EASY-EU Policy Paper
Executive Summary
The EASY-EU (Engagement and Active Citizenship for Seniors and Youth in Promoting Europe) project specifically targets marginalised groups such as youth and seniors so that they may integrate themselves into the democratic practices of the European Union (EU). This project was developed to promote the purposes stated in the Action Plan for EU Democracy, which includes securing the freedom of the media, fighting the spread of disinformation, and increasing citizens’ participation in politics, including but not limited to, in a digital form. The project aims to foster intergenerational dialogue, with a specific emphasis on key themes such as E-Democracy, the 2024 EU Elections, and Environmental Policy. These focus areas are central to the project's objectives, enabling the EASY-EU projectto contribute tothe advancement of democratic practices in Europe and to provide relevant recommendations.
Key Objectives and Methodology
The EASY-EU project involves partner organisations from Italy, Ireland, Greece, Austria, and Croatia, each of which organised a series of events targeting youth, seniors, and women.Theseeventslinkede-democracy,EU elections, andclimatepolicy,withadirect emphasis on the inclusion of hard-to-reach groups. Throughout the project, various discussions, public consultations, and the use of other digital tools were held, gathering extensive inputon enhancing democracy and promoting greater inclusivity within the EU. This Policy Paper is a compilation of the knowledge and lessons learned during the events held as part of the project. As such, they provide best practices and recommendations concerning policy issues that must be used at the local, national, and EUlevels.Theseconsiderationsareinformedbypracticesfromthepartnercountriesand outline the particular benefits and difficulties that frame advocacy methodologies for democratic engagement across various societies and political landscapes.
E-Democracy: Challenges and Opportunities
Throughout the project, participants frequently mentioned the concept of the Digital Divide, especially in rural and lower-income areas. Many voiced concerns about data privacy and the spread of misinformation as significant challenges to engaging fully with e-democracy tools. During the project, many participants praised the success of digital literacy programmes. In Italy and Ireland, for instance, local libraries and community centresranworkshops whereseniorswere introducedtoe-democracy platforms in ways that felt accessible and supportive. In Greece, social media tutorials aimed at young people were particularly effective, with over 50% of attendees reporting increased confidence in navigating online political platforms. While digital tools have the potential to make democratic processes more accessible, these challenges must be addressed through targeted digital literacy programmes and by ensuring that e- democracy platforms are user-friendly and secure.
Best Practices for E-Democracy:
● Develop user-centric digital platforms that cater to seniors, people with disabilities, and individuals with low digital literacy.
● Launch public awareness campaigns to inform citizens about the availability and benefits of e-democracy tools.
● Incorporate continuous feedback mechanisms to ensure that citizens feel their voices are heard and acted upon.
Voter Engagement in EU Elections
Low voter turnout, particularly among youth and seniors, was a major concern in the 2024 European Parliament elections. Many citizens expressed a sense of disconnect from EU institutions, feeling that their voices were not represented. The EASY-EU project emphasised the need for both targeted youth campaigns and non-digital outreach methods to engage digitally excluded populations. Educational initiatives in schools and community-based voter engagement programmes were highlighted as critical to improving voter turnout.
Best Practices for Voter Engagement:
● Implement youth-targeted campaigns that focus on issues such as climate change and job security.
● Use non-digital methods such as leaflets, radio broadcasts, and in-person events to reach seniors and rural populations.
● Strengthen voter education programmes to help citizens understand the importance of EU elections.
Citizen Participation in Climate and Environmental Policy
Achieving the goals of the European Green Deal requires active citizen participation. Throughout the project, discussions emphasised the role of local, community-driven sustainability initiatives, such as recycling programmes and renewable energy projects that work to foster engagement. Female participants, particularly in rural areas, played a key role in advocating for gender-sensitive climate policies and were often the driving force behind local environmental initiatives.
Best Practices for Citizen Engagement in Climate Policy:
● Support local sustainability initiatives that encourage citizens to take ownership of climate action.
● Ensure that public consultations on environmental policy are widely accessible and inclusive, allowing citizens to provide input on decisions that affect their communities.
Conclusion
The EASY-EU project has highlighted the importance of intergenerational dialogue, flexible participation models, and gender-sensitive policies in fostering a more inclusive
and participatory democratic system. By addressing the barriers identified, such as the digital divide, lack of voter education, and economic concerns related to climate policies, policymakers can create more resilient and engaged citizens. The best practices and policy recommendations outlined in this Policy Paper provide a roadmap for enhancing democratic participation across Europe, ensuring that all citizens, regardless of age, gender, or socioeconomic background, can contribute to shaping the future of the European Union.
Introduction
Overview of EASY-EU Project
The EASY-EU (Engagement and Active Citizenship for Seniors and Youth in Promoting Europe) project aims to bridge the gap between the youth and seniors and the democratic processes in the European Union. It was developed to align with the goals of the EU Democracy Action Plan, with a focus on engaging youth and seniors more deeply in democratic processes. By centering their experiences, the project identified key barriers and explored solutions to increase civic participation. It focuses on various innovative digital democratic tools, aims to encourage more participation in the 2024 European Parliament Elections, and encourages citizens to engage in meaningful discussions about climate change and environmental policies. The three core themes, e-Democracy, the 2024 EU Elections, and Climate/Environmental policy, were carefully chosen to align with the EU Democracy Action Plan’s objectives, focusing on enhancing media freedom, countering disinformation, and increasing citizen engagement in political processes.
During the course of the project, partners from Italy (Consorzio Co&So), Ireland (The Rural Hub), Greece (United Societies of Balkans), Austria (Jugend am Werk Steiermark GmbH), and Croatia (Centar Sirius) organised a series of local events aimed at raising awareness about the importance of democratic participation and engagement, particularly for marginalised groups such as youth, seniors, and women. For the purpose of the data presented in this policy paper, each partner selected three out of six events they held over the course of two years, on to the key topics of e-democracy, the 2024 EU elections, and climate/environmental policy, and used these events to compile detailed reports. More specifically, these events focused on:
● E-Democracy: Awareness of Innovative Democratic Approaches and Tools
● 2024EU Elections: EnhancingVoter ParticipationandAddressingDisengagement
● Climate and Environmental Policy: The Engagement of Citizens in Debating on the Environment in accordance with the European Green Deal
This Policy Paper is built on the findings of the national reports, providing an overview of the key findings, and presenting policy recommendations for local, national, and European policymakers. The events were designed to facilitate intergenerational dialogue, with a strong focus on involving both youth and seniors in discussions about the future of Europe. By creating inclusive spaces for engagement, the EASY-EU project seeks to improve the participation of European citizens, not only by increasing their sense of belonging to Europe and European values but also by promoting their engagement in key areas, such as the European Green Deal.
EU Democracy Action Plan and the Role of the EASY-EU Project
The EU Democracy Action Plan, launched in 2020, outlines a strategic vision for strengthening democracy in the European Union by promoting media freedom, countering disinformation, and increasing citizen engagement in political processes. A significant part of this plan is addressing the digital transformation of democracies, with a particular focus on e-democracy tools that aim to enhance citizen engagement. The EASY-EU project focuses on the practical aspects of this vision. To facilitate intergenerational discussions on e-democracy, this project organised national events that target different generations intending to close the generational gap, promote democratic values, and enable citizens to better engage with European institutions.
Importance of Cross-Generational Dialogue
One of the project’s core strategies was to facilitate discussions between youth and seniors. These intergenerational exchanges provide unique insights into how different age groups view the European Union and their role within it. Young people often bring fresh ideas and energy, especially when it comes to digital solutions. Meanwhile, seniors provide valuable insights rooted in experience and historical knowledge. This combination elevated the quality of discussions across the events held throughout the project. Collectively, these groups have the potential to strengthen civic engagement and the resilience of the relationship between citizens and their representatives within the EU context.
