For Bird? For People? For Future.

Local Bird and Residents 'Habitats' Urban coastal wetland landscape with human and bird coexistence Process Log Bichen Guo (Z5173512)

Contents

Framework

3

The Birds and Residents

9

Responding to The Site

12

Site Analysis

16

Design Process

21

Detailed Design

29

1.0 Framework

3

- What role does the intertidal zone play in a waterfront city?

- How can the intertidal zone at The Bays serve as a habitat for local birds while coexisting with human functions?

Explore the role of intertidal zones as local bird habitats in coastal urban public landscapes.

4

The Bird Position

Our existing urban conditions Where is the 'home' of other lives in today's highly developed human society? what the topic is? why it is important?

The destruction of intertidal ecology and the loss of habitat for local birds are problems that almost all coastal cities in the world have been facing in the last decade. The rapid development of coastal cities, especially the expansion of ports, has led to the neglect of intertidal ecological protection (Thompson, 2002). Today, the design and construction centered on human production and life place too much emphasis on positive economic development and convenience for its own single group. However, the immediate problem is the destruction of intertidal ecology through human intervention, which results in the loss of food sources and habitat for local birds (Mark,1997). In 2019, a large number of shearwater seabird carcasses were found on numerous beaches in Sydney. The direct cause of this problem is that a large number of birds are unable to find suitable living space at their destination and die in the endless search for habitat (Ming, 2019). The problem is not only for birds but also for many crab and shellfish species in the intertidal zone (the food source of seabirds), which are also facing the loss of living space due to excessive human modification of the intertidal zone, especially the harbor, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of organisms, which will directly lead to the destruction of the biological chain and negative changes in biodiversity (Jenkins, 1999). Therefore, it is important to actively restore intertidal ecology and create local bird habitats in the Bays urban public spaces.

In the essay on the ecological restoration of habitats in the intertidal zone, Peter proposes the use of high replication photographic sampling data in ecological sciences to analyze public spaces with opportunities for bird habitat creation, investigate and construct numerical models to simulate future habitat development to achieve bird habitat creation in intertidal areas (Peter, 2014). Such interdisciplinary collaboration and research open unlimited opportunities for future intertidal ecology. Landscape architects have the ability and responsibility to translate Peter's research ideas into reality so that intertidal ecological restoration and healthy development can be achieved through a series of integrated landscape and other disciplines, with reasonable human intervention and natural restoration, thus creating healthy and safe bird habitats for local birds in the Bays site and achieving biodiversity.

5

The Resident Position

Our existing urban conditions Where is the ' health home' of residents in today's highly developed human society? what the topic is? why it is important?

Urban greenway is dedicated to the construction of environmentally friendly urban green belts through the urban fabric and undeveloped natural areas within cities to address a range of urban flora and fauna ecological and social issues brought about by excessive urban development (Sustrans, 2019). In the last decade, rapid urban development has been reflected in the expansion of urban structures and populations and therapid development of central urban areas. This has led to the emergence of many gray high-rise buildings and a series of issues related to the lack of physical and mental experience of urban residents and the ecological destruction of flora and fauna (Dingding, 2019). For individuals, the urban greenway is highly resilient and extensive. It can be adapted to different urban contexts and cultures as well as being able to effectively and intuitively improve the acute problems faced by a city. Therefore, the urban greenway is a landscape element that is well worth exploring and experimenting with.

The Bays is in the heart of Sydney, so the high-density, the low-green residential area faces the problems of rapid urban development. At the same time, the site has a complex land use situation. With urban development, most of the industrial industries in the area have declined and abandoned, and residents, flora and fauna face a range of quality of life and survival issues (Dave, 2016). Therefore, the urban greenway concept and associated design are of ample value here. Through personal understanding and observation, the Bays has a large flora and fauna population and abundant public green spaces in the surrounding residential areas, creating an urban habitat greenway landscape can ensure better survival of its original flora and fauna, as well as enhance the physical and mental health of the residents, while alleviating the problems caused by rapid urban development.

6

Site History

Changes in birds Glebe Island - mudflat bird habitat

1840

1855

Glebe Island being a beach island, its only route is from the Balmain coastline at low tide. Therefore, it is also a natural habitat for birds (Urban Growth NSW, 2015).

1900

Glebe Island began to be connected to the Balmain area by artificial reclamation, and factories began to appear while the bird population declined significantly (Urban Growth NSW, 2015).

Bird amount & species Bird population change chart

Bird population change chart

1500

Glebe Island has become a heavy industrial area with a concrete platform.

As a result bird habitats no longer exist and birds have almost disappeared (Urban Growth NSW, 2015).

Bird population change chart

1500

1500

1350

1350

1350

1200

1200

1200

1050

1050

1050

900

900

900

750

750

750

600

600

600

450

450

450

300

300

300

150 0 1840

150

1845

1850

1855

1860

1865

- More than 300 species of local birds - Thousands of birds stay here as well as hundreds of birds that reside here permanently (World animal protection AU, 2014)

0 1840

150

1845

1850

1855

1860

1865

- Less than 100 species of birds - Only 40% of the original (World animal protection AU, 2014)

0 1840

1845

1850

1855

1860

1865

- Only 3-4 species of urban birds stay briefly - Less than 3% of the original(World animal protection AU, 2014)

7

Site History

Changes in residents

Glebe Island - a space for residents to live

1983

2011

1900

With the development of industry, the area around Glebe Island gradually appeared some supporting activity ares for workers. (Urban Growth NSW, 2015).

