benefit-of-Both-People-and-Nature Yelp Community Forum, (2014). Onepoto Domain. Retrieved from: http://www.yelp.co.nz/biz/onepoto-domain-auckland storicbirkenhead.com/maori-and-pakeha-

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

FIGURE LIST: 1.0

INTRODUCTION:

Fig. 1: Onepoto Domain’s Auckland Regional Context Fig. 2: Onepoto Domain, approx. 1910 – Postcards (Wikipedia) Fig. 3: Amenity Parkland around the Lakes (yelp.co.nz) Fig. 4: The Lakes (yelp.co.nz) Fig. 5: Context and placement of structure, waterways and access ways Fig. 6: Expression of the current Domain layout with respect to existing and future development 2.0

Land Use

Fig. 1: Panorama across Onepoto Domain, highlighting proximity of reserve to residential zoning. Note also low points within the catchment where water flows to and lies, namely the domain’s parks as well as pampas-rich Conservation zoned recreation land foreground at right. Fig. 2: Structure of a typical tuff crater or maar (http://platetectonic.narod.ru/monumentvalleyvolcanophotoalbum.html) Fig. 3: Onepoto Development Scheme Plan 1971, (Reserve Management Plan for Onepoto Domain) Fig. 4: The Domain Fig. 5: Lake Fig. 6: Footpaths & Cycle Tracks Fig. 7: The Soccer Clubhouse & Changing Rooms Fig. 8: Glendhu Footbridge Fig. 9: Glendhu Footbridge Opening Ceremony Fig. 10: Festival Fig. 11: View Of The Domain & The Yard-To-Yard Heterogeneity Fig. 12: Wobbly Bridge Fig. 13: Lake & Bridge Fig. 14: Bush Fig. 15: Soccer Game Fig. 16: Remote Yachting Fig. 17: Playground Fig. 18: Music Festival Fig. 19: Influence of Onepoto Basin on local residential zoning. (http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/en/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/districtregionplans/northshorecitydistrictplan/Pages/districtplanmapshome.aspx) Fig. 20: Designated recreation zoning within Onepoto Domain Recreation Reserve. (http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/en/planspoliciesprojects/plansstrategies/districtregionplans/northshorecitydistrictplan/pages/districtplanmapshome.aspx) 3.1

NATIVE VEGETATION

Fig. 1: Streamside native vegetation, bordering residential properties below Eastern escarpment Fig. 2: Native amenity planting at playground area Fig. 3: Native amenity planting on mounds between playground and stream Fig. 4: Western Escarpment remnant vegetation Fig. 5: Sports field with Pampas grass encroaching from wetland areas Fig. 6: Native amenity planting beside children’s cycle path along stream edge

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 7: Native Vegetation Composition Map Fig. 8: Onepoto Domain Vegetation Zones Fig. 9: Section AA - Illustrates slope and typical native vegetation cover on Onepoto Domains Western escarpment moving down from residential environment down to sports fields below Fig. 10: Section BB - Cuts through the south edge of the wetland vegetation and illustrates how dense the vegetation is. Fig. 11: Section Locations Fig. 12: Section CC - Illustrates the extent of the stream beside the eastern park area and its surrounding vegetation. Fig. 13: Section DD - Illustrates the slope and dense land cover of the eastern escarpments of Onepoto Domain connecting the residential to dense wetland area Fig. 14: Section Locations 3.2

EXOTIC FLORA:

Fig.1: Weed-Infested Buffer Zone Fig. 2: Creeping Buttercup Fig. 3: Willow Weed Fig. 4: Weed-Infested Buffer Zone Fig. 5: Map showing the presence of pest plants throughout the domain (Map not to scale) Fig. 6: Deceased leaves Fig. 7: General leaf structure Fig. 8: Dead pampas Fig. 9: Flower heads Fig. 10: Stem head system Fig. 11: Flower head hairs Fig. 12: Impact of pampas grass on natural habitat Fig. 13: Cortaderia selloana fully matured Fig. 14: Disruptive growth of pampas grass Fig. 15: Map showing infestation of pampas grass (Map not to scale) Fig. 16: Percentage of pampus infested area Fig. 17: Begonia cultivars Fig. 18: Dichroa versicolor Fig. 19: Defined property and boundary line Fig. 20: Maintained garden property line on domain edge Fig. 21: Camellia sp. Fig. 22: Canna sp. Fig. 23: Anemone hupehensis Fig. 24: Impatiens scapiflora Fig. 25: Exotic tree localities (Map not to scale) Fig. 26: Amentiy value of exotic flora on Onepoto Domain 4.0