The EASY-EU project has effectively demonstrated how intergenerational dialogue is essential to fostering a sense of shared responsibility for Europe’s future. By actively promoting the concepts of e-democracy, the EU elections, and climate change to both young people and seniors, the project generated a unique opportunity for knowledge exchange. These cross-generational exchanges not only broadened perspectives but also strengthened ties between these different age groups, creating a more unified approach to civic participation. This PolicyPaperbrings together the insights gained from the EASY-EU project, offering a roadmap for policymakers to implement reforms aimed at strengthening democratic engagement across Europe.
1.E-Democracy and Citizen Engagement
E-Democracy: The Future of 21st Century Engagement
E-democracy refers to the use of digital technologies to enhance democratic processes by providing platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, public consultation, and voting. During the course of the EASY-EU project, the implementation of several edemocracy tools were introduced; including online voting systems, digital forums for debate, and apps for public consultation. These tools offer a range of possibilities for increasing accessibility and transparency in governance, but they also present significant challenges.
Insights from Partner Countries
● Italy: During the event in Pisa, participants engaged in meaningful discussions about the role of e-democracy platforms in enhancing civic participation. A major focus was on the usability and accessibility of these digital tools, particularly for seniors and those less familiar with technology. The conversations highlighted concerns about data security and privacy, emphasizing the need for encrypted voting systems to ensure trust in digital voting processes. Participants also stressed the importance of digital literacy programs to help more citizens confidently navigate and use these platforms for democratic engagement.
● Ireland: In Cavan, discussions focused on the potential of e-democracy to close the gap between local and EU institutions. A guest speaker from the Irish parliament emphasised that digital tools could democratise decision-making processes, particularly in rural areas where physical access to democratic institutions may be limited. The event also highlighted the need for digital literacy training to ensure that older citizens can fully engage with e-democracy tools.
● Greece: The event in Thessaloniki explored the role of e-voting systems and social media in political campaigns. Participants discussed how open data can make public consultations more transparent and inclusive. However, concerns were raised about digital exclusion, particularly for marginalised communities.
● Croatia: In Zagreb, participants were introduced to e-consultation platforms, which allow citizens to contribute to law-making processes. While e-petitions were well-known, many citizens were unaware of other participatory tools available in Croatia. This indicated the need for greater public awareness and promotion of these tools.
● Austria: The event in Muerzzuschlag highlighted the importance of social media in shaping political discourse, particularly among younger citizens. However,
participants expressed concerns about the spread of fake news and the impact this has on democratic processes.
Challenges of E-Democracy
While e-democracy offers increased opportunities for enhancing democratic participation through digital tools, we discovered that through these events significant challenges must be addressed to ensure that these tools are accessible, inclusive, and effective for all citizens. These challenges are rooted in technological barriers, societal inequalities, and trust issues with digital governance, each of which requires targeted strategies to overcome. The discussions across all partner countries revealed several shared challenges associated with e-democracy:
● Digital Divide
● Differing Digital Literacy Levels
● Privacy and Security
● Design and Usability of e-Democracy Platforms
● Regulatory Frameworks
One of the most pressing challenges identified across all partner countries is the digital divide (the gap between those who have access to digital technologies and the skills to use them, and those who do not). In regions such as rural Ireland and Greece, participants reported that unreliable internet access and a lack of digital infrastructure severely limited their ability to engage with e-democracy platforms. This was the case for many older citizens and those in economically disadvantaged areas, where the cost of digital devices andinternet servicescanbe prohibitive. The EASY-EU projectshowed that a considerable number of young participants from urban areas generally adopted digital democratic practices in contrast to seniors and rural residents who faced basic access problems and could not participate fully in online consultations, digital voting, or public forums.
Another challenge is the level of digital competence of citizens. Across all partner countries, seniors and some rural women expressed experiencing difficulties in navigatinge-democracyplatformsduetotheirlackoffamiliaritywithdigitaltools.InItaly, for example, older participants found e-democracy tools difficult to use without support, revealing the need for extensive digital literacy programmes that teach people how to engage with online platforms safely and effectively. Digital literacy programmes, especially those targeting seniors and marginalised groups, are fundamental for edemocracy to be fully inclusive. Without relevant exposure, the digital divide will continue to exclude substantial portions of the population from participating in democratic processes.
The design and usability of e-democracy platforms also poses significant challenges. In Croatia and Ireland, participants mentioned the need for more user-friendly interfaces that are intuitive and accessible for individuals with limited digital experience. Many edemocracy platforms are designed with younger, digitally native users in mind, neglecting the needs of older adults or those with disabilities. Participants in Greece pointed out that overly complex digital platforms often deter users, especially when navigating through multi-layered options for voting, petitions, or consultations. These platforms should be made more user-friendly through web accessibility, for example, using a larger text, simplifying the navigational structure, and providing step-by-step instructions.
Privacy and data security emerged as a prominent concern across all partner countries, particularly in Greece and Austria, where participants expressed distrust in how their personal information would be used and/or stored on e-democracy platforms. The fear of data breaches and cyberattacks is a major deterrent for citizens who are otherwise interested in engaging with online democratic processes. This problem is reinforced by the belief that e-democracy structures are weak and susceptible to hacking and manipulation. In Greece, participants were especially wary of the potential for misinformation to spread through digital platforms, raising concerns about how online consultations or digital voting could be skewed by false information campaigns or external interference. These concerns highlight the importance of incorporating robust cybersecurity measures and transparent data protection policies into the design of edemocracy platforms to build public trust.
Another layer to this challenge is the lack of regulatory frameworks governing edemocracy tools. Digital platforms have the capability of enhancing the decision-making and the engagement of the citizens, however, they must be regulated under the law that provides for fairness, accountability, and transparency. Participants in Austria and Ireland on the other hand suggested that there is a need for better regulation that will determine the use of e-democracy tools in formal legal frameworks, and the protection of the citizens’ data. This regulatory gap presents a major challenge to the widespread adoption of e-democracy, as citizens need assurance that their participation will not compromise their privacy or undermine the integrity of democratic processes.
The spread of misinformation on social media and other digital platforms is another significant challenge to the success of e-democracy. In Greece and Croatia, participants expressed concerns aboutthe proliferationof fake news andmisleadinginformation that can easily distort public opinion, especially in politically sensitive issues such as national elections or policy decisions. The EASY-EU project found that misinformation not only undermines trust in digital platforms but also leads to greater polarisation, making it harder for citizens to engage in constructive dialogue. To address this challenge, participants emphasised the need for media literacy programmes that equip
citizens with the tools to critically evaluate the information they encounter online. By teaching people how to identify credible sources and detect misinformation, media literacy programmes can play a key role in mitigating the negative impact of fake news on e-democracy.
Another challenge is societal and cultural barriers, which were particularly evident in Croatia and Italy. Often, in more conservative or rural areas, traditional gender roles and societal expectations prevent women from participating fully in digital democratic processes. In Italy, cultural norms around gender roles restricted women’s ability to engage in public decision-making processes. These societal barriers highlight the need for targeted outreach programmes that encourage women and other marginalised groups toengage with e-democracytools, while alsoaddressingthe cultural andsocietal pressures that discourage their participation.
The lack of awareness about the availability and benefits of e-democracy platforms remains a significant barrier. In Ireland and Croatia, participants reported that many citizens were unaware of the e-democracy tools at their disposal, or did not understand how these tools could be used to influence local and national decision-making. Without widespread public awareness campaigns, e-democracy platforms risk becoming underutilised, particularly in rural or less digitally engaged communities. Governments and civil society organisations need to invest in public information campaigns that not onlyraise awareness aboutthese platforms but alsoexplain theirpotential forenhancing democratic engagement.
From this analysis, it is clear that the challenges of e-democracy are multifaceted and requireacombinationoftechnological,educational,andregulatorysolutions.Thedigital divide, lack of digital literacy, concerns about privacy and security, and the spread of misinformation all present significant barriers to the effective use of e-democracy tools. However, by addressing these challenges through targeted programmes and thoughtful design, e-democracy has the potential to transform democratic participation across Europe, making governance more inclusive, transparent, and accessible for all citizens.