Industry gradually declined and most of the land was converted into communities for the use of residents.

(Urban Growth NSW, 2015).

The land around Glebe Island is basically transformed and the concrete platform of Glebe Island awaits transformation.(Urban Growth NSW, 2015).

Number of residents

- Local workers mainly - No more than 2,000 people live here (NSW Government, 2018)

- Increase in residents thanks to redevelopment of surrounding land - The surrounding area has exceeded 40,000 residents (NSW Government, 2018)

- Future development of Glebe Island will help more people to settle here - The number of residents reached about 50,000 (NSW Government, 2018)

8

2.0 The Birds and Residents

9

Golden Whistler Bird Analysis Bird life and food webs The life of a golden whistler bird

The golden whistler bird food web Each bird eats an average of thousands of oysters and tens of thousands of insects per year

- September and January are egg laying times each year - Incubation time is 15 days

The whole cycle is about 1 year

- Each pair of birds lays about 2-3 eggs at a time Golden whistler

Eggs

- The weight of each baby bird is about 6-7 grams - Each baby bird can eat 2-3 times its body weight - It takes about 3 months to grow into a young bird

Each insect needs about 10 times its own volume to survive

Baby birds

Young birds

- Body length is about 1011cm - Each young bird needs approximately 30-50 of its own - It takes 2-3 months to grow into an adult bird

Insects

Small insects, shrubs and grass seeds

Adult male birds

Needs 1-2 times its own space to move around Seashell creatures

Seagrass

Adult female birds

- Adult bird size is 16-18cm - Requires hundreds of times its own size to move around - Requires a certain wetland and intertidal environment for foraging and survival - Breeding and mating take place every spring and fall

10

Local people Analysis

Local people daily life and activities

The person daily activities

The daily life of one person

Everyone's daily life space needs to combine urban and green

The whole cycle is about 1 day

- Takes up the majority of the day - About 10 hours a day

person

Living areas

City life and private space take up half of the day

- Key facilities for everyone to travel - A variety of formats

Green spaces and public spaces take up the other half of the day

Transportation facilities

- A key space for living and socializing - Takes up about 8 hours of the day Working spaces

City Streetscape

Food Space

Park green space landscape

Entertainment Space

- The space necessary for people to live - Need at least 10 m2 space for its use - May be used at any time of day

11

3.0 Responding to The Site

12

Bird Analysis Today's birds

Legend

Map of today's local birds

Existing bird stopping points Potential habitat Urban birds Water birds Beach nesting birds Bush birds Woodland birds Bush birds

Golden Whistler

A compact songbird with a short pointed bill. The male is olive above and yellow below, with a white throat set on a black head. The female, overall, is grayish with a yellow wash underneath. Once inhabited the mudflat habitat of Glebe Island (Australia birdlife, 2020).

0

100

200

400

1:10,000 @ A3

Potential bird species Urban birds

Australian White Ibis- ebirds.org

Water birds

Australia wood duck- ebirds.org

Beach nesting birds

Pied Oystercatcher- ebirds.org

800

Woodland birds

Bell miner- ebirds.org

- Bushes - Mangrove mudflat intertidal zone - Oysters and other shellfish intertidal organisms as food (7-8 per meal) - Insects in bushes (10-12 per meal) - About 1 m2 of activity space each - Requires a certain freshwater wetland environment

13

Resident Analysis

Today's resident communities Legend

Map of today's residental areas

The rate of resident areas Potential area

Glebe Island

69% 75% 57%

72%

83%

32% 52%

77% 37%

53%

Today Glebe Island is a near-abandoned industrial terminal, but its special location makes it an important player in linking and radiating the surrounding community.

Therefore, it is urgent to develop this site to integrate it into the city's development.

30% 58%

0

100

200

400

1:10,000 @ A3

Potential residental areas

Balmain

Glebe

800

Pyrmont

- Living space - Entertainment zone - Restaurants (1-3 times per day) - About 10 m2 of activity space each person - Requires a certain healthy and safty environment

14

Vegetation Analysis

Today's surrounding green spaces

Map of today's green areas

Legend The green areas Potential area

Glebe Island

Glebe Island is an artificially reclaimed concrete platform structure, and its former use as an industrial site has led to a significant increase in soil toxicity. Therefore, it is difficult for vegetation to grow naturally here.