FAUNA

Fig. 1: Wetland Flow Chart of Native Species Interactions (Foodweb) Fig. 2: The inland coastal environment provides a significant ecological corridor to Onepoto Domain and other neighbouring Reserves Fig. 3: A typical example in Onepoto Domain on how the edge effect has effected the fauna habitat of a waterway, which in turn has resulted in loss of biodiversity. (kikuyu)

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 4: Pampas and Pines Fig. 5: Development Fig. 6: Siltation of the Pond Fig. 7: Invasive Ipomoea indica 5.1

WATER

Fig. 1: Western Arm of Onepoto Pond System Fig. 2: Onepoto Domain 1959 when the basin was still a tidal saltwater wetland like Tuff Crater (Historical image via Auckland Council GIS viewer) Fig. 3: Onepoto Domain 1971 showing central drainage channel, some reclamation and saltwater wetland extent (Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner. (1971). Onepoto Domain: report on study. Northcote, N.Z.: Northcote Borough Council. ) Fig. 4: Onepoto Domain 1978, showing drainage and development of sports fields (http://www.localhistoryonline.org.nz/cgi-bin/PUI?e=0--------0-----------1-1-0-0-&a=d&c=supercol&cl=CL1.O.Onepoto%20basin%20(Northcote)&d=nsim-N0113205) Fig. 5: Onepoto Domain 2010. Remnant wetland is now separated from tidal in/outflow and receives freshwater inputs only. (Image from Auckland Council GIS viewer) Fig. 6: Beca Carter 1971 Development Scheme for Onepoto Domain (Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner. (1971). Fig. 7: S.O.U.L. concept plan 2004 (S.O.U.L Environments (2004) Onepoto Domain Draft Concept Plan, North Shore City. Supplied by Renee Davies) Fig. 8: Upgraded pathways and new boardwalk through wetland area, opening May 2014 Fig 9: Map illustrating the natural drainage catchments of the site and its surrounds Fig. 10: Panoramic image of Tank Farm which neighbours Onepoto Domain Fig. 11: Image of Northcote showing the relationship between Onepoto Domain and wider watersheds Fig. 12: Control board location at the southern end of the pond, which drains water into the Onepoto Estuary. Closeup view of mechanism sourced from Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee report, 2007. Fig. 13: View of fountain in main pond whe originally installed. Photosourced from Onepoto Lagoon Coordination Committee report, undated. Fig. 14: How water flow is supposed to work in Onepoto Domain Fig. 15: The heavily silted-up end of the main pond, with algae growing over smelly mud. Fig. 16: Blocked drainage pipe into the pond which is supposed to allow stormwater from the one of the channels into the pond. Fig. 17: How water flow currently works in the Domain Fig. 18: Map of Onepoto Domain illustrating the site’s network of stormwater channels and overland flow paths Fig. 19: Slope from adjoining houses and streets allows residential stormwater runoff to flow directly onto the site Fig. 20: Part of the Eastern Stormwater channel Fig. 21: Cadastral map of Onepoto locating the immediate residential roads surrounding the Domain which contribute to the overall volume of stormwater into the site. Fig. 22: Giant stormwater drain (pictured left) approx. 1m in diameter collecting stormwater runoff from Howard Rd on the western side of the site and depositing it through the collection of pipes that run straight into the domain Fig. 23: Concrete footpath around main pond Fig. 24: Mown lawn to concrete kerb edge of lower pond. Fig. 25: The naturalistic planting along the western arm of the pond system Fig. 26: Raupo in drainage channels with infestation of exotic weed Fig. 27: Gray’s Pool - a clean water source for wildlife and dogs. Fig. 28: The constructed channel below Gray’s pool with invasive weeds encroaching. Fig. 29: Bush bridge stream above, with close-ups of water quality below. Fig. 30: Amenity planting by local residents alongside stormwater channel Fig. 31: Slot drains such as this one, are common throughout this section of the domain, and allow excess water to be directed back into the stormwater channel. Fig. 32: Privet, pampas, exotic grassland weeds and raupo line the upper reaches of the drainage channel. The vegetation keeps the stream cool and provides habitat for wildlife and the pukeko observed on site. Fig. 33: Kikuyu grass from the surrounding mown area has started to grow into the detention pond at the end of the Eastern stormwater channel near the entrance roadway. The water should flow through a culvert under the road here and enter the pond system, but the pies have silted up. Fig. 34: Sites of Onepoto Domain water quality monitoring 2007 - 2011. Map supplied by Hazel Meadows, Acting Team Manager Environmental Initiatives, Auckland Council Fig. 35: Four sites where water quality testing was carried out on 4 May 2014 Fig. 36: Water quality data. Historic data obtained from Hazel Meadows at Auckland Council. 2014 monitoring conducted by Unitec BLA students.