Best Practices for E-Democracy
The EASY-EU project identified several key best practices for the effective implementation of e-democracy tools. These best practices emphasise the need for a multifaceted approach that addresses both the technological and societal aspects of digital democratic engagement. Byfocusingonuser accessibility, public awareness, and ongoing feedback, these strategies can help ensure that e-democracy tools become a meaningful and widely adopted avenue for citizen participation. Several best practices emerged from the events:
● User-Centric Design
● Public Awareness Campaigns
● Continuous Feedback Models
● Localised Customisation
● Partnerships with Civil Societies and Educational Institutions
● Trust and Transparency
● Media Literacy Programmes
Croatia ran some effective public awareness campaigns. By blending radio broadcasts, social media advertisements, and community workshops, they were able to reach over 2,000 citizens, even in rural areas where engagement is often more challenging. Continuous feedback mechanisms, such as those implemented in Greece, provided participants with regular updates on how their input influenced local policy changes, significantly boosting engagement. Citizens felt more empowered knowing that their voices were heard and acted upon.
One of the most important best practices for successful e-democracy is the emphasis on user-centric design. Digital platforms must be designed with the user in mind, ensuring that they are intuitive, accessible, and inclusive. The EASY-EU project demonstrated that seniors, people with disabilities, and those with limited digital skills often find e-democracy platforms difficult to navigate. This is especially true in countries like Italy and Ireland, where rural participants expressed difficulty in using complex digital interfaces. For this reason, it is essential that e-democracy platforms prioritise simplicity and usability, with features such as large text options, voice commands, and easy-to-understand navigation paths that make them accessible to all users, regardless of their digital proficiency. In addition, platforms should adopt universal design principles to ensure that they cater to the needs of individuals with disabilities. This includes making the platforms compatible with screen readers for the visually impaired, providing closed captioning for hearing-impaired users, and ensuring that the platform can be navigated using both keyboard shortcuts and mobile devices (O’Neill, 2021). By focusing on inclusive design, e-democracy tools can accommodate a broader range of participants, thereby increasing engagement from marginalised groups that are often excluded from digital participation.
A key takeaway from the EASY-EU project is that many citizens are unaware of the availability and benefits of e-democracy tools. In countries such as Croatia and Ireland, participants reported that rural populations and seniors, in particular, were often unaware of how to access or use these platforms. As such, public awareness campaigns are critical for promoting the adoption of e-democracy tools. Governments and civil society organisations should invest in targeted awareness efforts that inform citizens
about the existence of these platforms, how to use them, and the impact they can have on local and national decision-making processes. These awareness campaigns should utilise a mix of traditional and digital media to reach different demographic groups. For example, radio and printed materials may be more effective for reaching older citizens, while social media campaigns and interactive tutorials may be more appropriate for engaging younger audiences (Simon, Bass, Boelman, & Mulgan, 2017). Additionally, community outreach programmes in schools, libraries, and community centres can play a key role in educating citizens about the benefits of e-democracy. These campaigns should also focus on building trust in digital platforms by addressing concerns about data privacy and cybersecurity.
Another best practice for e-democracy is the inclusion of continuous feedback mechanisms on digital platforms. During the events in Greece and Austria, participants stressed the importance of ensuring that citizens feel heard and that their input leads to meaningfulaction.Platformsthatallowforreal-timefeedbackcreateatwo-waydialogue between citizens and decision-makers, making the democratic process more participatory and responsive.
To ensure thatcitizens remain engaged, e-democracytools shouldincorporate feedback loops where participants can see how their contributions are being considered or acted upon by policymakers. This could take the form of regular updates on the outcomes of public consultations, progress reports on issues that were voted on, or open forums where participants can discuss their concerns with representatives. When citizens see that their input has a tangible impact, they are more likely to continue engaging with the platformandencourage others to do the same. This ongoing engagement fosters a sense of ownership over the democratic process, making it more likely that users will remain active participants.
Another critical best practice identified through the EASY-EU project is the need for localised customisation of e-democracy platforms. In countries such as Ireland and Italy, participants expressed the desire for e-democracy tools that reflect the specific cultural, linguistic, and regional needs of their communities. For example, in Ireland, rural participants called for e-democracy tools that address local issues relevant to their communities, such as agricultural policy or rural development. Localised customisation also involves adapting platforms to the technical infrastructure of each region. In areas where internet connectivity is limited, platforms should be optimised to function on lowbandwidth connections or offer offline options that allow citizens to participate through SMS-based voting or paper-based consultations that can later be integrated into the digital system. By making e-democracy tools flexible and regionally tailored, governments can enhance the level of accessibility and participatory democracy by citizens whomightotherwise feel disconnectedfromdecision-makingata national level.
Connections established with civil society organisations (CSOs) and educational institutions is equally important in determining the success of e-democracy tools (Aichholzer & Rose, 2020). In Greece and Austria, participants pointed out that many citizens rely on trusted community organisations to guide their engagement in political processes. By partnering with CSOs, governments can leverage these organisations’ existing networks to promote the use of e-democracy tools. CSOs can play a key role in educating citizens, particularly marginalised groups, about the importance of engaging with digital platforms and can help facilitate digital literacy programmes (Kanizaj, 2017).
Educational institutions are also crucial partners in promoting e-democracy, especially among young people (Ambrosino et al., 2023). Schools and universities can integrate edemocracy education into their curricula, teaching students how to use these platforms and why it is important to participate in democratic processes. This approach not only preparesfuture generationstoengage withe-democracytoolsbutalsoencouragesthem to bring their digital skills into their communities, helping to close the digital literacy gap for older citizens.
The success of e-democracy lies in assuring trust to the users and the citizens. One of the striking issues that was brought to focus during the EASY-EU project was a lack of trust in digital governance systems owing to a lack of privacy and factors relating to possible abuse of the systems. Governments and the developers of these platforms need to emphasise the clarity of operations within such platforms by informing citizens on the procedures of how their data is collected, processed, and stored. Platforms should provide clear and succinct explanations of available protective measures against cyber threat attacks. In Greece, worries emerged about the susceptibility of edemocracy platforms to misinformation and external threats. With this in mind, platforms should include appropriate processes and tools that enable the swift detection and control of the distribution of fake news. This transparency should also apply to the policy-making processes. Citizens should be able to track how their input is being used, whether through regular updates, progress reports, or public accountability measures that allow citizens to hold decision-makers to account for their actions. By maintaining transparency, governments could build the trust needed for the widespread adoption of e-democracy tools.
As the digital landscape continues to evolve, media literacy has become an essential skill for citizens engaging in e-democracy. In the EASY-EU project, participants stressed the importance of equipping citizens with the ability to critically evaluate the information they encounter online. With the increasing prevalence of misinformation and disinformation, media literacy programmes are essential for helping citizens navigate digital platforms responsibly and effectively.
There is a need for joint efforts from Governments, civil society organisations, and educational institutions in the design and implementation of media literacy programmes
that teach citizens howtoidentify credible sources, detectfalse information, andengage in fact-based discussions. These programmes can be integrated into school curricula, offered through public libraries, or delivered via online courses. By enhancing citizens' ability to critically assess information, media literacy programmes can strengthen the overall integrity of e-democracy platforms and ensure that informed decision-making remains at the core of digital democratic engagement. These insights on digital engagement lay the groundwork for understanding voter participation challenges, as explored in the next section.
2.Participation in
Elections
the 2024 European Parliament
Challenges of Voter Engagement
Low voter turnout in the 2024 European Parliament elections remains a concern, particularly among youth and seniors. Many participants expressed feelings of disconnect from the EU and a lack of information about how EU policies impact their daily lives.