0

100

200

400

1:10,000 @ A3

Potential surrounding parks Glebe

Glebe

Jubilee Park

Blackwattle Bay Park

Pyrmont

Pirrama Park

800

Sydney

Barangaroo reserve

- Cutting and Filling - Water zone - At least 30-40% of the entire site - About 0.1 m2 of space each planting - Requires a suitable microclimate

15

Water Analysis

Today's water flow and confluence

Legend

Map of today's water

The underground water areas The surface water areas Creek confluence Water flowing Potential area Precipitation in Sydney

0

Potential water forms

Rainwater pipes

100

200

400

800

1:10,000 @ A3

Sydney has a humid subtropical climate with moderate average temperature changes throughout the year and no significant seasonal changes in precipitation, with slightly higher rainfall in the first half of the year due to easterly winds.

- The average annual precipitation is about 1214.3 mm - Can meet the water needs of most vegetation - About 60% of rainwater is collected - Annual temperature between 8 - 28 degrees Celsius - The temperature is also suitable for most vegetation Creeks

16

4.0 Site Analysis

16

Opportunities & Constraints Fundamental asset - Birds

Opportunity Glebe Island is surrounded by sea on three sides, and this special location provides the suitable conditions for the Golden Whistle to survive.

Opportunity Glebe Island is richly edges and provides abundant water contact for golden whistles, which provide the basis for bird food and breeding.

Constraint The concrete platform in the island becomes the biggest limitation for creating green space and water in the bird habitat.

Design principle

Landscape led, site-specific, constructing a bionic wetland habitat landscape suitable for the survival of the golden whistle

0

20

40

80

160

1:2000 @ A3

17

Opportunities & Constraints

Fundamental asset - Access and circulation

Legend Footpath

Design principle

Motorway

Green access, safety and well-established circulaton, creating safe, comfortable and well-lit people living spaces

Shared bike and walk path Bicycle-friendly road Existing road

Constraint The working port was the biggest limitation that was becoming a major barrier to accessing the island, so removing it became a key design move.

Sydney Metro West Opened: 2028

Opportunity The entrance under the bridge provides opportunities for bicycle and pedestrian access to the island.

Opportunity The connection of the broken bridge provides opportunities for more residents and tourists to enter the island.

0

20

40

80

18 160

1:2000 @ A3

Opportunities & Constraints

Fundamental asset - Vegetation & phytoremediation

Legend Heavy pollution

Opportunity A small amount of vegetation grows in the low contamination zone, which provides opportunities for subsequent phytoremediation and addition of new plants.

Medium pollution Light pollution

Phytoremediation is the direct use of live green plants to remove, degrade or contain contaminants in situ in soil, sludge, sediment, surface water and groundwater.

By utilizing the natural capabilities of plants, contaminants can be removed, degraded, or stabilized (Sooprayen. V, 2017).

How does it work ?

To remove contaminants from soil, sediment and/or water, plants can break down or degrade organic contaminants, or control and stabilize metal contaminants by acting as filters or traps.

Design principle

Return to nature, combined with the concept of sustainable urban development, using the concept of phytoremediation to add plant communities, constructing an atmosphere of harmonious coexistence between people and birds.

0

20

40

80

160

1:2000 @ A3

18

Opportunities & Constraints

Fundamental asset - Water and edge

Legend Constraint The original edges of the islands may not be able to cope with the rising sea levels year by year in the future, resulting in saltwater intrusion.

+ HP

+ LP

Water zone Water flowing Contour lines

Opportunity The pipes that collect rainwater provide the opportunity to create a water element to the island's bionic wetland.

Opportunity The original marine vegetation provides opportunities for developing intertidal ecology.

Design principle

Ecological priority and return to history. Create different forms of intertidal landscapes and construct a stable ecosystem to cope with sea level rise.

0

20

40

80

160

1:2000 @ A3

19

Site Selection

Precedent study - LINGANG BIRD AIRPORT Legend

Map of purposed areas

Purposed resident areas Purposed social activities area Purposed wetland areas

19.5 hectares

Potential area

LINGANG BIRD AIRPORT The project aims to create a flagship ecological wetland area while responding to targeted environmental conditions to attract and provide refuge for several endangered bird species. The 61 hectare landscape has been specifically designed to accommodate over 50 species of birds in 3 different water habitats.

1:2000 @ A3

Purposed areas - Green infrastructure such as artificial wetlands, green parks and urban forests - Purified wastewater and collected rainwater are diverted to the entire wetland - Meet the demand of the estimated 500,000 visitors per year - 20 hectares of wooded surroundings to protect birds from surrounding urban development Residential area - LINGANG BIRD AIRPORT

Exhibition hall - LINGANG BIRD AIRPORT

Bird habitat wetland - LINGANG BIRD AIRPORT

20

5.0 Design Process

21

Design Principles

Landscape led and urban development led to form a stable urban ecology

Design principle 1

Green access, safety corridors, creating safe, comfortable and well-lit people living spaces

Design principle 3

Return to nature, combined with the concept of sustainable urban development, using the concept of phytoremediation to add plant communities, constructing an atmosphere of harmonious coexistence between people and birds.

Design principle 4

Ecological priority and return to history. Create different forms of intertidal landscapes and construct a stable ecosystem to cope with sea level rise.

Design principle 2

Landscape led, site-specific, constructing a bionic wetland habitat landscape suitable for the survival of the golden whistle

22

Design Process

Masterplan process

The analysis was used to understand the site conditions, especially the functional division of the different areas. This process focuses on defining the structure and road connections throughout the project, and then using the site's specificities and fundamental assets to develop a targeted design.