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig.37: Water quality in the Eastern stormwater channel is compromised by silt. Fig. 38: Water sampling for invertebrates and testing for nitrogen and phosphorus. Fig. 39: Despite appearances, the water quality in Onepoto Pond was high. Fig. 40: The Bush bridge stream site behind the children’s playground and connecting the basin floor with a walkway to Sylvan Ave Fig. 41: The Western arm of the lakes, with naturalistic planting along the water’s edge 5.2

CORRIDORS

Fig.1: Aerial Photograph of Onepoto Domain Fig. 2: Onepoto Domain in context @1:5000 Fig. 3: Auckland Ithsmus and existing green corridors @1:250,000 Fig. 4: North Shore, Auckland @1:25000 Fig. 5A: Eskdale Bush Reserve Fig. 5B: Birkenhead Domain Fig. 5C: Birkenhead War Memorial Park Fig. 5D: Kauri Point Centennial Park Fig. 5E: Kauri Glen Park Fig. 5F: Le Roys Bush, Little Shoal Bay Fig. 5G: Onepoto Domain Fig. 5H: Tuff Crater Reserve Fig. 5I: Barry’s Point Reserve, north-facing Fig. 5I: Barry’s Point Reserve, south-facing Fig. 6: Topography of site and surrounding area Fig. 7: Infrastructual Framework of site and surrounding area Fig. 8: Aerial Perspective of North Shore, Auckland Fig. 9: The Green Network Fig. 10: Hydrological Network, Transport and Green Infrastructure Figure 11: Green Infrastructure Concept 5.3

SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY

Fig. 1: Surrounding road network Fig. 2: Surrounding open space network Fig. 3: Housing overlooks domain active use Fig. 4: Residential boundary to the domain. Fig. 5: Residential zoning Fig. 6: Commercial zoning Fig. 7: Signage points the way to the domain Fig. 8: Access on to site Fig. 9: Sailing clubs attract attention from other domain users Fig. 10: Main areas of activity Fig. 11: Ample space is available for parents and kids to explore Fig. 12: Onepoto Domain is famous in Auckland for it’s ‘learn to ride’ track

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014

Fig. 13: Diagram of main pedestrian and cycle routes Fig. 14: A popular picnic spot for families, (active) Fig. 15: A quiter spot in the domain (passive) Fig. 16: Diagram showing areas of high and low activity Fig. 17: View from properties over the domain Fig. 19: Defined and blurred residential boundaries to the domain Fig. 20: The existing carpark does not meed the demand of the domain Fig. 21: Area currently used for carparking during peak periods Fig. 22: Family type comparison of Kaipatiki with the wider Auckland Fig. 23: Ethnicities of Kaipatiki Fig. 24: Map showing the Kaipatiki local board area Fig. 25: The Onepoto Lagoon is a drawcard for radio yachtees from all across Auckland Fig. 26: Korean Garden Masterplan Fig. 27: View of the new boardwalk

Onepoto Domain Urban Wetland Regeneration. July 2014