The implementation of e-democracy tools in the EASY-EU project comes at a critical time, as demonstrated by the turnout data for the 2024 European Parliament Elections. According to the official election results, overall turnout in the EU stood at 50.74%, showing only a slight increase from 2019 when it was 50.66%. However, there are significant disparities in voter participation across EU member states, with Belgium reaching an impressive 89.01%, while countries like Bulgaria and Croatia only recorded 37.78% and 21.35%, respectively.
These disparities reflect the need for enhanced e-democracy platforms, which can provide more accessible avenues for voting and engagement, particularly for underrepresented groups like youth and seniors. As the data suggests, countries with traditionally lower turnout, such as Bulgaria and Croatia, could greatly benefit from the implementation of digital voting systems and e-consultation platforms to increase participation. Similarly, the availability of online tools can also be effective in mobilising young people who are less inclined to vote in EU elections.
% TURNOUT BY PARTNER COUNTRY IN 2024 EU ELECTIONS
% Turnout by Partner Country in 2024 EU Elections
AVERAGE ITALY IRELAND AUSTRIA GREECE CROATIA
The turnout by-year data for the European Parliament elections shows an overall trend of fluctuating voter engagement between 2004 and 2024. In terms of actual figures, 2004 saw a voter turnout of 45.47%, which slightly decreased in 2009 to 42.97%. 2014 had almost the same number of voters at 42.61%. However, the elections held in 2019 recorded a dramatic leap to 50.66% with 2024 also witnessing a slight increase to 50.74%.
According to this data, there was a significant increase in active participation around the 2019 elections, however, this growth has plateaued in 2024. The relatively stable turnout highlights the need for innovative approaches, such as e-democracy tools, to further increase participation, particularly among disengaged populations. While the rise in turnout is encouraging, the lack of substantial growth between 2019 and 2024 indicates that traditional voter engagement strategies may be reaching their limits. Digital tools such as online voting systems, e-petitions, and accessible consultation platforms could be key to boosting engagement in future elections, especially for underrepresented groups like youth and seniors.
Although the COVID-19 pandemic saw implications for the voting pattern, the stagnation in voter turnout also underscores the importance of addressing the digital divide, particularly for seniors and rural communities who may not have access to digital resources or lack the skills to participate fully in e-democracy. By implementing targeted digital literacy programmes and increasing the availability of online voting options, the EU could help foster greater voter participation in future elections (Russack, 2021).
Fig 1: Percentage Turnout by Country in 2024 European Elections (European Commission, 2024)
% Turnout by Year
Insights from Partner Countries
The EASY-EU project provided valuable insights from partner countries on how edemocracy tools could help improve voter turnout. Across various events in Italy, Ireland, Greece, Croatia, and Austria, participants discussed barriers to participation and potential solutions tailored to their national contexts:
● Italy: During the event in Florence, young participants expressed frustration over the lack of attention to youth issues in the EU Parliament. This demographic’s low engagement reflectstheoverallEU trend,asseenintheturnoutdata,whereyouth often demonstrate lower participation. In this case, e-democracy tools such as digitalvotingandsocial mediacampaignscouldhelptobridgethe gapandengage younger voters. They also acknowledged that young people feel underrepresented in European institutions, which helps to explain the political apathy among voters.
● Ireland:Seniorshighlighteddifficultiesinaccessingreliableinformationaboutthe 2024 EU elections, with many participants relying on traditional media sources like radio. This mirrors the broader issue seen in the turnout data, where older voters may be more likely to disengage due to a lack of accessible resources. Edemocracy platforms, alongside traditional voter engagement methods, could make elections more inclusive. Participants noted that a lack of accessible information about the EU elections was a key barrier to voter engagement. Many seniors felt overwhelmed by the volume of information available online and requested alternative, non-digital methods for learning about the election.
Fig 2. European Union Turnout by Year (European Commission, 2024)
● Greece: These discussions highlighted the use of social media as a tool for mobilising youth voters. The data from the 2024 EU’s turnout statistics points out that countries that had previously reported low enrolment such as Greece can increase their enrolment rates through online applications popular among young people. The Thessaloniki event placed great emphasis on the use of social media to engage the attention of younger voters. However, many participants said that they were worried about the increasing amount of misinformation and trust in political figures and its negative impact on voters’ turnout.
● Croatia: Both youth and seniors expressed a sense of detachment from EU politics, reflecting the low voter turnout seen in Croatia at 21.35%. E-democracy platforms that facilitate online engagement, as well as increased educational programmes, could help connect citizens with the EU and improve these low engagement rates. In Zagreb, seniors and youth alike felt that Croatia's size limited its influence in the EU Parliament. This sense of detachment from EU politics was a recurring theme, with participants stating that there is a need for more educational programmes on the importance of the EU Parliament and its functions.
● Austria: Participants noted that although Austria consistently has one of the higher voter turnout rates (56.25% in 2024), there is still room for improvement, particularly in engaging younger voters. Participants explored how social media, and online engagement can help to maintain high turnout in future elections and prevent complacency in future elections. The event in Graz focused on the importance of voter education, whereby participants encountered information on how to vote in the EU elections and why their vote matters.
Barriers to Participation
The EASY-EU project identified several key barriers to participation in the 2024 EU elections, which affected youth, seniors, and rural populations differently. Addressing thesebarriersisessentialtoincreasingvoterturnoutandensuringthattheEUParliament is truly representative of its diverse electorate. The following barriers emerged during the events held in each partner country:
● Lack of Representation: Many young participants feel underrepresented in EU institutions, contributing to voter apathy.
● Complexity of EU Elections: Many citizens, particularly seniors, find the structure and function of the EU Parliament confusing. Simplified educational materials could help bridge this knowledge gap.
● Digital Exclusion: Seniors and those from rural areas often lack access to digital tools, making it harder for them to engage in the election process.
One of the most significant barriers is the lack of representation, particularly among young people. Many youth participants in Italy and Greece expressed that they feel disconnected from EU institutions and do not see their concerns reflected in the policies or candidates of the European Parliament. Issues such as climate change, youth unemployment, and social justice (which are highly relevant to younger voters) are often perceived as being overlooked in favour of broader or more traditional political agendas. As a result, young voters feel that their participation is unlikely to make a tangible difference in the outcome, leading to widespread voter apathy. This disconnection from EU institutions is furthered by the fact thatyouth representation within the EU Parliament is relatively low, contributing to the belief that their voices are not being heard.
The complexity of EU elections is another significant barrier, particularly for seniors and citizens with limited political education. As reported in other partner countries such as Ireland and Croatia, many participants stated the design and roles of the EU Parliament are unclear to them, and therefore they fail to appreciate the importance of their vote. The multi-tiered system of representation, combined with the array of political parties at both the national and European levels, can overwhelm voters, leading them to disengage from the electoral process altogether. Additionally, many citizens are unaware of how EU legislation directly impacts their lives, further reducing their motivation to participate. This indicates the need for increased educational tools that can explain the intricate details of EU elections and how EU policies affect the daily lives of citizens. By making the electoral process more transparent and easier to understand, these materials can bridge the knowledge gap and encourage more informed participation (Olsen & McCormick, 2018).
The third major barrier is digital exclusion, which disproportionately affects seniors and those living in rural areas. Across partner countries, participants from rural communities reported that they often lack access to reliable internet or the digital devices necessary to engage with online voting information, voter registration tools, or e-democracy platforms. This digital divide not only limits their access to information but also prevents them from taking part in digital forums or online consultations where voters can interact with EU representatives or learn more about the election process. For seniors, with lower levels of digital skills, the change from receiving electoral update information through conventional media such as newspapers and radio to the internet, exposes them to voting information systems with a completely different framework. There is a risk that these communities will be excluded from the process of participation in elections without some form of appropriate intervention. This may result in reduced voter turnout and political engagement among rural populations and older adults.