Clear boundaries between residential areas and habitats help to realize the concept of combining urban and ecological development.

By defining the general structure of the project, a question about ecological restoration and rehabilitation is raised. This process of enriching and defining the details within the site realizes the idea of restoring the original ecology and at the same time realizing the idea of creating a green activity space for the residents.

Rethink the design of vegetation types and water treatment that contribute to ecological stability. By adding different vegetation (restoration plants, bird plants, and landscape plants) and water areas, the design achieves a sustainable ecological environment where people and birds can live together in harmony.

23

Design Process

Model making process

The modeling process further verifies the rationality and accuracy of each design element and space by exploring design concepts and goals as well as key movements.

24

Design Process

Model making process

Through the conceptual model, we further clarified the design of each area and how to achieve the sustainable development concept of human-bird coexistence and ecological stability through the design.

25

Measure of Time

Timeline of goals and events 2021

2025

2051

2071

Sea-level rise

Deposition of mud flats Percentage of tree canopy

2121

Sea level increased by 1m (Sydney data, 2019)

Up by 0.2m

Up by 0.5m

30%

60% Water impact accelerates formation 70%

Up by 0.8m

80%

20%

40%

60%

80%

10%

30%

50%

80%

Reduction of toxic soil The appearance of the first bird

Golden whistler re-entry to GlebeIisland

The life of a birds (bird numbers)

Dozens of Golden whistler

Bionic bush wetland & intertidal habitat

Hundreds of Golden whistler

Thousands of Golden whistler

50%

80%

50%

70%

80%

100%

10%

50%

80%

100%

30%

60%

80%

100%

30%

Entry of the first person

Degradation using phycological techniques (Ecologica Sinica, 2015)

100%

People re-entry to a new Glebe Island

Site connectivity

Ecological stability Human interaction

Daily events Yearly events Long term events

Stage 1 Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal

Stage 2 Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal

Stage 3 Stage 3:Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology

Stage 4 Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis

26

Hybrid Question & Vision Critical Events

Hybrid question What if Glebe island became a local bird and resident ' habitat', enriching people's interactions with birds while rejuvenating the intertidal landscape on both sides?

Vision This is an ecological restoration and urban development project using abandoned industrial land to create a bionic wetland; replace the original intertidal form with an environmentally friendly intertidal ecosystem; and create a series of facilities needed for residential and social activities. The formerly dilapidated Glebe Island will be revitalized.

Event 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal

Event 3: Community Establishment and Phytoremediation

Event 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal

Event 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis

27

Stage Plan

Division of each stage

2021 - 2025

2025 - 2051

2071 - 2121

2051 - 2071

28

6.1 Detailed Design (Stage 1)

29

Stage 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal 2021

2025

Sea-level rise Up by 0.2m

Deposition of mud flats

30%

Site connectivity 50%

Bionic bush w e t l a n d & intertidal habitat

30%

Percentage of tree canopy

20%

Reduction of toxic soil

10%

Ecological stability

10%

Human interaction Entry of the first person

People re-entry to a new Glebe Island

30%

30

Stage 1 (2021-2025)

Urban connectivity and site renewal 1

Removal of the original working port

2

Creation of the main entrance for pedestrian access to the island (metro)

3

Create motor vehicle entrance

4

Connecting broken bridges for greater urban connectivity

5

Creating a bionic wetland landscape

6

Create park entrance

5 1

6

2 3 During this phase, some of the original buildings on the site were moved. Roads and entrances within the project were created, while the main framework of the habitat and the topography were established.

4

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

31

Stage 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal Connection and entrance

These images show the many types of road connections in the areas where people move around the project, ensuring that people can reach every space in the project through a well-developed system of connections.

Motor vehicle access road to the island

Bicycle access road to the island

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

Pedestrian access road to the island

32

Stage 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal North entrance

1

The entrance on the north side of the project is a key entrance. Not only does it allow for greater urban connectivity via the subway to bring more visitors to the area, but it also provides motorized access to the project for residents to the north.

4 5

1

The crossing bridge provides a safe environment for pedestrians

2

4-lane driving road and crosswalk design ensures easy access

3

Rich lighting provides a safe environment

4

3 Chinese pistache - Red and yellow leaves - Withstand harsh conditions and poor quality soil

New metro station to open in 2028

2

5 - Native tree species - Exfoliated bark enriches soil fertility

Eucalyptus cinerea

33

Stage 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal Parking

There are three parking lots of different sizes throughout the project, providing convenience for people to get around and at the same time making adequate preparation for a certain amount of future traffic.

1 Highly permeable paving

2 Rich lighting system

3

1

3 Green corridors

2

34

Stage 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal South entrance

The southern entrance to the project is marked by a rusting anchor sculpture that reflects both the site's former industrial and marina history and the larger sculptural culture of Australia.