Best Practices for Increasing Voter Engagement
To overcome the barriers to participation identified during the EASY-EU project, several best practices for increasing voter engagement have emerged. These strategies focus on addressing the unique challenges faced by youth, seniors, and digitally excluded populations, ensuring that the EU elections become more accessible, inclusive, and engaging for all citizens.
● Targeted Youth Campaigns: Governments should develop campaigns that specifically target young voters, addressing issues that matter to them, such as climate change and job security.
● Non-Digital Methods: For seniors and those who aren’t as digitally connected, leaflets, radiocampaigns, andin-person communityevents canbe powerful tools for making sure they get the information they need about voting and elections.
● Partnerships with Schools: Educational institutions shouldplaya more active role in preparing youth for the EU elections through civic education programmes and debates.
A notable example of targeted youth engagement came from Italy, where social media campaigns specifically focused on young people. By addressing issues that mattered most to them, such as climate change and job security, the campaign sparked increased online engagement and drew more youth into the conversation. Targeted youth campaigns are essential for reaching younger voters, as they are often more concerned with issues like youth unemployment, climate action, and social equality. However, many youth participants expressed frustration that these concerns are not sufficiently addressed by EU institutions. To improve youth voter turnout, governments should develop youth-focused campaigns that explicitly address these key issues. Using youthfriendly platforms such as social media, video streaming services, and youth forums can make the election process more engaging for this audience. Campaigns could also feature interactive tools like online debates, polls, andsocial media challenges, allowing young people to express their views and feel more connected to the political process. Additionally, when climate action, job security, and social justice are central to political discussions, young voters are more likely to feel their concerns are taken seriously, making them more inclined to vote.
In contrast, for seniors and digitally excluded populations, the use of non-digital methods remains critical to ensuring they receive the necessary information about the EU elections. In Ireland, seniors responded particularly well to community radio broadcasts, which provided clear, step-by-step guidance on how to register to vote and wheretofindaccessiblepollingstations.InCroatiaand ruralareas ofIreland,manyolder voters rely on traditional media, such as radio broadcasts, television programmes, and leaflets, for election updates. Election campaigns should therefore continue to invest in
these non-digital channels, ensuring that seniors and those without internet access are not left behind.
One of the main lessons from the project was how to effectively scale their successful campaigns across various partner countries. For example, the online platforms used in Italy to engage younger voters on environmental issues could be adapted for use in Greece, where similar concerns about climate change are prevalent. Meanwhile, Ireland’s use of radio campaigns to inform seniors about polling locations could be replicated in Croatia, where rural populations similarly rely on non-digital media. Inperson community events are also valuable tools for reaching these populations, providing opportunities for direct engagement and the dissemination of voter information in a face-to-face setting. Additionally, community centres, libraries, and local clubs can serve as hubs for sharing voting information, hosting discussions, and organising voter registration drives, helping to bridge the digital divide and encourage greater electoral participation.
Another best practice is forming partnerships with educational institutions to prepare young voters for the EU elections. Civic education programmes in schools and universities can play a crucial role in building awareness about the structure and significance of the EU Parliament, as well as the importance of voting. These programmes should be designed to make the EU elections relatable to students by connecting the political landscape with issues that affect them directly, such as student mobility, education funding, and employment opportunities within the EU. In addition to standard classroom activities, schools could host debates, mock elections, or voter registration workshops to give students a hands-on experience with the electoral process. Such programmes could also involve collaboration with youth organisations, where young people can discuss the elections in peer-led forums, thereby increasing their sense of ownership and engagement in the democratic process.
Governments should also focus on building trust in election processes through effective communication and outreach strategies (Macnamara, 2017). Discussions in Croatia revealed a sense of detachment from EU politics, particularly among rural and economically vulnerable communities. The participants expressed concerns about the lack of clear representation and the feeling that Croatia has limited influence in the European Parliament. Meanwhile, in Greece and Austria, the level of voter participation is dependent on the level of public trust in the system. Election authorities should prioritise transparent voter registration processes and communicate how votes are counted and validated. Additionally, governments should work with local media outlets to ensure that accurate information about the elections is widely disseminated, particularly in regions where misinformation or political apathy is common. By fostering a culture of trust, governments can help reduce scepticism about the importance of voting and increase voter turnout.
3.Climate and Environmental Policy
The Role of Citizens in Shaping Environmental Policy
The European Green Deal aims to make Europe climate-neutral by 2050, but achieving this ambitious goal requires not only the efforts of governments and businesses but also the active participation of citizens at all levels (Bäckstrand, 2022). Throughout the duration of the EASY-EU project, participants examined the important link between EU citizenship and environmental sustainability, recognising that meaningful progress can only be made if citizens are empowered to take part in shaping environmental policies. Participants noted that individuals can make a difference in the environmental agenda by changing their consumption patterns or by engaging in policy issues at the local or European Union level. Citizens taking part in climate action, such as through voting, consultation, or engaging in sustainable initiatives were deemed crucial to achieving the objectives of the European Green Deal.
Insights from Partner Countries
● Italy: Participants in Florence discussed the role of citizen assemblies in shaping climate policy. The event highlighted how local initiatives, such as tree planting and waste reduction campaigns, can contribute to broader EU goals
● Ireland: In Cavan, the focus was on how rural communities can transition to a circular economy by 2030. Participants explored the technological and policy frameworks needed to support this transition.
● Greece: The Thessaloniki event focused on practical ways that individuals can reduce their carbon footprint, with participants proposing local solutions such as community composting and tree planting
● Croatia: In Zagreb, participants engaged in discussions on climate change, followed by a debate on how citizens can influence environmental policies through democratic means. An emphasis placed on addressing corruption and ensuring that climate policies are implemented in a way that builds public trust. Participants underscored that without tackling corruption, even beneficial environmental measures might be met with scepticism and resistance.
● Austria: In Graz, the discussion centred on how the European Green Deal can be implemented at the local level. Participants were encouraged to consider how their personal actions can contribute to achieving climate goals
Challenges to Citizen Engagement in Environmental Policy
During the events, key themes emerged as challenges to citizen engagement in environmental policy. This included:
1. Lack of Awareness: Many citizens are unaware of the specific actions they can take to support the European Green Deal. Public awareness campaigns are needed to inform citizens about how they can contribute.
2. Economic Concerns: In rural communities, participants expressed concerns about the potential economic impact of stricter environmental regulations. Policymakers must consider the economic implications of climate policies on vulnerable populations.
3. Transparent Governance: Another key issue was the lack of trust in government institutions. Some felt that corruption and a history of unfulfilled promises have undermined public confidence in climate initiatives. They stressed that for citizens to engage fully and support environmental policies, there needs to be greater transparency and a clear demonstration of commitment from policymakers to act in the public’s best interest.
One of the greatest challenges to citizen involvement in environmental policy, in this case, in the European Green Deal, is the lack of awareness. Many citizens remain unaware of the specific actions they can take at the local level to contribute to climate goals. Participants across partner countries in the EASY-EU project highlighted this gap in awareness, noting that while citizens often understand the importance of addressing climate change in general, they are unclear on what steps they can take individually or as a community to make a meaningful impact. The lack of accessible information about practical, everyday actions: for example, conserving energy, engaging in sustainable agriculture, or investing in local renewable energy initiatives, prevents them from engaging fully in environmental efforts. This highlights the urgent need for public awareness campaigns that are not only informative but also action-oriented, providing clear, concrete examples of how individuals can contribute to the goals of the Green Deal. Additionally, awareness campaigns need to be tailored to different demographic groups, including those in rural or underserved areas, ensuring that information is delivered through accessible channels.