1

1

Celebrate the industrial history of Glebe Island and Australian ' Big Sculpture ' culture

35

Stage 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal Bird habitat park entrance

The sculptures that combine industrial and bird elements reflect the former industrial history of the site, as well as the idea of a bird habitat. The sculpture also serves as a symbol of the entrance to the habitat park, which marks the inaccessibility of motor vehicles to the site for the safety of humans and birds, as well as ecological stability, and only accepts pedestrians and bicycles.

1

1

Combined bird and industrial style sculpture

36

Stage 1: Urban Connectivity and Site Renewal Creating a bionic wetland landscape

High-pressure pumps ensure that water covers the entire wetland system

Booster pumps transfer water to the island 0

10

20

40

Proposed intertidal landscape of oyster habitat intertidal area

These images reflect the topography within the habitat and the process of wetland water production.

80

1:1000 @ A3

Proposed bionic wetland

Proposed intertidal landscape of mangrove mudflats

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

37

6.2 Detailed Design (Stage 2)

38

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal 2025

2051

Sea-level rise Deposition of mud flats

Up by 0.5m 60%

Site connectivity

70%

Bionic bush w e t l a n d & intertidal habitat

50%

Percentage of tree canopy

40%

Reduction of toxic soil

30%

The life of a birds (bird numbers)

Dozens of Golden whistler

Ecological stability 50%

Human interaction 60%

The appearance of the first bird

Golden whistler re-entry to Glebe Island

39

Stage 2 (2025-2051)

Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal 1

Original edge update

2

The establishment of the viewing platform

3

Establishment of water treatment units

4

Growth of dominant tree species

5

Establishment of habitat service facilities

6

2 1

4

3

5 1

6

The creation of habitat pathways

At this stage, the habitat is fully established, with ample space for birds and a range of facilities for people to use. At the same time, the original edges of the site have been altered to address sea level rise and achieve intertidal ecological stability.

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

40

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal Connection in the wetland habitat

Shared bike and walking trails in the habitat

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

Pedestrian-only trails in the habitat Reconstructed oyster habitat intertidal zone (north edge)

Reconstructed bionic wetland (golden whistler habitat)

Reconstructed intertidal zone of mangrove mudflats (south edge)

0

These images show the road system in the park as well as views of the intertidal area.

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

41

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal

Golden whistle wetland habitat and intertidal zone establishment

1

1

Oyster habitat intertidal zone (north edge)

2

Intertidal zone of mangrove mudflats (south edge)

3

Bionic wetland (golden whistler habitat)

2

3 0

5

10

20

1:500 @ A3

40

42

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal Oyster habitat intertidal zone (edge renewal)

The intertidal zone on the north side of the park is equipped with viewing and waterfront platforms of different heights for people to use, while different forms of oyster piles are established in the intertidal zone for the survival and development of oysters to achieve ecological restoration and stability of the intertidal zone.

1

6 7 2

1

Sea Viewing Platform

2

Water-friendly platform

3

Coastal walkway

4

Intertidal platform

5

Wetland trails

6

Resting platform

7

Oyster piles

4

3 5

0

2

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

43

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal Oyster habitat intertidal zone (edge renewal)

+ 12. 00

Create lights and shades to provide a comfortable environment for people

People can observe the intertidal zone of oysters through the glass plane

Creation of oyster piles - Providing a living environment for oysters - Providing support for the edge + High Tide + Low Tide

2 Concrete

+ 7. 00

+ 6. 98

3 BM

1

+ 3. 00

Gravel Wall Kerb Habitat greenbelt

Wetland trails

Habitat greenbelt

Water-friendly platform 300

9000 6000

1

+ 8. 00

4

2

A small number of native dominant species grow at this stage

Sea Viewing Platform

100

4500

100

4300

15000

1400

Intertidal platform

Platform trail

3 Wood

100 0

4 Crushed stone

1

7000 2

4

100

1:100 @ A3

Glass

8

44

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal Mangrove mudflat intertidal zone (edge renewal) The intertidal zone on the south side of the park is equipped with a water treatment plant room and a viewing platform, where mangroves are developed in the form of mudflats deposited by water to restore and stabilize the intertidal ecology.

5 4

3

2

1

Ground intertidal platform

2

Second intertidal platform

3

Third intertidal platform

4

Waterfalls

5

Mangrove coastal path

6

Wetland trails

4 1 6 0

2

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

45

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal Mangrove mudflat intertidal zone (edge renewal)

+ 15. 00

As the mudflats are initially formed at this stage, a small amount of mangroves appear

+ 12. 00

The water treatment unit is equipped with steps to help people enjoy the view from different heights

Creation of waterfall installations - Purification of wetland water - Accelerated intertidal mudflat formation

3

1 Concrete

2

2 Wood

3

Rising new edge responds to sea level rise

+ High Tide

1

BM

+ Low Tide

Second intertidal platform

+ 3. 00

10000 14000

Environmentally friendly plastic

+ 8. 00

+ 6. 00

Crushed stone

4

4

Ground intertidal platform

8700

Third intertidal platform

1000

5000

Mangrove coastal path

Gravel Wall 0

1

2

4

1:100 @ A3

8

46

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal Bionic wetland (golden whistler habitat)

The park's habitat is created with a 3m drop in terrain and resting areas for pedestrian use, while facilitating the planting of vegetation of different heights and levels to restore and stabilize the habitat ecology.

4 1

1

Bionic Wetland

2

Wetland trails

3

Wetland trails (pedestrian only)

4

Rest area

5

Bush lanes

3 2 5

0

2

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

47

Stage 2: Habitat Establishment and Edge Renewal Bionic wetland (golden whistler habitat)

1

- Native vegetation accelerates ecological restoration - Provides shade and a suitable microclimate for people

- Some dominant native vegetation emerges - A small amount of vegetation reduce surface soil toxicity

2

- Creation of wetland transition zones - Ensure the safety of people - Cope with the height of the wetland water surface in different seasons + 6. 00

3

+ 5. 00

+ 4. 00

+ 4. 50

+ 4. 70

BM

+ 3. 00

Bionic Wetland 30000

4500

Bionic Wetland

1

Bush lanes

2 Eucalyptus cinerea

100

4000

100

4500

Kerb Wetland trails Kerb

3 Brachychiton acerifolius

0

Rumex crispus

1

2

4

1:100 @ A3

8

48

6.3 Detailed Design (Stage 3)

49

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology 2051

2071

Sea-level rise Deposition of mud flats Site connectivity Bionic bush w e t l a n d & intertidal habitat

Up by 0.8m 70% 80%

80%

Percentage of tree canopy

60%

Reduction of toxic soil

50%

The life of a birds (bird numbers)

Hundreds of Golden whistler

Ecological stability 80%

Human interaction 80%

50

Stage 3 (2051-2071)

Community establishment and restoration ecology 1

Creating a green living area

2

Oyster habitat purifies seawater pollution

3

Mangroves reduce the toxicity of intertidal mudflats

4

Phytoremediation for soil purification

5

Redevelopment of the original factory into a new entertainment area

2

3 4

5

At this stage the human activity area has been established and the ecology within the habitat park is gradually stabilized with the joint restoration of a variety of vegetation and intertidal ecological endophytes.

1

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

51

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Buildings in the community and restoration ecology

Building shading and ventilation

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

Building orientation and views Oyster habitat intertidal zone (clean ocean)

Bionic wetland (phytoremediation)

Intertidal zone of mangrove mudflats (clean intertidal soil and water)

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

52

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Green residential area

The neighborhood has abundant greenery and buildings of different heights and orientations to ensure that residents can enjoy safe, healthy living with views of the park and ocean from every angle. A series of amenities are provided at the entrance of the neighborhood for residents to use.

3 2 1

Floral shop

Cafe Convenience Store

1

Convenient facilities

2

Residential buildings of different heights and orientations

3

Greenways in residential areas

53

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Social activities area

The abandoned factory was converted and developed into a new commercial center while retaining its original style, thus boosting the island's economy and attracting more people as well as facilitating the lives and entertainment of the surrounding residents.

1

Celebrated history and culture

2

Become a new social and entertainment area for the surrounding community and residents

1

2

54

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Ecological restoration and phytoremediation

1

Oyster habitat intertidal zone (clean ocean)

2

Intertidal zone of mangrove mudflats (clean intertidal soil and water)

3

Bionic wetland (phytoremediation)

1

- Plant accumulation - Plant volatilization

3

2

- Plant Degradation - Plant stabilization - Inter-root degradation

0

5

10

20

1:500 @ A3

40

55

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Oyster habitat intertidal ecology

The establishment of the oyster habitat has helped purify the seawater in the intertidal zone, leading to ecological restoration.

1

1

Oyster habitat

2

Intertidal seagrass ecology

3

Shrubs for so restoration

4

Landscape plants

5

Native plants

5 4

2

3 0

2

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

56

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Oyster habitat intertidal ecology

oil

More people enter the site

Posidonia Oceanica - Providing a food source for oysters - Capture of anthropogenic waste such as plastic near the intertidal zone - Reservoir of Co2 and sediment to provide a nursery site for oysters

Vegetation suitable for the golden whistle begins to appear

+ High Tide + Low Tide 0

Each one needs 10cm2 of growing space

Creation of oyster piles suitable for oyster survival

Each one purifies 50L of seawater

Gills filter large amounts of seawater to obtain microorganisms as well as algae

1

2

4

1:100 @ A3

8

- Bacteria in seawater - Heavy metal elements - Sediment - Impure substances such as seaweed

57

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Mangrove mudflat intertidal ecology he establishment of mangrove mudflats helps to restore the ecology of the intertidal zone by helping to purify the water in the intertidal zone and by achieving a diversity of intertidal organisms.

4

1

1

Wetland Waterfall

2

Intertidal waterfall

3

Water purification room

4

Mangrove mudflats

3 2

0

2

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

58

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Mangrove mudflat intertidal ecology

- Filtering of nitrates and phosphates - Leaf litter provides nutrients for invertebrates and algae - Traps beach sediments to stabilize intertidal areas

Mangroves + High Tide - Suppressing sea level rise - Shoreline stabilization + Low Tide - Provide living space for marine life - Roots purify seawater

Flow back to the wetland (waterfall) Wetland water

Clean water Soil + Organics

Nutrient water and mud flowing into the sea (waterfall) 0

1

2

4

59

1:100 @ A3

8

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Bionic wetland ecology (phytoremediation)

Multiple levels and types of vegetation are present in the park, and the ecological stability is achieved through the principle of phytoremediation to purify the soil in the site, adjust the pH level and improve the soil fertility.