Another challenge to citizen engagement is the economic concerns associated with stricter environmental regulations, particularly in rural and economically vulnerable communities. During the EASY-EU project, participants from rural regions were particularly concerned about the financial burdens that new climate policies might impose on small businesses, farmers, and local industries. For example, stricter regulations on agricultural practices, waste management, or carbon emissions may require costly investments in innovative technologies or infrastructure, expenses that many small-scale farmers or rural communities may not be able to afford. Policymakers must recognise that while environmental policies are crucial for achieving sustainability goals, they need to be designed in a way that is economically feasible for all sectors of society. Participants argued that without financial support, subsidies, or compensation
for those affected by environmental regulations, there could be resistance to climate policies, leading to a lack of participation and engagement from these key communities. Therefore, strikinga balance between environmentalobjectives andeconomic resilience is critical to ensuring that climate policies are inclusive and do not disproportionately burden vulnerable populations.
Finally, a major barrier to engagement is the lack of trust in government institutions. Participants pointed out that corruption and a history of unfulfilled promises have undermined public confidence in climate initiatives. Many citizens are hesitant to support or engage with climate policies because they doubt the government's commitment to implementing measures transparently and fairly. This lack of trust means that even well-intentioned policies may face scepticism or outright resistance. Therefore, building trust through transparent governance, clear communication, and visible accountability is essential.
Best Practices for Citizen Engagement in Climate Policy
To effectively engage citizens in environmental policy and ensure their participation in achieving the goals of the European Green Deal, several best practices emerged during the EASY-EU project:
● Local Initiatives: Governments should support local initiatives that encourage sustainable practices, such as community composting and recycling programmes.
● Public Consultations: Citizens should be given the opportunity to participate in public consultations on environmental policies, ensuring that their voices are heard in decision-making processes.
One of the most effective ways to encourage citizen participation in climate action is through the promotion of local initiatives that empower communities to adopt sustainable practices. Localised projects, such as community composting, recycling programmes, and urban greening initiatives, give citizens a tangible way to contribute to environmental goals while fostering a sense of ownership over the changes taking place in their community (Wamsler et al., 2020). During the EASY-EU project, several participants urged for enhanced government support for these types of local projects, as they not only improve sustainability but also strengthen community cohesion. For example, community-led recycling programmes allow citizens to see the direct impact of their efforts, making them more likely to continue engaging with sustainability initiatives. Governments should not only provide funding and resources for these projects but also facilitate training programmes and workshops that teach citizens the skills they need to manage these initiatives effectively. By promoting local sustainability projects that are bothaccessible andpractical,governments canencourage widespread participation in the environmental movement.
Another essential best practice is to ensure that citizens have the opportunity to participate in public consultations on environmental policies. One of the key takeaways from the EASY-EU project was the importance of giving citizens a voice in the decisionmaking process, particularly when it comes to policies that will directly affect their communities. Public consultations offer a platform for citizens to express their concerns, share ideas, and provide feedback on proposed environmental regulations. This inclusive approach not only improves the transparency and legitimacy of environmental policies but also ensures that the policies reflect the needs and perspectives of the communities they will impact. In Austria and Greece, participants stressed the need for public consultations to be more widely advertised and accessible, suggesting that consultations should be held in multiple formats; including in-person meetings, online forums, and community workshops. This would ensure that all citizens have the opportunity to participate, regardless of their location or digital literacy level. Moreover, policymakers should prioritise gathering input from marginalised groups, such as rural populations, low-income communities, and women, whose voices are often underrepresented in environmental decision-making. By making public consultationsacentral partoftheenvironmentalpolicyprocess,governmentscanfoster greater trust and cooperation from citizens.
Additionally, a recurring theme from the project was the crucial role of trust in government. Participants emphasised that for public consultations to be truly effective, they must be paired with a commitment to transparency and accountability from policymakers. Citizens need to feel confident that their input will be taken seriously and lead to meaningful action. In many cases, mistrust in political institutions, fuelled by concerns about corruption or unfulfilled promises, can deter people from engaging in these processes. Therefore, building and maintaining trust is essential. Policymakers must demonstrate that they are genuinely committed to incorporating citizen feedback into environmental policies and that they are acting in the best interests of the public. By prioritizing transparency and fostering a culture of trust, governments can encourage greater cooperation and engagement from citizens, ensuring that environmental efforts are supported and successful.
Gender Equality and Inclusion
Gender equality is a fundamental principle of the European Union, and it is crucial in fostering a more inclusive democratic process. Women’s representation in political processes not only enhances diversity in decision-making but also ensures that the needs and perspectives of half the population are reflected in policy discussions (Lux, 2024). Across the partner countries, gender equality was a cross-cutting theme that shaped the design and execution of the events. The project aimed to ensure that women, alongside youth and seniors, were actively involved in discussions related to e-
democracy, the 2024 EU elections, and climate policy. By ensuring at least 50% participation by women in all project events, the EASY-EU project promoted a more inclusive and representative dialogue about the future of Europe.
Representation of Women in Democratic Engagement
While women's political participationin Europe has improved overthe pastfew decades, there are still notable gaps in representation, particularly in leadership positions. Data from the European Parliament shows that despite advancements, women remain underrepresented in decision-making roles (European Parliament Research Service, 2024). This issue was frequently discussed during the EASY-EU events, where participants emphasised the importance of empowering women to take on more active roles in both local governance and EU-level decision-making.
Barriers to Women’s Participation in E-Democracy
Despite the growing availability of e-democracy tools, significant barriers remain for women in accessing and engaging with these platforms. Participants across partner countries identified several key obstacles to women’s participation in e-democracy:
● Digital Exclusion: Digital Exclusion is a significant issue especially for women from rural and lower-income communities as it hinders their participation on the online democratic platforms. In areas with low connectivity or lower access to devices among women, e-democracy tools do not serve as equals but rather the reverse. This caused frustration among rural women in Ireland who lacked the resources to enhance their engagement.
● Time Poverty: Women are often disproportionately affected by time poverty, due to the unequal distribution of domestic and caregiving responsibilities. This makes it difficult for them to participate in time-demanding activities, such as online consultations or digital forums, which often require consistent engagement. This issue was raised in Italy and Greece, where women suggested that more flexible, asynchronous online spaces could help overcome this barrier.
● Cultural Norms andGenderRoles: Across all partner countries, traditional gender roles continue to limit women’s participation in political and public life. This is particularly true in conservative or rural communities, where women may face societal pressure to conform to traditional domestic roles. Participants highlighted the need for targeted outreach to engage women from these backgrounds, offering safe spaces where they can express their views and contribute to policy discussions without fear of societal backlash.
Best Practices for Gender Inclusion in E-Democracy and Civic Engagement
The EASY-EU project has identified several best practices that can enhance women’s participation in democratic processes and e-democracy platforms:
● Digital Literacy Programmes for Women: In regions where digital exclusion is a significant barrier, partners emphasised the importance of providing digital literacy training specifically targeted at women. These programmes should address the specific challenges women face in accessing and using digital platforms, including internet access, device ownership, and the skills needed to navigate online tools. This was a key recommendation from Ireland, where rural women showed a strong interest in participating, but often lacked the digital skills to engage effectively.
● Mentorship and Leadership Programmes: Women in Italy and Ireland called for the development of mentorship programmes that pair experienced female leaders with younger women interested in politics or community organising. Such programmes can help build confidence, provide practical advice, and offer networking opportunities that can help women advance in their political careers.
● Flexible Digital Participation Models: One of the key barriers identified in all partner countries was time poverty. Women often juggle professional, domestic, and caregiving responsibilities, leaving little time for civic engagement. To address this, participants proposed more asynchronous e-democracy platforms, where women can participate on their own schedules without needing to be present in real-time online forums. Greece was particularly vocal in advocating for this model, which would allow women to contribute at times that fit their busy lives.
Gender Equality in Climate and Environmental Policy
Women also played a significant role in discussions on climate and environmental policy, particularly in shaping local sustainability initiatives. In all partner countries, female participants took the lead in proposing community-based solutions to climate challenges, from recycling programmes to tree-planting campaigns. This reflects the broader trend of women being at the forefront of environmental activism, both at local and European levels.
● In Italy, female participants proposed community-led initiatives such as urban greening projects and sustainable agriculture practices. Women emphasised the importance of local leadership opportunities in environmental policy, particularly for women in rural areas who are often excluded from formal policymaking processes. Italian participants also discussed how women’s traditional roles in
caregiving and community support could be leveraged in initiatives such as community recycling programmes and education on waste management
● In Ireland, female participants addressed the issue of participation of women in local governance structures concerning the leadership of local sustainability initiatives. Women showed a willingness to engage in the development of localised climate action plans especiallyin the rural regions facing greaterimpact of climate change.
● InGreece, discussions focused mainlyonhighlighting the importance ofwomen’s participation in designing community-based climate change adaptation projects. Participants who were women introduced ideas such as clean-up campaigns, tree-planting campaigns, community education on waste reduction, and energy conservation. Female participants highlighted the need for gender-sensitive approaches to climate policymaking, arguing that women’s roles in family and community structures make them well-positioned to lead climate initiatives.
● In Croatia, women actively contributed toclimate action discussions, focusingon community-based projects like waste management and renewable energy to address local climate challenges. While more women attended our events than men, they remain underrepresented in policymaking, which is still male dominated. This engagement gap highlights women’s active role in social initiatives but limited political involvement. The events encouraged women to view political engagement broadly, beyond party affiliation, to include sharing opinions, voting, and using e-democracy tools, demonstrating how these actions can drive change.
● In Austria, the discussion on climate policy and the European Green Deal highlighted the importance of ensuring that women’s perspectives are taken into consideration in local and EU governance frameworks. Women participants called for improved opportunities for training programmes that would explain the complexities of climate policy and how they can affect change in their communities.
Achieving Gender Equality in Democratic Engagement
While the EASY-EU project has made significant strides in promoting gender equality across its partner countries, there is still much work to be done to fully integrate women into democratic processes. Addressing barriers such as digital exclusion, time poverty, and cultural norms is crucial for creating a more inclusive and participatory democratic environment. Moving forward, the project’s policy recommendations will focus on expanding access to e-democracy tools for women, developing mentorship programmes, and creating more flexible participation models that accommodate the unique challenges women face. By implementing these best practices, the EU can work
towards a more gender-equal democratic process that reflects the voices and needs of all its citizens.
EASY-EU: Key Lessons and Best Practices
The EASY-EU project offers invaluable insights into the challenges and opportunities involved in promoting civic engagement across different European contexts. By focusing on the three core themes of; E-Democracy, EU Elections, and Climate and Environmental Policy, the project demonstrates how digital tools, intergenerational dialogue, and tailored approaches can be used to engage underrepresented groups, particularly youth, seniors, and women. These lessons, derived from events in Italy, Ireland, Greece, Croatia, and Austria, provide a roadmap for future initiatives aimed at enhancing e-democracy, increasing voter participation, and promoting gender equality in democratic processes.
E-Democracy
One of the most significant lessons from the project was the transformative potential of e-democracy tools in making democratic processes more accessible. However, the effectiveness of these tools depends heavily on the digital literacy levels of the population. In Italy, for example, some participants expressed the willingness to use digital platforms as a way of participating in the local decision making but pointed out the necessity of digital literacy programmes, especially for older people, who have difficulties in using internet-based tools.
One of the most compelling takeaways from our project was the potential of edemocracy tools to make democratic engagement more accessible. However, as participants pointed out, these tools are only effective if people have the skills and resources to use them. In Florence, Italy, for example, community members were excited aboutdigital platforms thatcouldgive them a voice in local decision-making. Yet, many, especially seniors, emphasised the need for digital literacy training. Without this support, they felt that e-democracy would remain out of reach for those who need it most.
In Ireland’s rural areas, the digital divide was a recurring theme. Women and older adults shared how unreliable internet access, and a lack of digital skills left them feeling disconnected from democratic processes. The clear message from these communities was that we need grassroots digital literacy initiatives that empower everyone, regardless of age or location, to participate online.
Meanwhile, in Greece, young people expressed enthusiasm for using social media and other digital tools for political engagement. But they also voiced serious concerns about
data privacy and cybersecurity. These concerns highlight a crucial point, that while digital platforms have the power to increase participation, they must be secure and trustworthy to gain the confidence of those using them.
Furthermore, the events across partner countries demonstrated that e-democracy tools must be inclusive, taking into account the various levels of digital literacy, access, and cultural norms. For example, in Croatia, participants were introduced to various edemocracy tools available, such as e-consultations and e-referendums. However, it became evident that many citizens, especially those not affiliated with civil society organizations or public institutions, were unfamiliar with these tools. The only tool that had broader recognition was e-petitions, but even then, there was a sense of scepticism about their effectiveness and whether they truly influenced political decisions. This highlights the need for more widespread public education and awareness campaigns to increase familiarity and trust in e-democracy platforms. In all partner countries, the introduction of digital tools sparked discussions about the digital divide and the need for support structures that ensure these tools are accessible to everyone.
The main lessons and best practices that emerged were:
o Improve digital literacy through targeted training programmes, particularly for seniors and rural populations.
o Ensure that e-democracy platforms are user-friendly and accessible to all, including people with disabilities.
o Increase public awareness about the availability of e-democracy tools and their benefits.
o Build trust in e-platforms through increased cybersecurity and privacy measures.
EU Elections
Increasing voter participation in the 2024 European Parliament Elections was a central focus of the project, and the lessons learned reveal important insights into the barriers that prevent youth and seniors from fully engaging in the electoral process. Across all partner countries, participants expressed concerns about the disconnect between citizens and EU institutions, which often leads to voter apathy.
In Italy, young participants discussed how they felt underrepresented in the EU Parliament, which contributed to their reluctance to vote. This is consistent with general trends that are visible in the 2024 turnout data where youth engagement continues to be a challenge (European Parliamentary Research Service, 2024). Similarly, Austrian participants observed that youth and the elderly cohorts of the population often feel
disconnected from the decisions of the European Parliament, and therefore develop a disinterest in voting.
A keylessonfromthe EASY-EU projectis the importance of targeted outreach campaigns that address the specific concerns of youth and seniors. In Ireland, seniors reported difficulties in accessing information about the EU elections. Participants called for a mix of traditional and digital outreach strategies, including radio programmes and printed materials, alongside online resources, to ensure that all citizens are informed and engaged in the electoral process.
In Greece, younger participants highlighted the role of social media in shaping political discourse. While this presents an opportunity to reach a younger audience, it also raises challenges around the spread of misinformation. The project emphasised the need for media literacy programmes to help young voters critically evaluate the information they encounter on digital platforms. This lesson is particularly important for the future election campaigns as they continue to be driven by technology, but at the same must ensure that voters are equipped with the appropriate tools to function comfortably in the digital political sphere.
The 2024 voter turnout data from Croatia, where engagement was among the lowest in the EU, further demonstrated the importance of educational programmes that inform citizens about the relevance of the EU elections to their daily lives. Croatian participants expressed the need to make election campaigns more relevant by educating people about EU policy and its relevance to local communities.
The main lessons and best practices that emerged were:
o Develop youth-targeted campaigns to address issues that resonate with young voters, such as climate change and social justice.
o Provide non-digital voting options for seniors and those who are digitally excluded.
o Strengthen voter education programmes to ensure that all citizens understand the importance of the EU elections.
Climate and Environmental Policy
Climate and environmental policy emerged as a key focus of the EASY-EU project, sparking key discussions across all five partner countries. Participants brought forward creative and community-driven solutions to address local environmental challenges. In Italy, for instance, there was a strong emphasis on urban greening and sustainable agriculture. Community members talked about transforming underutilised spaces into green areas and promoting farming practices that protect the environment while also
benefitinglocal economies. These ideas showed a deep understandingofhowurban and rural areas can work together for a more sustainable future.