4

1

Phytoremedi -ation shrubs

2

Phytoremedi -ation grass

3

2

4

1

Golden Whistle Plants

Landscape vegetation

3

1

0

2

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

60

Stage 3: Community Establishment and Restoration Ecology Bionic wetland ecology (phytoremediation)

i s

i

Thlaspi arvense (shrub) Thlaspi caerulescens (shrub) Tagetes (shrub) Chrysopogon zizanioides (grass)

2

e

Plant uptake and assimilation of pollutants

- Degradation of heavy metal substances in soil - Balance soil acidity and alkalinity - Increase soil fertility

2

3 Plants use enzymes to degrade contaminants within plant tissues.

Plants can volatilize pollutants into the atmosphere

Jacaranda mimosifolia - Falling flowers provide fertility to the soil - Flowering has a certain appreciation value

1

Biodegradation of environmental pollutants is achieved by plant secretions released by the roots of plants.

1

Plants absorb and precipitate large amounts of toxic metals from the soil and prevent them from entering the groundwater and food chain.

0

1

2

4

1:100 @ A3

8

61

6.4 Detailed Design (Stage 4)

62

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis 2071

2121

Sea-level rise Deposition of mud flats Site connectivity Bionic bush w e t l a n d & intertidal habitat

Up by 1m 80% 100%

100%

Percentage of tree canopy

80%

Reduction of toxic soil

80%

The life of a birds (bird numbers)

Thousands of Golden whistler

Ecological stability 100%

Human interaction 100%

63

Stage 4 (2071-2121)

Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis 1

Road lighting systems

2

Habitat pathway lighting system

3

Lighthouse

4

Park services and facilities

5

People activity area lighting system

At this stage the entire project achieves ecological stability for human-bird symbiosis, while ensuring people's activities at night and the safety of the space. The formation of a stable bird habitat and ecology within the habitat reflects the concept of sustainable development and a positive response to future climate issues.

3

4

2

1 5

5

Sustainable community and urban sustainability concepts Good health and well-being sustainable development concept A sustainable concept of quality education 0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

64

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis People safety and lighting (main roads)

Soil decontamination - Root-protecting mulch material - Reduce soil toxicity

The rubber and highly permeable paving - Ensures the safety of pedestrians and cyclists - water collection function.

Solar road light (4.5m H x 2m W)

Solar pathway light (3m H x 1m W)

Multi-functional kerbs - Functions of separating road structures and collecting rainwater

BM + 3. 03

+ 3. 05

+ 2.99 + 3. 02

3000

+ 3. 03

+ 2.99 + 3. 00

1200 1500 300 2000 700

13000

+ 3. 02

2000 300 1500 1200 500 3000

700

0

Kerb

Green trail

Kerb

Open space in front of parking Green ribbon Green space Bike lane

Kerb

Motorway

+ 3. 05

1

Green trail

2

500 4

Kerb

1:100 @ A3

8

Bike lane Green space Green ribbon Open space in front of the building

65

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis People safety and lighting (wetland pathways)

Solar pathway light (3m H x 1m W)

wood material ensures the physical and mental safety of Landscape light visitors BM + 3. 00

+ 3. 02 + 3. 03

Guardrails (1.2m H )

+ 3. 02

+ 3. 03

+ 0. 30

8000

1600 1000

0

Kerb

Habitat green space

Habitat hardening

2500

25000

Habitat marsh wetland

1

2

4

1:100 @ A3 8

Habitat hardening

66

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis People safety and lighting (lighthouse)

Lighthouse (13m H x 5m W)

Viewing platform

Convenient facilities such as public toilets

Solar pathway light (3m H x 1m W)

+ 5. 00

Landscape light BM + 3. 00

Lighthouse platform 38000 Habitat green space

38000

15000

Habitat green space

Water control waterfall Addresses water level differences in wetlands due to seasonal and other issues 0

1

2

4

1:100 @ A3

8

67

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis People safety and lighting (bird exhibition gallery) The convention center (marina industrial style) in the Bird Habitat Park has both a series of convenient facilities and a bird exhibit that is integrated with the entire habitat park to help people, especially children, learn about birds on both a practical and theoretical basis, while also embodying the concept of education for sustainable development.

Educate visitors (children) about birds - Combine practice and knowledge with the habitat park landscape

Public restrooms

Food court Souvenir shop

The industrial style dock-like buildings reflect the history of Glebe Island

68

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis A stable ecosystem of golden whistling habitats

1 2

1

Foraging area

2

Main activity area

3

Breeding area

- Oysters - Marine microo -rganisms

- Medium sized insects - Small insects

- Intertidal fish - Shells and conch

3

0

5

10

20

1:500 @ A3

40

69

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis A stable ecosystem of golden whistling habitats (foraging area)

-Human interaction with the intertidal zone within the habitat - Up close and personal with the sea for fun and education

s

Solar pathway light (3m H x 1m W) + 3.00

+ 2.50

Ecological recovery of oyster habitats (climate change & environmental degradation sustainable development) - Seawater purification - Food chains illustrates the establishment of a stable intertidal ecology

Golden Whistle

Oysters

Microorganisms

Guardrails (1.2m H )

+ High Tide

+ 2.00

12000

+ Low Tide

16000

0

2

Stairs to the platform Water-friendly platform

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

70

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis A stable ecosystem of golden whistling habitats (bird islands)

Ficus carica Linn.

- Loosening of the soil - Provide fruit for birds - Habitat space

0

Golden Whistle

Medium sized insects

Small insects

1

2

4

1:100 @ A3

8

The different sizes of the bird islands (sustainable development goals for climate change and biodiversity) - Main space for the Golden Whistle - Abundant greenery and insects providing food - Creating a stable wetland ecosystem.

71

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis A stable ecosystem of golden whistling habitats (bird islands)

-Increasing human interaction with the intertidal zone of the beach - Provide green views of the seafront walkway

The intertidal waterfall discharges soil and fresh water into the intertidal zone, enriching the mudflats and thus providing conditions for mangrove growth

0

Intertidal fish

Shells and conch

2

4

8

1:200 @ A3

16

Organisms (fish and shells) - Mangrove mudflats for reproduction and survival Golden Whistle (sustainable development goals for climate change and biodiversity) - Annual reproduction, resulting in a stable and sustainable intertidal mudflat ecology

72

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis ‘Eyes' in the space

Eye level - 2.4m Range of vision - 180 - 200 degree

Touch level - 1 m

People in the space

Eye level - 10 m Range of vision - 270 degree 0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

Touch level - 0. 3 m

Birds in the space

0

10

20

40

80

1:1000 @ A3

73

Stage 4: Realizing a stable ecology of human-bird symbiosis Achieving sustainable urban and community ecology

Main entrance

Entrance motor carousel

Wetland park entrance

Habitat centre

Parking & commercial area

Wetland & intertidal areas

74

Reference

Reference list

Peter V. 2014, Predictable Habitat Associations of Four Crab Species Across the Low Intertidal Landscape of a Tropical Estuary over Time, Vol. 38(20), pp. 285-285. Doi: 1 10.1007/s12237-014-9799-0 Mark D. 1997, THE ROLE OF POSITIVE INTERACTIONS IN COMMUNITIES: LESSONS FROM INTERTIDAL HABITATS, Vol. 30(11), pp. 294-308. Doi: 10.1890/0012-9658 Thompson R. 2002, Rocky intertidal communities: past environmental changes, present status and predictions for the next 25 years, Vol. 29(2), pp. 168191. Doi: 10.1017/S0376892902000115 Jenkins S. 1999, Spatial and temporal variation in settlement and recruitment of the intertidal barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.), Vol. 243(2), pp. 209225. Doi: 10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00121-5 Ming Y. (2019). Hundreds of dead seabirds found on several famous beaches in Sydney, Australia, accessed 18 September 2021, < https://www. epochtimes.com/gb/19/11/20/n11668494.htm>.

Intertidal Zone, ' Wikiwand ', in Ocean Review. 2007, viewed on 22 September 2021, https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-sg.

Shearwater Bird, ' A.B.C.', in TOWNSEND'S SHEARWATER Review. 2021, viewed on 22 September 2021, https://abcbirds.org/bird/townsends shearwater/.

Christina H. 2006, The German way to greenways and habitat networks, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 76(4), pp. 7-22. Doi: 10.1016/ 200409041 Dave S. (2016). 36 Hours in Sydney, Australia. Australia. accessed 22 September 2021, < https://ap01a.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/leganto/readinglist/citation/ 36302050200001731?auth=SAML>.

D i n g d i n g, H . (2 0 1 9 ) . L e t t h e "urban greenway" continue to extend, China, accessed 21 September 2021, < http://www.xinhuanet.com/ comments/2019-03/27/c_1124287579.htm>.

Harris B., Larson, L., & Ogletree S. 2018, Different Views from the 606: Examining the Impacts of an Urban Greenway on Crime in Chicago, Environment and behavior, Vol. 50(1), pp. 56-85. Doi: 10.1177/0013916517690197 Sustrans (2019). People, U.K. a c c e s s e d 1 8 A p r i l 2 0 2 1, < https://www.sustrans.org.uk/for professionals/infrastructure/sustrans traffic-free-routesand-greenways design-guide/sustrans-traffic-free routes-and-greenways-design-guide contents/2019-design-guidance/part 1-general-principles/3-people/> Ebirds (n.d.). Gloden Whistler, Australia, accessed 21 September 2021, < https://ebird.org/species/golwhi1>.

Australia museum (2021). Gloden Whistler, Australia, accessed 23 September 2021, < https://australian.museum/learn/animals/birds/golden-whistler/>.

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