In Ireland, conversations revolved around renewable energy projects and recycling programmes. Individuals, particularly from rural areas, highlighted the importance of community-led initiatives that leverage their close connection to the land. They pointed out that while rural communities are often deeply invested in environmental protection, they need resources and support to implement effective solutions.
Austria’s discussions centred on making climate policies more inclusive. Participants stressed that everyone, including rural communities, should have a voice in environmental decision-making. They advocated for training programmes that equip people with the knowledge and confidence to participate in climate policy discussions, both locallyand at the EU level. This approach ensures thatpolicies are notonlyeffective but also representative of diverse perspectives.
In Greece, the focus was on grassroots initiatives like tree planting and community composting. Participants noted that these small, tangible actions have a powerful ripple effect; and that they address environmental problems while also strengthening community ties. Engaging people in hands-on projects helps build a sense of ownership and inspires broader participation in environmental efforts.
In Croatia, participants discussed how difficult it can be to implement climate policies with public support. They emphasised that climate measures first need to consider the real-life economic situations of local communities, ensuring that these policies are fair and practical for everyone. One of the most powerful messages that came out of these discussions was the need to build trust between citizens and those in power. Participants expressed serious concerns about political corruption and how it damages people’s faith in climate initiatives. For effective climate action, participants stressed that the state must actively combat corruption and promote transparent governance. Without trust in political institutions, even the best environmental plans are likely to face pushback.
The main lessons and best practices that emerged were:
o Support local initiatives that contribute to the European Green Deal, such as community-based recycling and composting programmes.
o Ensure that citizens have opportunities to participate in public consultations on environmental policy.
o Design inclusive and equitable climate policies to balance sustainability goals with economic realities.
o Encourage small-scale, grassroots actions that have the potential to create a ripple effect, inspiring broader participation, and engagement in environmental policy.
Cross-Cutting Lessons: Intergenerational Dialogue and Inclusivity
Across all three themes (E-Democracy, EU Elections, and Climate and Environmental Policy), one of the most important lessons from the EASY-EU project was the power of intergenerational dialogue. Events that brought together young people and seniors were particularly effective in generating cross-generational understanding and collaboration. In Italy and Austria, participants highlighted how intergenerational discussions allowed for a sharing of experiences, with seniors offering historical context and youth bringing fresh perspectives on the future of democracy and climate action. This intergenerational exchange emerged as a best practice for engaging a broad spectrum of citizens and ensuring that diverse voices are included in decision-making processes.
The project also demonstrated the need for inclusive participation models that address the specific barriers faced by marginalised groups. Whether it was the digital divide affecting rural women in Ireland, or the time poverty experienced by women balancing caregiving and professional responsibilities in Croatia, Greece and Italy, the EASY-EU project showed that successful civic engagement requires strategies that are tailored to the specific needs of the participants. The project successfully broadened participation among marginalised groups by utilising models of participation that allow for asynchronous online platforms, which were previously missing from the traditional opportunities for civic engagement and empowerment.
For this reason, the EASY-EU project provided a comprehensive understanding of how to enhance democratic participation through e-democracy, increase engagement in EU elections, and involve citizens in climate policy. The key lessons and best practices offer a roadmap for future initiatives aimed at creating a more inclusive, participatory, and resilient democratic system across Europe.
Replicability and Future Impact
The EASY-EU Replicability Plan provides a practical framework for expanding the project’s successes beyond the initial partner countries, ensuring its approach to democratic engagement and environmental action can benefit communities across Europe.Thissectionoutlinescorecomponents ofthe replicabilitystrategythatcanguide other organisations and regions in adapting the project’s methods effectively.
Stakeholder Engagement and Local Partnerships
The effective replication of the EASY-EU approach relies heavily on stakeholder engagement. Achieving this goal includes collaborating with various community members, including local authorities, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and educational institutions. By cultivating these partnerships, future projects can benefit from community insights, resources, and collaborative support, reinforcing the impact of democratic engagement and environmental action.
Needs Assessment
A significant action in adapting the EASY-EU project model, is conducting a needs analysis tailored to each community’s specific context. This includes assessing digital literacy levels, internet accessibility, and local environmental challenges. These analyses allow organisations to meet specific local needs in democratic participation and sustainability-related challenges, making it easier to undertake relevant project activities.
Sustainable Education and Training Programmes
To sustain the project’s impact, educational programmes and training modules based on key findings from the EASY-EU project should be incorporated into existing local, national, and EU curricula. Training in the areas of digital literacy, environmental action, and community-led governance empowers citizens with the necessary skills to be active participants in the democratic and climate space. These programmes can be implemented in schools, communities, and online platforms to reach a diverse audience.
Policy Advocacy and Influence
Replicating the EASY-EU model includes a strategic focus on policy advocacy. Disseminating insights from the EASY-EU Policy Paper within local, national and EU policies will help to embed best practices into future policies. This advocacy work can be further supported through case studies, best practices, and community outcomes from the EASY-EU project to highlight the importance of inclusive democratic practices and citizen-led environmental action.
Building a Long-Term Legacy
Resources and awareness campaigns about the EASY-EU project’s achievements can also remain relevant on a long-term basis, continuing to encourage democracy and environmental advocacy. Through these replicability strategies, the EASY-EU project establishes a legacy of sustainable, community-driven engagement that other regions can draw on to foster an active and resilient European citizenry.
Conclusion
The EASY-EU project has provided a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach to enhancing democratic participation across Europe, addressing key areas of EDemocracy, EU Elections, and Climate and Environmental Policy. By focusing on underrepresented groups, particularly youth, seniors, and women, the project has shed light on the structural barriers that impede full democratic engagement and offers solutions tailored to the unique challenges faced by different demographics.
On the topic of E-Democracy, the project highlighted the transformative potential of digital tools to make governance more accessible and transparent. Without these foundational elements, e-democracy risks widening the digital divide rather than bridging it. The project demonstrates that digital tools can be a powerful asset in democratising decision-making, but only when they are coupled with adequate training and outreach efforts.
The focus on EU Elections revealed a recurring sense of disconnection between citizens and EU institutions, particularly among youth and seniors. The voter turnout data from the 2024 European Parliament elections showed a plateau in engagement, underscoring the need for innovative voter outreach strategies. This calls for a blend of digital and traditional outreach methods to engage both digitally native youth and seniors who may rely on more conventional media.
Concerning Climate and Environmental Policy, citizen participation is crucial to achieving the goals of the European Green Deal. The project emphasises the need for gender-sensitive climate policies, as women, particularly in rural areas, are often disproportionately affected by climate change.
One of the overarching lessons from the project is the power of intergenerational dialogue in fostering a more inclusive and participatory democratic system. By bringing together youth and seniors, the EASY-EU project facilitated a rich exchange of ideas and perspectives that strengthened the bonds between citizens and their representatives. These cross-generational conversations proved particularly effective in discussions about E-Democracy and Climate Action, where the combination of youth’s digital fluency and seniors’ historical context led to a deeper understanding of both the opportunities and challenges facing Europe today. The project also highlights the importance of flexible participation models, particularly for women balancing caregiving and professional responsibilities.
The findings from the EASY-EU project remind us that building a more democratic and sustainable Europe requires a commitment to inclusivity and active citizen engagement. It is not enough to create policies in isolation; they must reflect the needs and experiences of the people they are meant to serve. By incorporating the insights from this
project, there is an opportunity to transform democratic and environmental practices in a way that truly empowers communities.
Looking ahead, the lessons we have learned throughout the project, offer a vision for the future - a Europe where digital tools bridge gaps rather than widen them, where climate action is both equitable and effective, and where every citizen feels they have a stake in shaping the policies that affect their lives. The EASY-EU project has laid a solid foundation for this future, and now it’s up to us to continue building on this momentum. With ongoing collaboration and a shared sense of purpose, we can create a Europe that is resilient, inclusive, and deeply connected.
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